Vasilyeva A.N. Foundations of the culture of speech. - M., 1990.
Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech. - Rostov-on-Don, 2007.
Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G. Rhetoric and culture of speech. - Rostov-on-Don, 2008.
Golovin A.N. Foundations of the culture of speech. - M., 1988.
Ippolitova N.A., Knyazeva O.Yu., Savova M.R. Russian language and culture of speech. - M., 2005.
Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. prof. V.I. Maksimova. - M., 2001.
Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. prof. L.K.Graudina and E.N.Shiryaeva. - M., 2009.
Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. Doctor of Philological Sciences D.A. Romanov. - Tula, 2010
Skvortsov L.I. Ecology of the word, or Let's talk about the culture of Russian speech. - M., 1996.
Formanovskaya N.I. Communication culture and speech etiquette. - M., 2002.
Dictionaries and reference books
Alexandrova E.E. Dictionary of Russian synonyms. - M., 1968
Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1974
Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language. - M., 1994.
The Big Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language. Value. Use. Cultural commentary. - M., 2008.
Bukina B.Z., Sazonova I.K., Cheltsova L.K. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 2008.
Bystrova E.A., Okuneva A.P., Shansky N.M. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 2000.
Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. - M., 1989.
Dal V.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. In 4 volumes. - M.2003.
Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. Ed. V.N. Yartseva. - M., 1990.
Lvov M.R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1985.
Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 2000.
Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. R.I. Avanesov. - M., 1981.
Reznichenko I.L. Dictionary of Russian stresses. - M., 2008.
D.E. Rosenthal Handbook of spelling and literary editing. - M., 1978.
D.E. Rosenthal Punctuation reference. - M. 1984.
D.E. Rosenthal Management in Russian. Reference dictionary. - M., 1981.
Russian language. Encyclopedia. Ed. Yu.N. Karaulova. - M., 1998.
Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Reference dictionary. - M., 1960.
Dictionary of the Russian language in 4 volumes (MAS). Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. - M., 1984.
Dictionary of synonyms, ed. A.P. Evgenieva. - M., 1975.
Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. - M., 1984.
Difficulties of the Russian literary language - M., 1994.
Modern dictionary of foreign words. - M., 1999.
Phrasebook. Ed. A.I. Molotkov. - M., 1967.
Preparation plans for practical and seminars
№ 1 Language and speech. Russian literary language and its norms.
Orthoepy: accentological and proper pronunciation norms
Questions and tasks:
Define the following concepts: language, speech, culture of speech, speech culture, national language,literary language,dialect,sociolect,vernacular.
Compare the scope of concepts russian national languageand russian literary language.
What are the main signs literary language?
What language norm? Explore TOPIC 1according to the textbook edited by D.A. Romanov and reveal the concepts dynamismand variabilitynorms. What does the concept mean codification norms? Outline the section of the same textbook "Sources of information on language norms."
What orthoepy? What section of linguistics is orthoepy associated with? Name the types of orthoepic norms.
What is accentology? What is the peculiarity of Russian verbal stress?
Write out from the spelling dictionary at least 10 examples of accentological options. Analyze labels in dictionary entries: which of them are permissive, which are prohibitive. Make a note of the output of the dictionary you worked with.
Read these words, observing the norms of accentology. In case of difficulty, refer to the spelling dictionary. Indicate the reasons for deviations from the accepted norms in speech practice: arrest, aristocracy,athenians, bureaucracy, dispensary, document, quarter, flint, chunk, masterfully, medicine, gradually, scanty, for a long time, relieve, inform, in part, mold, sentence, conspiracy, dowry, percentage, beetroot, silage, orphans, statue, shorthand, carpenter, customs, aggravate, petition, owners, cement, centner, scoop, sorrel, expert.
Outline paragraphs 9 - 13 of the chapter "Correctness of speech: stress norms" from the book of B.N. Golovin "Fundamentals of the culture of speech"
Solve test problems:
A 1. Both nouns belong to the same accentological type - words with fixed stress based on:
1) director, cloud 2) monogram, sable
3) quarter, landscape 4) convocation, stanza 5) watermelon, shop
A. 2. The word is stressed correctly:
1) quarts andl 2) cat andlog 3) oil pipeline aboutwaters 4) cake aboutc 5) huts andcaught
A 3, In both words, the stress is correct:
1) with c andrkuli, with chaof eramie
3) she lied and, wine n andlito
4) ringing you i amt they b andlove children
5) ransom aboutrit, sharpen andbe
Explore TOPIC 6according to the textbook edited by D.A. Romanova, What norms are called properly pronunciation(actually orthoepic)? List the basic pronunciation norms for consonants and vowels. What difficulties do we face in pronouncing the following words (group the words according to the possible type of deviation from the hole, mark separately the possible pronunciation options): adequate, obstetrician, anesthesia, annexation, baobab, baroque, bonn, bakery, mustard plaster, grenadier, dean, neckline, decor, hyphen, bile, interview, clarinet, criterion, mission, mocha, museum, oasis, Odessa, custody, boast, disinfect, puree, straightened, tender, masterpiece, chauffeur, ekart, essay, scrambled eggs, barley.
№ 2 Lexical norms. Use of phraseological units
Questions and tasks:
What is vocabulary? What can be associated with violations of lexical norms?
Write out from linguistic encyclopedic dictionaries or reference books (see also TOPIC 7) definitions of the following concepts: antonyms,synonyms,paronyms,homonyms,polysemous word, borrowed word, obsolete word.From aspect dictionaries, write down several corresponding (antonymic, synonymous, etc.) paradigms. List the output of the dictionaries you worked with.
