The main two-story house with a mezzanine, located at the back of the plot and oriented towards Prechistenka, was built in the 1750s, and in the 1780s. on both sides there are two-story outbuildings attached to it, forming a front courtyard along Prechistenka.
The property was established within its modern boundaries in 1750 by Prince M.I. Shakhovsky: having inherited a small plot of land on the corner of Prechistenka and modern Sechenovsky Lane, Mikhail Shakhovsky expanded the boundaries of the site in several stages by buying up neighboring properties.
Plot on the corner of Sechensky lane. and Prechistenki also belonged to the father of M.I. Shakhovsky, Ivan Perfilyevich Shakhovsky (1636–1716). The formation of the site took M.I. Shakhovsky just over fifteen years. The purchase of two plots (from the widow of the palace solicitor I.F. Zveretinov in 1733 and from Prime Major Ivan Ogolin in 1737) made it possible to expand the property to the line of modern Sechenovsky Lane. In 1745, Shakhovsky’s property occupies the entire width of the block along Prechistenka between two lanes and in 1750 the property acquired its final boundaries, which exist to this day without changes.
The first plan of the estate dates back to 1758. The main building - residential stone chambers - was placed in the depths of the site, parallel to Prechistenka. The main house of the estate was an elongated rectangle with four asymmetrically located projection projections at the corners. The length of the building along the front facade was about 18 fathoms. Residential wooden buildings were adjacent to the house.
After the death of M.I. Shakhovsky in 1762, ownership passed to State Councilor A.I. Zatrapezny, the owner of Yaroslavl manufactories.
At the end of the 1770s. the estate was pledged to the Moscow magistrate, from where it was bought at auction in 1779 by the Moscow Chief of Police, Lieutenant General N.P. Arkharov, the brother of I.P. Arkharov, the owner of house No. 16. He demolishes all the wooden residential and utility buildings along the perimeter of the site and in 1780 lays two stone one-story outbuildings adjacent to the main house and facing Prechistenka.
Subordinate to N.P. Arkharov there was a police regiment that kept the entire city in fear. Apparently, this is where the word “Arkharovets” came from, in the sense of a robber, a thug. N.P. Arkharov gained fame as a legendary detective; even in Paris they knew about his police talent. In 1782–1784 he was the civil governor of Moscow.
In 1781, N.P. Arkharov sold the estate to Major General Gavrila Ilyich Bibikov, in whose family the estate remained until 1833. In 1789, G.I. Bibikov demolished two park pavilions and shifted the garden along the line of Barykovsky Lane. He built a wooden pavilion in the garden.
Bibikov was a great music lover; there were concerts and balls in the house. In 1831, Pushkin danced here at one of the balls. The owner's son was a member of the Welfare Union.
During the fire in 1812, all the main stone volumes were preserved. In 1815, the main house was built with a stone mezzanine, and the stone outbuildings of the front yard were restored exactly within the old main walls.
In 1835, the Davydovs and their three children settled in a mansion on Prechistenka. The wings of the front yard were completely built to two floors. During this period, the architectural, artistic and compositional structure of the estate reached its heyday.
Denis Vasilyevich Davydov - lieutenant general, poet-hussar. Here he was visited by E. A. Baratynsky, N. M. Yazykov, I. I. Dmitriev. However, it was difficult to maintain such a house, and already the next year Davydov wrote to the director of the Commission for the Construction of Moscow, A. A. Bashilov, a comic “Petition” (published in the third issue of Pushkin’s Sovremennik):
“Help me sell it to the treasury
A rich house for a hundred thousand,
Majestic chambers,
My Prechistensky Palace.
It’s too small for a partisan:
Companion to the hurricane,
I love, Cossack fighter,
A house without windows, without porches,
Without doors and brick walls,
House of limitless revelry
And daring raids,
Where can I have my guests?
To treat with buckshot in the ear,
A bullet to the forehead, or a pike to the belly.
Friend! This is my true home;
He is everywhere - but it’s boring in him,
There are no guests for refreshments...
I'll wait... Until then
Delve into the grief of the Cossack
And respect his prayer!”
After this, the estate changed many owners. Already in 1841, the “Prechistensky Palace” was listed as the property of Baroness E. D. Rosen, who ordered the left wing to be turned over to a bread shop, and the right wing to a locksmith, saddlery and tailoring establishment. In 1861, in the same right wing there was one of the first photographs in Moscow - “the artist of the Imperial Academy of Photographer I. Ya. Krasnitsky.”
In 1874, according to the design of the architect A. L. Ober, major construction work was carried out with the goal of increasing the profitability of the property. The wings of the front yard of different heights were built to two floors with the simultaneous replacement of the ceiling, stoves and roof.
Later, S. A. Arsenyeva’s girls’ gymnasium was located in the manor house. Sofya Aleksandrovna Arsenyeva was the daughter of the architect A.L. Vitberg, the author of the unrealized project of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior on Sparrow Hills. Maria Ermolova’s sister A.N. Sheremetevskaya taught here. “If families had both daughters and sons, then parents often sent their sons to Polivanovskaya, and their daughters to the neighboring Arsenyevskaya gymnasium. The students of these two gymnasiums knew each other well, and the same teachers taught there, who sometimes played the role of carrier pigeons, without their own knowledge carrying romantic notes from high school boys and girls in their pockets.”
At the end of the 1870s, after a private gymnasium was located in the main building, the enfilade layout of the second floor and the premises of the first floor of the main house were adapted to the set of premises required by the private gymnasium-boarding school.
After the revolution, the women's gymnasium was transformed into seven-year school No. 12. The memorial plaque to Denis Davydov disappeared in an unknown direction.
In 1931, the school was replaced by the Workers' University, which was located in the building for about 2 years.
In 1970, in order to expand the usable areas, the end wall of the architectural monument (from Sechensky Lane) was dismantled and a two-story building was built along the red line of the lane.
At the end of the 1990s. the main house was transferred to the use of the Specialized State Unitary Enterprise for the sale of state and municipal property of Moscow. Subsequently, the main house and two front wings came under the jurisdiction of the Interregional Foundation for Presidential Programs.
In 2001-2002 A large-scale reconstruction and restoration of the building is taking place. The basis is the Planned (restoration) task and the “Complex project for repair and restoration work” developed by TIAMAT-project LLC on the basis of this task.
According to the project, wooden stairs, floors, and mezzanines were replaced; windows and doors replaced; new walls and partitions were erected; the building's load-bearing structures have been strengthened; the facades and interiors of individual premises were restored; the fence and gates have been restored.
Now the palace is occupied by AFK Sistema.
Object of cultural heritage of federal significance.
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1. The main idea and novelty of the project
Many historical places of the Moscow region near Zelenograd are widely known and are the objects of popular excursions (Shakhmatovo, Serednikovo, Boblovo). In this regard, the idea arose to introduce students to iconic places in the Moscow region, which still remain unknown to many. In the vicinity of Zelenograd (Zelenograd is one of the districts of Moscow, surrounded by the Solnechnogorsk district) there is a historical place associated with the name of the hero of the war of 1812, the poet Denis Davydov.
In the process of developing the route, having arrived in Myshetskoye and trying to find a historical place with the help of local residents, we were surprised to find that many knew nothing about the surviving oak trees and the former estate of Denis Davydov.
2. Goals and objectives
- awakening interest in the history of the native land;
- education of patriotic feelings (the heroism of Russian soldiers in 1812);
- implementation of interdisciplinary connections - history with geography and literature;
- involving students in search activities when preparing assignments on the topic of the excursion.
3. Project development and implementation methods
- information search (Internet, historical fiction, reference books);
- studying a map of the area according to which the route is laid;
- acquaintance with the creative heritage of D. Davydov;
- organization of excursions.
Project implementation
1. In anticipation of the trip, preparatory work was carried out. Students received assignments to choose from:
– find the coats of arms of the village of Myshetskoye and the village of Chernaya Gryaz and prepare a message;
– get acquainted with the poetry of Denis Davydov and choose poems dedicated to the Battle of Borodino.
2. The main historical material was prepared by the organizers and developers of the excursion.
3. Drawing up a route plan
Stages - stops
Stop one(at the entrance to the village near the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary):
- Acquaintance with the history of the village of Myshetskoye and the history of the purchase of the estate by Davydov - ( teacher's message);
- Historical information about Denis Vasilievich Davydov ( student message).
- Coat of arms of the village of Myshetskoye ( student message)
Stop two(walk 20 meters in the direction of the lake)
- Life in Myshetsky ( teacher's message);
- Poetry by D.V. Davydov ( students read);
- About “heroic” oaks ( teacher's message);
- Contemporaries about D.V. Davydov ( teacher's message);
- Denis Davydov - the darling of fate? ( teacher's message);
Stop three(Lake Krugloe)
- On the way to the lake;
- Lake of glacial origin ( teacher's message).
