Engineering Connection
Why do engineers care about simple machines? How do such devices help engineers improve society? Simple machines are important and common in our world today in the form of everyday devices (crowbars, wheelbarrows, highway ramps, etc.) that individuals, and especially engineers, use on a daily basis. The same physical principles and mechanical advantages of simple machines used by ancient engineers to build pyramids are employed by today"s engineers to construct modern structures such as houses, bridges and skyscrapers. Simple machines give engineers added tools for solving everyday challenges.
Learning Objectives
After this lesson, students should be able to:
- Understand what a simple machine is and how it would help an engineer to build something.
- Identify six types of simple machines.
- Understand how the same physical principles used by engineers today to build skyscrapers were employed in ancient times by engineers to build pyramids.
- Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to creating a simple lever machine based on how well each met the constraints of the challenge.
Educational Standards
Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards.
All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN) , a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org).
In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g. , by state; within source by type; e.g. , science or mathematics; within type by subtype, then by grade, etc .
NGSS: Next Generation Science Standards - Science
| NGSS Performance Expectation | ||
|---|---|---|
|
3-PS2-2. Make observations and/or measurements of an object"s motion to provide evidence that a pattern can be used to predict future motion. (Grade 3) Do you agree with this alignment? Thanks for your feedback! |
||
| This lesson focuses on the following Three Dimensional Learning aspects of NGSS: | ||
| Science & Engineering Practices | Disciplinary Core Ideas | Crosscutting Concepts |
| Make observations and/or measurements to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence for an explanation of a phenomenon or test a design solution.
Alignment agreement: Thanks for your feedback! Science findings are based on recognizing patterns.Alignment agreement: Thanks for your feedback! | The patterns of an object"s motion in various situations can be observed and measured; when that past motion exhibits a regular pattern, future motion can be predicted from it. (Boundary: Technical terms, such as magnitude, velocity, momentum, and vector quantity, are not introduced at this level, but the concept that some quantities need both size and direction to be described is developed.)
Alignment agreement: Thanks for your feedback! | Patterns of change can be used to make predictions.
Alignment agreement: Thanks for your feedback! |
International Technology and Engineering Educators Association - Technology
Lesson Closure
Today, we have discussed six simple machines. Who can name them for me? (Answer: Wedge, wheel and axle, lever, inclined plane, screw, and pulley.) How do simple machines make work easier? (Answer: Mechanical advantage enables us to use less force to move an object, but we have to move it a longer distance.) Why do engineers use simple machines? (Possible answers: Engineers creatively use their knowledge of science and math to make our lives better, often using simple machines. They invent tools that make work easier. They accomplish huge tasks that could not be done without the mechanical advantage of simple machines. They design structures and tools to use our environmental resources better and more efficiently.) Tonight, at home, think about everyday examples of the six simple machines. See how many you can find around your house!
Complete the KWL Assessment Chart (see the Assessment section). Gauge students" understanding of the lesson by assigning the Simple Machines Worksheet as a take-home quiz. As an extension, use the attached to conduct a simple machines scavenger hunt in which students find examples of simple machines used in the classroom and at home.
In other lessons of this unit, students study each simple machine in more detail and see how each could be used as a tool to build a pyramid or a modern building.
Vocabulary/Definitions
Design: (verb) To plan out in systematic, often graphic form. To create for a particular purpose or effect. Design a building. (noun) A well thought-out plan.
Engineering: Applying scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design, manufacture and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes and systems.
Force: A push or pull on an object.
Inclined plane: A simple machine that raises an object to greater height. Usually a straight slanted surface and no moving parts, such as a ramp, sloping road or stairs.
Lever: A simple machine that increases or decreases the force to lift something. Usually a bar pivoted on a fixed point (fulcrum) to which force is applied to do work.
Mechanical advantage: An advantage gained by using simple machines to accomplish work with less effort. Making the task easier (which means it requires less force), but may require more time or room to work (more distance, rope, etc.). For example, applying a smaller force over a longer distance to achieve the same effect as applying a large force over a small distance. The ratio of the output force exerted by a machine to the input force applied to it.
Pulley: A simple machine that changes the direction of a force, often to lift a load. Usually consists of a grooved wheel in which a pulled rope or chain runs.
Pyramid: A massive structure of ancient Egypt and Mesoamerica used for a crypt or tomb. The typical shape is a square or rectangular base at the ground with sides (faces) in the form of four triangles that meet in a point at the top. Mesoamerican temples have stepped sides and a flat top surmounted by chambers.
