Declension of nouns in Turkish occurs as follows:
ev - house => ev-den - from home
Peculiarities:
1. If the noun is plural, then AFF Cases are assigned after the AFF plural.
k?z-lar - girls => k?z-lar-dan - from girls
2. If a word ends with the consonants c, k, p, t, then the letter is converted to c, g, b, d, respectively.
tavuk - chicken => tavu-g-u - chicken
3. Words ending in -ain, -se are declined as consonants.
4. Case Affixes and Possession Affixes
Ben, Biz + AFF Accessories + AFF Case
Sen, Siz + AFF Accessories + AFF Case
O, Onlar + -?n, -in, -un, -un | -s?n, -sin, -sun, -sun + AFF Case
5. The suffix -ki changes to the suffix -kin
bende-ki - mine => ben-de-kin-e - with me
6. Declension of personal pronouns:
7. Demonstrative pronouns are transformed: bu => bun su => sun
Inflection of cases in Turkish
The determining factor for Russian morphology is the fact that the Russian language is inflected. The declension is called inflectional if the ending of the noun cannot be “cut” into two parts so that it turns out that one of them expresses number, and the other - case. For example, in the word dogs-i the ending -i expresses both the nominative case and the plural; these two values are “glued together” into one indicator. Let's compare some forms of the Russian word dog and the Turkish word kopek with the same meaning.
As can be seen from this table, in the Turkish language one can distinguish a morpheme common to all plural case forms (ler) and a morpheme common to the dative case in the singular and plural (e). Languages of this type are called agglutinative; in them, the form of the noun is obtained by attaching to the stem first the number indicator, and then the case indicator (note that languages that would use the reverse order - first the case indicator, and then the number indicator, apparently, do not exist). The table also shows another feature of agglutinative languages, which is that most often the singular number and the nominative case in such languages do not have a special indicator and therefore the form of the nominative singular coincides with the stem of the noun (in the Russian language such a coincidence also occurs, but only in the second and third declensions). In the languages of the world, agglutinative declension is much more common than inflectional declension. Strictly speaking, inflectional declension exists almost exclusively in Indo-European languages (which includes Russian, as well as, for example, Latin, Greek, Lithuanian, Old Indian). But even Indo-European languages are not all inflectional - many simply lost their declension (like French or English), and some, in the course of their development, became agglutinative (for example, Armenian).
An important feature of the Russian declension (as well as most other inflected languages) is that the endings of the same case differ not only in the singular and plural forms (as follows from the definition of inflection), but also simply among different nouns. Thus, the Russian genitive case has the ending -a in the word husband-a, -ы in the word zhen-y for the singular, -ey in the word children-ey, -ov in the word fathers-ov for the plural, and in the genitive case There is, in fact, no plural ending for the word mountain (mountain). (In the latter case, they say, however, that the ending is zero, and use a special sign?: gor-?; they also describe the form of the nominative case in the second and third declension: friend-?, mouse-?.) In other words, Russian nouns can be broken into several classes (types of declension, or, as they often say, declensions), depending on which ending expresses which case. Most Russian nouns vary according to one of the following patterns:
The differences between the subtypes “t” (hard) and “m” (soft) are in a certain sense insignificant. Indeed, the letters a and i in the indices -a ~ -ya, -am ~ -yam, -ami ~ -yami, -ah ~ -yah correspond in phonetic transcription to the same sound; Wed [dam-a] and [pul"-a], and the distribution of indicators -о ~ -е, -ой ~ -е, -ом ~ -еm is automatic, determined by the final sound of the stem (nouns with a stem in soft or [zh , Ш, ц] change according to the soft subtype, and nouns with a stem to other hard consonants - according to the hard subtype). But based only on knowledge of the stem, a foreigner will not be able to mechanically determine which declension a word belongs to, i.e., the distribution of stems by declensions is unmotivated. Moreover, two different nouns can have the same formal basis, differing only in the type of declension. for example, the first declension noun roth-a and the second declension noun rot.
To form some forms, however, additional information is needed. For example, the choice of the indicator of the nominative case singular of the same declension depends on the grammatical gender of the noun (-?, i.e. zero ending, for masculine words, -о (-е) for neuter words), the choice of the accusative case form in the second declension and in the plural of all declensions is determined by whether the noun is animate or inanimate, and the choice between the endings -а (-я) and -ы (-и) of the nominative plural of the second declension, strictly speaking, is generally not formally quite predictable ( cf. nose - nose, but eye - eye; wind - winds, wind).