Using explanatory dictionaries, determine the meanings of words, pay attention to stylistic labels: what do they mean, what information about the use of lexemes can be gleaned from the labels? With the underlined words, make sentences: agency, adaptation,analogue , annul, antagonism, apartheid, appeal, apocalypse, attaché,authentic , run, fiction,unprecedented , good, briefing,opening day , virtual, grotesque, declaration, dumping, deposit, deportation,dividend , dilemma , dealer, dissident, distributor, praise, identical, hierarchy, image, impeachment, impressionism,investment , innovation , interpretation, infantilism, infernal,incident , hypochondriac, cataclysm, catalog, compromise,consomme , consonance, monitoring, nouveau riche, opportunity, nonsense, outskirts, panacea, eulogy,tunic, vanity.
Determine the lexical meaning of borrowed words by referring to explanatory dictionaries or dictionaries of borrowed words (specify the output of the dictionaries). Place the stress in the words and pronounce them, observing the orthoepic norms: apartments, alcohol, peanuts, apostrophe, asymmetry, autogenous, bartender, bungalow, boutique, gala, grapefruit, blinds, ikebana, marketing, pizzeria, rhododendron facsimile, feminism, endpaper, bookplate.
Find Russian synonyms for foreign words. Explain in which cases it is more appropriate to use a borrowed word, in which - Russian: ambition,verdict, memoirs, punctual, fauna, flora.
Indicate what synonyms can be combined with words in parentheses. TO brown, hazel (dress, eyes, paint, matter). Thick, full (woman, notebook, stick, material). Swarthy, dark (sky, face, hair, matter, eyes, forest). Thick, dense (forest, drink, grass, fog). Obvious, clear (question, explanation, error, sky). Hot, sultry (water, summer, hello, speech, wind). Dose, part, portion, share (building, population, bread, medicine, inheritance). Vast, limitless (delight, hall, garden, room).
Explain the differences in the meanings and use of paronyms, make phrases with them: pride - pride, ignorant - ignorant, intolerant - intolerable, put on - clothe, imagine - provide
Explain the difference between the meanings of words russianand Russian.Make sentences with each of them.
What is phraseology? What language units are called phraseological units? What is the peculiarity of the use of phraseological units? Write down phraseological units with components from explanatory and / or phraseological dictionaries leg,arm,white, gold... Make 6 - 7 sentences with them.
Determine the meaning of the following phraseological units: achilles' heel; absolute zero; take an example; throw words to the wind; take a word; thing in itself; exit the game; keep your word; matter; play the role; a colossus with feet of clay; the cat cried; on the seventh sky; catch on the word; sing praises... Compose the text using 5 - 7 phraseological units in accordance with their meaning and style.
Find mistakes in the use of phraseological units and phraseological combinations: 1. The writer keeps up with his times. 2. This article surprised me to the depths of my soul. 3. He took the lion's share of his earnings. 4. The leader is simply obliged to take the initiative. 5. The history of the appearance of the shroud in Europe is shrouded in pitch mystery.
What is Pleonasm? How is tautology different from pleonasm?
Analyze violations of the norms of the use of lexical and phraseological units:
He was an easy-going man, successful.
Both lines of the plot, personal and public, develop in comedy in parallel, mutually intersecting.
The sudden departure of Khlestakov and the news of the arrival of a new auditor leaves the officials in a daze.
The scientist stood at the sources of mechanical engineering.
The artist won the appreciation of the audience.
He has long dreamed of a title role in Crime and Punishment.
His eyes are either pleading, or serious, or outrageous.
I already talked about my autobiography in the introductory article.
The institute has developed new methods and developments on this problem.
The firm announced a vacancy for the position of chief accountant.
The president of the firm called on everyone to cooperate.
V. Serov's painting depicts a young girl with dark brown eyes.
Shevchenko shoots on goal and actually misses.
At this beautiful flower exhibition, I would like to say "thank you" to its organizers for organizing a trip to another world, where you can rest your soul so much!
Many were unable to solve their problems and found themselves on the edge of poverty.
More than half of the game has already passed.
Extracurricular activities play a positive role in the development of children.
|
example-statement |
analysis of speech error: what norm is violated, what exactly is the error |
corrected version |
|
1. At the invitation of friends, wehad to |
The norm of semantic agreement is violated: in the meaning of the verb “ had to "there is a component “contrary to the will of the subject of the action” that contradicts the general meaning of the statement. A member of the synonymous paradigm is not well chosen: happened - lucky - had - succeeded. |
At the invitation of friends, welucky visit this wonderful town. |
|
2. The books you need can be ordered by interlibrarysubscriber . |
A member of the paronymic paradigm was chosen incorrectly: subscriber(‘The one who uses the subscription’) –subscription(‘A document granting the right to use something’) |
The books you need can be ordered by interlibrarysubscription. |
№ 3 Grammar norms (morphology)
Questions and tasks:
What does morphology study? Explore TOPIC 8according to the textbook edited by D.A. Romanov and list the difficult cases in the system of morphological norms.
Distribute nouns into groups: 1) declined; 2) non-declining; then determine the generic affiliation of all words. With the words highlighted in bold, make up the phrases “them. adj. + them. noun in units "; with underlined words - sentences in which a verb in the past tense is used as a predicate: Doctor , doctor,mediocrity , spinner, bigwigs, upstart, victim, singer, colleague, gourmet,ignorant , touchy, stupid, clever, dropout, hack,foreman , judge, toastmaster, sneak piano,shoe , sconce,mouse , potatoes , coffee , salami , producer , entertainer , potpourri, rail, tulle, cafe, shoe, cockatoo,shampoo , chimpanzee,corn , report card, depot, compartment, menu,taxi , bet,jury , hummingbird, Baku,Mississippi , Tbilisi,Sochi , Toronto,Hugo, Dumas .
Put nouns in the nominative plural. Indicate possible options and explain their use: address, accountant, century, year, director, contract, doctor, lecturer, rector, report, midshipman, warrant, turner, professor, driver, locksmith, snow, variety, soup, tom, tractor, truffle, hawk.
