Modern society cannot do without transport. Nowadays, both freight and public vehicles are used, which are supplied with various types of energy to provide movement. Currently, the following vehicles are used in different parts of the world:

automobile (buses, cars, minibuses);
railway (metro, trains, electric trains);
water (boats, motorboats, container ships, tankers, ferries, cruise ships);
air (planes, helicopters);
electric transport (trams, trolleybuses).

Despite the fact that transport makes it possible to speed up the time of all movements of people not only on the surface of the earth, but by air and water, various vehicles have an impact on the environment.

Environmental pollution

Each type of transport pollutes the environment, but a significant advantage is that 85% of pollution is caused by road transport, which emits exhaust gases. Cars, buses and other transport of this type lead to various problems:

air pollution;
deterioration of human and animal health.

Sea transport

Maritime transport pollutes the hydrosphere the most, since dirty ballast water and water used to wash ships enter water bodies. Ship power plants pollute the air with various gases. If tankers transport petroleum products, there is a risk of water contamination with oil.

Aviation transport

Air transport primarily pollutes the atmosphere. Their source is gases from aircraft engines. Thanks to the operation of air transport, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, water vapor and sulfur oxides, carbon oxides and particulate matter are released into the air.

Electric transport

Electric transport contributes to environmental pollution through electromagnetic radiation, noise and vibration. During its maintenance, various harmful substances enter the biosphere.

Thus, the operation of a variety of vehicles causes environmental pollution. Harmful substances pollute water, soil, but most of all pollutants enter the atmosphere. These are carbon monoxide, oxides, heavy compounds and vaporous substances. As a result of this, not only the greenhouse effect occurs, but also loss of water, an increase in the number of diseases and a deterioration in people's health.

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Translation of "environmentally friendly modes of transport" in Chinese

(3 examples containing translation)

" lang="en">environmentally friendly modes

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(2 examples containing translation)

" lang="en"> environmentally sound transport modes

Other translations

Thus, in order to realize net environmental benefits, countries need to explore ways and means of promoting a modal shift towards more .

Environmentally friendly modes.">

Last year, standard-setting activities in UNECE member countries were aimed at developing measures to ensure further development of competition in the transport services market by increasing the competitiveness of railways and using other environmentally friendly modes of transport.

In the past year, the regulatory efforts in the UNECE member countries were aimed at the elaboration of measures to further promote competition in the transport market by increasing the competitiveness of railways and the use of others environmentally friendly modes .

Environmentally friendly modes.">

Promote transit traffic beyond city centers, including through development environmentally friendly modes of transport;

Promote the transfer of transit traffic away from urban centres, including through shifts to environmentally sound transport modes ;

Environmentally sound transport modes;">

Regarding development assistance environmentally friendly modes of transport, the general trend observed in the responses of industrialized Western European countries is characterized by increased public investment in the development, modernization and maintenance of railways to prevent capacity problems.

As regards the promotion of environmentally sound transport modes, the general tendency which has been manifested in the responses of industrialized western European countries is characterized by increased state investments in expansion, modernization and maintenance of railways with the aim of preventing capacity short falls.

Environmentally sound transport modes, the general tendency which has been manifested in the replies of industrialized western European countries is characterized by increased state investments in expansion, modernization and maintenance of railways with the aim of preventing capacity short falls.">

In conditions of increasing traffic intensity, the development of combined transport, using the most environmentally friendly modes of transport, is considered as an important aspect of increasing the transit of Ukraine.

With the increase in road traffic, the development of combined transport, which involves more environmentally friendly modes, is considered to be very important in increasing transit through Ukraine.

Environmentally friendly modes, is considered to be very important in increasing transit through Ukraine.">

Implementation of an effective system of intermodal transportation based on environmentally friendly modes of transport is one of the main priorities within the overall transport policy of Lithuania.