It is noteworthy that the types of declension differ more strongly in singular forms than in plural forms. This is generally typical for languages with inflectional declension. The table also shows that in the Russian language the same ending is used to form forms of different cases, and different case forms of the same noun often coincide with each other. So, on the one hand, in the word zhen-a the indicator -a denotes the nominative case, and in the word husband-a - the genitive, and on the other hand, in the word shadow the ending -i denotes both the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular. Why do we say that in the sentence Petya is afraid of his shadow, the word shadow is in the genitive case form, and in the sentence Petya bowed to his shadow - in the dative case form? After all, the form is the same? The fact is that if you substitute another word into this sentence, for example mom, then it will appear in different forms. And when describing declension, it is more convenient to say that the word shadow has the same genitive, dative and prepositional case forms than to consider that the word mom has six cases, and the word shadow has only three.
There are no prepositions or prefixes in Turkish. Case affixes are used instead. Turkish has six cases: nominative, genitive, accusative and three spatial cases: locative, directive (dative) and initial.
Today we will look at the local case.
Local case da/de/ta/te
The locative case is used to indicate the location of an object, answering the questions nerede? - Where? kimde - from whom? nede - in what?
The locative case affix has 4 variants: -da/-de/-ta/-te, depending on which vowel and consonant are located in the last syllable of the word stem.
|
Vowel last |
syllables of the word |
Last consonant of the word |
Affix |
|
Example |
a, ı, o, u |
ringing okul – da |
|
|
At school |
e, i, ö, ü ev– de |
||
|
Example |
in the house |
deaf sokak ta |
|
|
At school |
- on the street Paris'te |
- in Paris Remember the expressionı Fı stı Ş kç a kç h p? All consonants in this phrase are unvoiced.After voiceless consonants, the locative affix takes the form -
ta/te
When added to proper names, the affix is written through an apostrophe: okul Moskova’ - in Moscow,
Ali 'de - at Ali's Kalem masa da-
Pen on the table sokakAraba sokak
– Car on the street Words var (is) and yok
(no) in sentences with the locative case often play the role of a verb and are placed at the end of the sentence. Moskova"da çok araba var . –
There are many cars in Moscow Masa da kıtap var
- There is a book on the table Ofis– There are no lawyers in the office
Ev de duvarlar var- There are walls in the house
Ben de para yok – I have no money
Now practice for yourself. Write answers to these two questions using all the words provided.
|
Kitap nerede? oda - room masa dolap ders- lesson |
Kitap kimde? ben sen Ahmet Doctor |
You may have noticed that so far we have been using the locative case when talking about something in the third person. When a sentence is not about a third person (well, for example, I'm in the room, you're at school, you're in Moscow), then personal affixes are added to the locative case affix. Remember them?
Since the locative affix ends in a vowel, in the first person the personal affix is added with the letter y. Here, look:
Ben oda da y im- I'm in the room
Sen oda yes sin- you're in the room
Biz oda da yız- we are in the room
Siz oda yes sınız- you are in the room
Onlar oda okul– they are in the room (note that nothing is added to the affix)
Interrogative sentences with local case.
We have already seen that interrogative sentences can be constructed using question words nerede And kimde. Translation of such questions: Where is something/someone? Who has something/someone? You can also use the word var and interrogative With fishing ne Andkim
da......ne var?
da......kim var?
- There is a book on the table te kim var? – who’s in the office? Ofiste müdür (director)var
Masa da ne var?– What’s on the table?There are many cars in Moscow da kitap var
Çanta da neler var? – What’s in the bag? Çantada kitap ve kalem var
Sınıf ta kimler var? – who is in the class? Sınıfta öğrenciler var
There could also be a question like this:
da.....var mı?
It is translated as“Is there something/anyone somewhere/someone?”
Well, the answers to it are positive and negative.
Evet, .......da .....var
Hayır, ......da.....yok
For example, let's do an exercise. These words may not be clear:
cüzdan – wallet
para – money
çekmece – box IR
çocuk – child
ATTENTION:When answering a question, pay attention to whether it contains the word var. If there is, then it should be in the answer, and if it is not, then it is not in the answer either. This is a very common mistake when answering the question: Kitap nerede? answer kitap masada var . IT IS NOT RIGHT!
There are 8 cases in Turkish. Some cases coincide with cases in Russian grammar, and some differ both in meaning and in the issues defined. Let's look at each case in more detail:
Nominative (main) case – Yalın hal
The nominative case in Turkish answers the questions: Kim? (Who?), Ne? (What?) . In this case, to the noun no suffixes are added. This is the original form of the word, which is used, for example, in dictionaries.
Dün (ne?)çay içtim. – Yesterday I drank tea.
(Kim?) Ahmet futbolu seviyor. – Ahmed loves football.
Accusative case – Belirtme hali
The accusative case answers the questions: Kimi? (Who?), Neyi? (What?) . In Turkish grammar, the accusative case is also called the case of definition, as it indicates certain objects.