Screw: A simple machine that lifts or holds materials together. Often a cylindrical rod incised with a spiral thread.
Simple machine: A machine with few or no moving parts that is used to make work easier (provides a mechanical advantage). For example, a wedge, wheel and axle, lever, inclined plane, screw, or pulley.
Spiral: A curve that winds around a fixed center point (or axis) at a continuously increasing or decreasing distance from that point.
Tool: A device used to do work.
Wedge: A simple machine that forces materials apart. Used for splitting, tightening, securing or levering. It is thick at one end and tapered to a thin edge at the other.
Wheel and axle: A simple machine that reduces the friction of moving by rolling. A wheel is a disk designed to turn around an axle passed through the center of the wheel. An axle is a supporting cylinder on which a wheel or a set of wheels revolves.
Work: Force on an object multiplied by the distance it moves. W = F x d (force multiplied by distance).
Assessment
Pre-Lesson Assessment
Know / Want to Know / Learn (KWL) Chart: Create a classroom KWL chart to help organize learning about a new topic. On a large sheet of paper or on the classroom board, draw a chart with the title "Building with Simple Machines." Draw three columns titled, K, W and L, representing what students know about simple machines, what they want to know about simple machines and what they learned about simple machines. Fill out the K and W sections during the lesson introduction as facts and questions emerge. Fill out the L section at the end of the lesson.
Post-Introduction Assessment
Reference Sheet: Hand out the attached Simple Machines Reference Sheet . Review the information and answer any questions. Suggest the students keep the sheet handy in their desks, folders or journals.
Lesson Summary Assessment
Closing Discussion: Conduct an informal class discussion, asking the students what they learned from the activities. Ask the students:
- Who can name the different types of simple machines? (Answer: Wedge, wheel and axle, lever, inclined plane, screw, and pulley.)
- How do simple machines make work easier? (Answer: Mechanical advantage enables us to use less force to move an object, but we have to move it a longer distance.)
- Why do engineers use simple machines? (Possible answers: Engineers creatively use their knowledge of science and math to make our lives better, often using simple machines. They invent tools that make work easier. They accomplish huge tasks that could not be done without the mechanical advantage of simple machines. They design structures and tools to use our environmental resources better and more efficiently.)
Remind students that engineers consider many factors when they plan, design and create something. Ask the students:
- What are the considerations an engineer must keep in mind when designing a new structure? (Possible answers: Size and shape (design) of the structure, available construction materials, calculation of materials needed, comparing materials and costs, making drawings, etc.)
- What are the considerations an engineer must keep in mind when choosing a site to build a new structure? (Possible answers: Site physical characteristics , distance to construction resources , suitability for the structure"s purpose .)
KWL Chart (Conclusion): As a class, finish column L of the KWL Chart as described in the Pre-Lesson Assessment section. List all of the things they learned about simple machines. Were all of the W questions answered? What new things did they learn?
Take-Home Quiz: Gauge students" understanding of the lesson by assigning the Simple Machines Worksheet as a take-home quiz.
Lesson Extension Activities
Use the attached Simple Machines Scavenger Hunt! Worksheet to conduct a fun scavenger hunt. Have the students find examples of all the simple machines used in the classroom and their homes.
Bring in everyday examples of simple machines and demonstrate how they work.
Illustrate the power of simple machines by asking students to do a task without using a simple machine, and then with one. For example, create a lever demonstration by hammering a nail into a piece of wood. Have students try to pull the nail out, first using only their hands
Bring in a variety of everyday examples of simple machines. Hand out one out to each student and have them think about what type of simple machine it is. Next, have students place the items into categories by simple machines and explain why they chose to place their item there. Ask students what life would be like without this item. Emphasize that simple machines make our life easier.
See the Edheads website for an interactive game on simple machines: http://edheads.org.
Engineering Design Fun with Levers: Give each pair of students a paint stirrer, 3 small plastic cups, a piece of duct tape and a wooden block or spool (or anything similar). Challenge the students to design a simple machine lever that will throw a ping pong ball (or any other type of small ball) as high as possible. In the re-design phase, allow the students to request materials to add on to their design. Have a small competition to see which group was able to send the ping pong ball flying high. Discuss with the class why that particular design was successful versus other variations seen during the competition.
Additional Multimedia Support
See http://edheads.org for a good simple machines website with curricular materials including educational games and activities.