Environmentally friendly and efficient transport system is one of the main priorities of Lithuania "s general transport policy.">

Regulatory measures must continue to play a major role in ensuring more efficient use of existing infrastructure, facilitating transport operations, increasing efficiency environmentally friendly modes of transport, increasing safety and reducing undesirable environmental impacts.

Regulatory measures should continue to play a key role in making a better use of existing infrastructure, easier transport operations, making environmentally friendly modes more efficient, increasing safety and reducing undesirable environmental impacts.

Environmentally-friendly modes are more efficient, increasing safety and reducing undesirable environmental impacts.">

Currently, special measures aimed at encouraging the use environmentally friendly modes of transport and methods of transportation, river transport is not accepted.

No special steps are being taken by the river transport industry to encourage the use of environmentally friendly modes of transport and carriage.

Environmentally benign modes of transport and carriage.">

The efforts of legislators in member countries will be focused on further enhancing the competitiveness and liberalization of transport markets, encouraging development, more environmentally friendly modes of transport and on creating integrated transport systems.

Other legislative concerns in member countries will focus on the further creation of more competitive and liberalized transport markets, further promotion of more environmentally friendly transport modes and development of integrated transport systems.

Environmentally friendly transport modes and development of integrated transport systems.">

Due to the increase in traffic flows both within and across Austria, in particular on roads, Austria is introducing operational measures to support environmentally friendly modes of transport, such as rail or combined transport.

Due to increased traffic flows both within and through Austria, in particular on roads, Austria has introduced early measures for the support of environment-friendly modes, such as rail or combined transport.

Environment-friendly modes, such as rail or combined transport.">

The draft does not reflect the principle of using a multimodal approach and promoting development environmentally friendly modes of transport, which operates in Austria in the field of transport policy and which also influences the bilateral and multilateral systems existing in the field of road transport.

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Slide captions:

Road transport problem

Today there are approximately 900 million cars in the world. According to some forecasts, in 20 years their number will increase to 1.5 billion. Cars are the main source of air pollution in cities. They account for over 50% of atmospheric pollution (in large cities - up to 90%), which adversely affects the health of city residents.

I. Harmful emissions from cars Cars consume oxygen and emit harmful substances into the atmosphere, such as: - sulfur dioxide - carbon monoxide - nitrogen oxides - sulfur oxide - aldehydes - benzopyrene (carcinogen) In addition, large quantities of soot and dust are released.

Composition of exhaust gases Exhaust gas components Content by volume, % Note Gasoline diesel engines Nitrogen 74.0 - 77.0 76.0 - 78.0 non-toxic Oxygen 0.3 - 8.0 2.0 - 18.0 non-toxic Water vapor 3 .0 - 5.5 0.5 - 4.0 non-toxic Carbon dioxide 5.0 - 12.0 1.0 - 10.0 non-toxic Carbon monoxide 0.1 - 10.0 0.01 - 5.0 toxic Hydrocarbons non-carcinogenic 0.2 - 3.0 0.009 - 0.5 toxic Aldehydes 0 - 0.2 0.001 - 0.009 toxic Sulfur oxide 0 - 0.002 0 - 0.03 toxic Soot, g/m 3 0 - 0.04 0.01 - 1 .1 toxic Benzopyrene, mg/m 3 0.01 - 0.02 to 0.01 carcinogen

Cars need asphalt roads, parking lots, garages, and gas stations. Car production requires huge expenditures of mineral and energy resources and also leads to environmental pollution. The car, once an extraordinary creation of human thought, has now become a threat to human health.

II. The impact of exhaust gases on human health

1.Headache, dizziness

2.Asthmatic manifestations and pulmonary edema occur

3. Exacerbation of pulmonary diseases, bronchial asthma.

4. Causes cancer

5. Affects the central nervous system

6. Particularly harmful to the myocardium (heart muscle)

7. Feeling tired and slow reactions, general malaise.

8. The activity of the gastrointestinal tract is disrupted, metabolic processes are disrupted.

In children, intelligence decreases, coordination of movements is impaired, hearing and memory deteriorate. So should we ban cars? Give them up? It is clear that this is impossible!