The accusative case is formed as follows:
+ suffixes-ı / -i / -u / -ü
Selecting the correct suffix is done using
For example:
Form a wine pad into a shape. words mimar (architect). We add the suffix ı to the word mimar itself, since according to the law of vowel harmony: the vowels a, ı can only be followed by the vowel ı. As a result, we get the word mimarı (kimi?).
Ben (kimi?) mimarı aradım ve istediklerimi söyledim. – I called architect and spoke about her wishes.
Ben (neyi?)İstanbul"u özledim. – I miss you in Istanbul.
Ben (neyi?) o tabloyu çizdim. – I have painted this diagram.
For proper names the suffix win.pad. is joined only with the sign " , as, for example, in the second sentence.
If a word ends in a vowel, then the consonant y appears between it and the accusative case suffix, so that two vowels do not merge (as in the third sentence). This applies to all cases in Turkish.
As you noticed, in Turkish we used questions Whom? And What? To whom? Why? What?
Belirtme hali Belirtme hali they are also different (they are -ı / -i / -u / -ü). Therefore, to begin with, endings can help you determine the desired case. And later, when you consolidate the language, already when translating the sentence and the semantic meaning, you will be able to determine the desired case.
If you want to construct a sentence in Turkish yourself, but you are having difficulties, then you need to be guided by the semantic meaning. As mentioned above, the accusative case in Turkish is the case of definition and indicates certain objects/people. Here, as a rule, you can simply insert the word before the noun this, this, this, and at the same time the meaning of the sentence will not change, but, on the contrary, will acquire even greater color. Once you are convinced of the semantic meaning, you will understand that it is Belirtme hali. Next, you just have to ask Kimi questions?
(Who?), Neyi?
(What?), and transform the noun into the desired form (add suffixes -ı / -i / -u / -ü).
The dative case is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes-a/-e
Yarın (Nereye?) Ankaraya toplantıya gidiyoruz. – Tomorrow we are going to a meeting to Ankara.
Çalışmıyorum çünkü evde (Kime?)çocuğa bakıyorum. – I don't work because I watch at home for the child.
Dün sevdiğim (Neye?) filme baktık. – Yesterday we watched our favorite movie.
As you noticed, in Turkish we used questions To whom; to what?, and in translation into Russian we ask questions to nouns For whom? What?
In order to further understand and distinguish Yönelme hali Let's give a short instruction: if you come across a sentence in Turkish, then the endings of the nouns will come to your aid. U Yönelme hali they are also different (they are -a / -e). Therefore, to begin with, endings can help you determine the desired case. And later, when you consolidate the language, already when translating the sentence and the semantic meaning, you will be able to determine the desired case.
If you want to construct a sentence in Turkish yourself, but you are having difficulties, then you need to be guided by the semantic meaning. As stated above, Yönelme hali denotes the person or thing to which the action is directed. Once you are convinced of the semantic meaning, you will understand that it is Yönelme hali. Next, you just have to ask Kime questions? (Who?), Neye? (To what?) and transform the noun into the desired form (add suffixes -a / -e).
Local case – Bulunma hali
Does the local case answer Nerede's questions? (Where?), Kimde?
(Who?), Nede? (On what?) and is used mainly to indicate the location of an item.
Noun in original form + suffixes The local case is formed as follows:
-da / -de / -ta / -te
Selecting the correct suffix is done using .
a, ı, o, u + voiced consonant - da
e, i, ö, ü + voiced consonant - de
a, ı, o, u + voiceless consonant - ta
e, i, ö, ü + voiceless consonant - te Let's transform the word uçak (airplane) into the locative form. Since this word ends with a voiceless consonant k and the last syllable includes a vowel a, we choose the suffix ta. That is, we get the word(nered?)
uçakta (on the plane).(Nerede?) Uçakta çok az kişi vardı. – In airplane
there were very few people. Bugun(Kimde?) arkadaşlarımda kitaplar yoktu. – Today with friends
there were no books.
Initial case – Ayrılma hali
The original case answers the questions Nereden? (Where from?), Kimden?
Noun in original form + suffixes(From whom?), Neden? (From what?) and denotes the starting point of movement or action.
The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “2” and the Law of Consonant Harmony
That is, the required case affix is selected according to the last letter in the word:
a, ı, o, u + voiced consonant - dan
e, i, ö, ü + voiced consonant - den
a, ı, o, u + voiceless consonant - tan
e, i, ö, ü + voiceless consonant - ten
Biz (nered?) havalimanından geliyoruz. – We go from airport.
Gazeteyi (kimden?) arkadaşımdan alıyorum. – I take the newspaper at a friend's.
Instrumental case – Vasita hali
Does the instrumental case answer Kiminle's questions?
(With whom?), Ne ile?
Noun in original form + suffixes(With what?) .