References
Dictionary.com. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Accessed January 11, 2006. (Source of some vocabulary definitions, with some adaptation) http://www.dictionary.com
Simple Machines. inQuiry Almanack, The Franklin Institute Online, Unisys and Drexel eLearning. Accessed January 11, 2006. http://sln.fi.edu/qa97/spotlight3/spotlight3.html
Contributors
Greg Ramsey; Glen Sirakavit; Lawrence E. Carlson; Jacquelyn Sullivan; Malinda Schaefer Zarske; Denise Carlson, with design input from the students in the spring 2005 K-12 Engineering Outreach Corps courseCopyright
© 2005 by Regents of the University of Colorado.Supporting Program
Integrated Teaching and Learning Program, College of Engineering, University of Colorado BoulderAcknowledgements
The contents of these digital library curricula were developed by the Integrated Teaching and Learning Program under National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. 0338326. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the National Science Foundation, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government.
Last modified: December 4, 2019
М.В. Рудакова (г.Иркутск)
Методическая разработка занятия по теме «Machines and Work» (Машины и работа)
Аннотация
Данное занятие проводится при изучении темы: «Машины и работа» со студентами III курса (1 семестр) по специальности 110809 «Механизация сельского хозяйства ». Занятие разработано по учебнику Бгашев В.Н., Долматовская Е.Ю. Английский язык для студентов машиностроительных специальностей. Студенты уже прошли базовый этап подготовки по дисциплине, и уже достаточно владеют лексическим и грамматическим материалом для изучения программы английского языка профессиональной направленности. Занятие предназначается для продвинутого этапа подготовки по английскому языку и обеспечивает коммуникативную профессиональную направленность обучения. По данной теме студенты уже изучили основной лексический и грамматический материал, поэтому тип занятия - систематизация и обобщение знаний . Все этапы занятия построены на единых методических принципах, развивают основные виды иноязычной речевой деятельности, формируют межкультурные компетенции будущих специалистов. На занятии используется технология коммуникативного обучения и технология обучения в сотрудничестве, а также технология критического мышления. Для реализации поставленной цели применяются познавательные методы мотивации, волевые методы (самооценка и коррекция, рефлексия поведения), а также метод мозгового штурма. На этапе построения проекта студентам предлагается использовать, как прием, ментальную карту (Mind Map). Особое внимание было уделено изучению лексического аспекта, так как обучающийся должен уметь переводить тексты профессиональной направленности, общаться на профессиональные темы; самостоятельно совершенствовать и пополнять словарный запас.
Все этапы занятия способствуют развитию речевой, языковой и профессиональной компетенции и достижению поставленных воспитательных и образовательных целей. Предметом оценки служат умения и знания, предусмотренные ФГОС по дисциплине Английский язык , направленные на формирование общих и профессиональных компетенций.
Тема занятия: «Machines and Work» (Машины и работа)
Цель занятия: создать условия для развитиякоммуникативной компетенции.
Задачи занятия: образовательная: формировать лексические навыки говорения, развивать умения смыслового чтения (просмотровое, поисковое, изучающее); развивающая: развивать память, внимание, мышление, логическое мышление и языковую догадку, учить анализировать, обобщать, группировать); воспитательная; воспитывать познавательный интерес в изучении иностранного языка, формировать навыки групповой работы.
Формируемые компетенции: ОК 1. Понимать сущность и социальную значимость своей будущей профессии, проявлять к ней устойчивый интерес.
ОК 3. Принимать решения в стандартных и нестандартных ситуациях и нести за них ответственность.
ОК 4. Осуществлять поиск и использование информации, необходимой для эффективного выполнения профессиональных задач, профессионального и личностного развития.
ОК 5. Владеть информационной культурой, анализировать и оценивать информацию с использованием информационно-коммуникационных технологий.
ОК 6. Работать в коллективе и команде, эффективно общаться с коллегами, руководством, потребителями.
Тип занятия: систематизация и обобщение знаний.
Межпредметные связи: русский язык, физика, механика, машины, механизмы.
Оборудование занятия: учебник, проектор, компьютер, экран, презентация, раздаточный материал, листы ватмана, фломастеры, магниты.
Формы работы: индивидуальная, групповая, фронтальная
Этапы занятия. Формы работы
Содержание занятия. Возможные методы и приемы выполнения
Основные виды учебной деятельности
УУД, формирующиеся на данном этапе
Деятельность учителя
Деятельность обучающихся
Этап мотивации учебной деятельности
Организационный момент
(2 мин.)