A real solution to the problem is greening the car. 1) Manufacturers produce fuel additives (ka t) and devices that increase the completeness of combustion, as a result of which fuel consumption is reduced and emissions become less toxic. 2) Install neutralizer devices into the exhaust gas exhaust system. 3) They are developing new types of fuel (a mixture of gasoline and alcohol, liquefied gas), which pollute the environment less. 4) State services prohibit the use of lead compounds as anti-knock agents.

An alternative type of fuel - liquefied petroleum gas propane-butane has more environmentally friendly characteristics Emissions Diesel fuel Gasoline Liquefied petroleum gas Unburnt hydrocarbon 6 3 1.8 Carbon monoxide 0.2 6 0.3 Nitrogen monoxide 25 50 40 C sulfur-containing anhydride 3.25 0, 39 0 Aldehyde 7.8 2.6 0 Coal particles 32.5 6.5 0

BIOFUEL for cars Biofuel is obtained from various parts of plants. In Brazil, 90% of the vehicle fleet is equipped with alcohol engines, and ethyl alcohol is obtained from sugar cane. In Europe, the USA, Canada and other countries, biofuels are produced based on vegetable oils - soybeans, rapeseed, coconuts, etc. Modern types of biofuels are inexpensive - the cost is approximately equal to gasoline, and when biofuel is burned, safe substances are formed - carbon dioxide and water.

Electric car - eco car

One battery charge is enough for 100 km of travel (charging takes 8 hours) Very expensive and low-power. Therefore, for now they are used for municipal services (mowing lawns, cleaning streets, delivering groceries to stores, etc.) Currently, development is underway to create more powerful electric vehicles that will not be inferior to traditional models in terms of technical characteristics.

Hydrogen car

An environmentally friendly type of transport, because When hydrogen fuel is burned, water is formed. But... hydrogen is a highly explosive gas!!! Problem! Hydrogen fuel is very expensive and there is no network of gas stations. In mid-August 2017, the Japanese automobile concern Toyota announced the start of sales in the domestic market of the world's first production car with a hydrogen engine. The model was called "Toyota Mirai", which translated from Japanese means "future".

"Toyota Mirai"

Under the hood of the innovative sedan there is an electrochemical generator with a capacity of 154 horsepower. The power plant is powered by hydrogen fuel cells. Electricity is generated as a result of a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.

Hydrogen is pumped under pressure into cylinders located in the front and rear of the body, and oxygen enters through air intakes in the radiator. One hydrogen refueling, which takes only three to five minutes, is enough for approximately 650 km of travel. In terms of speed characteristics, the car is not inferior to its conventional counterparts: it is capable of reaching speeds of up to 180 km/h, and accelerates to 100 km/h in 9 seconds.

The maximum efficiency of converting hydrogen into electric current is 83%; for the most modern gasoline engines, this figure barely approaches 40%. And most importantly, it is physically impossible to seriously increase it. The Japanese propose extracting fuel from sewage (recycling the latter at the same time) or using by-product hydrogen produced in various types of chemical production. They say that the world receives so much of it that it is enough to fuel 250 million Mirai sedans.

The Toyota Mirai went on retail sale at a price of about $60 thousand. Toyota hopes that by 2025, at least 2 million hydrogen vehicles will be driving on Japanese roads.

Economic mechanisms trying to reduce the harmful impact of cars on the environment: - in the Russian Federation, drivers bear only “internal costs” - buying gasoline, car repairs, paying insurance and taxes; - in European countries, in addition to “internal costs”, car owners also bear “external costs” - fees for environmental pollution. They are charged for parking and using highways and roads. In the USA there is a tax on motor oil.