The instrumental case is formed as follows:
-la/-le The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “2” University (kiminle?) kardeşimle gidiyorum. –.
I go to university with my brother Onlarla (ne ile?) telefonla konuşuyoruz. –.
We talk to them
by phone
Genitive case – İlgi hali
The genitive case answers the questions Kimin? (Whose? Who?) and Neyin?
(Whose? What?) and is used to express ownership.
The genitive case is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes -ın / -in / -un / -ün; -nın / -nin / -nun / -nün
The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “4”. The suffixes -ın / -in / -un / -ün are added if the word ends with a consonant. The suffixes -nın / -nin / -nun / -nün are added if the word ends with a vowel. Bu (neyin?) bavulun çekisi çok ağır. –
This one has suitcase heavy weight. (Kimin?) Amcanın evi çok güzeldi. –
U
uncles
very beautiful house.
Noun in original form + suffixes Case of manner of action and opinion – Eşitlik hali
Does this case answer Kimce's questions? (By whom?) Nece? (How?) and conveys the speaker’s point of view.
It is formed as follows:-ca/-ce The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “2”(Kimce?)
It is formed as follows: Sense İstanbul güzel mi? – In your opinion Is Istanbul beautiful?
Onlarca Ali çalışkan değil. – In their opinion, Ali is not hardworking.
There are no prepositions in Turkish, but there are five cases that replace them. Cases are formed by adding special endings (affixes) to nouns. Affixes of all cases
drums . In this lesson we will consider only 4 cases. Local case and affix -de (Where?)
Indicates the location of the object and answers the question "Where?" - “Nerede?” the affix -de, which changes according to the rule of alternation of vowels like -e and can also take the form -da.
As always, focusing on the last vowel of the word, we select the desired affix: -de or -da. Examples:
Please note that affixes added to proper names are always separated by an apostrophe: İzmir’de, İstanbul’da.
The local case is also used to mean "Who"(in the sense of “Where”) - "Kimde": patronda (from the boss), şoförde (from the driver), Anna’da (from Anna). Often “bende” means “with me,” “with me.” For example, “Bende para yok” can mean that you don’t only have money with you, but in general you have it.
Pronouns in the locative case answer the question “Who has?” and are simply the addition of the particle –de (-da), with the exception of the pronoun O, which is slightly modified:
| Them. | Local | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Who? | Who? | ||
| I | Ben | Bende | I have |
| You | Sen | Sende | At your place |
| He she it | O | Onda | At his place, at her place |
| We | Biz | Bizde | We have |
| You | Siz | Sizde | You |
| They | Onlar | Onlarda | They have |
Local nouns are often used with the words var and yok to say what is where and what is not. For example:
Bakkalda ekmek var. - There is bread in the store.
Evde su yok. - There is no water at home.
Bende yeni film var. – I have a new film.
Onda para yok. - He has no money.
Arabada benzin yok. - There is no gasoline in the car.
*Pay attention to word order: var and yok are placed at the end of the sentence.
To ask a question, you just need to add the appropriate question particle:
Bakkalda ekmek var mı? — Is there bread in the store?
Evde su yok mu? – (Isn’t there) water at home?
Sende yeni film var mı? — Do you have a new film?
Onda para yok mu? - Does he have no money?
Arabada benzin yok mu? – Is there any gas in the car?
Some more examples with verbs:
Directional case and affix -e (Where? To whom?)
This case is similar to the Russian dative case and answers questions "Where?" - “Nereye?” And "To whom?" - “Kime?”(less often “What?” - “Neye?”), and corresponds to nouns with the prepositions “in” and “on”. In Turkish, the directional case is formed by adding the stressed affix -e, which, as you might have guessed, changes according to the rule of alternating vowels like -e and can also have the form -a.
For example: eve - home, okula - to school, İzmir'e - to Izmir, İstanbul'a - to Istanbul. It is very easy to remember by analogy with the Russian form of moms e, dad e etc.
Note the apostrophe for proper names.
If the noun ends in a vowel, then the buffer letter –y- appears before the affix:
Arabaya - into the car, köşeye - into the corner, öğrenciye - to the student, Olga’ya - to Olga.
Pronouns in the case of direction are formed according to the same rule. Exceptions are the pronouns ben and sen, and also, as in the previous case, O.
| Them. | Direction | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Who? | To whom? | ||
| I | Ben | Bana | To me |
| You | Sen | Sana | You |
| He she it | o | Ona | To him to her |
| We | Biz | Bize | Us|
| You | Siz | Size | To you |
| They | Onlar | Onlara | Them |
Some examples with verbs:
Rafa koy – put it on the shelf
Şu kadına bak – look at that woman
Çiçeklere bak – look at the flowers (or “take care of the flowers”, since bakmak also means “to look after”, “to take care”)
Masaya otur – sit at the table (note the difference from “masada otur” – sit at the table)
Bana çay koy, lütfen – pour me some tea, please
Initial case and affix -den (From)
Answers the questions "Where?" - “Nereden?”, "From whom?" - “Kimden?” and is equivalent to nouns with the Russian prepositions “ot”, “iz” and “s”.
