I can remind you that Playboy is coming out with an article and uh... people come to me and you must have seen playboy, he says that he did this, he heard that you tried to take a picture, he made it easier that day, he will all be oh... damaging things here what happened to the lie detector test Well, first of all, I think you guessed it, on the playboy bus uh... I must have been too hard for them in sports and when I first got the right Nair Format now I was useless the assessment was not going to work on this issue, sir, that rice pie and come back and they returned it to the original Arthur, I think his name is again leading the camera next to the senior editor Gonzalez with him and that's when we start climbing on the lie detector a lot of practice, and I asked him about what you could give the guardian of the photographs instantaneously the most difficult aspect that places Byhalia agreed to take a lie detector test autographs of everyone in the house on film on the basis that uh... I mean, provided that that uh... they would have the same committee time, because I promised the committee I would take one but uh... until October, when I was going to do some research, on it agreed upon liked Linda psychiatry thing yet but uh... they wanted they ask SELA clinic apparently commercial big mm... they came here At that time I was in the hall and do a test I won't do this case a little bit we are doing something stupid I don't like things about this but uh ... There are certain things, is the ren of the wings at the end of this year, compliance with the most stringent precision in Scotland is not, and all this, but for different things I think the main tourism headache You mentioned that you have taken aspirin I don’t know what affects the Last I don't know what it is exactly how it affects everything I think it's the visit of interruptions that causes the interruption only this, but the pressure and uh... Hotmail didn't read the text consoled agreed John resilience and uh... uh- uh... there are a lot of uh... many of these tricky and simple You want, it was taken one before the table, I think, uh... after reading the book I don't think that what uh... On first, and they are, so I wouldn't be damaged that there is no report netbooks extended Sinbad total damage because it's not uh... All accurate and what the book actually is You can't crash the test but keep them from beating you exactly embryo Norton such things as in the conditions have a lot in common with and you don't feel filled with those conditions It's especially good that the time for for this test, but I won't Azlin I would not be descriptive of the systolic and disrespectful about those, uh . .. conditions, although to us I suspect that the reading will be By then Bama I think, uh... somewhere on Wednesday and the like is not to read the text until three Couple you know how to respond to the melodies, what to expect, I I guess we just more companies need to know the chain of racism they uh... where do you get the other Registration You are flooded teak problem I think one of the action committees and you are going to great depth Mandate for example, I think there were allegations that the mason is the king Chosen President in the canton of Ohio farmland will be less, and me, if I ever have a relaxing memory of those camouflage mission point right to home arrested about uh... I think the statement that uh... which you should were to know them Your answer to these questions will be that what you don't and don't remember The story of the shadow has a line of response blood says you know You're a liar and you say, yes, I know that the Summoning Ritual has more than just cigars so Lawyer Jack is personal do things Bible games is a good machine, so I said I said something like a joke and he called me u_s_ newspapers and went to that didn't arrest the questions I don't know, I think towards the end they sent And I told her diligent yesterday asked you Are you making good use of your damages Article to the extent that you might try to find some litigation against, but it's also good to know, I mean Knoxville but uh... Nest personal lawyer assume that does and I don't now, but Mark Twain trust in them, and if you don't want our world Check is sure that we said that a lot of money for your children you would first and but I was money in volume, because she didn't When we got there thought that it's a mess in mine but I don't know how north dot to dot sounds you don't care about money in particular though he should have spread no I'm not sure maybe never accepted mine putting this army is bad art so im had to contract initially necessary informal contract This means that the personal gets centuries to accept everything was undesirable that we thought that we Wittgenstein the belief that we owe something that nature, and then it happened it was just walking ahead and uh... obstacles and check out the Kirsch emerging from the picture partly because of this partly because these T-shirts that are especially very good You read thirteen said lawyer You should be surprised if there is any by you can live with this is not correct at all correct I think Terry mm . .. The support plant does not live said Chris is one Percy master who is the heat of the headquarters or two lawyers mm... the public line of funds of this big Tillman Of course, now they are recording me shooting accident, and they have more fun I want to turn back on ours, first of all, and James I was on a trip they represent to me seven years can get me started and what do you see making it work, what to say that there is no shooting I know all these stories five thirty in terms of expansion a lot of pot first of all that you were here, as I understand that you are very diligent and this particular area and points out, or telling me the Tennessee law says that when a new travel motion is filed during this process, the point judge uses automatically not to trust anyone of one incident should both bills and uh... as you mentioned, uh... dissolve the court The judge is that He died Lee died in thirty days in the database twenty something we have the most neutrality was Jesse's successor rule, on the fact that the charter is thirty-one Seven One in seven success is just what it is, but we gave you the Tennessee court calls to recognize Springboard Odyssey that's why I think we could go into our own some River Bread types or something I think most people now understand that no escape plot that you acted on your own you set the time and the time again and I think everything is Belichick but what are you hoping that you already mentioned during the trial You want to break out of prison break into the courtroom that's uh ... politically put up with what exactly the porcelain of the state prison in the new one is spoiled and so on but this, of course, I had it Consider several times if I should be in what I have such uh... Cubans are very difficult for me stay away belong to three nothing months there was an opportunity back beautiful immediately contact the griffin bell Nott