Put nouns in the genitive plural. Highlight endings. Indicate the options and note the stylistic differences between them. Put stress in educated word forms: ampere, orange, eggplant, barge, boot, felt boot, waffle, smut, gram, hollow, kilogram, comment, poker, tangerine, sock, estate, tomato, boot, wedding, candle, soldier, gossip, shoe, boy, cherry, apple, apple tree.
Open the brackets, highlight the endings of the declined words: watched a film with a major (Pronin) - got carried away by an English writer (Joseph Cronin); disagree with (Dr. Uglov) - disagree with (Prussian military theorist Adam Heinrich Dietrich von Bülow); read by the English writer Jane Austen) - became interested in an English linguist (John Austin) - became interested in the singer (Zhenya Osin).
What are the digits in meaning and structure that numeral names are divided into?
What is the peculiarity of the declension of compound ordinal numbers? Write down the following combinations in words and decline them: 2000, 2010, megalopolis 15 million population.
What is the peculiarity of the declension of compound cardinal numbers? Write down the following combinations in words and decline them: 711 kilometers, 153 copies, 329 students.
What is the peculiarity of using collective numerals?
Write down sentences by using numerals in the desired form and choosing the desired noun form:
On this unhappy Monday, he was left with (54) (ruble) in his pocket.
About (1,850) (hectares) of land was plowed.
The teacher was able to interrogate (24) (student).
A load weighing (1,500) (ton) was lifted.
Each was given (235) (ruble).
He traveled more than (740) (kilometer) in a day.
It happened in (2000) (year).
Everything in the gallery is ready to meet (250,000) (visitor).
It remains to go (12, 5) (kilometer).
Find mistakes in the use of numbers:
a) in both cases; b) with one and a half tons; c) about eight hundred meters
d) three professors e) in two thousand and two; f) three schoolgirls
№ 4 Grammar norms (syntax)
Questions and tasks:
Explore TOPIC 9according to the textbook edited by D.A. Romanov.
What is syntax as a section of grammar and as a level of a language system?
Give a definition of syntactic connections: coordination, management, adjoining.
Make phrases according to the sample: training and leadership (graduate students) - training and guidance of graduate students. 1. Admire and adore (the courage of the soldiers). 2. Collect and exchange (information). 3. Installation and maintenance (equipment). 4. Introduce and distribute (the text of the resolution). 5. Hope and believe (victory).
Make up phrases with the listed words as the main words according to the model "main word + case noun": pay, pay, pay, mark, confirm, testify, understand, hinder, slow down, master, assimilate, review, review, confidence, faith, delighted, delighted.
How are the main members of a two-part sentence related to each other? Open the brackets and explain the choice of the predicate form: 1 ... Half the city (remain) without light.2.. More than 80 thousand spectators (to come) to Luzhniki.3. 800 rubles saved over the summer (spent) on buying textbooks.4.... No one; neither deputies, nor ministers, nor the president should (have the right) to violate the Constitution.5. Russian media (represented) by leading TV channels.6.IMF (highlight) the next tranche.7.... Seven students (pass) exams with excellent marks.8.Female surgeon (perform) complex heart surgery.
Opening the door……… a) I saw a far from simple living room setting
What sentences are called complicated? List the types of complicators.
What is an adverbial participle and adverbial phrase? What is the peculiarity of the use of adverbial expressions? In which one-part sentences are the gerunds and adverbs not used? Combine adverbs with one of these two sentences:
……… b) a strange picture appeared to my eyes
Traveling second class.... a) the service was great b) no one expected such a good service
Not in the least embarrassed... .. a) her whole figure expressed confidence b) she walked past the surprised guests
Falling wildly into the lake…… a) felt ashamed of his awkwardness b) he blushed with shame for his awkwardness.
The results of the experiment confirm our assumptions.
. Contrary to the advice of the doctor, the patient refused hospitalization.
The head of administration distributes and manages property and finances.
Reading the works of Russian classics, I am seized with delight and a sense of pride in Russian literature.
What is a complex sentence? What types of complex sentences do you know? Compose and write down several complex sentences of different types.
Analyze the grammatical errors in the sentences and edit the sentences:
The discussion raises the question of the student's ability to be the head of the group for medical reasons.
There were a lot of letters to the editorial office.
Thirty-five and five-tenths percent of the students did an excellent job.
On my birthday, I invite my closest friends.
When they sat down, she asked if he liked to read books.
Silence reigned unexpectedly, understanding the meaning of which my mood soured.
He suddenly slipped and fell.
Present the analysis results in the form of a table according to the sample:
№ 5 Basic functional styles of the Russian literary language
Questions and tasks:
List the main features of the literary language.
Write out the definitions of concepts from a textbook on the culture of speech or from an encyclopedic dictionary styleand functional style.
Using textbooks and encyclopedic linguistic dictionaries, as well as a textbook ed. YES. Romanov, write down a characteristic in a notebook colloquial,journalisticand formal businessstyles according to plan:
Extra-linguistic and general linguistic factors that determined the main style features of the text (style-forming factors):
sphere of communication (science, art, politics, etc.)
communication task (inform, get information, induce action, etc.)
communication situation (formal / informal)
the nature of communication (mass, group, interpersonal)
form of speech (oral, written; dialogue / polylogue / monologue)
canonicity / non-canonicity of the speech situation (observance of the conditions of common time and place)
implementation of the rules of successful communication
predominantly realized functions of the language (communicative, emotive, phatic, etc.)
Style traits
Language tools with the help of which the main stylistic features and compositional features of texts are implemented
Substyles
Speech genres
Sample of 3 tasks.
Topic. Syntactic norms of the Russian language. Complicated sentence. Difficult sentence
Practical lesson 19.
Purpose:deepening knowledge of the syntactic norms of the Russian literary language.