Stop four(Black Dirt Village)
- Built by Catherine II ( teacher's message);
- Davydov's role in the fight against the epidemic ( teacher's message);
- Coat of arms of the village of Black Mud ( student message);
4. Assessing the significance of the project
Description of the excursion route
1st stop
The ancient village of Myshetskoye (teacher's message) (slide 2)
The ancient village of Myshetskoye is located 15 kilometers from Zelenograd near the station. Gangway.
At the beginning of the 17th century, the village was called Novo-Ozeretskoye and was a palace estate. In 1630, from the order of the Grand Palace, it was sold to Prince Efimy Fedorovich Myshetsky. Since then, the village received the name Myshetskoye, which has survived to this day. The prince had three sons. One of the sons, Yakov, was a steward, and after the death of his father he became the owner of the village. Under Jacob, in 1684, a temple was erected in Myshetskoye in the name of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos. The temple has not survived to this day; it was dismantled into bricks in 1941. But what it was like can be imagined from the drawings of the students of the architectural institute who did their internship in Myshetskoye before the war. The temple was built in the early Baroque style and had the shape of a single-headed cube. Now, on the site of the destroyed temple, a new tented church in the neo-Russian style has been erected.
After the death of Prince Yakov Myshetsky in 1700, the village went to his daughter Nastasya, the wife of Kirill Naryshkin, a distant relative of Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, mother of Peter I. The village was sold several times, it had many owners.
Myshetskoye – Davydov’s estate(slide 3)
In 1822, it was bought by the poet and partisan, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Major General Denis Vasilyevich Davydov.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, Denis Davydov formed the first army partisan detachment. This detachment consisted of 50 Akhtyrsky hussars and 80 Don Cossacks, whom Davydov personally selected.
Davydov believed that the partisan movement was capable of turning a “military war into a people’s war.” Davydov's detachment operated in the rear of the French army. The Akhtyr partisans received their first baptism of fire on September 2 near the village of Tokarevo, Smolensk province, having destroyed a large detachment of marauders and captured about 100 people. The detachment inflicted significant damage on the enemy army, smashing and intercepting transports with forage and provisions.
This is how L.N. Tolstoy wrote about the actions of the partisans in the novel “War and Peace”:
“Denis Davydov, with his Russian instinct, was the first to understand the meaning of this terrible weapon, which, without asking the rules of military art, destroyed the French, and he has the glory of the first step to legitimize this method of war.”
Coat of arms of the village of Myshetskoye(slide 4) 
Like many villages in the Solnechnogorsk region, Myshetskoye has its own coat of arms, which was approved on August 17, 1989. The authors of the coat of arms are Konstantin and Yuri Mochenov.
The coat of arms is presented in the form of a green shield with a blue disc. On the disk is a hussar's shako, indicating that in the 19th century there was an estate in the village of the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Denis Dadydov. The blue disc is bordered by a wreath of laurel leaves, signifying strength, glory and memory of the soldiers who fell during the defense of Moscow in November-December 1941. A blue disk means that the village is located on the shore of Lake Krugloe. The green color of the field indicates the surroundings of the village. In the free part of the shield there is a tower of the Moscow Kremlin, meaning that the village is located in the Moscow region.
2nd stop
Life in Myshetsky(slide 5)
Not far from the church was the estate of Denis Davydov, where he lived with his family from 1825 to 1832, after retiring.
In Myshetskoye, Davydov was engaged in agriculture, went hunting, raised children, wrote poetry and memoirs. In his letters, Davydov invited friends to hunt: “From morning to evening I am on a horse and scouring the mosses and swamps. Come to my Myshetskoye. Now it’s autumn, you and I will go for a walk after hares and even bears, of which there are more around me than hares.” The master's house in Myshetskoye was small, wooden, with a façade facing Lake Krugloye.
In Myshetskoye, Denis Davydov wrote the poems "Borodinsky Field", "Partisan", "Modern Song"....
Poetry by D.V. Davydov(read by students) 
Elegy
Silent hills, once bloody valley!
Give me your day, the day of eternal glory,
And the noise of weapons, and the battle, and the struggle!
My sword fell from my hands. my destiny
The strong trampled. Happy people are proud
They drag me to the fields like an involuntary plowman...
Oh, throw me into battle, you, experienced in battles,
You, with your voice giving birth to the shelves
The death of enemies is a foreboding cry,
Homeric leader, the great Bagration?
Extend your hand to me, Raevsky, my hero!
Ermolov! I'm flying - lead me, I'm yours:
Oh, doomed to be the beloved son of victory,
Cover me, cover your Peruns with smoke!But where are you?.. Listening... No response! From the fields
The smoke of battle fled away, the sound of swords was not heard,
And I, your pet, bowing my head at the plow,
I envy the bones of a colleague or friend.
Partisan
Fragment from an unrealized (maybe lost) autobiographical poem about the war of 1812
The battle fell silent. Night shadow
Moscow's surroundings cover;
In the distance is Kutuzov's kuren
One sparkles like a star.
A huge army of troops is seething in the darkness,
And over burning Moscow
The crimson glow lies
An endless strip.
And rushes along a secret path
Rising from the valley of battle
A cheerful swarm of riders
For remote fishing.
Like a pack of hungry wolves,
They soar through valleys:
Now they listen to the rustle, then again
They continue to scour silently.The boss, wearing a burka on his shoulders,
In a shaggy Kabardian hat,
Burning in the forefront
Special military fury.
Son of white-stone Moscow,
But thrown into trouble early,
He thirsts for battle and rumors,
And what will happen there - the gods are free!We haven’t known peace for them for a long time,
Hello relatives, the maiden's gentle gaze;
His love is a bloody battle
Relatives are Don people, a friend is a reliable horse.
He's through the rapids, through the hills
Bravely carries the rider,
Then he moves his ears sensitively,
Now he snorts, now he asks for the bit.Their leap was also noticeable
On the heights beyond the barrier Nara,
Golden by the glow of the fire,
But soon the violent swarm rolled over the heights,
And soon his trace disappeared...
1826
About “heroic” oaks(slide 6)
After the Patriotic War of 1812, Davydov’s associates planted personalized oak trees in front of the façade of the house in a strict circle.
The modest house in Myshetskoye has not survived. But to this day, several oak trees planted by friends who took part in the War of 1812 and part of the manor park have survived. There is now a memorial plaque next to the oak trees.
On the site of the former estate there is a memorial plaque with the inscription:
Memorial place. Protected by Russian law.
Century-old oak trees planted by the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Russian poet Denis Vasilievich Davydov, in honor of the Victory
Contemporaries about D.V. Davydov(slide 7)
In Myshetsky, Davydov also wrote memoirs: “Military Notes”, “Diary of Partisan Actions of 1812”, “Meeting with the Great Suvorov”...
This is how Davydov wrote about himself and his meeting with the great commander in his biography: “Davydov, like all children, from his infancy had a passion for marching, throwing a gun and other military amusements. This passion received its highest direction in 1793 from the unexpected attention to him of Count Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, who, while inspecting the Poltava Light Horse Regiment, which was then under the command of Davydov’s parent, noticed a playful child and, blessing him, said: “You will win three battles!” The little rake threw the psalter, waved his saber, gouged out the uncle’s eye and cut off the tail of the greyhound dog, thinking thereby to fulfill the great man’s prophecy. The rod turned him to peace...”
The poet Nikolai Mikhailovich Yazykov dedicated the following lines to Denis Davydov:
Glory, sonorous and beautiful
You deserve two wreaths!
Know that Suvorov is not in vain
I crossed your chest...
“Davydov is a happy darling”?
Some contemporaries often perceived Davydov as a successful, merry fellow. But was it all just fate? For his military exploits, he was promoted to the rank of general for the fierce battle of La Rotière, which took place before the eyes of the commander of the Silesian army. Davydov's merits in this matter were well known to his superiors. And the submission was personally signed by the Prussian General Blücher, to whom Alexander I always favored and interceded.
But at the end of 1814, a few days before Christmas, an order was sent from the military department to Davydov, which announced that he “received the rank of major general by mistake,” as a result of which he was again renamed colonel.
It was a heavy and blunt blow, like a blow to the head. Davydov, no matter how hard he tried, could not understand anything, what kind of mistake could we be talking about?
Friends supported me, as always. The poet P. Vyazemsky writes:
Let the general's epaulettes
I don’t see it on your shoulders,
From which often involuntarily
The shoulders of others rise;
Not everyone can have an equal share,
And lot is not like lot!
Another, fearless in the battlefield,
Shy at the doors of nobles;
Another, shy in the midst of battle,
With the steadfastness of a hero
The nobles are besieging the door!
But don’t worry about it now!
Davydov responded to these verses as follows: “The late Prince Bagration told me more than once that there is something in the world that is above titles and awards, meaning by this human dignity. To these fair words of the unforgettable Pyotr Ivanovich I can add something of which in my painful hours I was personally convinced: above all ranks and regalia, true friendship will forever remain. And you assured me of that, my friends!.. 