Car owners are charged a special fee for entering the central part of the city. In many cities, centers are closed to vehicles; citizens can move within their boundaries either on foot or by bicycle. And finally, it is difficult to imagine a situation in Germany or Sweden where a car would “sleep” in the yard, on the lawn, on the side of the road, etc. If you don’t have a “home” for a car, then you shouldn’t buy one.

The functioning of the transport complex has a significant negative impact on the environment. At the same time, the level of pollution of the natural environment is currently occurring at a rate significantly higher than the rate of its natural recovery. In these conditions, transport environmental problems acquire particular importance.

In transport, it is customary to distinguish between mobile sources of environmental pollution (vehicles) and stationary sources (industrial and transport repair enterprises).

The negative impact of transport on the environment is manifested:

- pollution of the atmosphere, water bodies and lands, changes in the chemical composition of soils and microflora, generation of industrial waste, including toxic and radioactive;
- in the consumption of natural resources - atmospheric air, oil products and natural gas, water for industrial and domestic needs, land resources alienated for the construction of roads and railways, airports, pipelines, sea and river ports and other transport infrastructure facilities;
- in the release of heat into the environment;
- creating high levels of noise and vibration;
- in the possible activation of unfavorable natural processes (water erosion, waterlogging, formation of mudflows, etc.);
- in injuries and deaths of people and animals;
- destruction of soil and vegetation cover and reduction in crop yields.

In table Table 2.12 presents specific emissions of the main harmful substances by mode of transport.

Table 2.12

Specific emissions of pollutants, g/t km

As can be seen from table. 2.12 the largest specific emissions occur in road and air transport, tens and hundreds of times higher than similar emissions in other modes of transport for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (CH), nitrogen oxides (NO), carbon (C), sulfur dioxide (80 2). The most environmentally friendly are sea and rail transport. In general, motor transport accounts for 91.3% of air pollution, railway - 3.7%, sea - 2.7%, river - 0.9, air - 1.4%.

The scale of operation of the Russian transport system and its significant property complex determine a significant amount of environmental pollution. At the same time, the introduction of more energy-efficient vehicles, implementation of resource-saving measures and other measures lead to a reduction in specific emissions of harmful substances.

Automobile transport is one of the largest sources of environmental pollution. The relative share of motor transport in the total anthropogenic emissions of pollutants from all sectors of the economy is about 40% and more than 80% of the volume of harmful emissions from the transport complex (excluding pipeline transport).

Characteristic features of the harmful effects of mobile sources of road transport on the environment are high growth rates in the number of cars and their spatial dispersion, the close proximity of pollution sources to residential areas, higher toxicity compared to stationary sources, and the technical complexity of using pollution control means.

Environmental pollution from stationary sources of motor transport occurs during the evaporation of gasoline at gas stations, the formation of dust in the ground air layer near roads, and the alienation of significant land areas for roads.

The rapid growth of motorization of the population significantly increases the negative impact of motor transport on the environment, especially in large cities. Exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants along highways and in adjacent areas and noise pollution lead to an increase in morbidity among the population.

Vehicle fleet in 2001-2013 increased from 26.4 to 42.7 million units. At the same time, the amount of gross harmful emissions from motor vehicles decreased from 14.167 to 12.459 million tons. This means that the fleet was significantly updated with vehicles of higher environmental classes. However, the rate of decline in gross emissions from motor vehicles is gradually slowing down, which is due to the constant growth of the vehicle fleet and the slowdown in the renewal of the fleet with cars of Euro 4 and 5 environmental classes.

The intensive growth of motorization of the population, along with the continuing concentration of economic and social activity around urban agglomerations, leads to the alienation and degradation of lands used for temporary unorganized parking and storage of cars, and environmental pollution from transport waste. The accelerated renewal of the vehicle fleet and the constant increase in its number create a real threat to the environment, estimated at 85 billion rubles per year.