Formed by adding "Where?" - “Nerede?” affix -den, which changes according to the rule of alternation of vowels like -e and can take the form -dan.
One friend told me that her youngest son, who is learning to speak two languages at the same time, says “Go away.” Dan». 🙂
Okuldan – from school
Bu tren İstanbul’dan mı? – Is this a train from Istanbul?
Para bankadan al – take money from the bank
Pronouns in the original case:
| Them. | Original | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Who? | From whom? | ||
| I | Ben | Benden | From me |
| You | Sen | Senden | From you |
| He she it | O | Ondan | From him, from her |
| We | Biz | Bizden | From U.S |
| You | Siz | Sizden | From you |
| They | Onlar | Onlardan | From them |
Benden sana – to you from me (or “from me to you”)
Bizden size – from us to you
To secure:
Accusative or attributive case and affix –i (Whom? What?)
This case has several different functions in Turkish. In this lesson we will look at only two of them.
The first one, which is clear to us, is changing nouns so that they answer the question "Whom?" - “Kimi?” And "What?" - “Neyi?”. To do this, the affix -i is added to the nouns, changing according to the rule of vowel alternation (guess which one?), of course, like -i.
Soon I will not need to write by what rule the affix is changed, because this is clear from the appearance of the affix itself, or more precisely, from the vowel contained in it.
Examples:
kızı öp – kiss a girl
kalemi Ivan’a ver – give a pen to Ivan
çiçekleri topla – collect flowers
If the noun ends in a vowel, then the buffer letter -y- appears before the affix, as always:
Masayı temizle – wipe the table (lit. “clean the table”)
Ütüyü getir – bring an iron
Ayşe’yi öp – kiss to Ayshe
Pronouns in the accusative case:
| Them. | Vinit. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Who? | Whom? What? | ||
| I | Ben | beni | me |
| You | Sen | seni | you |
| he she it | O | onu | his her |
| We | Biz | bizi | us |
| You | Siz | sizi | you |
| They | Onlar | onları | their |
Examples with pronouns:
Beni dinle - listen to me
Bizi anlayın – understand us
Onu açma – don’t open (don’t turn on) him/her
Determinative function of the affix –i
The presence or absence of the affix –i in a noun can also indicate whether a specific object is being discussed, or about any of the representatives of its class. In order not to confuse you with complex definitions, I will give two examples:
Bana kalemi ver – give me a pen (a specific one, the one lying on the table, or the one mentioned earlier)
Bana kalem ver – give me a pen (any pen you have at hand)
Masadan kitabı al – take the book from the table (“which we talked about”, “which you asked for”)
Masadan kitap al - I will take (some) book from the table
For those who have studied English, it will be easier to understand this function of the -i- affix by comparing it with the definite article "the". In turn, “bir” can be used as the English indefinite article “a” in Turkish:
Bana bir kalem ver – give me a pen (any pen).
Bana bir kitap al – buy me a book (some kind)
Question: when to use the accusative case, and when can you leave the word in the nominative case?
Answer: the accusative (or attributive) case and the affix –i can be omitted if you are talking about an abstract subject or the noun appears in the sentence as a collective concept:
üzüm al – buy grapes
elma yıka – wash the apples
ekmek ver – give me bread
Rules for alternating consonants when adding affixes
With Turkish cases everything would be simple and pleasant if not for a few additional rules. Let's consider those that relate to the topics covered in the lesson.
-d -> -t
When you add the affixes -de or -den to nouns, they can sometimes become -te or -ten. For example:
Maçta – at the match
Dolaptan – from the closet
Sokakta – on the street
Rafta – on the shelf
Kitaptan - from the book
Question: What do the words maç, dolap, sokak and raf have in common, and why do they turn -de into -te and -den into -ten?
Answer: They all end in voiceless consonants, and to simplify pronunciation, the voiced -d- also changes to the voiceless -t-.
-k -> -ğ
Another feature of declension in Turkish: pay attention to words ending in -k with a vowel in front of it. If you add an affix that starts with a vowel (or consists of one), then -k changes to -ğ:
Please note that the letter k at the end of words such as bank (bench), park (park) and aşk (love) does not change to ğ when declined:
Banka oturun – sit on a bench
Parka gel – come to the park
Aşka inan - believe in love
Question: why?
Answer: because there is a consonant before k.