Denis Davydov as a poet and person was appreciated by many of his contemporaries, including Zhukovsky, Bagration, General Ermolov, Griboedov, Pushkin... Davydov had a sincere friendship with Pushkin, despite the age difference of 15 years. Pushkin not only admired the hero of the famous battles, but was also grateful to Davydov for inspiring him to create his own style, “making him feel the opportunity to be original while still at the Lyceum.” “By praising my poems, he (Pushkin) began to write better,” Davydov boasted in a letter to Prince Vyazemsky.
Vissarion Belinsky wrote about Davydov: “Denis Davydov... is remarkable both as a poet, and as a military writer, and as a writer in general, and as a warrior - not only for his exemplary courage and some kind of knightly animation, but also for his talent as a military leader, and, finally, he is remarkable as a person, as a character. He is famous in all this, because in all this he rises above the level of mediocrity and ordinaryness.”
3rd stop (Lake Krugloe)
On the way to the lake
In the time of Denis Davydov, a spruce alley led from the oak trees towards the lake; you could go down a staircase of a hundred steps to the lake itself. This alley still exists, although the spruce trees have begun to die in recent years. There are no steps either. We go down a path without steps to Lake Krugloye.
Ice Age Lake
On the southern slopes of the Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge there is one of the most interesting places in the Moscow region - three lakes: Krugloye, Dolgoye and beyond the Rogachevskoe highway - Nerskoye. They are of glacial origin.
Over the long period of the Ice Age, there were many individual cold snaps and warm spells. During cold weather, the ice sheet grew in thickness and moved south. When the climate warmed, the glacier began to melt. Not every glaciation reached these places. But even those glaciers that visited here left behind significant changes. They destroyed vegetation and soil, blocked rivers, smoothed hills, giving them soft wavy outlines.
Along with the flowing ice, huge masses of sand, clay and stones moved, which remained in place after the glacier melted and filled the former ravines. As the glacier grew and spread, its leading edge shifted the soil ahead of it, and when it melted, ridges of hills remained at its former edge. Particularly large ridges formed in those places where the path of the glacier was blocked by elevations in the relief. One of these large ridges is Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya.
Lake Krugloye appeared in the post-glacial era, when a giant glacier retreating to the north, covering the territory of the present Moscow region, brought boulders, pebbles, sands and gravel from Scandinavia and Karelia, which formed hills and ridges, between which many lakes formed. The small river Alba flows into the lake, connecting it with Lake Dolgiy, and the Meshcherikha River (the left tributary of the Klyazma) flows out of it.
Lake Krugloye is about 1 km long and wide. Its depth is about 3 m. The water in it is cold. A Neolithic Bronze Age site belonging to the Fatyanovo culture was discovered on the eastern bank - one of the oldest in the Moscow region . Copper, bronze and stone objects, jewelry and ceramics were discovered.
If we were in this same place one million years ago, then perhaps what would surprise us most of all is the forests in which we found ourselves. A variety of deciduous trees, magnolias, lianas, palms, would remind us of the subtropics. Indeed, the climate in those days was much warmer than it is now. However, since those distant times everything has changed. The glaciers that came here after the cold snap changed the contours of the hills, river beds, and “pushed” heat-loving vegetation and animals far to the south.
4th stop (Black Dirt Village)
Built by Catherine II
In 1776, 32 kilometers from Moscow, the travel palace of Catherine II was built and a postal station was opened. It is mentioned in A.N. Radishchev’s book “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.” Many celebrities stayed here, including A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, A.I. Herzen.
Davydov's contribution to the fight against the epidemic
In 1830, cholera was rampant around Moscow. In order not to miss the epidemic, sanitary stations were created around Moscow, and barrier posts were created on the roads.
Denis Vasilyevich was one of the first to volunteer to help in the fight against cholera. He asked to be assigned to that point “that adjoins the St. Petersburg road, since here, seven miles from Black Mud, is my village of Myshetskoye, and my whole family is in it...”
Davydov, at site No. 20 under his jurisdiction, began setting up quarantine barracks, bathhouses, and guardhouses for soldiers. Moscow merchants allocated funds for this. Davydov coped with the task brilliantly: in his area the disease sharply declined, and his area was considered exemplary. 
Coat of arms of the village of Black Mud
The blue color of the shield symbolizes the color of mail. The black tip is reminiscent of the name of the village. In the center of the shield there is an ancient milepost - the Moscow-Petersburg highway ran through the village, and now the Leningradskoye Highway passes through. On the sides of the post there are 2 postal horns, reminiscent of the fact that the village had the first postal station in Moscow. This is indicated by the inscription on the pillar - 32 (32 versts from Moscow). The Moscow Kremlin tower on the coat of arms means that the village is located in the Moscow region.
Significance of the project:
1. In creating a new excursion route.
2. Leads to the understanding of:
– you can find and discover the unknown very close by.
3. In realizing the connection of the historical process with the personal contribution of D. Davydov.
4. In tracing the interdisciplinary connections of history with geography and literature.
5. In the development of meta-subject skills in preparing and evaluating the information received.
6. In awakening creative activity (students prepare reports about the trip in the form of drawings, presentations, essays and speak to primary school students).
7. When students desire to learn more about the history of their native land.
Promising projects:
1. Andreevka. “Glass production - past and present” (100 m from Zelenograd).
2. Mendeleevo. “The site of primitive man. Lyalovo culture (5 km from Zelenograd).
3. Zelenograd. “Constructivism of the 60s” and “An Attempt to Create a Silicon Valley”
These excursion routes can be combined. You can additionally include the already known route to the Serednikovo estate.
Literature
1. Serebryakov G.V. Denis Davydov. Roman-newspaper No. 11-12, 1988.
2. Zadonsky N.A. Denis Davydov. Historical chronicle. M: Sovremennik, 1979.
3. Volkova N. Come to my Myshetskoye. Newspaper “Senezh” No. 23, 2010.
4 http://www.kulichki.com/gusary/istoriya/iskusstvo/poeziya/19vek/davpush.html
5. http://www.craneland.ru/?page_id=48
6. http://www.heraldicum.ru/russia/index.htm
7. http://hrammysheckoe.ru/istoriya
8. ttp://www.vidania.ru/literatura/pressa/denis_davydov_poet_geroy_vladelecl
9. http://cs622517.vk.me/v622517402/4c47f/5OH5zpt8ZAg.jpg
Rudashevsky E.V.
The history of a house is, first of all, the fate of the people who lived in it. The Bibikov estate, now known as the Davydov mansion, is no exception. Here (Prechistenka, 17) at different times lived and worked a riotous hussar (Denis Davydov) and modest boarders (Arsenyeva’s gymnasium); Chief of Police of His Majesty (Nikolai Arkharov) and workers of the district committee of the CPSU; a talented composer (Danila Kashin) and a mediocre, well-known industrialist (Alexey Zatrapezny). The heirs of ancient Russian families - the Shakhovskys, Bibikovs, Rosens - began and ended their lives in these rooms. Within these walls were heard the voices of Alexei Ermolov, Evgeny Baratynsky, Alexander Pushkin, Lev Polivanov and other people who not only observed the development of Russian history, but also directly participated in it.
If you look at 250 years of history at once, you will be presented with an amazing cacophony in which the words of poetry were combined with the clinking of coins, obscene curses were sounded along with blessed prayer, and hymns in the name of the Tsar were sung simultaneously with the “Internationale”. This eclecticism contains the history of the city, the history of our country.
Naming a mansion after Denis Davydov can only be done with reservations. The fact is that Sofya Davydova (the wife of Denis Vasilyevich) owned the estate for only three years, and the partisan general himself did not live in it for even two years. The Davydovs are one of the few owners under whom no construction or even repair work was carried out in the mansion. Denis Vasilyevich left no visible traces here. However, his name saved the mansion from much destruction in Soviet times and helped preserve its aristocratic appearance - it was included in the “List of Newly Identified Historical Monuments” (1988), and then was recognized as an architectural monument of federal significance (in 1995). The mansion on Prechistenka is still called “Davydovsky”, even though this is historically incorrect. It would be more accurate to name it after Mikhail Shakhovsky (by whose order the estate was built) or at least after the name of the Bibikovs (who owned the estate for more than half a century). By the way, Denis Vasilyevich himself called the mansion “Bibikovsky”. However, there is no point in changing the established tradition.
The history of the mansion begins with the history of Prechistenka.
By the 16th century, Moscow had four belts of fortifications: the walls of the Kremlin, Kitai-Gorod, the White City and a wooden wall on the earthen rampart of Skorodom (so named because it was built “in a hurry” - in two years). Under Skorodom there were more than 50 towers; 12 of them are travel cards. It covered a ring with a diameter of five kilometers. During the siege of 1611, the wooden wall burned down; The whole of Skorodom burned down with her. This area was restored only by 1630. New houses, new fences, a new name - Zemlyanoy Gorod.