T. Good morning, students! I`m glad to see you. It is really fine day today, isn’t it? How are you today? What about the weather today? Is it fine? Let`s start our lesson.
Учитель приветствует студентов, проверяет их готовность к занятию.
Студенты включаются в иноязычное общение, реагируя на реплики учителя, согласно коммуникативной задаче.
Личностные: адекватная мотивация учебной деятельности; формирование мотивации к изучению иностранного языка; формирование положительного отношения к занятию иностранного языка.
Регулятивные: самооценка готовности к уроку.
Коммуникативные: слушать и реагировать на реплику адекватно речевой ситуации.
Лексико-фонетическая зарядка
(7 мин.)
Electricity, effort, motion, distance, rate, weight, horsepower, watt, kilowatt, force, work wind, water, steam, petroleum, prime mover, windmill, turbine, generator, steam engine, internal combustion engine, electric motor
Учитель предлагает студентам проговаривать слова для развития произносительных навыков.
Студенты проговаривают слова, которые в дальнейшем они смогут использовать в своей речи, работают над произношением. Соотносят графический и звуковой образ английских слов.
Регулятивные: осуществлять самоконтроль правильности произношения.
Познавательные: извлекать необходимую информацию из прослушанного.
Речевое погружение
(7 мин.)
Т . Thank you! Great! Now, students look at the screen, here you can see the car. Let`s try to name the parts of this car and describe them using the model: This is/these are… . N+ is/are made of…
For example: this is a windscreen. The windscreen is made of glass. ( Приложение 1 )
Учитель организует погружение в иноязычную среду, закрепляет навыки употребления знакомых лексических единиц и грамматической модели.
Студенты, используя ранее изученные лексические единицы, описывают автомобиль, называя части автомобиля и материалы, из которых они сделаны.
Коммуникативные: слушать и осознанно воспринимать речь других студентов, осуществлять корректировку неправильных ответов.
Ознакомление с темой занятия, сообщение целей
(2 мин.)
Т . Students, as you know a machine is a device that transmits and changes force or motion into work. A machine can be very simple or very complex. Terms like work, force, and power are closely connected with machines. I think you`ll try to guess what our lesson will be about. Well, what shall we do today? Yes, you`re right, we`ll speak about machines and work. We must give the definitions of the words - work, force, power and connect them with «work» and «machines». Is the topic interesting for you?
Учитель дает возможность студентам самостоятельно определить тему занятия, цели и что для этого необходимо.
Студенты самостоятельно определяют тему и цели занятия с помощью опорной лексики.
Познавательные: уметь адекватно, осознанно и произвольно строить речевое высказывание в устной речи.
Регулятивные: определять цель учебной деятельности с помощью учителя; планировать свои действия для реализации задач.
II .Этап актуализации опорных знаний
Лексическая работа
(10 мин.)
T. 1) To begin with I propose you to divide the following words into three groups, those which describe: 1)basic terms of physics and mechanics; 2)energy sources; 3)mechanisms, machines. ( Приложение 2)
2) The following verbs are often related with basic terms of physics and mechanics. Now, students try to make up word combinations using these verbs: to produce, to transform, to supply, to result in, to exert, to set, to perform, to result from, to measure…in. Model: to transmit motion/force ( Приложение 2)
Учитель активизирует знакомую лексику, корректирует ответы студентов по необходимости.
Студенты самостоятельно выполняют задания, используя ранее изученные лексические единицы. Свои ответы заносят в таблицу. Проверка и коррекция выполненного задания.
Коммуникативные: осознанное построение речевых высказываний, рефлексия.
Регулятивные: исследование условий учебной задачи, обсуждение способов решения.
Познавательные: аргументация своей точки зрения.
Говорение, предугадывание
(4 мин.)
T. Look at the screen, here you can see the terms. The task is to match each one with its correct definition.
(Приложение 3)
Учитель проверяет правильность выполнения задания.
Студенты подбирают к каждому термину соответствующее ему определение.
Логические:
Познавательные: уметь анализировать информацию.
III . Этап самостоятельной работы с самопроверкой по образцу
Смысловоечтение
(14 мин.)
T. Well done. Let`s continue our lesson. Read the text “Machines and work”, try to focus on its essential facts, and choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph: 1) Prime movers 2) Definition of “machine” 3) The relationship between «work» and «force» 4) Power and its measures.