we did not speak in court, but he can uh... A course through some type of printer port is recommended short or something extension to the petition for the file is looking for trouble Of course, but going to get them You were frustrated judicial just didn't feel anything going on and, and you wanted to try um... to get something moving not Arnold frustrated network Sista there are actually two things about the condition the first opportunity worked some have an agreement Mr. Bailey met several times, he was getting it turned out on them I would like one wire fifty years ago Much of this has to do with the announcements from the f_b_i_ files you feel there are a lot of depressed information that no one talk about but don't eat, I think it's much easier Information it was put under so you will have more Span B C I think judge and federal judge Joe Smith reasoning mid-season some parts of the file s_c_l_c_ member Simpson personal belongings basses, but also in f_b_i_ justified Much is now the first personal belongings of embolism mm. .. better than King and other others too but uh... but I think it's him nineteen way away I wrote this s_c_l_c_ represent stood up and I wrote perfect Won't amount to driving personal as far as I'm concerned they could do it they didn't destroy it immediately Margaret get the transcripts from them the Internet has not been a personal ionizing committed yet, but I think that I think because she goes to whoever your particular, every wheezing piano these files made Buchanan Klinger any Idea what it means that it may contain time victory attitude lovers committee came up with once a powerful family from f_b_i_ was that he did that and published in Time Magazine came out and so on I don’t know, things and damage can be so there should be someone who believed that this is not repression exists there was another manners of the time period You would spend uh... about where you are in bed segregation administrator here Now and we are talking about your life in prison, if we are talking about escaping from the pure We have spent so many years so many years in solitary it ended as the state she took away you feel that it is accepted that a huge one is stolen physically emotionally mentally I think you interfaces said that it will not seem eight Indian there were several but uh... how one breakup will create a person I was for three years straight once out from the elections I think this is a slender drink the power of seizures this does not expect any offense Bhushan for the exchange seems to be working You You are very good content here Richard you certainly don't want to go to the federal prisoner burger, which is wrong uh... wrote to you, you may have to Marina first in federal prison is a key issue in the transfer of the Geek knowingly means, noted one day and plan the next at the expense of state prisons and more mora access to legal material photo printouts they were propaganda of the system this is the right academic only statement point you his forget to reduce them to be the third but let me, I think he he Informers they could so some good something sleeping in the morning but there is really no reasoning on the federal prison club they tried to sleep at night and it is very effectively transcendental Member of the station prescriptive moderator in Springfield You thought that Yes, I think that and this is clear I think we have the law of credit assistant Kim transfer our status will be but also actively trying to do that now you Now they have stopped, but now they have tried to eliminate and although it tried to do it in those guys, but lol they figured they wanted to leave the jug or in the alley and he was talking about f_b_i_ underwater closer to the time of year if they after looked like they were worried about it you, you understand that still images what they sounded, what they think they would get him nothing I don’t like this, what you need to do you think that f_b_i_ what you did, and the backlight allows you to keep the state on leaks there who is the way to skate - Hackers are still afraid there may be a rise to do before. .. that's where I was in my Tamraz or otherwise, but when we ride mean and decoration I don't know what this one bit is something in New York You get all the glory we wander f_b_i_ Perez that took a long time Brother Johnny got it there seventeen years help instigated by management bank robbery staging they got that you are in the minority monsoon in the ration of care back in the understanding of Saint-Louis to organize our house of systems outside of this problem you are very much uh... Yes, I I I I actually have restless legs and I want my palate to be slightly different than, which is not surprising, as be the gum dealer's interventions about taking your father back to him allows the magnum buttons, and he gave his word, then the polyimide organization of Memphis at the same the thing is that no one is your Goldwater because uh... that I felt the need for the house committee to be able to establish with uh... anyone was arrested Do not mess with the king case of production Arrest warning is obstruction of justice Lee says that the way actions understand well put a little black between him we're going here for members a minute We were introduced in matters uh... Your lawyer Here the lawyer now McLean claims that there was uh... I think he used the word torture was there there were some conditions there and and and universal penitentiary that I would like to discuss with you A little um... keeping the lights on at all times that can You can describe this song uh... but yeah, I think when I came back and when they have to admit the most business but they say that they do have a special uh... Nikola ball arranged steel plates or windows on it and uh... t_v_ in uh... watching you two sets of prominent points waj one in the garden of the prison building sympathy Nandan microphone and cannot be subtle discuss Lawyer nothing because they could choose a book on the microphone officials say that they are for microphones, and then returns come in which he is addictive words that therefore snout notes from but that people before Tracy was in the action of the first state of Tennessee was on uh... to the certificate and with uh... Federal Bureau of Prisons Of course, you can lie on twenty-four hours a day utilities lieutenant mm... and they got their names around it I know a lot of salmon gives to no one above you think about it Ramsay Clark was actually active in this area at that time was doing everything related to this do you think and with his presence in the Justice Department controls but I don't know that the person gave the orders it may have been done by Carlson and the ladies and the prisons, but uh. .. but as it was not a great place I don't want our broken mechanism, which may have been poisoned by something I find out that there is no try to find out what it was in later mm... but five years of marking that corporation they will try to get to the police, but there are things they didn't say The ship Norville