-p -> -b
If words end in -p, then when adding affixes starting with a vowel (or consisting of it), -p changes to -b:
This rule mainly applies to words consisting of more than one syllable.
Meaning: As always, don’t despair if you can’t immediately choose the right affix correctly and change the endings of words. They will still understand you!
Summary table of cases
For ease of use and systematization of the knowledge gained about the four cases studied in this lesson, here is a summary table of affixes and pronouns:
| Them. | Local -de | Directions -e | Original -den | Accusative -i | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim? Ne? | Nerede? Kimde? | Kime? Neye? Nereye? | Nereden? Kimden? | Kimi? Neyi? | |
| I | ben | bende | bana | benden | beni |
| You | sen | sende | sana | senden | seni |
| he she it | o | onda | ona | ondan | onu |
| We | biz | business | size | bizden | bizi |
| You | siz | sizde | size | sizden | sizi |
| They | onlar | onlarda | onlara | onlardan | onları |
*The letter -n-, appearing in the pronouns onda, ona, ondan and onu, is also a buffer, and we will encounter it more than once. It also appears in the declension of "bu" and "şu": bunda, buna, bundan, bunu and şunda, şuna, şundan, şunu.
Verbs and “inadequate” cases (control)
Many verbs put the nouns attached to them into different cases. You will have to come to terms with the fact that in Turkish the cases of nouns for some verbs may not correspond to the cases of the Russian language. For example:
- Marketten ekmek al – buy bread at the market (literally “buy bread from the market”)
- Köpekten korkma – don’t be afraid of the dog (“don’t be scared by the dog”)
- Beni ara - call me (literally “call me”, or more precisely, “find me”, because the original meaning of the verb aramak is to search)
- Aşka inan – “believe in love” is used by analogy with “bana inan” (“trust me”) with the case of direction, and not with the accusative, as by analogy with the Russian language it seems it should be.
In the future, for such “inadequate” verbs, I will indicate in brackets the case of the noun in which it should be used with it. For example: korkmak (-den).
Where are you? – Local case and personal affixes of the present tense
We have already learned to use the locative case for the third person singular, that is, we can say where something is, for example, ekmek masada. To say where you are (and in Turkish it will sound like “I am at school”), we need to remember the personal affixes of the present tense:
To say that someone is not somewhere, you need to add değil with the appropriate personal affix:
| Ben Sen O Biz Siz Onlar |
Evde değilim (I'm not at home) Evde değilsin (you are not at home) Evde değil (he/she is not at home) Evde değiliz (we are not at home) Evde değilsiniz (you are not at home) Evde değiller (they are not at home) |
It’s the same with the question: are you at home? - Evde misin?
| -de | -da | |
|---|---|---|
| Ben Sen O Biz Siz Onlar |
Evde miyim? Evde misin? Evde mi? Evde miyiz? Evde misiniz? Evdeler mi? |
Okulda mıyım? Okulda mısın? Okulda mı? Okulda mıyız? Okulda mısınız? Okuldalar mı? |
Exercises
1. Find the correct form of the affix indicated in brackets, changing it according to the rules of vowel and consonant harmony and inserting buffer consonants. Fill in the blanks in the sentences.
- Bu tren Paris__________ mi? (-den)
- Ben____ para var. (-de)
- Cacık______ tuz var mı? (-de)
- Güneş_____ durmayın! (-de)
- Restoran_____ erken gitme. (-e)
- Pansiyon_____ plaja git. (-den)
- Alanya_____ git. (-e)
- Masa____koyma! (-e)
- Ben_______ ver. (-e)
- Bu kart siz______ mi? (-den)
Durmak – to stand, to be
Güneş – sun
Erken – early
Kart – postcard, map
Pansion - boarding house
Tuz - salt
2. This is Murat and Aishe at home. Looking at the drawing, say what is lying, standing or hanging where and who is sitting where. For example, Kitaplar rafta.
3. Looking at the picture, answer the questions:
- Kaç kişi var?
— Şarap nerede?
- Kedi nerede?
- Rafta ne var?
— Resimde kim var?
Kedi – cat
Resim – photography, drawing
Kişi – person
4. Find suitable answers in the right column to the questions in the left column:
| Nasıl? Ne kadar? Ne zaman? Neredesin? Nereye? Oh kim? Bu hediye kimden? |
Olga'dan Ali İstanbul'dayım Hemen Çok güzel Biraz Alanya'ya |
Hediye – gift
5. Where in the city will you go if you follow the directions? 
- meydan – area
- cami - mosque
- lokanta – restaurant, dining room
- sol – left
- sağ – right
- duz – straight, even
- dönmek – turn, return
a) Bakkaldan meydana git. Meydanda sola don. Plajda sağa don. Sağa bak.
b) Bakkaldan meydana git. Meydanda sağa don. Camide sola don. Sola bak.
c) Pansiyondan sağa git. Sağa don. Meydanda duz git. Plajda sola don. Sola bak.
d) Pansiyondan sağa git. Sağa don. Meydana git. Meydanda sola don. Sola bak.
e) Lokantadan sola git. Sola don. Meydana git. Meydanda duz git. Camide sola don. Sola bak.