“The settlement in Zemlyanoy City was connected with the adjacent parts of the White City. The West was preserved as the outskirts of Zaneglimenye and was built up with estates of boyars and nobles; there were still many craft settlements here; there are fewer streltsy, because this direction has already become safe. The northern part of Zemlyanoy Town, like Bely, was considered not very convenient for living, so it was populated by Streltsy and black tax settlements.”
In the second half of the 16th century, the territory of modern Prechistenka was given to the guardsmen by Ivan the Terrible. In those years, houses of the Moscow nobility appeared here - harbingers of future luxurious estates, because of which the street, and with it the entire area, would be considered one of the most expensive and prestigious in the city.
“Street names did not happen by chance. These names indicate a historical event, a person known in their time, an everyday feature, a local feature; they store the memory of the past, sometimes distant.” Prechistenka Street is certainly no exception.
Until the middle of the 17th century, Prechistenka was called Bolshaya Chertolskaya. The site on which the Cathedral of Christ the Savior now stands was known as Chertolye. All because of the quiet stream Chertory - the left tributary of Moscow (formerly behind it was the fortress wall of the White City). The river was so nicknamed because its banks were torn and twisted, and its bed was strange and uneven. “It’s as if the devil was digging her!” - lamented the common people. That’s how the stream was nicknamed – Chertory. The street of the White City, which he crossed, was called Chertolskaya; its continuation (beyond the walls of the White City) is Bolshaya Chertolskaya.
The popular name, perhaps, would have survived to this day, but in 1685, by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, this street was renamed. Now such a change would not surprise anyone - only historians and archivists would want to interpret and argue about it, but at that time, almost all residents of Zemlyanoy Town became a favorite pastime for many days to discuss this event, because before in Moscow no one had ever renamed streets, abandoned his original names. Some laughed at the king, others recognized his decision as wise.
Why didn’t Chertolskaya please the tsar? Here's the thing. Alexey Mikhailovich - a quiet, pious man - often left the Kremlin with his retinue early in the morning and went to the Novodevichy Convent (which was located outside the city boundaries). The Tsar was traveling to pray before the icon of the Most Pure Mother of God of Smolensk and to see his daughters, Catherine and Evdokia. The restoration of the monastery (after its destruction in the Time of Troubles) was for the Romanovs a symbol of the restoration of all of Rus'. One day, driving out to Bolshaya Chertolskaya in the morning, Alexei Mikhailovich said that it was inappropriate to drive towards a miraculous icon on a street whose name the devil himself inherited! No good can come from this path. Then they decided that for the street leading to the monastery it would be more harmonious to say “most pure.” By decree of the tsar on April 16, 1658, both streets: Chertolskaya (present-day Volkhonka) and Bolshaya Chertolskaya were united into one Prechistenka. The Moscow people fell in love with this name, and soon there was no more controversy about it.
Prechistenka. This word contains the music of the Moscow dialect. The street is “Prechistenka”, not “Prechistenskaya”, like Ostozhenka, Vozdvizhenka, Znamenka, Varvarka, Petrovka, Ordynka and other names.
Already during the life of Alexei Mikhailovich, the part of Prechistenka up to the fortress gates became aristocratic. Previously, it was only famous for the fact that on it (near the current Chertolsky Lane) there was a “wretched house” - a morgue, where the “god-houses” brought the bodies of murdered and robbed Muscovites, as well as the bodies of those who died a “bad death,” that is, without repentance. Now it turned out to be an honor for the Moscow nobility to build their mansions next to the road along which the Tsar goes to pray. Ordinary people, who once said that “the devil himself dug the local river,” were forced to leave their shelters. Sloboda residents also left their courtyards, taverns, pancake shops, barber shops, and forges.
Less than a century had passed before the royals left Prechistenka - they decided to rule the state from St. Petersburg. However, the street has not lost its aristocratic significance. Only rich, noble people still settled on it. For architects and sculptors, Prechistenka became a long-term workshop. At the beginning of the street, the chambers of the 17th century were still preserved, and next to the former Chertolye the first mansions of Russian classicism were already rising: the house of the Khrushchev-Seleznyov boyars (now the A.S. Pushkin Museum), the Stanitskaya House (now the L.N. Tolstoy Museum); a little earlier, a two-story mansion was built by order of Prince Shakhovsky.
The names of many aristocrats who lived on Prechistenka were preserved in the names of the lanes: Vsevolozhsky, Lopukhinsky, Khrushchevsky, etc.
At the end of the 19th century, when almost all the houses on Prechistenka came into the possession of merchants, the Chertory stream was hidden in an underground pipe. Today, in place of its once winding riverbed there are smooth strips of boulevards.
From distant times, when the Chertory tributary of Moscow was still noisy, when the Novodevichy Convent stood ruined and deserted, only Chertolsky Lane remains among the names. And we lost Prechistenka for several decades. The communists did not like the fact that they had to travel to the Kremlin along a street named after the icon... Who is this Most Pure Mother of God of Smolensk? Is it Pyotr Alekseevich Kropotkin? Revolutionary anarchist (who, by the way, was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery). So, in 1924 Prechistenka became Kropotkinskaya. Only seventy years later the name given by Alexei Mikhailovich was returned to the street. Only the Kropotkinsky lane remained (as in the case of Chertolsky) - as if Moscow intended to preserve the memory of the long era of frequently changing names with the lanes, the beginning of which was the renaming of Chertolskaya Street to Prechistenka.
The Prechistenskaya estate of Denis Davydov was built more than thirty years before his birth - by Mikhail Ivanovich Shakhovsky, who became its first owner.
Little is known about Mikhail Ivanovich. Sparse biographical extracts cannot tell what this person was like. We do not know his moods or the thoughts he voiced. Was he thrifty with his friends, stingy, funny, furious in fits of anger? There are no surviving references to this. Therefore, the story about him cannot surpass a dry report about the history of the Shakhovsky family and relatives close to Mikhail Ivanovich.
The Shakhovskys are an old princely family, descendants of the Rurikovichs (princes of Yaroslavl - on the father's side, Princes of Chernigov - on the mother's side). At the beginning of the 15th century, Prince Konstantin Glebovich lived. Friends and enemies called him Shah; It was from him that the Shakhovsky family began. The history of this family is interesting because its members knew how to show political activity at the right time - they were participants in some important state events.
“Not having much importance in the 15th century and not acquiring it in the 16th century, the Shakhovskys suffered little from the oprichnina of Groznago and did not belong to the aristocratic circle that seized power into their own hands at the beginning of the 17th century during the reign of Vasily Shuiskaya. On the contrary, in the person of their most prominent representative in this era, Prince Grigory Petrovich Shakhovsky, they opposed this aristocratic party and contributed greatly to its downfall. However, even under the first sovereigns from the House of Romanov, the Shakhovskys did not rise very high and only a few of them reached Duma ranks. In the 18th century, the Shakhovsky princes rose to prominence and at that time began to occupy very prominent positions in the public service. Prince Alexei Ivanovich was a senator, general-in-chief and ruler of Little Russia under Anna Ioannovna; Prince Yakov Petrovich<…>was the prosecutor general. In the 19th century, the Shakhovskys also gave birth to many outstanding personalities. In this century, the princes are especially remarkable: Alexey Ivanovich (hero of the Caucasian War), Alexander Alexandrovich (playwright) and Ivan Leontyevich (member of the State Council, infantry general, famous military general of the reign of Emperor Alexander I and Nicholas I).”
Nowadays, historians pay the most attention to two representatives of the Shakhovsky family: Fyodor Petrovich (1796–1829) and Dmitry Ivanovich (1862–1939). The first was a Decembrist, the second a prominent cadet. Fyodor Petrovich, as a seventeen-year-old youth, participated in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army, glorified the emperor with his weapons, but soon joined the “Union of Welfare” (a secret society of Decembrists) and even told his associates that, if necessary, he was ready to personally kill Alexander I. In March 1826, Fyodor Petrovich was accused of belonging to secret societies and of involvement in the “Moscow Conspiracy of 1817.” He was sentenced to deprivation of ranks, nobility, and lifelong exile to Turukhansk. In the summer of 1828 he fell into madness, and on May 24, 1829 he died (he was 33).
Dmitry Ivanovich Shakhovskoy is the grandson of Fyodor Petrovich. He was one of the founders of the Union of Liberation (an illegal political association of intelligentsia and zemstvo liberals). Dmitry Ivanovich led the left wing of the constitutional democratic party. Subsequently, he became secretary of the first State Duma. Under the provisional government, Dmitry Ivanovich was the Minister of State Charity, then participated in the anti-Bolshevik underground. At the age of 76 (1938) he was arrested and executed.
The other Shakhovskys are now ignored. From the 18th century, only Prosecutor General Yakov Petrovich received praise for the “Notes” he compiled (an autobiography - a portrait of his era).
The memory of Mikhail Ivanovich Shakhovsky, the first owner of the Davydov estate, fits perfectly into a modest article in the Russian Biographical Dictionary. It also says about his brother, Grigory Ivanovich (Belgorod governor) and grandfather, Porfiry Ivanovich.