records are destroyed so it's really limited to a dead end chair incoherent for someone it's normal in 1974 hates the orderlies blew up everything that would be a reason to object if do you think it was it was trying to just wear you down physically and mentally for you to do it two points where we ate With the culprits What do you think was part of it Yes, I think that's what needs to be done is way down the fight is still oh... and uh... space if your course is a lawyer, but there will be on your side it will be difficult from people, you know, they can't control the defense and make them Morris film in a position where you got to go along with the temporary what happened Most different from the majority of s_ and get more freedom of action, as was that after he left the case offering The first turn the court simply told me what would have happened In fact, it would not have been further changes, if possible therefore, as soon as I got pretty uniform, and I couldn't fire if I talked about it that uh... traveling family because uh... he got from the time you know, in the case of uh. .. Soon after you get it Yes, you also have feelings for King before the bus biological despite tennis skip my statement that they Of course uh... You can write the mason of the president's name for something, uh.. .if you have a very strong feeling, oh Do you remember that someone takes a polygraph test to unify the rameshwar king's name or a presidential candidate I think this is a turn in medicine but for now I have the rest to charge less less has ever been arrested mention their names and but until then the Question with fire is the memory of the master of names Of course you don't want to, and I think you can do something Judd Hirsch was a relay of the middle shell activity for it seems like another world and the ammunition didn't really have strong feelings fights with another in space distorted competition new names and not statements and cooperation see these days political things t_v_ and there is any work that would uh... started TVM kings is that fiction Why do you think that he was killed You, considering that at any time but regardless of the motives also nothing was done I don't read too much sir nothing to get into that information in any case there was a segment fighting with hi I noted where more or in March 1968 when he changed his name red integration with using the beginning of economic ah. .. reviewing courses, but there was money in the morning who is interested in something like that Do you think you could make some of your people angrier distant and Shane when one one Mornington highlight economic data haha agreement You can't see these tapes but you have a real good theory about why he was killed I know more concerned um... top of all kinds about this they should establish some amazing It took a long time to get fingerprints view this does not seen the day before How you think they are and were and I'm telling you that they haven't heard do you have any idea whether it was or that this is a continuation of part three it took a long time to identify your fingerprints seventeen days if you have several raised sharply but planted or is it about him uh... I don't, I don't think that I can be certain mm... Gemma the murder of a playboy recently can be let Well, I think that would make me suspicious of something not become proud and I I think it was too prince the founder they are not some government there the hostess wanted about one distant this reason and method but uh... he did not accept while from a long time, but no more print Prensa I think recycling of computers , and I think next month and uh... A few hours won't be there to get 1314 days and a denim shirt and, of course, and in fact if they had their stamps on the car then I think there was some confusion, that I think so there are witnesses does not mean that you were at that gas station Second and Lyndon bet you have to resent your story with this little bit of this thrown, how do you get a tire repair yes I have a flat and that for me once, if the goals of a person form of communication evidence you never do anything ektu everyone got only played they give to talk to him get a car not cards Formats certain time of our guests Opportunities certain things so it's better to answer it, but this morning so what are you doing, you heard news to everyone on the radio that we would like he would prefer you left that gas Station second I'm linden that six or I don't have a way that I don't know anything Around this time, but idoney are not mysterious and I know that proxmire yesterday I saw my appointment asking you are you going to go back to to pick up this man you say Raoul is the largest when the car is back Now not the same as before remember that uh. .. passing some places on the map do not turn off Another way of placing dollars and when placing Naren says that he would like to tell me, I will get something and so American I don’t have any memories that uh... I might have had self-government we are good it is you know that you are on someone here in socially in which remains what they call flop yes and from the good ones but you are going back to pick it up until recently definitely Carter yes wardrobe film Rishabh Wes Paul Tsongas means for moving right hamstring No, I don't I really don't it won't take up much space randomly somewhere to complete what we want to buy places that start with less dollars in the confused nature of the book on the radio they send Becky had a chat You think that it was created a little this allows in New Orleans when I was a radio ice radio skater, and I think that as too strong feelings about affecting them fifty before Windows Live, in recent months the time step will be on New Orleans main phone that it's turn left in with George that you have a body bag aren't you You were thinking about choosing it again Cheers Gordon wasn't in love with me It's possible that you went to work on the lantern my headlights it would have been in Atlanta and I'm somewhere there is no specific reason why the latter but I was in the summer Clothes things are Edition hetero Maryland Yes and in fact and she will do it pick up a few that yes and you can remember too Maybe they should get the number of the answering machine channel in New Orleans in that , that uh... The headline of the news is defined in the acceptance attracted attention they call in the same thing this excitement constrictor you placed on a random one, but uh... I called it equalized because there was no phone balance on the road Heard all these reports I forgot about them calmed down a little You for your body, was involved in August, activities related to it you used clay my body anyway, when a woman the financial system is the person who will give you money this is the person, u_s_ relatives blue- black treatment when you met at the growl figure you don't know, any of those named for him is the name, but he said that she is a heap and uh... That's all you knew yes and you met him where again and uh ...the original owner's motivation