Railway transport It is considered one of the most environmentally friendly modes of transport. It is characterized by low specific emissions of harmful substances. Thus, railway transport is characterized by the lowest specific emissions of CH, GchIu x, C, 80 2. Specific carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are lower only in maritime transport (see Table 2.12).

At the same time, the scale of railway transport operation results in significant volumes of harmful emissions even at their low specific values. Noise, vibration, pollution of the right-of-way with small particles of transported goods, pollution of atmospheric air and wastewater are the main types of negative impact of mobile sources of this type of transport on the environment. The harmful effects of stationary sources (locomotive and carriage depots, factories for the production and repair of rolling stock, washing and steaming stations, etc.) consist in atmospheric air pollution with toxic substances (components of paints and varnishes, products of incomplete combustion of fuel, etc.), water consumption and wastewater pollution, etc. Mobile sources cause damage to the environment in the form of air and soil pollution, high levels of noise and vibration.

The construction of railways also causes significant damage to the environment. Such damage may include: seizure of land for the construction of permanent and temporary structures, communications, deforestation, violation of hydrogeological conditions of the area, waterlogging, etc.

Resource-saving and environmental protection measures implemented in railway transport are producing positive results. During 2007-2011 emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere from stationary sources decreased by 37%, discharges of contaminated wastewater decreased by 21%, and waste generation by 35%.

Negative impact on the environment sea and river transport manifests itself in the following:

- pollution of marine areas from coastal sources;
- overexploitation of marine resources;
- physical change/destruction of marine habitats;
- destruction of the marine and coastal environment due to the introduction of new (alien to a specific water area) species of organisms;
- pollution of water bodies with oil products and transported cargo;
- disruption of aquatic and coastal ecosystems during work to deepen the bottom of rivers and lakes.

Negative influence pipeline transport occurs during the construction of its facilities, during operation and in the event of emergency situations.

During the construction of pipeline transport facilities, land is alienated, natural landscapes and migration routes of wild animals are disturbed. During operation, atmospheric pollution occurs due to gas leakage through cracks. During accidents, volley releases of oil and gas occur, which leads to the pollution of large areas, extremely high concentrations of harmful substances, and the death of plants and animals.

In pipeline transport in 2011, there was a decrease in emissions into the atmosphere by 8.7%, and in the flow of contaminated wastewater without treatment - by 34.3%. At the same time, the volume of water intake increased (by 14.3%) and the volume of wastewater discharge (by 3.7%). In 2011, pipeline transport enterprises reclaimed more than 2 million hectares of disturbed land (16% more than in 2010).

Air Transport produces environmental pollution mainly in the form of noise (from the operation of aircraft engines, the use of airfield special vehicles, auxiliary power units), pollution of the biosphere by combustion products of aviation fuel. At the same time, aircraft flights at high altitudes and at high speeds lead to the fact that combustion products are dispersed in the upper layers of the atmosphere over large areas, which reduces the degree of their harmful effects on living organisms.

An integral criterion for the environmental efficiency of production activities of transport facilities is the degree of disruption of the natural balance in the region or country as a whole. The danger of disturbing the natural balance is quantitatively related to anthropogenic factors in the production and economic activities of people. If the natural environment is not able to cope with the impact of transport, it is necessary to provide treatment facilities or carry out restoration work. Balance in the natural environment is ensured by maintaining energy, water, biological, biogeochemical balances and their changes in a certain period of time. The quantitative characteristics of the listed balances depend on the geographical location of the regions, climatic conditions, the amount of resource use, natural phenomena and the degree of environmental pollution.

Balance in nature can be ensured using legal, socio-economic, organizational, technical, sanitary and hygienic, biological and other methods.

Transport spends significant funds on environmental protection and reducing negative impacts on it. Thus, in 2010, transport and communications organizations allocated 1,881.5 million rubles for these purposes. investments (2.1% of the total amount of investments for these purposes in the country) and 6918 million rubles were spent. within current costs (3.6% of the economy as a whole).

The Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 establishes the need to reduce specific levels of environmental impact by industry by 3-7 times by 2020. However, according to estimates of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, on all types of transport (except railway) this indicator is unattainable while maintaining the existing dynamics of environmental pollution.

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Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Russian State Geological Prospecting University named after. Sergo Ordzhonikidze"

(MGRI-RGGRU)

Oil and gas business

On the topic: The influence of motor transport on the ecology of the city

Discipline: General ecology

Completed by a 1st year student:

Khudaygulov Yulay Zakievich

group ZND-15

Checked by: Fedotova V.P.

MOSCOW 2016

8. Ways and methods of solving (actual and potentially possible) the problem under consideration

1. Motor transport and its impact on the city’s ecology

Nature is an integral system with many balanced connections. Violation of these connections leads to changes in the cycles of substances and energy established in nature. Modern society involves in production and consumption an amount of matter and energy that is hundreds of times greater than human biological needs, which is the main cause of the modern environmental crisis (high level and rapid increase in anthropogenic load on the natural environment). Today, human production activities involve the use of a variety of natural resources, including most chemical elements. The increased anthropogenic impact on the natural environment has given rise to a number of environmental problems. The most acute ones are related to the state of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

Some “changes,” such as air or water pollution, can directly affect the health and functioning of the body. Others have indirect effects, for example, carbon dioxide emissions affect the climate, which in turn affects food production; shifts in the concentration of nutrients lead to the death of some populations and rapid reproduction of others.

As a result of the accumulation of various pollutants in the atmosphere, primarily freons, the ozone layer is destroyed, which protects the earth's surface from solar radiation. Pollution entering the atmosphere returns to Earth with precipitation and ends up in water bodies and soil. Rivers, lakes and seas are polluted by wastewater from industrial and agricultural enterprises. It is believed that over 500 thousand different substances enter water bodies. Heavy metals - lead, mercury, zinc, copper, cadmium, which enter the reservoir, are actively absorbed by animals and fish, which either die themselves or poison people who use them as food.

Currently, reducing atmospheric air pollution with toxic substances emitted by industrial enterprises and road transport is one of the most important problems facing humanity. Air pollution has harmful effects on humans and the environment. The material damage caused by air pollution is difficult to estimate, but even with incomplete data it is quite large. A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation. Without a car, the existence of mankind is currently unthinkable. With intensive urbanization and the growth of megacities, road transport has become the most unfavorable environmental factor in protecting human health and the natural environment in the city. Thus, the car becomes a human competitor for living space.

Over the past decades, humanity has finally become convinced that the first culprit of air pollution - one of the main sources of life on our Planet - is the brainchild of scientific and technological progress - the car. A car, while absorbing the oxygen so necessary for life, at the same time intensively pollutes the air with toxic components that cause significant harm to all living and nonliving things. The contribution to environmental pollution, mainly the atmosphere, is 60 - 90%.

2. What is the problem, in what form and where does it manifest itself?

Pollutionairspentgasescars.

The main cause of air pollution is incomplete and uneven combustion of fuel. Only 15% of it is spent on moving the car, and 85% “flies to the wind.” In addition, the combustion chambers of a car engine are a kind of chemical reactor that synthesizes toxic substances and releases them into the atmosphere.

Moving at a speed of 80-90 km/h on average, a car converts as much oxygen into carbon dioxide as 300-350 people. But it's not just about carbon dioxide. The annual exhaust of one car is 800 kg of carbon monoxide, 40 kg of nitrogen oxides and more than 200 kg of various hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide is very insidious in this set. Due to its high toxicity, its permissible concentration in atmospheric air should not exceed 1 mg/m3. There are known cases of tragic deaths of people who started car engines with the garage door closed. In a single-occupancy garage, lethal concentrations of carbon monoxide occur within 2-3 minutes after the starter is turned on. In the cold season, when stopping for the night on the side of the road, inexperienced drivers sometimes turn on the engine to heat the car. Due to the penetration of carbon monoxide into the cabin, such an overnight stay may be the last.