Porfiry Ivanovich was the son of the governor - Prince Ivan Leontyevich Shakhovsky. There is no date or year of birth of Porfiry Ivanovich left. It is only known that he himself was a deviant; that in 1671 “under the leadership of Yuri Alekseevich Dolgorukov, he took part in a campaign against the rebellious gangs of Razin; in the same year the prince received the title of steward.” For eight years in a row, Porfiry Ivanovich was the governor in Tula. “Shakhovsky’s salary was very insignificant even at that time: he was given a local salary of 400 quarters and a cash salary of 10 rubles; but he knew how to win awards.” Then Porfiry Ivanovich served as a governor in Vladimir, and on the name day of Tsar Peter Alekseevich he was granted a okolnichy. Nothing is known about the death of Porfiry Ivanovich, except that it happened - neither the date nor the special circumstances for it will be possible to indicate, since they were not preserved in any of the reports known to us, were not recorded in any of the memories available to us , notes, letters.
Mikhail Shakhovskoy was born in 1707 (from the second marriage of Ivan Porfiryevich) with Princess Tatyana Fedorovna Yusupova). In 1720, he was assigned to serve in the Life Guards of the Semenovsky Regiment. Released into an army regiment with the rank of chief officer, Prince Mikhail Ivanovich entered the life regiment as a lieutenant, and in 1730 he was promoted to captain.
At the same time, his worries about his new Moscow possession begin.
By the beginning of the 17th century, the Prechistenka area was densely built up with houses of different designs and dignity. The residents here were different – not only in terms of income, but also in terms of status. Only by the 18th century did this area receive pronounced social definition. Most of the owners of Prechistensky houses were then officers or senior palace employees. This can be seen from the “Census Books” of that time.
The place on which the Davydov estate would later be built was divided into six small plots in the early 1730s, the ownership of which is easy to recognize from the “Deeds” and “Scribe Books”.
One of the plots (on the corner between modern Sechenovsky Lane and Prechistenka Street) belonged to Mikhail Ivanovich’s father, Ivan Porfirievich, who received it after the distribution of former suburban lands back in 1701. Several mortgages written by Ivan Shakhovsky for this site have been preserved; judging by the fact that the amounts indicated in them are very modest, there was not a single permanent structure here. In 1723, the owner of this plot was already listed as Grigory Ivanovich, the eldest son of Ivan Porfirievich. And only in the early 1730s the land finally came into the possession of Mikhail Ivanovich.
In 1734, due to illness, the prince was assigned to civil affairs and assigned to the St. Petersburg patrimonial office, where he served as an adviser until 1741. In 1742, Mikhail Ivanovich was appointed vice-president, and in 1753 - president of the chamber collegium. These changes did not interfere with his concerns about Moscow possession.
Mikhail Shakhovsky’s neighbors on Prechistenka at that time were tsar’s employees and officials. One of the plots (on the corner between modern Barykovsky Lane and Prechistenka) at the beginning of the 18th century belonged to the “patrimonial affairs manager of the empress” Ivan Gruzintsev, who in 1723 sold it to the royal stoker Nikifor Somov for 15 rubles. Further along the alley were the estates of the palace solicitor Ivan Zveretinov, Captain Sipyagin and Prime Major Ivan Ogolin. Their plots were occupied by small, most often dilapidated, wooden buildings.
It took Mikhail Ivanovich more than 15 years to buy up all these lands. It is unknown why he could not do this faster - either he himself did not show enough desire, or the owners bargained, demanded a high price, or did not want to give up the plots at all. One way or another, the purchase was carried out slowly.
In 1733, the property of the widow Zveretinova was purchased; in 1738 - Ogolin's possession. Thus, Mikhail Shakhovskoy expanded his yard to 64 meters along Prechistenka, to 95 meters along the alley and to 41 meters along the rear (south) side.
In 1745, for 40 rubles, he managed to transfer Somov’s plot into his name, after which Shakhovsky’s property stretched throughout Prechistenka - between two lanes: Durnovo and Poluektov (modern - Barykovsky and Sechenovsky). In 1749, the heirs of the clerk Alexei Zveretinov sold most of their yard to Mikhail Ivanovich (for 90 rubles). Finally, in 1750, the heirs of Captain Sipyagin sold to Prince Shakhovsky “a courtyard on white land in Zemlyanoy Gorod in the parish of the Church of the Resurrection New between Prechistenka and Ostozhenka streets, within the boundaries of the courtyards of his prince Shakhovsky and Timofey and Alexei Kirillov, the children of the Kutuzovs, for 100 rubles.”
In those years, it became popular to rebuild old chambers in a fashionable classical style. The majestic but decrepit buildings, which the first tsars of the Romanov dynasty once admired, were collapsed, the old front gardens were cut off; In return, noble palaces were built for them, and gardens were laid out with intricate designs. Homeowners invited famous architects, agreed to purchase expensive materials, and paid artists and sculptors. Prechistenka was blooming. Now, having risen from the lowlands of the former Chertolye, having entered the flat road of Prechistenka, the governor could look around with a smile of benevolence and notice new beauties.
By the early 1750s, Shakhovsky's property acquired its final boundaries, which remained unchanged for more than a century and a half (not counting the redevelopment of the street after the fire of 1812).
Judging by the amounts paid by Mikhail Shakhovsky for each of the plots, in those years there was not a single stone structure on them, which, of course, refutes the assumption that the estate could have included stone foundations of older buildings.
Construction of the main house, the mansion, began between 1740 and 1758. History has not preserved for us either the exact date or even the name of the architect. Unfortunately, such a veil of mystery lies on many buildings of old Moscow. For example, house No. 19 on Prechistenka (Krechetnikov’s estate), built a little later, is also deprived of a patronymic - assumptions about the time of its construction and the owners have to be made based on the architecture of the building, as well as on the basis of literary sources - inaccurate, contradictory and very subjective. The Davydov mansion was assigned to the “parish of the Church of the Resurrection New,” which stood on the site of the current park near house No. 17 on Ostozhenka. At the same time, a garden was built to the left of the residential part of the ensemble (from Barykovsky Lane).
Full-scale construction on Shakhovsky’s property began only in 1749, and for the researcher this was a great success. Thanks to this, you can not only write approximate dates of construction, but also point to the first owner of the mansion - Mikhail Ivanovich. The fact is that until 1742, the development of all areas of Moscow was carried out without the supervision of the Police Chief's Office; Finding information about buildings built in Moscow before a given year is an unusually difficult task, sometimes impossible.
By 1758, Mikhail Ivanovich completed the arrangement of the property he had collected (listed under the address “3rd team of Zemlyanoy Town, parish of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ New”). The layout of the estate was typical of the period; The prince, apparently, did not try to be original and did not ask for anything exceptional in his orders to the unknown architect. As in many Moscow estates, the main house (residential stone chambers) was placed deep in the plot, parallel to the main street (Prechistenka). The building was built in the form of an elongated rectangle (at the corners there were asymmetrically located risalits - protrusions). The length of the front façade is 38.4 meters. Wooden buildings were attached to the building. Residential and non-residential one-story wooden services stood throughout the site. On the side of Poluektov (modern Sechenovsky) lane, an economic zone was created.
The construction of the main building took place in several stages, and this explains its obvious asymmetry. First (between 1737 and 1745) the western part (vaulted chambers of the first tier) was erected. The house was completed to its full extent after 1750, when Mikhail Ivanovich acquired all the lands he needed.
It is not known exactly when the building was built up to the second floor. Apparently this did not happen until the late 1760s. One way or another, the second floor appeared before Nikolai Arkharov took possession of the estate.
If Mikhail Shakhovskoy had built similar mansions half a century ago, it would certainly have become a special thing for Prechistenka. But by the middle of the 18th century, this street was built up with similar noble estates. By the 1750s, on the site of the former stable settlement, spacious estates of the rich nobility were formed - the Vsevolozhskys, Dolgorukovs, Khovanskys, Saltykovs-Golovlevs, Mukhanovs, Davydovs.
On the historical plan of Moscow, which was compiled by Gorikhvostov in 1767–1769, it is clearly visible from what small, scattered areas these possessions were collected. Gorikhvostov was sometimes forced to use topographical data from the beginning of the 18th century, this can explain the shortcomings of the plan he created: for example, in some areas he mistakenly recorded the disunity of lands that had long been overcome. The property of Mikhail Shakhovsky belonged to one of these “erroneous areas”, thanks to which one could once again be convinced of its former fragmentation.