Mastering the topic is aimed at developing the following competencies:
Ability to be logically correct, reasoned and clearly build oral and written speech (OK-2);
Striving for self-development, improving their qualifications and skills (OK-6).
Organizational form:conversation.
Issues for discussion:
1. Standards of management.
2. Difficulties in using isolated turns.
3. Difficulties in using complex sentences.
In preparation for the lesson, the student should refer to the following literature: D.E. Rosenthal. Reference book on the Russian language. Practical stylistics: textbook / D.E. Rosenthal.- M .: 2011.- 81 p .; Russian language and speech culture: textbook for bachelors / ed. IN AND. Maximova, A.V. Golubeva. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - Moscow: Yurayt, 2013. - 382 p., And also use the Internet resources: e.lanbook.com - Electronic library system "Lan", www.biblioclub.ru - Electronic library system "University library online".
Assignments and questions for the formation and control of competence ownership
Exercise 1.Open the brackets, write down the phrases with the given words. Please note that similar or similar words require different controls.
Confidence (self-strength) - faith (victory). Review (book) - review (book). Delighted (victory) - delighted (victory). Get angry (inappropriate joke) - angry (stupid trick). Surprised (exceptional ability) - surprised (exceptional ability). Pay attention (disadvantages) - pay attention (every client). Warn (danger) - warn (danger). Superiority (enemy) - outnumber (enemy). Hinder (development) - inhibit (development). Distinguish (good and bad) - distinguish (good and bad). Admire (his courage) - bow down (his courage) - wonder (his courage). Learn (language) - master (profession). Build (help) - Build (results). Pay (travel) - pay (travel). Filled (determination) - permeated (courage). Characteristic (this person) - characteristic (this person).
Task 2.Write down the sentences in which there are management errors
1) More attention should be paid to spelling. 2) In their performances one could feel the confidence of victory. 3) Upon the arrival of the train, we immediately went to the city center. 4) The speaker noted the shortcomings of the steel shop. 5) The revoked book summarizes its content . 6) The stars, these living flowers of the sky, burned above us. 7) Only some universities did not take part in running competitions. 8) I miss you very much. 9) The draft board issued him a white ticket due to epilepsy. 10) The United States, counting on an early victory in Iraq, is seeking to enlist international support.
Task 3.Edit the sentences, saving them from stringing cases.
1) A scientist from Denmark by the name of Munter approached in a completely different way the deciphering of the ancient text of the era of the state of Urartu. 2) Astronomical books stored in the library, for the most part, are copies of ancient books compiled by the ancient astronomers of Mesopotamia cities. 3) Historian Nikolsky made a huge contribution to the study of the culture of the states of disappeared civilizations.
4) The book describes the course of the brutal bloody war of the states of the East, which was waged for more than a hundred years, as well as the history of the development of the state of Wang.
Task 4.Explain and correct mistakes in the use of the adverbial phrase.
1) Suddenly silence reigned, understanding the meaning of which, my mood soured. 2) Having lost public money, she had to make excuses to the whole team. 3) Upon learning this wonderful news, his joy knew no bounds. 4) Listening to birdsong and inhaling the scent of a summer evening, it seemed that life was beautiful and still ahead. 5) With sadness recalling the possible, but gone happiness, a stamp of longing and long-standing resentment appeared on her face. 6) looking at photographs of past years, he could not believe that everything was over. 7) Reading the works of Russian classics, I am seized with delight and a sense of pride in Russian literature. 8) Passing a difficult mountain pass, they often had to stop and wait for the rest of the expedition. 9) As a child, he was always interested in questions related to technology. 10) Having met with old front-line friends, tears appeared in his eyes.
Task 5.Compose, where possible, of two sentences, one with an adverbial turnover.
Sample: I have edited the manuscript. I gave the manuscript to the editor. - After editing the manuscript, I gave it to the editor.
1. I bought my fill. I returned home. 2. The doctor got acquainted with the results of the study. The doctor recommended a course of treatment. Petrov had a criminal record for hooliganism. Petrov did not take the path of correction. 4. Take measures to arrest the offender. The investigator managed to detain the criminal. 5. Leaves the taxi. Bosnyatsky was not given back. 6. Have free time. I can do a lot. 7. To take into account the severity of the crime committed: Refuse the petition of the shop committee to transfer the convicted person to bail. 8. Witness Sidorov testified. He got a call from the store. 9. The defendant wanted to hide his accomplices. He gave conflicting statements.
Task 6.Check for mistakes in the construction of complex sentences
1) The boy asked us how long we will be busy. 2) The last thing I will focus on is the question of the use of prepositions. 3) Doctors believe that the disease is so serious that one has to fear for the patient's life. 4) A group of specialists examines the machine, prepared for shipment to the customer, which was assembled by them from new materials. 5) The engineer who brought this fact turned out to be a great expert on the issue under study. 6) I received many letters from friends and acquaintances, letters that made me very happy. 7) The horses of the Cossacks, which were covered with foam, rushed ahead. 8) I still hope that you will visit me. 9) It seems to me that I met this man in blue glasses somewhere. 10) At the meeting, the preparation of the regional biathlon team for the upcoming competitions was discussed and there is no way to improve its technical equipment.
Main literature:
1. Vvedenskaya, L. A. Russian language and culture of speech: textbook. manual for universities / L. A. Vvedenskaya, L. G. Pavlova, E. Yu. Kashaeva. - 31st ed. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2013 .-- 539 p.
2. Russian language and speech culture: textbook for bachelors / ed. IN AND. Maximova, A.V. Golubeva. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - Moscow: Yurayt, 2013 .-- 382 p.
3. Rosenthal, D.E. Russian language: textbook / D.E. Rosenthal - M., 2010 .-- 537 p.
Additional literature:
1. Butorina, E.P., Evgrafova, S.M. Culture of speech: textbook. allowance / E.P. Butorina, S.M. Evgrafova. - M .: FORUM, 2009.