is a bit and the coastline of Montreal You never became good friends all these railroad gas station aliases are really average Now I'm just for the man, from a mason Technician after all San - Yahoo or something in New Orleans boldly f_b_i_ in the material from the f_b_i_ file I don't know what It's nothing significant thing but this guy with this man battle was Lustig there was contact between you and the money I mean this is where the money came from three pages they looked better than a hundred dollar bill gared points You got twenty newt newt came out of it I don't think there weren't other families that a lot of attention, but hmm. .. so at the time I thought that my mind was consumed was the most likely to have offensive or were not people drug dealing or anything like that petty December two thanks as a line with prime interest McKernan and some guns with cider smuggling but that's all Well , I think was the best news of the site think that I missed something We were first of all illegal akattak and he seemed to be developing New Orleans is what was seemingly like his golden humiliation so you going to show you went to New Orleans mm... number two hundred no, this answer remains Robin after a couple of times but the fact is that since I have a long stay trip and in December sixty-seven grogram trip there thirty-six hours as soon as a special trip and you get there, and uh... always feel like he lived like in a rolling there I never wanted anyone in any type of family that wasn't You might have gotten that in some kind of deposition The shape of the face was filed or the face, whatever, where I met a person, became a public place and selected a triple what if this if they markets, but my peers the way of branding twenty is what they all Do you think that's where he read the family health plan presented but when you get that what lands would you call and say why I'm here if you want, Mimi samples non-technical and loving another he answered the call I know Manson passing the video of the sent message Nixon did not grow up I give Brett Hume the name of the tavern of England and I don't want usually the same time and you're there after taking you call to sit and and uh... wait a minute he walks in I said we'll just let this damn what's that song Canal Street series of meetings for work like I already said, I just I think I'm just surprised, narrowed times at the top, that December, and sixty-seven and three months attractions sixteen so that you were there only twice the release of the subway and paths Noel one-time leader somewhere else, if something called they told me no, you have to go Birmingham support and how are you, and we will enter it two questions, you came along uh... Noah We met another cashier alittle Anna em bring on about statements on those parents celebrating ending bid on March twenty-ninth twenty units Don't go slowly until now f_b_i_ claims that India is back in Miami and after I heard the partners have warm things and personal life Allen from Atlanta in after I heard on the radio way testing is correct, and I think the tank The thing is, I think that f_b_i_ has all my motel workers babes March twenty-ninth of March to the third between uh. .. Birmingham spread you knew that you are supposed to have a role in the coming years on certain days and you did that yes, and you will get us in the morning knows that the night time spinach and the night before considering and and whether you will be spending consider two b_ go out were with do with the word, what happened uh... You know, this is not the guy with You are to blame, noted absence Now Denmark for April third nipple curtains so you sit down at the table with the authorities and the manufacturer, where I think that they call Comp a passive person talking about with the Police artists or something could make a picture of what Raoul might look like giving in was some kind of SME with with with the police or with no one Do you ever sit down with him with this who -what could they do Sketch put together a picture I will never talk to you on uh... The authorities place for f_b_i_ evening are not really committed to but I spoke with the committee and they cannot offer can come posb Nacho the picture and describe the picture Word operation must be done but I like this bank to the west left or did because I think to work and solve problems and I don't think there should be too much good on it that I would think it or you don't know, you're talking about After nine years and so much, it's to be a memory of wooden draws but what an outstanding hot wind, I mean back in the early days you could wooden Recall moral and see on the street you would be famous You would never get First get you never had a complex accepted yet uh... had all your assets uh... month, I think one of my uh... main problems cases they have indirect week business morning increased with what London they have for the next earthquake and they expanded for first degree murder Domo shooting all nationalities want uh... they would want them so that all that reason they can't and Three D was not daily remember help inciting something in that sort of thing so they're more or less stuck with their uh... Briefly this morning your mom was drawn up when they got their Let me make it happen Well, I don't know if it was a family of four up for extradition complete or not I think, uh... I see their legal point with sticking to our story and you start your story Your story hasn't changed No, I did except sometimes I'll miss someone's leader goes on regular news write it down for myself I wrote it all down on paper When I was first arrested get very strict there is Haynes and Percy Foreman and uh. .. I wrote much more on one person for a person, but he claims that he lost the resume file get outhouse j_ prostitute as Nashville Tennessee lawyer turn from the top I see it or at least false supporters of the light there was there When I, when he goes to court his words are accepted about my more trust, although I claim I still don't have what files Anita's memory looks like it's trying to find out a little more about what role the guy might have been picked up by the recipient of the Persian jump we're talking about No, I don't know that it's not that many say talk too much to you on Wednesday that many cheddar brie wouldn't dare humor, she's really not a joke, she's not saying such was a very serious matter we claim with him but I think we are on drugs to build then at this point we believe could become users and also perhaps a pusher yeah so he won't it doesn't offer mountain biking and uh... when, when you with him, who was a business leader and then I looked at a lot of what was to be done with the money, I think you were You were very impressed with this money my main concern is natos analytical but the fact is that I don’t do all the associations, get a passport polymorphism passport money no one can accompany from the city wishes before filming Do you want to get you want to leave lead this country y_ one leave Canada adoring that this country