6. Using a table showing the distance between cities, answer the questions:
| Adana | |||||
| 1166 | Edirne | ||||
| 683 | 557 | Eskişehir | |||
| 1037 | 1662 | 1318 | Kars | ||
| 356 | 890 | 333 | 1162 | Konya | |
| 748 | 961 | 650 | 778 | 676 | Samsung |
a) Adana’dan Konya’ya kaç kilometer?
b) Edirne, Kars’tan ne kadar uzak?
c) Samsun’dan Adana’ya kaç kilometer?
d) Samsun, Edirne’den ne kadar uzak?
e) Eskişehir’den Kars’a kaç kilometer?
7. Using the words and various pronouns below, write declarative sentences. For example, “I’m in the office” - “ofisteyim”, “you are here” - “buradasınız”.
8. Translate. Come up with your own suggestions.
9. Put the sentences from task 8 in the negative form: They are not in Turkey. Come up with your own suggestions.
10. Put the sentences from task 8 into interrogative form: Are they in Turkey? Come up with your own questions.
11. Imagine that you are talking on the phone. Ask your interlocutor where he is. Tell me where you are. Using the diagram from task 5, explain how to get there.
Nouns have six cases in Turkish
Main case.
Genitive.
Dative.
Local case.
Initial case.
Accusative.
The main case of the name speaks for itself and generally corresponds to the Russian nominative case. Three more case names are the same as in Russian. Of course, the name is not everything, and there are some differences between the “namesake” cases in Russian and Turkish, but basically they still correspond to each other and answer the same questions. In the Turkish language there is no prepositional case, since there are no prepositions, there are postpositions, which, unlike prepositions, do not precede the noun, but follow it, but they do not require a special, let’s say, “postpositional” case, they are combined with nouns in different cases. There is also no instrumental case; its meanings are conveyed in other ways. But in Turkish we come across exotic names “local case” and “original case”. These are the so-called “spatial cases”, their main meanings are, respectively, “there”, “in” and “from there”, “from”; these cases are supplemented by the dative case, which could be called “directive” (as in some related languages, for example in Tatar), since the main meaning of the dative case of the Turkish language is “there”, “towards”, “towards”.
Case affixes can be attached directly to the root of a noun, to a plural affix, or to an affiliation affix.
When adding a case affix, the phonetic changes described above are possible: the loss of a narrow vowel and the voicing of the final consonant (see Affiliation).
Case affixes are added to proper names through an apostrophe: Moskova"da moskovada in Moscow; Estanbul"a istanbula in Istanbul; Eskiєehir"den eskishehirden from Eskişehir.
Main case
Names the subject of speech, he answers the questions: who? (kim? kim?) what? (ne? not?). The noun in the main case coincides with its dictionary form and has no affixes (more precisely, it has a zero affix). In its main functions and form, the main case is equivalent to the Russian nominative case.
Examples: woman - father; ev- ev- house; oda - ode - room - tarla - field; kemer - kemer - belt at- at- horse; baє- bash- head; zocuk - chojuk - child - oyunjak - toymuayenekhane - doctor's office
Genitive
Answers the questions: whose? whose? whose? whose? (kimin? kimin? in the case of an animate “possessor”; nenin? nenin? in the case of an inanimate “possessor”).
Genitive affixes
Examples for relative izafet At bayue at bashi horse head (any horse, horse in general)
Zocuk oyuncare chojuk oyunjay children's toy єзi muayenehanesi dischchi muayenehanesi dental office prь kemeri kopru kemeri bridge span
The informal genitive in the relative izafet construction is also used to indicate the material from which the object is made. word formation turkish noun speech
For example:
alten altyn gold; tarak tarak comb alten tarare altyn tara'y golden comb sof sof wool; gömlek gömlek dress sof gömleri sof hemleyi woolen dress (The words alten and sof are not in the main, but in the unformed genitive case.)
Dative
Designates an indirect object (animate or inanimate) on which direct action is taken, or the final point of movement or action. It answers the questions: where? (nereye? uh- reye?) who? to whom? (kime? kime?) what? for what? (neye? neee? or niye? niye?).
Dative case affixes
The letter “n” is inserted between the affix of the 3rd person and the affix of the dative (as well as the local, initial and accusative cases, and for the last two cases the variants of affixes starting with a vowel sound are taken).