2. Golub, IB New reference book on the Russian language and practical stylistics: textbook. allowance / I.B. Golub. - M .: Eksmo, 2007 .-- 464 p.
3. Rosenthal, D.E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. - M., 2003 .-- 427 p.
4. Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. M.N. Kozhina. - M., 2003.
Internet resources:
1. http://www.ahmerov.com/book_630_chapter_3_Predislovie.html - Library "online".
2.http: //www.rsl.ru/ - Russian State Library.
3.http: //linglang.ru/pages/dict/general/?t202id\u003d81554 - 2000 dictionaries and encyclopedias.
4. e.lanbook.com - Electronic library system "Lan".
5.www.gramota.ru - Diploma. Ru: reference and information portal "Russian language".
SECTION 3. STYLISM OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE
Hot whirlwind embraced Ilya. He loved to stand against a plump man with wet lips on his shaved face and see how angry he was. The realization that the Avtonomovs were embarrassed before the guests deeply delighted him. He became all calmer, the desire to go against these people, to speak daring words to them, to anger them to the point of fury - this desire straightened out in him like a steel spring, and raised him to some pleasantly terrible height. All his voice sounded calmer and harder.
The first time of his stay in St. Petersburg, Prince Andrew felt whole his own mindset, developed in his solitary life, completely obscured by those petty worries that covered him in Petersburg.
The conversation flowed, grew, embracing black life with of all sides, the mother went deep into her memories and, extracting everyday grievances from the gloom of the past, created a heavy picture of silent horror in which her youth drowned. Finally she said ...
Pierre knew that all they only wait for him to finally say one word, to step over a certain line, and he knew that sooner or later he would step over it; but some kind of incomprehensible horror covered him at the thought of this terrible step.
Driven by this howl almost to the point of insanity, Lyonka broke free from him, jumped to his feet and rushed ahead with an arrow, eyes wide open, blinded by lightning, falling, getting up and leaving all deeper into the darkness, which then disappeared from the blue flash of lightning, then again tightly covered distraught with fear boy.
Nekhludoff stared at the light of the burning lamp and froze. Remembering all the ugliness of our life, he clearly imagined what this life could be if people were brought up on these rules, and the delight he had not experienced for a long time embraced his soul. It is as if he, after a long yearning and suffering, suddenly found peace and freedom.
Allmixing together, constituted a very entertaining sight for Ivan Ivanovich, meanwhile, like the rays of the sun, embracing in some places, a blue or green sleeve, a red cuff or a piece of gold brocade, or playing the sword, made him something extraordinary, similar to the nativity scene that nomadic rogues carry around the farmsteads.
The first feeling that engulfed Agrafena, when the sleigh moved to the other side of the Kamenka and quickly disappeared into the forest, was like what a drowning man experiences. The seat of the sleigh was narrow, so when cornering, to maintain balance, monk Kirill all body piled on Agrafena.
In good moments, Kasatsky was not embarrassed by these thoughts. When he remembered this in good moments, he was glad that he got rid of these temptations. But there were moments when suddenly all what he lived by dimmed in front of him, he ceased not only to believe in what he lived, but he ceased to see it, he could not evoke in himself what he lived, but the memory and - horribly to say - repentance in his conversion covered his.
Irritation, which always lurked drowsily in tired breasts, woke up, demanded an exit, triumphantly, flew through the air, all spreading dark wings wider, all tighter embracing people, dragging them along, pushing them against each other, reborn into fiery anger.
we all recoiled at the sight of the picture that opened at the same time. All the victim's chest was one gaping wound, cut and pierced in different directions. Involuntary horror covered soul at the sight of these traces of frenzied atrocities. Each wound would have been fatal, but it was obvious that most of them were inflicted on the dead.
However, the boy had no time for the dog. The menacing look of the janitor embraced his supernatural terror, tied his legs, paralyzed all his little subtle body. Fortunately, this tetanus did not last long. Almost unconsciously, Sergei let out a piercing, long desperate cry and at random, not seeing the road, not remembering himself from fright, started to run away from the basement.
For three whole days these hallucinations lasted, and the doctor was freed from them only by leaving home. But the fatal thought did not leave him even here. Sitting in the office of the Zapolsky Courier, the doctor felt that he was now standing outside the door and that his small particles were gradually saturating the air. Of course, others did not notice this, because they were deprived of inner sight and because they were not Diamonds. Cold horror covered doctors, he whole trembled, turned pale and became terrible.
Lavretsky has not heard anything like this for a long time: a sweet, passionate melody from the first sound covered a heart; it all shone, all languished with inspiration, happiness, beauty, she grew and melted; she touched totalwhat is dear, secret, holy on earth; she breathed immortal sadness and went to die in heaven.
We decided not to part, and all went to Petersburg. Here life in the capital is immediately followed by a revival in the student environment. embraced our small compatriot circle ... And a year later we returned to our hometown greatly changed, especially Israel. He, in addition, had to put on glasses, and he, always serious and silent, now positively had the appearance of a young scientist.
How much he fussed about Chizhik, how zealously the doctors worked on him - the boy died! It's a shame ... Here he too, Orlova, will grab one day, gnaw it, and it's over. He felt scared, engulfed loneliness. I would like to talk to a smart person about total this! He tried more than once to strike up a conversation with any of the students, but no one had time for philosophy. I had to go to my wife and talk to her. He went, gloomy and sad.
I was ashamed. I looked at the Pregel valley and whole burned. It was not scary, but just ashamed. Me covered pointless longing, a desire to rush, bang your head against the wall. Something like the impotent rage of a slave who the whole life danced and sang songs, and suddenly, in one minute, all with his being he realized that he whole, from head to toe, is a slave.