Now says one standard when Ken Utah and travel with him and he can do it people lines get the best he asks us I looked through passports first trip cross the border Not in the calendar Julia's confidential ability of the owl he was in fact there was no underworld shows not not not too much that you will get back to you misleading a couple of times, but I tried very subtle ways to get a passport for the trip pursued him, he would only have one source package, so he Plastic surgeon once I tried it Martha seems documents in California Coast Guard it would be one relying on one single source Israel on you from time to time we just don't go through porcelain problems or regenerate wars very good money, yes, according to him, seven usually Usually it was never possible to get it, where would you get a hundred less than me? I mean, when was there an argument he V.P. may the playboy be erased accompanied by the master is showing that you invented gravel defeated the conspiracy of forty-eight forms her only creation for me ensures your friendly and now I will say that he is my friend uh. .. appeals for the Lawyer allegedly wrote my lawyer at the time the first for me to spend valmeyer unorthodox things when I said Minthorn all this is valuable about Three years ago for when the family doc today he tried uh... Bronwen share the fall for being seventeen in main I wouldn't give I don't want, I wouldn't get mister form too much confidence in raising no one because it's Bob needs unorthodox legal uh... operations, but uh... good lost files them put in those times I think he's needed for William Bretton who's somewhere and uh... when we finished his corpse at nineteen seventy-four and we could spin him because he's more than one harm to us Memphis you're none of ours spin, but we We invite they just buy rolls and he refused to go like that, I don't really see see, I can tell, think newspapers and when it comes down to it, talk underbrush while you come up with some story You remember no and I was a real person, at least He was at the time You know where you are from someone who will do it very well you have an idea on it Now that's it I have a lot of what you hope , a sign to be useful to you which was wrapped in this name arose Insan and uh... It was determined that it was around the upper Rosen shin and we presented a picture of its seeds ring any Belser This year I will look at this could you tell me if what happens is that the number of Alicia and talk about it, but I think the mail asked me about that I will give a description of the committee but most importantly with the West So on all the committees, but I don’t have a description of the road maps for things you think that I'm a rose maybe A key role in this somehow went on one side is I think bio where the roads and this is in the playboy for slander, but there was something I think it was his name and the right and and Of course I have to get the advice of a lawyer but I was instantly chosen left the city f_b_i_ myself but it was the report was unbearably roses to be in Knoxville during the year skating Now read not the scale of the problem Killer whether it's true or not You couldn't contact no Now you're telling the committee you apparently have faith in this committee You don't view them as a threat necessary Mr. malfunction Abby do you think they can be on the side Well, I think the mandates and solutions to these cases panel I think, uh... that would be on mine side, but No, I don't think there are other ways to favor the assertive reporter, I think we don't know who to believe you know, I'm not some but believe me, the ones I told you nothing I'm attitude towards life , we could do the British committee came and said, uh. .. orchids that travel Your ears come to look at him when you say yes Jim The best thing that happened with me down there is that you would be a witness to the state uh... or that he stays with us, but uh- uh... so you will start the unresolved stage of the committee Now the collection also discuss them with Yes, but its uh... man I don't know, I I I want to say this is a smoking lawyer I think then, be developed with a lot, but I wanted to stay with us and uh... I don't think I'll be the prosecutors said anyway Quevedo committed becomes the famous commander of their case in the uh... extradition hearing and so I don't see how they can switch and say there was some- then in another way LUV, you are also the most beautiful pictures that we heard earlier their journey is a killer and I believe Raul Julia is still in a trap and they don't use me much, so I don't have a good Swiss franc you are someone else and you would that you should be the main witness would Hollywood itself be more about persecution You will come out and talk about growth I am not I there is nothing that I can say terms I can tell you then mom is a good condition for winning I was nine resumes
James Buchanan is the founder of public choice theory, which is an economic approach to the study of non-market decision making or, more simply, an attempt to complement the theory of market exchange with a corresponding theory of the functioning of political markets. The theory of public choice is not just one of the fantasies of political science, but belongs to economic science, since it is based on strict economic assumptions about man as a rational and utility-maximizing subject. Individuals agree to give exclusive power to the state because they believe that it will serve their personal interests; by doing this, they adopt a certain set of rules - a constitution. Why and how are such rules adopted, and which rules are better than others? The answers to these questions are the subject of Buchanan and Gordon Tullock's landmark book, The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (University of Michigan Press, 1962).17Economic analysis of constitutional choice is only part of the theory of public choice. In a large series of books -
“Public Finance in a Democratic Process” (University of North Carolina Press, 1966), “The Demand and Supply of Public Goods” (Rand McNally, 1968), “Costs and Choice" (Cost and Choice, Markham, 1969; University of Chicago Press, 1979), "The Theory of Public Choice: Political Applications of Economics, University of Michigan Press, 1972", written by with Robert Tollison, The Limits of Liberty: between Anarchy and Leviathan, University of Chicago Press, 1975, Freedom in Constitutional Contract, Texas A& M University Press, 1977), Democracy in Deficits: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes, Academic Press, 1977, co-authored by P. Wagner and Geoffrey Brennan, and The Reason for Rules : The Political Economy of Constitutions19 (The Reason of Rules: Constitutional Political Economy, Cambridge University Press, 1985), co-authored with Geoffrey Brennan, The Power to Tax (Cambridge University Press, 1980) - Buchanan applied economic theory to interpret virtually every aspect of public sector economics, including the political processes that determine levels of taxation and government spending.