We can judge how Moscow was built up in the 17th century from the few plans and maps (to a lesser extent from the memoirs of people who lived then). The history of the city became truly documented and open only in the 18th century, when the first signs of bureaucracy appeared. Everything must be written down, listed, indicated, counted. For any researcher, this is a help, sometimes difficult to analyze, but still accessible. I remember how Sasha Aduev sighed from Ivan Goncharov’s “Ordinary History”: “An outsider will come, hand him, half-bent over, with a pitiful smile, a piece of paper - the master will take it, barely touch it with a pen and hand it to another, who will throw it into the mass of thousands of other papers, - but it will not get lost: branded with number and number, it will pass unharmed through twenty hands, multiplying and producing its own kind. The third will take it and for some reason climb into the closet, look either in a book or in another paper, say a few magic words to the fourth - and he goes to scratch his pen. Having creaked, he passes the mother and new child to the fifth, who in turn creaks his pen, and another fetus is born, the fifth cleans it up and passes it on, and so the paper goes on and on - it will never be lost: its producers will die, but it still exists for centuries . When, finally, it is covered with centuries-old dust, and then they still disturb it and consult with it. And every day, every hour, today and tomorrow, and for a whole century, the bureaucratic machine works orderly, continuously, without rest, as if there are no people - only wheels and springs...” Thanks to the serviceability of this machine, even today we can sort through documents, compiled in the 18th century, but they are rare witnesses of that time, whose word can be trusted. And we, unlike Sasha Aduev, need to think with gratitude about the inexhaustible gears of the bureaucracy.
In 1760, Mikhail Shakhovskoy was appointed senator with the award of privy councilor. However, he did not have time to fully enjoy either the rank or the finally settled Moscow possession, as he was on frequent travels, and in January 1762 he died.
Actually, until 1762, the Moscow nobility rarely visited their city, because by law its representatives were obliged to serve, and therefore to be in places prescribed by this service. It turned out that the most expensive, luxurious houses in Moscow were empty. Caring for them became an expensive and, in its own way, pointless task, because what a joy it is to pay for the maintenance and repair of an estate for years, only to sometimes not appear in it until ten or twelve months.
This all changed in the early 1760s, when the nobility was exempted from permanent service. The nobles were now able to settle in Moscow. They organized meetings, lived openly, brightly, and for this it was necessary to build new buildings, invite architects, sculptors, painters. In such a competition, where everyone wanted to become famous for the exceptional beauty of their home, palaces with white colonnades, colorful bay windows, and tall porticos appeared in Moscow. They were surrounded by gardens, parks, numerous outbuildings, services and greenhouses - “entire landowner estates thrown inside the city and giving Moscow the appearance of a strange mixture of ancient and modern architecture.” The old houses now seemed especially shabby and clumsy next to such palaces. The owners were in a hurry to demolish the old chambers - taking into account only fashion, they did not even think that they were depriving Moscow of its centuries-old heritage, for the sake of imaginary beauty they were destroying architectural pages of Russian history.
“The rich construction and luxurious life of the Moscow nobility was based on the ever-increasing corvee labor, quitrents and various extortions extorted by the landowners from the serfs.
The mansions of the Moscow nobility amazed with their wealth, splendor of furnishings and crowded courtyards. Large rooms, upholstered in damask wallpaper or silk fabrics, decorated with huge mirrors in gilded frames with marble consoles below, were hung on the walls with paintings by Italian and French artists and family portraits. Silk curtains on windows and doors, mahogany furniture with gilding, covered with silk fabric, were the usual decoration of the rooms. The house was served by numerous courtyard servants, who huddled in low, dirty and cramped closets in the side buildings of the manor's house. The usual staff of a wealthy nobleman consisted of valets, a butler, a cook, a dozen waiters and footmen, a hairdresser, two tailors (one male and one female), maids, laundresses, two dozen grooms, huntsmen, drivers, hunters, etc.”
Mikhail Shakhovskoy himself did not have time to enjoy the heyday of Moscow palaces. Alexey Ivanovich Zatrapezny, the second owner of the Davydov estate, a man of contradictory and in many ways sad fate, had the opportunity to enjoy this. But that’s another story.
Bibliography
- Act books. Volume 1. M., 1892.
- Act books. Volume 3. M., 1894.
- Act books. Volume 7. M., 1897.
- Goncharov I. A. Collected works in eight volumes. T. 1. Ordinary history. M., Pravda, 1952.
- Zabelin I. E. Experiments in the study of Russian antiquities and history. Part 2. M.: 1873.
- Martynov A. Names of Moscow streets and alleys with historical explanation. M., 1878.
- Census books of Moscow. Volume 1.
- Ratomskaya Yu. V. Majestic Chambers, my Prechistensky Palace. // Decorative art. 2001, No. 4.
- Smolitskaya G.P. Names of Moscow streets. M., Ant, 1998.
- Schmidt O. Prechistenka, Ostozhenka. M., 1994.
Notes
Schmidt O. Prechistenka, Ostozhenka. M., 1994. P. 6.
Martynov A. Names of Moscow streets and alleys with historical explanation. M., 1878. S. 1.
From the work of Smolitskaya G.P. “Names of Moscow streets” (M., Ant, 1998): “Later, this “model” of the name spread throughout Russia. But even now not all cities have similar names. In St. Petersburg, for example, only Ligovka (Li ́ Govsky Avenue). But we can also see a “Moscow trace” in it, since Ligovka is located near the Moskovsky railway station and, perhaps, this form was “brought” here from Moscow.”
Bozhedom - a person living in an almshouse, looked after: an orphan, a foundling, a rootless one.
Russian biographical dictionary. T. 22. St. Petersburg, 1905.
The Moscow conspiracy of 1817 is one of the key events in the history of Russian secret societies in the first quarter of the 19th century. The purpose of the conspiracy was to kill the emperor and transform Russia.
Okolnichy is one of the highest court boyar ranks in pre-Petrine Rus'.
Russian biographical dictionary. T. 22. St. Petersburg, 1905.
To train officers for army cavalry regiments, the Kronshlot Dragoon Regiment was formed in 1721 - it consisted of only nobles, and was called the Life Regiment.
Patrimonial office - a branch of the Patrimonial Collegium, which was in charge of mortgages of real estate, mortgage payments, proceedings on real estate, etc.
For comparison, in those years, 1000 pieces of red brick cost 2 rubles, a worker at a blast furnace received 1.5 rubles a month.
Act books. T.7. M., 1897.
See: Ratomskaya Yu. V. Majestic Chambers, my Prechistensky Palace. // Decorative art. 2001, No. 4.
The fact that this part of the building was erected significantly earlier than the rest is also evidenced by the fact that during the latest restoration work, when opening the vaulted rooms, a basement tier - the lower floor - was discovered.
Goncharov I. A. Collected works in eight volumes. T. 1. Ordinary history. M., Pravda, 1952. pp. 54–55.
A bay window is a part of a room or premises that protrudes beyond the outer wall of a building in the form of a semicircular or multifaceted glazed volume.
Zabelin I. E. Experiments in the study of Russian antiquities and history. Part 2. M.: 1873. P. 354.
Doezhachiy is a senior hound who trains greyhounds and hounds and manages them during the hunt.
Baklanova N. A. Moscow life. History of Moscow in six volumes. T. 2. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences, 1953. P. 578.
- Russian local history
When implementing the project, funds from state support were used, allocated as a grant in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 11-rp dated January 17, 2014 and on the basis of a competition held by the All-Russian public organization "Russian Youth Union"
At the end of one of the oldest streets in Moscow, in house No. 55 on Arbat, there is a memorial apartment for Andrei Bely. Here, on October 14, 1880, Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev, one of the fathers of Russian symbolism, poet, prose writer, critic, memoirist and literary researcher, was born.
The history of the house itself is more than a century older than the poet: the old manor house that forms the basis of the estate, rebuilt in the late 1870s according to the design of the architect Mitrofan Aleksandrovich Arsenyev, was built before the fire of 1812. Apartments in the apartment building were rented to teachers of Moscow University, one of which (No. 7) was given to the mathematician Nikolai Vasilyevich Bugaev, the poet’s father.
Boris Bugaev spends his school years in the apartment and graduates from Moscow University. The proximity of the Bugaevs to the family of Mikhail Sergeevich Solovyov, the grandson of the famous historian and brother of the philosopher Vladimir Solovyov, becomes fateful for the future symbolist. Frequent guests of the Solovyovs are Valery Bryusov, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Zinaida Gippius, “senior symbolists”, the friendship with whom, which arose here, in house number 55 on Arbat Street, determined the further creative destiny of the poet. This is where his pseudonym “Andrey Bely” was born.
In 1906, Bely left his house on Arbat as a leading Moscow symbolist, having survived the death of his father and his first “mystical love” with Margarita Kirillovna Morozova. In 1902, the Solovyov family helped the poet publish his first book, “Symphony (2nd, dramatic).”
Having added a fourth floor, in the 1930s the house would be turned over to communal apartments, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs would exist in it for another half century. Since 1987, apartment No. 7 has been at the disposal of the State Literary Museum named after. A.S. Pushkin, and already in 2000 the Andrei Bely Museum opened there.