Some strange excitement engulfed Galaktion, as if he was afraid of not taking something and losing something dear. And then this cleansing thirst to speak out, to lay out the whole soul ... He even felt scared at the thought that his father could suddenly die, and he would remain forever with a weight on his soul.
- You are a witch, Vera. Yes, this very minute I reproached you for not leaving even a word! - he said, bewildered, both from fear, and from unexpected joy, which suddenly embraced his. - But how are you! .. In the house all they said that you left yesterday ...
Nekhlyudov remembered allwhat he saw yesterday, while waiting in the hallway, and realized that the punishment took place exactly at the time he was waiting, and that mixed feeling of curiosity, melancholy, bewilderment and moral, almost physical, nausea came over him with special force, which before, but never with such force covered his.
In the suburbs, we again found ourselves in the wonder of Chinese city life; again covered we smelled differently, the cries of peddlers, the crackling and hissing of the kitchen, the clapping of the paper mills were heard in our ears. Oh, how stuffy! get out, get out, get it clean, past interesting scenes! However, I managed to notice that a merchant with by all signs of bliss, he was sitting in the street, his eyes closed, and his wife was scratching his gray braid. Others ate and shaved at the shops.
First, far ahead, where the sky meets the earth, near the mounds and the windmill, which from a distance looks like a little man waving his arms, a wide bright yellow stripe crawled along the ground; a minute later, the same strip lit up a little closer, crawled to the right and embraced hills; something warm touched Yegorushka's back, a streak of light, sneaking up behind, darted through the chaise and the horses, rushed towards other lanes, and suddenly all the wide steppe threw off the morning partial shade, smiled and sparkled with dew.
I feel sorry for him sometimes. Sorry for the good man who all life was spent on studying the thin book of the charter and on petty worries about swivels and trinchiks. I am sorry for the poverty of his thought, which was never even interested in what is being done behind this narrow outlook. I pity him, in a word, with the pity that involuntarily covers soul if you stare into the eyes of a very smart dog for a long time ...
It seemed to Proshka that the air was foggy, the sky was clouded over, the leaves were whispering anxiously, as if before a thunderstorm. A few minutes later he heard even a dull rumble of thunder, and he began to feel anxiety and a desire to wake up to shelter from the close rain. But nap all tighter and tighter covered fettering him all members.
No sharp knocking or shouting escaped separately, all drowned in general noise, hum, rumble, and all constituted a continuously and harmoniously flowing river of sounds, which with such force embraced us, possessed us, that for a long time we could not utter a single word.
She pulled Sasha to her and began to unbutton his blouse. Sasha fought back, clinging to her hands. His face became frightened, and, like fright, shame embraced his. And from this he seemed suddenly weakened. Lyudmila knitted her eyebrows and stripped him resolutely. She took off her belt, somehow pulled off her blouse. Sasha fought back all more desperate. They were busy, circling around the room, bumping into tables and chairs. A spicy fragrance exuded from Lyudmila, intoxicated Sasha and weakened him.
From the moment he told Gavrila to row more quietly, Gavrila again engulfed acute expectant tension. is he whole he leaned forward, into the darkness, and it seemed to him that he was growing - bones and veins stretched out in him with a dull pain, his head, filled with one thought, ached, the skin on his back trembled, and small, sharp and cold needles were thrust into his legs. His eyes ached from the intense examination of the darkness, from which - he waited - something was about to rise and bark at them: "Stop, thieves! .."
She raised her meek, large eyes with eyelids swollen with tears. Me embraced some unspeakable pity. I suddenly wanted to hug her, to caress her, to utter those words that make my soul warm. I remember that more total I was bribed in her by this childish obedience and defenselessness.
A CULTURE OF SPEECH
Preparing for the winter session
Tasks for practical exercises:
NORMATIVE ASPECT OF SPEECH CULTURE
Questions and tasks:
- Define the following concepts: language, speech, culture of speech, speech culture, national language, literary language, dialect, sociolect, vernacular.
- Compare the scope of concepts russian national languageand russian literary language.
- What are the main signs literary language?
- What language norm? What are the signs of the norm? What orthoepy? What section of linguistics is orthoepy associated with? Name the types of orthoepic norms.
- What is accentology? What is the peculiarity of Russian verbal stress? Write out from the spelling dictionary at least 10 examples of accentological options. Analyze labels in dictionary entries: which of them are permissive, which are prohibitive. Record the output of the dictionary you worked with.
- What is vocabulary? Which branch of linguistics studies lexical units? What can be associated with violations of lexical norms?
- Explain the differences in the meanings and use of paronyms, make phrases with them: pride - pride, ignorant - ignorant, intolerant - intolerable, put on - clothe, present - provide.
- What subsystems does the grammar consist of? What subtypes of grammatical norms stand out? What do these rules govern?
- Put nouns in the nominative plural. Indicate possible options and explain their use: address, accountant, century, year, director, contract, doctor, lecturer, rector, report, midshipman, warrant, turner, professor, chauffeur, locksmith, snow, variety, soup, tom, tractor, truffle, hawk.
- Put nouns in the genitive plural. Highlight endings. Indicate the possible options and note the stylistic differences between them. Put stress in educated word forms: ampere, orange, eggplant, barge, boot, felt boot, waffle, smut, gram, hollow, kilogram, comment, poker, tangerine, sock, estate, tomato, boot, wedding, candle, soldier, gossip, shoe, young man, cherry, apple, apple tree.
- Open the brackets, highlight the endings of the declined words: watched a film with a major (Pronin) - got carried away by an English writer (Joseph Cronin); disagree with (Dr. Uglov) - disagree with (Prussian military theorist Adam Heinrich Dietrich von Bülow); read by the English writer Jane Austen) - became interested in an English linguist (John Austin) - became interested in the singer (Zhenya Osin).
- What are the features of the declension of quantitative and ordinal numbers? Write down the following combinations in words and decline them: 711 kilometers, 153 copies, “014 year.