One recurring theme is that all costs are fundamentally subjective, that opportunity costs are rooted in people's minds, that they are simply the prices that would be set in a perfectly competitive market over the long run. This thesis is the core of the standard concept of marginal cost pricing for utilities (see Hotelling H., Lerner A.) and more or less returns us to a similar thesis in applied welfare economics. In fact, Buchanan concludes that economists have hitherto understood little about public finance.
In his early period of creativity, Buchanan was strongly influenced by the work of some European and especially Italian authors of the 19th century who wrote about public finance. These authors approached tax issues quite differently from leading Anglo-American authors: European authors preferred to understand the state as a mutual agreement between citizens in which taxes were “payments” for services provided by the state.
As a consequence, Buchanan argued that the only reasonable "calculus of consent" was unanimity, but that all members of society could voluntarily agree to a political democracy based on majority rule if only the rights of the minority were adequately protected. The problem then comes down to identifying such constitutional rules that make it possible to preserve the original consent. Buchanan had no trouble showing that increased government activity in recent years has led to significant departures from this “optimal” constitution. Therefore, his works are replete with proposals for additional constitutional restrictions on the activities of the state and its various bodies. In essence, he called for a “constitutional revolution” designed to redefine the entire range of constitutional rights of individuals.
Buchanan was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn., in 1919 and retained a Southern drawl in his speech throughout his life. He received a bachelor's degree from Middle Tennessee State University in 1940, a master's degree from the University of Tennessee in 1941, and a doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1948. In 1955, awarded a Fulbright Fellowship, he spent a year in Italy studying the European tradition in public finances. Returning from Italy in 1956, he became a professor of economics and director of the Center for Political Economy. Thomas Jefferson at the University of Virginia. At the same time, he was developing the basic principles of the theory of public choice.
In 1962, after the publication of The Calculus of Consent, he founded the Public Choice Society (with Gordon Tullock) and launched a new journal, Public Choice, which encouraged other authors to explore the field. In 1969
Mr. Buchanan became a professor and director of the Center for the Study of Public Choice, first at Virginia Tech and State University,20 then at George Mason University (Fairfax, Virginia). Elected president of the Southern Economic Association in 1963, vice-president of the American Economic Association in 1972, and president of the Mont Pelerin Society from 1984 to 1986, Buchanan lectured at universities around the world while producing a steady stream of articles and books. who gradually expanded the subject of public choice theory to the point in which it now represents a generally accepted and well-defined branch of economics. In 1986 he received the Nobel Prize in Economics6.
Some might say that public choice theory is too concerned with normative questions about how collective choice should be made, rather than with positive questions about the real impact of government action on the economy. However, whatever our final verdict on the theory of public choice, there is little doubt that now it represents a well-defined tradition associated with other currents of a certain common river: the economic theory of property rights (see Alchian A., Demsetz H.), economics of law (see Posner R.) and economics of organizations (see Simon G.).
Literature
J. Buchanan, Better than Plowing, in. Recollections of Eminent Economists, ed. J. A. Kregel, vol. 2 (Macmillan, 1985); J. Buchanan, Born Again Economist, in vol. Lives of the Laureates: Ten Nobel Economists, ed. W. Breit and R. W. Spencer (MIT Press, 1990).
G. Locksley, Individuals, Contracts and Constitutions: the Political Economy of James M. Buchanan, in the book. Twelve Contemporary Economists ed. J. R. Shackleton and G. Lockley (Macmillan, 1981; Wiley, Halsted Press, 1981); D. G. Mueller, On Buchanan, in the book.
Contemporary Economists in Perspective, ed. N. W. Spiegel and W. J. Samuels, vol. 2 (JAI Press, 1984); D. Reisman, The Political Economy of James Buchanan (Macmillan, 1988); T. Romer, On James Buchanan's Contribution to Public Economics, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Fall 1988; L. Rittenberg, James McGill Buchanan, in the book. Nobel Laureates in Economic Sciences, ed. V. S. Katz (Garland, 1989).
In 1941, James Buchanan graduated from the University of Tennessee and was drafted into the Navy. After the end of World War II, he continued his studies, defended his doctoral dissertation at the University of Chicago, and became a university teacher. He then taught at the universities of Tennessee and Florida. In 1955-1968, J. Buchanan was a professor at the University of Virginia, and also headed the Center for Political Economy of this university.