The apartment, which occupies half of the third floor, has five rooms. Now the nursery houses part of the exhibition related to the poet’s youth. Here you can also find all the drafts and notes dedicated to the epic “My Life,” which included the stories “Kitten Letaev” and “The Baptized Chinese,” the main character of which, young Letaev, is endowed with many autobiographical features. Part of the exhibition dedicated to the poet’s mother is located in the parents’ bedroom. The exhibits tell that it was Alexandra Dmitrievna Bugaeva who instilled in young Bor an interest not only in poetry, but also in music and painting. A special place in the room is occupied by exhibits telling about the poet’s muses: Lyubov Dmitrievna Mendeleeva-Blok and Margarita Kirillovna Morozova.
Bely’s entire literary heritage: manuscripts, drafts, letters, books and photographs is located in the former dining room. And the living room has been restored to its historical function. Today, like the Bugaev family, it hosts creative meetings and musical evenings.
Today, the museum’s holdings already contain more than 1,000 units of manuscripts, typescripts and documents, among which one can find the autographs of V. Ya. Bryusov, N. S. Gumilyov, I. Severyanin and, thanks to private collections, they are constantly replenished.
This territory in the 16th century. and later was part of the Bolshaya Konyushennaya Settlement, which in 1653 consisted of 190 households. Here lived “stalkers, herd solicitors and grooms, stable watchmen, stable horseshoe makers, the sovereign's horsemen, etc. There were also stables here. And it is believed that it was in this place that the chambers of the Konyushennaya Sloboda stood, which are still there at the base.
Under Grozny, these lands went to the oprichnina.
And yet, Prechistenka in the 18th century became a kind of “Saint-Germain” suburb of Moscow, where in the labyrinth of clean, calm streets and winding alleys lived the old Moscow nobility, whose famous names are often mentioned in Russian history before Peter I. There were the estates of the Vsevolozhsky, Vyazemsky , Arkharovs, Dolgorukys, Lopukhins, Bibikovs, Davydovs, Counts Orlovs, as well as Gagarins, Goncharovs, Turgenevs, whose names we find in books on the history of Russia and numerous memoirs of contemporaries.
This photo shows Prechistenka. Postcard ed. "Scherer, Nabholz and Co." 1902.
In the foreground on the left is Lopukhina’s house (early 19th century, architect D.G. Grigoriev). A fire tower is visible in the background on the right. On the right is the fence of our house.
Although modern studies claim that the building that has survived to this day is based on chambers from the early 18th century, the authors do not provide documentary information about the owners.
At the end of the 18th century and until 1818, it was owned by Ivan Petrovich Arkharov. 
The younger brother of the Moscow Chief of Police Nikolai Petrovich Arkharov, whose house is located almost opposite on Prechistenka (later Denis Davydov lived there).
He was married to Princess Ekaterina Alexandrovna Rimskaya-Korsakova, a second cousin of Elizaveta Petrovna Yankova.
They were very friendly with my sister. Elder sister E.A. Arkharova took her second cousins with her daughters out into the world, since the sisters were left without a mother by that time.
Shortly before the Napoleonic invasion, the Yankovs bought a house opposite the Arkharovs and visited them often. In my grandmother’s memoirs, every now and then I come across “I saw him at the Arkharovs, my girls learned to dance at the Arkharovs,” etc.
But let's return to Ivan Petrovich Arkharov. He owed his career to his brother - at that time the St. Petersburg Governor-General N.P. Arkharov, who, in a conversation with Emperor Paul I, somehow chose the right moment to patronize his brother. Ivan Petrovich was immediately demanded to St. Petersburg, promoted to infantry general, awarded the Order of St. Anna, first degree, and a thousand souls of serfs.
With the help of the Prussian Colonel Hesse, appointed by the Emperor as a parade major to help Ivan Arkharov, the new military governor formed a regiment from desperate brave men, welded together by harsh discipline, which Muscovites feared like fire. It’s not for nothing that the word “Arkharovets” has become a household word.
One of the best experts on the everyday history of the 18th century, S.N. Shubinsky, wrote: “Arkharov lived in Moscow as a great gentleman. His house on Prechistenka was open to all his acquaintances both morning and evening. Every day at least forty people dined with them, and on Sundays they held balls, which brought together all the best Moscow society; in the vast courtyard, no matter how large it was, sometimes the carriages of the arriving guests did not fit.
Widespread hospitality soon made the Arkharovs’ house one of the most pleasant in Moscow...”
Ivan Arkharov successfully reigned as governor for two years, when suddenly his career was interrupted by an anecdotal incident caused by his brother’s excessive zeal to please the emperor. While Pavel, after the coronation, went to inspect the Lithuanian provinces, Nikolai Arkharov decided to give him a surprise. Knowing the emperor’s love for “the aesthetics of barriers and police boxes,” he ordered all St. Petersburg residents to immediately paint the gates of their houses and fences with stripes of black, orange and white paint. Unforeseen urgent and large expenses caused discontent among the residents, and the governor’s “surprise” had a strong, but completely opposite effect on the emperor. Astonished upon entering the capital by the mass of buildings painted in a monotonous pattern, he asked what this absurd fantasy meant? They answered that “the police forced the inhabitants to immediately carry out the will of the monarch.”
So am I a fool to give such commands? - Pavel I exclaimed angrily.
Nikolai Arkharov was ordered to immediately leave St. Petersburg and never appear before the monarch again. Soon the turn of the Moscow brother came. On April 23, 1800, an order was given to dismiss both Arkharovs from service, and the next day the emperor sent an order to the Moscow governor-general: “Upon receipt of this, I command you to announce my order to the brothers generals from the infantry Arkharovs to leave Moscow immediately to their villages in Tambov, where they will live from now on until commanded.”
The link did not last long. After the assassination of Paul I and the accession of Alexander I to the throne, Ivan Arkharov settled in his house, which was still open to everyone.
Widespread hospitality made Arkharov's house one of the most pleasant in Moscow, which was especially facilitated by Ivan Petrovich's wife.
V.L. Borovikovsky. Portrait of E.A. Arkharova.1820
“Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Arkharova was majestic and knew how to behave in people properly, or, as you now say, with dignity. I will always say that if I know how to enter and sit down properly, then I owe it to her. ...
She had two daughters: the eldest, Sofya Ivanovna, was married to Count Alexander Ivanovich Sollogub and the youngest, Alexandra Ivanovna, was married to Alexei Vasilyevich Vasilchikov." (Yankova)
After the Patriotic War and the death of her husband, Ekaterina Alexandrovna lived in St. Petersburg in the family of her youngest daughter Vasilchikova, spending the summer in Pavlovsk. Arkharova enjoyed universal respect: on her birthday (July 12) and name day, everyone came to congratulate her; Every year on July 12, Empress Maria Feodorovna honored her with a visit. E.A.’s requests and petitions were not refused, and the honor of “old woman Arkharova” was accepted by her as something due, belonging by right.
Prechistenka was heavily burned in the fire of 1812.
This horror of post-fire Prechistenka is well described by the same Yankova:
“For a long time I could not decide to visit Prechistenka and look at the place where our house was. ... I saw a completely empty burnt-out place. ...
Across the lane from us, down to the Prechistensky Gate, was the house of the Arkharovs, opposite them the house of Lopukhin and then another large stone house of the Vsevolozhskys; they all burned out. ... and many other houses along Prechistenka almost all the way to Zubov, where the boulevard is now. - it all burned down. Only N.I.’s house survived. Khitrova."
So this ashes were bought by Prince Ivan Alexandrovich Naryshkin in 1818.
As you know, the Naryshkins were modest nobles descended from the Crimean Tatars. They rose to prominence thanks to the marriage of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to Natalya Naryshkina, who became the mother of Peter the Great. This made them, the king's relatives, large landowners and nobles.
E.P. Yankova characterized her new neighbor this way: “Ivan Alexandrovich was over fifty years old; He was small in stature, a thin and pretty man, very polite in his manners and a big shuffler. His hair was very sparse, he cut it short and in a special manner that suited him very well; He was a big hunter of rings and wore very large diamonds. He was a chamberlain and chief master of ceremonies." He was married to Ekaterina Alexandrovna Stroganova.
Artist Jean Louis Veil, 1787
She was the daughter of the actual secret adviser to Baron Alexander Nikolaevich Stroganov (1740-1789) from his marriage to Elizaveta Alexandrovna Zagryazhskaya (1745-1831). By birth she belonged to the highest nobility of the capital. Since her mother was Zagryazhskaya, she was a cousin of Natalya Ivanovna Goncharova, mother-in-law of A.S. Pushkin.
“From her mother, Ekaterina Alexandrovna inherited the beauty and representative appearance that distinguished her. Tall, slightly plump, with blue, somewhat bulging, myopic eyes, with a bold and open expression on her face. “... prominent in herself, but in contrast to her husband, uncommunicative.”( Yankova)
Having the highest court positions, but flighty and frivolous by nature, I.A. Naryshkin loved to live well and in a short time upset his and his wife’s fortunes. Because of his carelessness and excessive gullibility, he also lost the favor of the Court. The Frenchwoman Mrs. Vertöl, who owned a workshop of ladies' dresses, enjoyed the patronage of I.A. Naryshkin, and found herself involved in smuggling, through the diplomatic bag of one of the foreign embassies, various fashionable goods for her store. This story caused a lot of trouble for Naryshkin and led to his resignation. The family had to move to Moscow.