- What nouns are collective numbers used with?
- Give a definition of syntactic connections: coordination, management, adjoining.
- Make phrases according to the sample: training and leadership (graduate students) - training and guidance of graduate students. 1. Admire and adore (the courage of the soldiers). 2. Collect and exchange (information). 3. Installation and maintenance (equipment). 4. Introduce and distribute (the text of the resolution). 5. Hope and believe (victory).
- How are the main members of a two-part sentence related to each other? Open the brackets and explain the choice of the predicate form: 1 ... Half the city (remain) without light.2. More than 80 thousand spectators (to come) to Luzhniki.3. 800 rubles saved over the summer (spent) on buying textbooks.5. Russian media (represented) by leading TV channels.6. IMF (highlight) the next tranche.7.Seven students (pass) exams with excellent marks.
8. Female surgeon (perform) complex heart surgery. - What is an adverbial participle and adverbial phrase? What is the peculiarity of the use of adverbial expressions? In which one-part sentences are the gerunds and adverbs not used? Combine adverbs with one of these two sentences:
- Opening the door……… a) I saw a far from simple living room setting
……… b) a strange picture appeared to my eyes
- Traveling second class.... a) the service was great b) no one expected such a good service
- Not in the least embarrassed... .. a) her whole figure expressed confidence b) she walked past the surprised guests
- Falling wildly into the lake…… a) felt ashamed of his awkwardness b) he blushed with shame for his awkwardness.
- Analyze (by model) speech errors in sentences and edit statements:
| example-statement | analysis of speech error: what norm is violated, what exactly is the error | corrected version |
| 1. At the invitation of friends, we had to visit this wonderful town. | The lexical norm is violated - the norm of semantic agreement: in the meaning of the verb “ had to " there is a component “contrary to the will of the subject of the action” that contradicts the general meaning of the statement. A member of the synonymous paradigm is not well chosen: happened - lucky - had - succeeded. | At the invitation of friends, we were fortunate enough to visit this wonderful town. |
| 2. The books you need can be ordered by interlibrary subscriber. | The lexical norm is violated - a member of the paronymic paradigm is incorrectly selected: subscriber(‘The one who uses the subscription’) - subscription(‘A document granting the right to use something’) | The books you need can be ordered by interlibrary loan. |
| 3. Only sconces lit our compartment | The grammatical norm is violated - syntactic: the coordination of the forms of the subject and predicate is broken due to ignorance of the gender of the non-declining noun sconce (hence, the morphological norm is also violated!) | Only sconce illuminated ======== our compartment. |
| 4. The results of the experiment confirm our assumptions. | ||
| 5. Contrary to the advice of the doctor, the patient refused hospitalization | ||
| 6. During the day he traveled more than seven hundred and forty kilometers. | ||
| 7. He lives one hundred and fifty kilometers from the city | ||
| 8. The head of administration distributes and manages property and finances | ||
| 9. The firm announced a vacancy for the position of the chief accountant. | ||
| 10. Reading the works of Russian classics, I am seized with delight and a sense of pride in Russian literature | ||
| 11. At this beautiful flower exhibition, I would like to say "thank you" to its organizers for organizing a trip to another world, where you can rest your soul so much! | ||
| 12. There were a lot of letters to the editorial office. | ||
| 13. He unexpectedly slipped and fell | ||
| 14. For my birthday, I invite my closest friends. | ||
| 15. When they sat down, she asked if he liked to read books. | ||
| 16. Suddenly there was a silence, understanding the meaning of which my mood soured. | ||
| 17. Those who read the books of contemporary authors had a definite point of view on the path of development of Russian literature. | ||
| 18. Many were unable to solve problems and found themselves on the edge of poverty | ||
| 19. More than half of the game has already passed. | ||
| 20. The sudden departure of Khlestakov and the news of the arrival of a new auditor leaves the officials in a daze. | ||
| 21. I was very interested in the English linguist John Austin. | ||
| 22. The stress falls on the last syllable in both words. | ||
| 23. Extracurricular activities play a positive role in the development of children. | ||
| 24. This article surprised me to the depths of my soul. | ||
| 25. All have already submitted their theses for defense. |
COMMUNICATIVE AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF SPEECH CULTURE
Questions and tasks:
1. Write out the definitions of the following communicative qualities of speech from textbooks on the culture of speech: accuracy, intelligibility, wealth, purity, relevance and expressiveness.
2. How the above communicative qualities of speech are related to correct speech?
3. What functional speech styles are you familiar with? Do all functional styles fully embody the communicative qualities of good speech? Argument your point of view.
4. What is speech communication? What are the components of speech communication? What is the name of an elementary dynamic unit of speech communication?
5. What are the conditions for successful communication? What organizational principles of speech communication do you know? Adherence to which rules ensures the implementation of the principle of cooperation (see the maxims of G. Grice)?
6. Write out from textbooks on the culture of speech the maxims of G. Grice and D. Sörl. Which of the qualities of good speech can be correlated with the maxims (postulates) of communication by G. Grice and D. Surl?
7. Outline the material of topic 10 "Visual and expressive means of the Russian language" according to the textbook, ed. D.A. Romanova.
8. What is evidence and persuasiveness speech? How is it determined evidence in logic, what is its structure?
9. What is ethics? What is Communication Ethics? What rules should be followed so that our speech activity does not contradict the principle of politeness?
Preparation for test
Review what you learned about the following questions:
1. Language and speech. The main functions of the language.
2. Language and culture. Speech culture as a branch of linguistics and as an academic discipline.
3. Speech culture. Typology of speech cultures.
4. National language. Literary language and its features.
5. The concept of the language norm. The system of norms of the modern Russian language.
6. Accentological norms.
7. Actually orthoepic norms.
8. Lexical norms.
9. Features of the use of phraseological units.
10. Morphological norms.
11. Syntactic norms.
12. Speech communication. Speech communication model and its components.
13. Organizational principles of speech communication.
14. Communicative qualities of good speech.
15. Ethical principles of speech communication. Speech etiquette.
16. Verbal and non-verbal communication.
17. The concept of functional style and style-forming factors. The system of functional styles of the modern Russian language.