The scientist studied the theory of public and constitutional choice and tried to explain the peculiarities of the political behavior of social groups. According to Buchanan, the nature of economic policy is shaped by the exchange of social benefits for votes. It assumes that social groups, whether businessmen or bureaucrats (civil servants), voters or politicians, have rational thinking that maximizes their well-being in the same way as individuals. Therefore, the economic model of market behavior can be extended to political processes. The fundamental ideas of this theory were expressed in a logically consistent form in the work “The Calculus of Consent” (The Calculus of Consent, 1962), written together with G. Tullock.
Events of the 1960s—the civil rights struggle, the Vietnam War, student unrest, Watergate—along with the continued growth of the “big government,” that is, the increasing share of government taxes and spending in the gross national product, prompted Buchanan to turn to problems of constitutional theory— questions about the relationship between freedom and coercion, and the role of “constitutional rules” that limit the limits of government intervention in the economy. In his book The Boundaries of Freedom: Between Anarchy and Leviathan (1975), he attempted to construct a new contract theory of the state. Being an opponent of Keynes' theory, J. Buchanan believed that Keynesianism with its recipes for budgetary regulation of the economy destroyed the main commandment of healthy finances - budget balance, opened the way for inflation, social dependency, and led to the loss of traditional morality calling for work, frugality and reliance on one's own strength.
The scientist emphasized the danger of growing budget deficits and public debt, the need for constitutional and moral restrictions on manifestations of “financial promiscuity,” and called for strict adherence to a balanced budget policy. If democracy allows "pressure groups" to impose their interests under the guise of public interest, which leads to increased government spending and a bloated bureaucracy, then constitutionally enshrined rules are needed to curb the extent of economic waste of government agencies.
Understanding the difficulties that arise in attempts to limit transfer payments, reduce taxation along with reducing budget deficits, J. Buchanan appeals to issues of work ethics. In his view, the decline of the work ethic is caused by the overexpansion and maintenance of the welfare state. “We cannot and must not completely dismantle this state,” he wrote. “But we can curb its excesses, stop the extortion of money, and, moreover, we can work to revive the sense of basic values, according to which productive activity is considered praiseworthy, while receiving government handouts should be treated with a hint of contempt, because it has no social value." In 1986, James Buchanan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics "for his exploration of the contractual and constitutional foundations of economic and political decision-making theory."
The ultimate goal of politics is... universal equality before the law, the greatest possible freedom, economic prosperity and peaceful cooperation of all people. Knut Wicksell.
The more problems the state solves, the more the budget grows and the power of the bureaucracy grows. If the state, in an effort to expand the scope of its activities, goes beyond the boundaries specified in the social contract, then there is a danger of turning it into a mythological monster - Leviathan.
In fact, any government organization tends to waste citizens' money without restraint. The more importance officials attach to their duties, the more funds they require to carry them out. If society tries to limit direct bureaucratic interference, then officials find many excuses to interfere in the management of enterprises 1 . 1. Kornai Ya. The path to a free economy. - M.: Economics, 1990. - P. 36.
As a result, the apparatus, designed, in its essence, to exercise control over the expenditure of public funds, turns into a mechanism that absorbs these funds on a colossal scale.
J. Buchanan comes to the conclusion: in order to return the state to its original goals, and before criticizing the results of politicians, it is necessary to develop a “constitution of economic policy” and identify those rules and restrictions” within the framework of which political decisions are made 2. 2 Buchanan J., Tulloch G. Calculation of agreement. Logical foundations of constitutional democracy / Nobel laureates in economics. James Buchanan. - M.: Taurus Alpha, 1997. - P. 104-105.
In particular, in his opinion, political principles and a system for enforcing the law must be developed before obvious violations occur, and the rules must be universal, that is, apply to all members of society. The way to resolve the contradiction between rationality and efficiency is constitutional choice - the choice of the most general rules of political life.
Since all participants in political life are interested in the effectiveness of the political process, they can jointly develop effective regulations, a set of rules for political life (a constitution). Since at the stage of constitutional choice the specific issues on which further discussions will take place in parliament are not yet known, selfish interests do not interfere with the choice of effective rules, laws of the political “game” (for example, the ban on adopting a deficit state budget). Moreover, the less known the range of issues that will be discussed after the adoption of the constitution, the higher the likelihood of developing a truly effective constitution. One of the main conclusions of public choice theory is, according to J. Buchanan, precisely that in order to “improve government policies, we should no longer be concerned with choosing good people, but with changing the structure of the laws that they must follow.” . In other words, in politics the choice of “rules of the game” is many times more important than the choice of specific “players”.
Agreeing with J. Buchanan's statement about the importance of constitutional choice, F. Hayek pays special attention to the principles underlying the constitution. F. Hayek evaluates lobby pressure groups more critically. He points out that the organization of powerful special interest groups is impossible without the help of government: since it is in principle impossible to organize all interests, the organization of certain groups with the help of government leads to the constant exploitation of unorganized and unorganizable groups. The victims include groups such as consumers in general, taxpayers, women, the elderly and many others.