Examples: woman to the father, to the father ata ata horse, to the horse's field rose, to the rose diєзiye dischchiye dentist, to the dentist (girmek) odaya (girmek) (enter) into the room araca (zekmak) aadzha (chykmak) (climb) into the tree ( binmek) tram (binmek) (sit down) in the tram keza kyza girl, to the girl kezlara kyzyma girls, to the girls kezema kyzyma my daughter, to my daughter kezlarema kyzyma my daughters, to my daughters in your house, to your house, to your house, to your house, to your home houses, to your houses kezena kyzyna of your daughter, to your daughter; his daughters, to his daughter kezlarena kizlarina to your daughters, to your daughters; to his daughters, to his daughters; their daughter, to their daughter; to their daughters, to their daughters, to your house, to your house; his house, to his house, to your houses, to your houses; to his houses, to his houses; their home, to their home; their homes, to their homes.
As can be seen from the last four examples, the Turkish language does not distinguish between the forms of the dative case of singular nouns, equipped with 2nd person singular affixes, and singular nouns, equipped with 3rd person singular affixes (“to your » = “him alone”), as well as the dative case forms of plural nouns equipped with 2nd person singular affixes, plural nouns equipped with 3rd person singular affixes, singular nouns , equipped with affixes of belonging to the 3rd person plural, and nouns in the plural, equipped with affixes of belonging to the 3rd person plural (“yours” = “his many” = “their one” = “their many”).
Local case
Indicates the location of an object in space or the position of an event, phenomenon in time (in such and such a year, month). It answers the questions: where? (nerede? nerede?) from whom? (kimde? kim-de?) from what? in what? (nede? nede?).
Local case affixes
Examples: yеl - yyl - year; ay - ay - month; an - an - moment yelda - gechmish yilda - last yearayda - bu ida - this month єu anda - shu anda - at the same moment odada - odada - in the room, odalarda - odalard- da - in the roomsevde - in the house, at home ; evimde- evim- de - in my house kezda- kizda- at the girl’s; kezemda- kyzym- yes - from my daughter kezenda- kyzynda- from your daughter; at his daughter's; kezlarenda - kyzlarynda - with your daughters; from his daughters, from their daughter; their daughters - evinde - in your house; in his house evlerinde- evlerinde- in your houses; in his houses, in his house; in their homes.
As can be seen from the last examples, the Turkish language does not distinguish between the local case forms of singular nouns, equipped with 2nd person singular affixes, and singular nouns, equipped with 3rd person singular affixes (“at your ", "in yours" = "he has one", "in his one"), as well as locative forms of plural nouns equipped with affixes of belonging to the 2nd person singular, plural nouns equipped with affixes of belonging 3rd person singular, nouns in the singular, equipped with affixes of the 3rd person plural, and nouns in the plural, equipped with affixes of the 3rd person plural (“at yours”, “in yours” = “in his many”, “in his many” = “in their one”, “in their one” = “in their many”, “in their many”).
Original case
Indicates the starting point of movement or action and answers the questions: where from? (nereden? nere-den?) from whom? (kimden? kimden?) from what? from what? (neden? neden?) why? (niзin? Nichin?). The noun in the original case form in a sentence can be an adverbial or an object.
Initial case affixes
Examples: cuma- juma- Friday; cumadan- juma- dan - from Friday, odadan - from the room; odalardan - odalardan - from the rooms - evden - from the house; evimden - evimden - from my house kezdan - kizdan - from a girl; kezеmdan - ky- zymdan - from my daughter kezеndan- kyzyndan - from your daughter; from his daughter kezlarEndan - kizlaryndan - from your daughters; from his daughters; from their daughter; from their daughters - evinden - from your house; from his house evlerinden- evlerinden- from your houses; from his houses; from his house; from their homes.
As can be seen from the last examples, the Turkish language does not distinguish between the forms of the initial case of singular nouns equipped with 2nd person singular affixes and singular nouns equipped with 3rd person singular affixes (“from your ", "from yours" = "from his one", "from his one"), as well as forms of the initial case of plural nouns equipped with affixes of belonging to the 2nd person singular, plural nouns equipped with affixes of belonging 3rd person singular, nouns in the singular, equipped with affixes of the 3rd person plural, and nouns in the plural, equipped with affixes of the 3rd person plural (“from yours”, “from yours” = “from his many”, “from his many” = “from their one”, “from their one” = “from their many”, “from their many”).
Accusative
Denotes the direct object of the action expressed by the verb (like the accusative case of the Russian language). It answers the questions: who? (Kimi? kimi?) what? (neyi? her and? or ne? not?).
Accusative case affixes
babayе - babayy - father (“I see my father”. Not to be confused with the genitive case - “no father”, “father’s house”) babame - babama - my father babalarеmeze - babalarymyzy - our fathers dostu - dostu - friend dostumu - dostumu - my friend