The level of gas pollution on highways and highway areas depends on the intensity of vehicle traffic, the width and topography of the street, wind speed, the share of freight transport and buses in the total flow and other factors. With a traffic intensity of 500 transport units per hour, the concentration of carbon monoxide in an open area at a distance of 30-40 m from the highway decreases by 3 times and reaches the norm. It is difficult to disperse vehicle emissions in tight streets. As a result, almost all city residents experience the harmful effects of polluted air.

The rate of spread of pollution and its concentration in certain areas of the city are significantly affected by temperature inversions. Basically, they are typical for the north of the European part of Russia, Siberia, and the Far East and usually occur in calm weather (75% of cases) or in weak winds (from 1 to 4 m/s). The inversion layer acts as a screen from which a torch of harmful substances is reflected onto the ground, as a result of which their surface concentrations increase several times.

Of the metal compounds that make up solid emissions from automobiles, the most studied are lead compounds. This is due to the fact that lead compounds, entering the human body and warm-blooded animals with water, air and food, have the most harmful effect on it. Up to 50% of the daily intake of lead into the body comes from the air, of which a significant proportion is made up of vehicle exhaust gases.

Hydrocarbons enter the atmospheric air not only during the operation of cars, but also during gasoline spills. According to American researchers, about 350 tons of gasoline evaporate into the air in Los Angeles per day. And it is not so much the car that is to blame for this, but the person himself. They spilled a little while pouring gasoline into the tank, forgot to close the lid tightly during transportation, splashed it on the ground while refueling at a gas station, and various hydrocarbons were released into the air.

Noiseimpact.

In conditions of strong city noise, the auditory analyzer is constantly stressed. This causes the hearing threshold (10 dB for most people with normal hearing) to increase by 10-25 dB. Noise in big cities shortens human life expectancy. According to Austrian researchers, this reduction ranges from 8-12 years. Excessive noise can cause nervous exhaustion, mental depression, autonomic neurosis, peptic ulcers, disorders of the endocrine and cardiovascular systems. Noise interferes with people's ability to work and relax and reduces productivity.

Mass physiological and hygienic surveys of the population exposed to traffic noise in living and working conditions have revealed certain changes in people’s health. At the same time, changes in the functional state of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, and auditory sensitivity depended on the level of exposure to sound energy, on the gender and age of the subjects. The most pronounced changes were found in persons experiencing noise exposure in both work and everyday conditions, compared with persons living and working in conditions without noise. High noise levels in the urban environment, which are one of the aggressive irritants of the central nervous system, can cause overstrain. City noise also has an adverse effect on the cardiovascular system. Coronary heart disease, hypertension, and high blood cholesterol are more common in people living in noisy areas.

Noise greatly disrupts sleep. Intermittent, sudden noises, especially in the evening and at night, have an extremely unfavorable effect on a person who has just fallen asleep. A sudden noise during sleep (for example, the rumble of a truck) often causes severe fright, especially in sick people and children. Noise reduces the duration and depth of sleep. Under the influence of noise level of 50 dB, the time it takes to fall asleep increases by an hour or more, sleep becomes shallow, and after waking up people feel tired, headache, and often palpitations.

The lack of normal rest after a working day leads to the fact that the fatigue that naturally develops during work does not disappear, but gradually turns into chronic fatigue, which contributes to the development of a number of diseases, such as a disorder of the central nervous system, hypertension.

The highest noise levels of 90-95 dB are observed on the main streets of cities with an average traffic intensity of 2-3 thousand or more transport units per hour. The level of street noise is determined by the intensity, speed and nature (composition) of traffic flow. In addition, it depends on planning decisions (longitudinal and transverse profile of streets, height and density of buildings) and such landscaping elements as roadway coverage and the presence of green spaces. Each of these factors can change the level of transport noise by up to 10 dB.