18. Scientific style: stylistic features, language features, substyles and genres.
19. Publicistic style: style features, linguistic features, substyles and genres.
20. Official business style: style features, language features, substyles and genres.
21. Conversational style: style features, language features, substyles and genres.
22. Specificity of the style of fiction.
23. The specifics of business communication. Text and language features of documents.
24. Means of expressiveness and visualization of speech.
26. Figures of speech.
27. Basic linguistic dictionaries.
MAIN LITERATURE
- Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech. - Rostov-on-Don, 2007.
- Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G. Rhetoric and culture of speech. - Rostov-on-Don, 2008.
- Goikhman, O. Ya. Russian language and culture of speech: textbook / O. Ya. Goikhman. - M .: INFRA-M, 2009 .-- 240 p. - URL: http: // ibooks. ru /reading.php
- Golovin A.N. Foundations of the culture of speech. - M., 1988.
- Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. prof. L.K.Graudina and E.N.Shiryaeva. - M., 2009.
- Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. D.A. Romanova, Doctor of Philology. - Tula, 2010.
- Sintsov, E.V. Russian language and culture of speech: textbook. / E.V. Sintsov. - M .: Flinta: Nauka, 2009 .-- 160 p. - URL: http: // www bibliocub / ru
DICTIONARIES AND REFERENCES
- Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1974
- Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language. - M., 1994.
- The Big Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language. Value. Use. Cultural commentary. - M., 2008.
- Bukina B.Z., Sazonova I.K., Cheltsova L.K. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 2008.
- Bystrova E.A., Okuneva A.P., Shansky N.M. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 2000.
- Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. - M., 1989.
- Dal V.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. In 4 volumes. - M.2003.
- Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. Ed. V.N. Yartseva. - M., 1990.
- Lvov M.R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1985.
- Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 2000.
- Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. R.I. Avanesov. - M., 1981.
- Reznichenko I.L. Dictionary of Russian stresses. - M., 2008.
- D.E. Rosenthal Handbook of spelling and literary editing. - M., 1978.
- D.E. Rosenthal Management in Russian. Reference dictionary. - M., 1981.
- Russian language. Encyclopedia. Ed. Yu.N. Karaulova. - M., 1998.
- Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Reference dictionary. - M., 1960.
- Dictionary of the Russian language in 4 volumes (MAS). Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. - M., 1984.
- Dictionary of synonyms, ed. A.P. Evgenieva. - M., 1975.
- Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. - M., 1984.
- Difficulties of the Russian literary language - M., 1994.
- Modern dictionary of foreign words. - M., 1999.
It is better to study the topic from the textbooks of Vvedenskaya and Pavlova.
To learn how to maintain a dialogue of any level of complexity, to begin to understand people better, to comprehend the art of overcoming obstacles that arise on the path of life, and simply to enjoy the evenings alone with oneself - all this we can be taught not only by business coaches and psychotherapists, but also by the classic literature. And sometimes even more than the listed professionals in their field!
Understand people better
Reading the classics not only contributes to spiritual development, but also acquaints you with the basics of psychology. Think about it: after reading the monumental works of Goncharov, Turgenev, Kafka, Wilde, you will begin to understand the causes and consequences of this or that behavior, get to know human characters better and comprehend the difficult science of interacting with the world around you.
Mikhail Lermontov
Great writers offer the reader almost universal types of personalities: Don Juan, Tartuffe, Macbeth, Pechorin and many, many others, which each of us will surely come across in life. After all, if you think about it, in spite of the seeming uniqueness, in most cases it is natural for a person to act according to a template that developed hundreds of years ago. Reading the classics, you will be able not only to easily unravel the behavioral motives of the interlocutors, but also to select your own "key" for each character. Do you want to become a master of negotiations? Seek help from great writers.
Develop a culture of speech
It's no secret that reading any quality literature, be it modern prose or classics from the school curriculum, helps to develop creative abilities, improve the thought process and replenish vocabulary (we wrote more about this). Classics can also add variety to your speech. New turns and unfairly forgotten words in your native language will help you express your own thoughts more clearly and competently.
Solve pressing problems effectively
Many people mistakenly believe that classical works are hopelessly outdated: times and mores have changed, and the advice given several centuries ago has lost its relevance. We are ready to argue with that! The main advantage of quality literature lies precisely in the fact that the truths once voiced by great writers are eternal, they do not depend on the current century. Even experts in the field of psychotherapy strongly recommend turning to classical novels in search of answers to pressing questions, because measured reading of good books can not only restore lost harmony, but also help to look at the situation from the outside and even find a way out of it.
Alexander Pushkin
Agree that the problems of every modern person, with rare exceptions, are typical, which means that the range of their solutions is rather limited. The plots of "Anna Karenina", "Eugene Onegin" or Shakespeare's "King Lear" are still present in our life, it is enough just to dress the main characters in modern outfits. And having studied the great works well, you can easily get out of the most difficult situations.
Enjoy
The ability to perceive classical literature as a source of inspiration, rather than a school lesson, as a rule, arises in adulthood. After thirty (and sometimes even later), love appears not only for the famously twisted plot, but also for philosophy, which sometimes turns out to be inaccessible for the student. Reading the works of Shakespeare, Goethe, Dickens, you will discover fundamentally new horizons. They will allow you to escape from everyday life, develop spiritually and get acquainted with the best examples of writing.
The classics will help you relax after a busy day at work, reconsider your views on pressing problems and, quite possibly, begin to perceive life differently.