The Naryshkins had three sons and two daughters. Elizaveta Ivanovna - maid of honor
Artist Tropinin.
She never got married. As Yankova wrote about her, “then she became very plump and remained an old maid, and for her portliness she earned the name “Fat Lisa.”
And Varvara Ivanovna
Artist E. Vigée-Lebrun.
married to Sergei Petrovich Neklyudov (cousin of the Rimsky-Korsakovs)
“The eldest of the sons, Alexander Ivanovich, was a prominent and handsome young officer who showed great promise to his parents, with a lively and hot-tempered character: he had a quarrel with Count Fyodor Ivanovich Tolstoy (American), who challenged him to a duel and killed him. This was a year after two or three before the age of 12...
The other two sons were both married: the eldest Grigory, to the widow of Alexei Ivanovich Mukhanov, Anna Vasilievna, who in herself was Princess Meshcherskaya. They had a son and several daughters...
The youngest son, Alexey Ivanovich, was married to the daughter of our neighbors the Khrushchovs, Elizaveta Alexandrovna; he was, they said, a great original; had no children."
Life in the Naryshkins’ house was close to what it was here under the Arkharovs. But the Naryshkins stood higher in rank than the Arkharovs: in addition to the fact that they were relatives of the tsar, Naryshkin’s wife boasted that she was a relative of the Golitsyns and their daughter was a maid of honor. Therefore, the style in the Naryshkins’ house was somewhat different from Arkharov’s - everything here was richer, more refined.
Ivan Alexandrovich was the uncle of Natalia Nikolaevna Goncharova (by his wife, as I wrote above) and was the father of the bride at the wedding with Pushkin, which took place on February 18, 1831 in the chapel of the still unfinished Great Ascension Church at the Nikitsky Gate. Naturally, the poet visited the Naryshkins more than once in their house on Prechistenka.
Naryshkin's nephew Mikhail Mikhailovich Naryshkin, colonel of the Tarutino regiment, was a participant in the Decembrist uprising and was sentenced to 8 years of hard labor. After serving hard labor and partly exile, Mikhail Mikhailovich settled in a village in the Tula province and illegally visited Prechistenka, with his relative Musin-Pushkin, to whom the house was transferred from the Naryshkins.
Here, in the house of Musin-Pushkin, Mikhail Mikhailovich Naryshkin was visited by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, who was then working on the second volume of “Dead Souls” and was interested in the activities of the Decembrists in connection with the topic of Tentetnikov’s exile to Siberia and Ulinka’s move to him.
Later, the house passed to Princess Gagarina, then to the Trubetskoy princes.
In 1865, the estate was purchased from the Trubetskoys in the name of his wife Alexandra Ivanovna Konshina (née Ignatova, 1838-1914) by millionaire manufacturer Ivan Konshin, who belonged to an old family of Serpukhov townspeople who produced linen and canvas back in the 18th century. By the beginning of the 19th century, their manufactory included weaving (1,400 hand mills) and calico printing (200 printed tables) production. More than two thousand people were employed in the manufactory and in the villages where peasants were engaged in weaving.
In the 1840s, Nikolai Konshin significantly expanded production by building a dyehouse and equipping the spinning mill with a steam engine. In 1853, his brother Ivan Maksimovich inherited the spinning and weaving departments. And six years later, the sons of N.M. Konshin, Nikolai Nikolaevich and Maxim Nikolaevich, formed the Trading House “Nikolai Konshin’s Sons” to operate a calico printing establishment, which was converted to machine traction. 
The Konshins and their guests on the porch of Alexandra Ivanovna Konshina’s dacha in Bor near Serpukhov. August 15, 1895
In 1882, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of textile enterprises, the Konshin family was elevated to hereditary nobility “in reward for their services in the field of domestic industry.” I.N. Konshin died in 1898, childless. He left his entire huge fortune, exceeding 10 million rubles, to his wife, Alexandra Ivanovna. She liquidated her husband's industrial enterprise, selling the factory to his brothers, and began to live alone in her house. “Konshina had no children. She was a lonely woman, uncommunicative, unsociable, distrustful of her relatives, even alienated from them. She lived surrounded by an incredible number of cats, the only person who was close to her was a nun-companion; The house was managed by a certain Alexander Vasilyevich, an Old Believer. All cases were in charge of lawyer Alexander Fedorovich Deryuzhinsky" (A.F. Rodin) 
The Konshins and their guests on the porch of Alexandra Ivanovna Konshina’s dacha in Bor near Serpukhov
The Konshins rebuilt the mansion for the first time in 1867.
In 1910, the mansion was rebuilt by the architect Gunst, after which the house of 72-year-old Konshina turned into one of the most luxurious mansions in Moscow.
The choice fell on the talented Moscow architect and artist not by chance. Gunst, who graduated from the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in 1898, was in the prime of his creative powers and was already known for his major works: together with L.N. Benois, he erected the monumental building of the First Russian Insurance Company on the corner of Bolshaya Lubyanka and Kuznetsky Most, designed fashionable mansions on Pogodinskaya and 1st Meshchanskaya streets. Gunst's reputation in the art world was strengthened by his founding of the Fine Arts Classes, which were taught by the architect Fyodor Shekhtel, artists Isaac Levitan, Nikolai Krymov, sculptor Sergei Volnukhin and other famous artists. Anatoly Osipovich was comprehensively gifted. He was interested not only in painting, but also in artistic photography (his works were awarded prizes at the World Exhibition in Paris), and was his own man in the theater world.
After perestroika, the cost of ownership was estimated at 193,193 rubles, including a two-story mansion - 92,802 rubles. There were 15 rooms on the first and second floors. On the second floor were the front rooms, as well as the hostess's rooms and 2 rooms for her servants. The total area of each floor was about 800 square meters. meters.
Alexandra Ivanovna Konshina is liquidating an industrial enterprise, selling the factory to her husband’s brothers, but she lives here, in her own house.
One of the involuntary questions that arises regarding the reconstruction of this building is: why Alexandra Ivanovna Konshina, being at such an old age (she was 77 years old), is rebuilding this luxurious building for herself. 
The following assumption is very plausible; the house, built in 1867, could hardly have dilapidated in 40 years, although it had cracked on the side of Dead Lane, but Deryuzhinsky, her confidant, invites the famous Moscow architect Anatoly Ottovich Gunst and orders him to destroy the old house and build a new one, but the previous plan. 
Gunst designed the mansion on a grand scale, without skimping on funds. Thanks to this, his creation rightfully took its place among the most luxurious buildings that marked the beginning of the 20th century in Moscow. The architect tactfully preserved the clear proportionality of the volume of the building - a successful example of neoclassicism.
The main facade is accented by six flat pilasters of the Ionic order and a pediment. However, in the small decorative stucco molding of the frieze and window frames, the influence of eclecticism can be traced. The house opens onto a garden with a gazebo, enclosed on the street side by a high stone fence with arched niches, balustrades and vases at the top. The pylons of the front gate are decorated with sculptures of lions. 
On the side of the alley there is a bas-relief panel in the Art Nouveau style on the wall of the mansion. 
The most impressive are the interiors of the house, in the creation of which the architect showed himself to be a great master.
Particularly luxurious is the Winter Garden (now the formal dining room) with a glazed bay window and a skylight, the impressively decorated volume of which was built in from the courtyard.
The marble was ordered from Italy, the bronze jewelry from Paris. The huge glass was also ordered from Italy. He was transported to Moscow in a specially equipped carriage. It was possible to insert this “unique” into the place prepared for it only during the construction process.
The marble sculptures were received from Paris - which is marked on the sculptures.
Realizing well that it is not easy to surprise the jaded Moscow public, Alexandra Ivanovna chose the style of classical luxury.
Rich stucco ceilings, fancy chandeliers, amazing parquet flooring (still preserved in some rooms) - all this gave the pious widow a feeling of celebration in the last four years of her life.
The ballroom was separated from the music salon by a colonnade, and in this way it was possible to organize real large concerts. For those who like to smoke, “men’s rooms” were set up with comfortable sofas and dim lighting.
Konshina's house was filled with all sorts of modern equipment - water supply and sewerage, and even a special system of exhaust vacuum cleaners through the ventilation holes. These new home furnishings were a draw for numerous guests. The bathroom was designed with style (plumbing, according to tradition, was brought from England) - like in other rich mansions, there was a special device for heating the sheets, which were wrapped in after water procedures.
Bronze jewelry was brought from Paris, glass and marble, sculptures from Italy, electrical equipment from Britain. The consecration of the mansion took place on the name day of the owner, April 23, 1910.
A.I. Konshina was an Old Believers; at her house they always kept an open table for wanderers, visiting Old Believers, and beggars. Treating directly in the dining room, Konshina, before the meal, invited everyone to the house prayer room, which was next to the dining room.