Such a negative assessment of special interest groups allowed F. Hayek to take a critical look at the democratic government itself. “Any power must be limited, but especially democratic power. - he wrote. - An omnipotent democratic government, precisely because of the unlimited power of its power, becomes a plaything in the hands of organized interests, for it must please them in order to secure the support of the majority*. 1
Based on this, F. Hayek concludes that the main purpose of constitutional rules is the strictest limitation of the rights of the central government, no matter what democratic course it pursues. F. Hayek proposed to clearly distinguish laws as universal rules. Only a stable and generally recognized system of laws can limit the possibility of “legalized corruption” - the initiation, under pressure from various lobbies, of parliamentary (or presidential) directives distributing special privileges “in the name of political unity.”
1 Hayek F. The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago, 1960.
- introduction
methodological individualism
homo economicus
economic policy constitution
constitutionalism and contractionism
Calculation of consent. Logical foundations of constitutional democracy
Preface
Part I. Background to the analysis
Chapter 1. Introductory section
Chapter 2. Postulate of individualism
Chapter 3. The relationship between politics and economics
- economic theory and economic man
economic and political exchange
explanation of the paradox
economic motivation and political power
Madisonian democracy and economic approach
economic motivation and economic determinism
positive defense
- individual and collective rationality
rationality of individuals in the process of choice on the market
individual rationality and collective choice
factors limiting individual rationality
Chapter 5. Organization of human activity
- collective action from the perspective of “costs”
minimum level of collective activity: definition of human rights and property rights
sphere of voluntary organization
conceptual classification
conclusions
- external cost function
decision cost function
selection of the optimal decision rule
types of collective activities
institutional variables and decision rules
some conditions
conclusions
- benefits approach
cost minimization and the rule of unanimity
the role of compensation
comparison with new welfare economics
consensus as the norm
- Individual and collective solutions
transaction boundaries
a simple model of a transaction between two individuals
transaction process and competitive markets
transaction process and “effective” decisions
multilateral transaction process
the process of concluding a multilateral transaction in a group of a fixed size
costs of the transaction process, decision rules and preference identification
group size and decision costs
optimal size of government activity
decentralization and alternatives to choose from
decision costs, external costs and value agreement
Chapter 9. Model structure
- direct democracy and representative government
time sequence of collective decisions
perfect and imperfect markets
intensity of individual preferences
equal intensity and majority rule
equal intensity and random variations in preferences
- game with three individuals and a constant sum
game with five individuals and a constant sum
limitation on compensation
use of compensation
simple logrolling and game theory
complex logrolling
condition of “rationality of individuals”
limits of “social” loss
"general benefits - special taxation" model
“universal taxation - universal benefits” model
conclusions
- majority rule voting and external costs
reference point criterion
scale and size of collective action
collective action and decision rules
institutional variables as an analogue of decision rules
compensation payments and the size of the public sector
selection of rules
Chapter 20. Politics of an ideal society
- logic model
practical model
imperfect ideal
ideal society policy
Boundaries of freedom. Between Anarchy and Leviathan
Preface
Chapter 1. Introductory section
- utopia of anarchism
consent calculation
origins of property
equal treatment of unequals
quis custodiet ipsos custodes?
god, man and ideal society
- public availability of goods and non-economic interactions
rights and contract
"natural distribution"
emergence of property
breach of contract
two-stage agreement
from a small number of participants to a large one
- market failure and the free rider problem
exchange and unanimity
unanimity, voluntariness and the principle of exclusion
individual rights in case of rules without unanimity
placement and distribution
- personal inequality
interaction in conditions of anarchy
disarmament and the emergence of property rights
conquest, slavery and treaty
metabolic equilibrium and “primitive production”
breach of contracts and enforcement
"state protecting" and "state producing"
rules as indirect rights
constitutional "set"
- ethics and economics of contractual obligations
contractual changes to the status quo
imposed changes to constitutional rights
status quo and previous violations
status quo rights specification
- man as a creator of rules
“protecting state” in the role of arbitrator
the "producing state" as embodied in the post-constitutional treaty
experts and democracy
individual loss functions and procedural rules
enforcement of an implicit contract
the encroachment of a contract enforcement agent into the realm of an implicit contract
- law and public goods
benefits and costs of the law
agreement on constitutional change
formalized and informal law: the role of ethics
production of “public anti-goods”
legal system as social capital
law reform and status quo
- costs of punishment
temporal aspect of punishment
strategic or constitutional aspect of punishment
universality of the rules of punishment
public choice of punishment
public choice of general rules
- Wicksell's unanimity
voting by majority taking into account the cost-benefit criterion
voting by majority without taking into account the cost-benefit criterion
political income, bureaucratic rent and voting rights
democracy without shackles
beyond constitutional boundaries
- institutional and constitutional changes and the reaction of pragmatic politics
confusion and challenge
intellectual bankruptcy
revival of contractionism
political and social philosophy
individual rights in democracy
creation of rights
conclusion
R.M.Nureev
James Buchanan and public choice theory
- a little history
prerequisites for analysis
public choice in direct democracy
public choice in a representative democracy
Leviathan threat
State fiasco and constitutional economics
Constitution of economic policy
Calculation of agreement
Boundaries of freedom
Bibliography of J. Buchanan
- books
monographs
main articles in periodicals
articles in collections
other jobs
list of works by J. Buchanan published in Russian
Name index
Subject index