You also should find the definitions of basic terms connected with «machines» and «work». Text A is on page 192 .
Учитель информирует обучающихся об алгоритме работы над чтением.
Студенты читают текст с пониманием основного содержания, подбирают заголовки к абзацам и находят определения основным понятиям, связанными с «работой» и «машинами».
Логические: развивать умения сосредоточить внимание, догадку и логику.
Регулятивные: совершенствовать навыки смыслового чтения, используя лексику урока.
Познавательные: развивать смысловое чтение; осуществлять поиск и выделение необходимой информации; уметь структурировать знания.
Самопроверка и самооценка
(5 мин.)
T. Time is running. Let`s check your tasks.
Учитель контролирует, как студенты аргументируют свою точку зрения, корректирует их ответы.
Студенты обсуждают прочитанный текст, дают определения основным понятиям, связанными с «работой» и «машинами».
Регулятивные: уметь правильно оценивать результаты своей работы и одногруппников.
Коммуникативные: уметь слушать друг друга для восприятия необходимых сведений и поддерживания беседы.
Говорение. Работа в группах
(12 мин.)
T. Well, let`s go on. Now, students, we`ll have a group work. I will give you some questions about the text and you should answer them. ( Приложение 4)
Учитель делит студентов на две группы и дает вопросы для обсуждения.
Студенты делятся на две группы и вытягивают вопросы по прочитанному тексту. Обсуждают вопросы и ответы на них. Используют готовые речевые материалы для оформления ответов.
Коммуникативные: участвовать в работе группы, осуществлять взаимоконтроль и взаимопомощь; проявлять активность во взаимодействии для решения общих задач.
Познавательные: уметь сопоставлять и отбирать информацию из текста, осознанно строить речевое высказывание в устной форме.
Личностные: формировать навыки сотрудничества, проявлять инициативу.
IV. Этап построения проекта
Чтение с целью извлечения специальной информации (работа в группах)
(15 мин.)
T. Students, your task is to give a short report about «Machine, Work, Power».
Учитель ставит задачу перед группами приготовить сообщение «Машина, работа, сила» с использованием активного словаря, который был составлен во время лексической работы на этапе актуализации опорных знаний. Учитель предлагает студентам лист ватмана для оформления своего сообщения.
Студенты составляют ментальную карту, используя информацию из текста и таблицу (Приложение 2), распределяют, кто и о чем будет говорить.
Коммуникативные: участие в работе группы: распределение обязанностей, планирование своей части работы, осуществление взаимоконтроля, взаимопомощь; оформление своих мыслей с учетом учебной задачи.
Познавательные: умение анализировать, группировать факты, строить логические рассуждения; умение выделять главные факты, опуская второстепенные.
Личностные: проявлять инициативу и самостоятельность, стремиться к совершенствованию собственной речевой культуры.
Регулятивные: принимать и сохранять учебную задачу, сравнивать результаты соей работы с результатами других.
V . Этап проверки реализации построенного проекта
Проверка проекта
(8 мин.)
T. So, it`s time to begin to represent your projects.
Учитель определяет уровень усвоения необходимых знаний.
Студенты рассказывают об основных понятиях физики и механики, механизмах и источниках энергии и показывают их взаимосвязь с машинами и работой. Свои сообщения сопровождают демонстрацией проекта на листе ватмана (Mind Map).
Познавательные: умение осознанно строить речевое высказывание в устной форме, совершенствовать речевые навыки.
Коммуникативные: формировать собственное мнение и позицию; аргументировать свою точку зрения; участвовать в работе группы.
IV . Этап рефлексии учебной деятельности на занятии
Подведение итогов работы
(1,5 мин.)
T. Now we come to the end of the lesson. Do you remember the topic? What did we study today? What was new for you? Let’s review the new vocabularies in chain.
Учитель задает вопросы. Выставляет оценки за занятие, комментирует, мотивирует на дальнейшую успешную работу.
Студенты отвечают на вопросы учителя и высказывают свое мнение.
Регулятивные: умение контролировать свою деятельность по результатам, умение адекватно понимать оценку учителя, одногруппников.
Личностные: умение оценивать свою деятельность; проявлять стремление к совершенствованию собственной речевой культуры в целом.
Рефлексия
(1,5 мин.)
T. Do you like our lesson? Are you in a good mood at the end of the lesson? Do you like your work today?
Учитель приглашает студентов высказать свое мнение об уроке.
Студенты строят высказывания, выражающие мнение, отвечают на вопросы на учителя. Осваивают формы личностной рефлексии. (Приложение5)
Домашнеезадание
(1 мин.)
T. Your homework is the ex.26, p.203. You should fill the table.
Учитель объясняет, что надо сделать в процессе домашнего задания.
Студенты записывают домашнее задание.
Выводы
Занятие английского языка на III курсе по теме «Machines and Work» (Машины и работа) является занятием систематизации и обобщения знаний по данной теме.
На этапе организационного момента учитель создает общий положительный настрой на предстоящее занятие, помогает обучающимся организовать собственное учебное пространство. На данном занятии реализуются принципы личностно-ориентированного, развивающего обучения, осуществляется самооценка и взаимооценка обучающимися. Деятельность учителя в большей степени представлена в виде организации работы и помощи обучающимся в различных учебных ситуациях.
На основных этапах занятия используется системно-деятельностный и коммуникативный подходы. При подведении итогов и рефлексии предусмотрено обсуждение деятельности студентов на уроке, само- и взаимооценивание результатов работы, посредством чего обучающиеся овладевают навыками анализа, оценки своей работы и других, умением участвовать в диалоге, уважительно высказываться о деятельности других.
В ходе занятия (наряду с учебными) решались и жизненно-практические задачи, использовался жизненный опыт обучающихся с целью развития их познавательной активности, самостоятельности.
Список использованной литературы
Бгашев В.Н., Долматовская Е.Ю. Английский язык для студентов машиностроительных специальностей. М.: Астрель АСТ, 2013. 381 с.
Дубинина В.Г . Personality (Личность)//Английский язык. Все для учителя. 2014. №1. С.14-20.
Интернет-ресурсы - Википедия. свободная энциклопедия.
Чернухина А.Е. Англо-русский технический словарь. М.:ОНИКС, 1997. 1026 с.
Приложение 1
Let`s try to name the parts of this car and describe them using the model: This is/these are… . N+ is/are made of…
For example: this is a windscreen. The windscreen is made of glass
Bonnet – капот
Wing mirror – боковое зеркало
Windscreen – лобовое стекло
Rear-view mirror – зеркало заднего вида
Windscreen wiper – «дворник»
Door – дверь
Boot – багажник
Tyre – шина
Wheel – колесо
Headlight – фара
Bumper – бампер
Licence plate – номерной знак
Indicator – указатель поворота
Приложение 2
1) Divide the following words into three groups, those which describe: 1)basic terms of physics and mechanics; 2)energy sources;
3)mechanisms, machines:
Electricity, effort, motion, distance, rate, weight, horsepower, watt, kilowatt, force, work wind, water, steam,
petroleum, prime mover, windmill, turbine, generator, steam engine, internal combustion engine, electric motor
2) The following verbs are often related with basic terms of physics and mechanics. Try to make up word combinations using these verbs: to produce, to transform, to supply, to result in, to exert, to set, to perform, to result from, to measure…in. Model: to transmit motion/force.
Active vocabulary
application
Nouns and combinations with the nouns
Verb combinations
1. Basic terms of physics and mechanics
electricity
effort
motion
distance
rate
weight
horsepower
watt
kilowatt
force
work
to produce electricity
to exert effort
to set in motion
to result in motion
to hold up the weight
to exert force
to produce work
to perform work
to result from
2. Energy sources
wind
water
steam
petroleum
3. Mechanisms and machines
Prime mover
windmill
turbine
generator
steam engine
internal combustion engine
electric motor
Приложение 3
Match the term with its correct definition:
Machine
the rate at which work is performed.
Prime mover
a device that uses force to accomplish something.
Force
an effort that results in motion or physical change.
Work
a machine whose input is natural source of energy.
Power
a combination of the force and the distance through which it is exerted.
Приложение 4
Questions for the first group:
What is a simple definition of a machine? What is more technical
definition? What does this definition imply?
Describe some very simple machines. Name some complex machines.
What do we call machines whose is a natural source of energy? What natural
sources of energy do you know and what machines use them?
Why aren`t electric motors prime movers?
Questions for the second group:
What is force? Give some examples of force.
What is work? How can work be expressed mathematically?
Give an example.
What is power?
How is the rate of doing work usually given in the English-
Speaking countries? Why was the term invented?
In what terms is power measured in the metric system?
Приложение 5
Easier
- A simple
machine is a device that helps make work easier; a
device that makes it easier to move something. Some
simple machines are a wheel, a pulley, a lever, a
screw, and an inclined plane.
Harder
- Most
machines consist of a number of elements, such as
gears and ball bearings, that work together in a
complex way. No matter how complex a machine, it is
still based on the compounding of six types of simple
machines. The six types of machines are the lever, the
wheel and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the
wedge, and the screw.
Background
Information for Simple Machines
from
National Museum of Science and Technology
,
Canada
http://www.science-tech.nmstc.ca/english/schoolzone/Info_Simple_Machines.cfm
Here you can find the answers to some commonly
asked questions about simple machines.
The
Elements of Machines: Simple Machines
from
Leonardo"s Workshop
http://www.mos.org/sln/Leonardo/InventorsToolbox.html
Learn about devices that make work easier to do by
providing some tradeoff between the force applied and
the distance over which the force is applied. Also
provides a brief introduction to uses of a gear, cam,
crank and rod, chain and belt, and the ratchet.
Levers
from Beakman & Jax
http://www.beakman.com/lever/lever.html
Play with levers and find out how work from the
fulcrum to the load to the effort.
(Wait for second page to come)
Marvelous
Machines
http://www.galaxy.net:80/~k12/machines/index.shtml
This website provides a series of experiments
about simple machines: levers, wheels and inclined
planes. They were developed for third grade students.
(Comes up slowly
)
| After exploring some or all of the websites below, complete one or more of these activities: Investigate Wheels with Your Bicycle. Go to PBS Teachersource"s website and use your bicycle to learn about the wheel. Find Out How Stuff Works. Check out How Stuff Works . Look for a device that uses a simple machine as part of how it works. Create a poster showing how it works. Gear Up with a Tricycle & Bicycle. Visit PBS Teachersource"s site and follow the procedures there to learn a lot more about gears. Complete a Simple Machines WebQuest. Follow or adapt the procedures found at one of these webQuest sites: 1) Exploring Simple Machines by Paula Markowitz (Grade 4) http://www.lakelandschools.org/EDTECH/Machines/Machines.htm 2) Simple Machines http://www.eng.iastate.edu/twt/Course/packet/labs/wheels&leverLab.htm 3) Simple Machines WebQuest (Grade 4-6) http://www.plainfield.k12.in.us/hschool/webq/webq8/jjquest.htm 4) Simple Machines http://www.beth.k12.pa.us/schools/wwwclass/mcosgrove/simple.htm 5) Simple Machines Webquest http://www.jsd.k12.ak.us/ab/el/simplemachines.html Complete an Online Simple Machines Activity. Learn more about simple machines by following the directions at A Time for Simple Machines . You may also want to test your knowledge at Gadget Anatomy . Complete Some Simple Machine Experiments. Find lots of experiments at sites like Marvelous Machines and Motion, Energy and Simple Machines . |
Simple machines can be used to make work easier and faster. Compound machines are basically simple machines placed together to work together. Work is force acting on an object that moves it a distance (W=F*d). A simple machine must have some force applied to it to do work. Simple machines let us use a small force to beat bigger forces. They can also change the direction of the force. Keep in mind that a simple machine cannot create energy (F input * d input = F output * d output). If you want the force output to be big and distance output to be small, you need to have a big distance input and a small force input. If you want the force output to be small and the distance output to be large, then the force input needs to be large and the distance input to be small (Fd = Fd). There are three simple machines will be focus on for this project: lever, pulley, and wheel and axle. .
The lever is used in seesaws, shovels, hammers, and other everyday objects. A lever consists of three main parts: the fulcrum, rod, and the load the machine is acting on it. The fulcrum, or fixed point, allows the rod to move up and down freely. There are three classes of levers, but for this project a will be using the second-class lever. This lever allows us to use less force to act on the load. In other words, less force and more distance will be inputted to result in more force and less distance. This kind of lever in usually used to move heavy objects. The fulcrum is closer to the load to achieve this. This simple machine will probably be the best to lift the soda can. Most of the lever can be built out of wood. The fulcrum may be made out of metal or wood. .
The pulley is used in cranes. Pulleys usually lift the load. A pulley changes the direction in the force to do that. A pulley is used to change the direction of the force. It can also multiply forces depending on the type. In this project a type one and two pulley will be used.
Essays Related to Simple Machines
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2.
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3.
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