In an industrial city there is usually a high percentage of freight transport on highways. An increase in the overall traffic flow of trucks, especially heavy-duty ones with diesel engines, leads to an increase in noise levels. In general, trucks and cars create a heavy noise environment in cities.

The noise generated on the roadway of the highway extends not only to the area adjacent to the highway, but also deep into residential areas. Thus, in the zone of greatest noise impact there are parts of blocks and microdistricts located along city-wide highways (equivalent noise levels from 67.4 to 76.8 dB). Noise levels measured in living rooms with open windows facing the indicated highways are only 10-15 dB lower.

The acoustic characteristics of traffic flow are determined by vehicle noise indicators. The noise produced by individual transport crews depends on many factors: engine power and operating mode, technical condition of the crew, quality of the road surface, and speed. In addition, the noise level, as well as the efficiency of vehicle operation, depends on the driver’s qualifications. The noise from the engine increases sharply when it starts and warms up (up to 10 dB). Moving a car at first speed (up to 40 km/h) causes excessive fuel consumption, while the engine noise is 2 times higher than the noise it creates at second speed. Significant noise is caused by sudden braking of the car when driving at high speed. The noise is noticeably reduced if the driving speed is reduced by engine braking until the foot brake is applied. Recently, the average noise level produced by transport has increased by 12-14 dB. That is why the problem of combating noise in the city is becoming increasingly acute.

3. Level of the problem under consideration

This problem is clearly global. All over the world, the number of cars is increasing exponentially every day. More and more people have their own car. But many people don’t think at all about where all this will ultimately lead. In order to preserve the automobile for humanity, it is necessary to, if not eliminate, then minimize harmful emissions. Work in this direction is being carried out all over the world and is yielding certain results. Cars currently produced in industrialized countries emit harmful substances 10-15 times less than 10-15 years ago. In all developed countries, standards for harmful emissions during engine operation are being tightened. In 2000, more stringent standards were introduced. There is not only a quantitative tightening of standards, but also their qualitative change. Thus, instead of restrictions on smoke, standardization of solid particles has been introduced, on the surface of which aromatic hydrocarbons dangerous to human health and, in particular, carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene, are adsorbed. The list of substances whose content must be controlled is constantly expanding.

4. Facts confirming that the problem described really poses an environmental hazard

Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, so intensely emitted by the seemingly innocent bluish smoke of a car muffler, are one of the main causes of headaches, fatigue, unmotivated irritation, and low productivity. Sulfur dioxide can affect the genetic apparatus, promoting infertility and congenital deformities, and all together these factors lead to stress, nervous manifestations, a desire for solitude, and indifference to those closest to you. In large cities, circulatory and respiratory diseases, heart attacks, hypertension and neoplasms are also more common. According to experts, the “contribution” of road transport to the atmosphere is up to 90% for carbon monoxide and 70% for nitrogen oxide. The car also adds heavy metals and other harmful substances to the soil and air.

The sensitivity of the population to the effects of air pollution depends on a large number of factors, including age, gender, general health, nutrition, temperature and humidity, etc. Elderly people, children, sick people, smokers suffering from chronic bronchitis, coronary insufficiency, asthma are more vulnerable.

The problem of the composition of atmospheric air and its pollution from vehicle emissions is becoming increasingly urgent. This can be seen in the example of Moscow. In 1982, the contribution of motor vehicles to total air pollution was 69%, in 1990 - 74.6%, and finally, in 1993 - 79.6%.

5. Anthropogenic factors leading to such changes in environmental conditions

The most significant factors of the negative impact of road transport on people and the environment are the following:

1) Air pollution;

2) Environmental pollution;

3) Noise, vibration;

4) Heat release (energy dissipation).

The fight against automobile danger is currently underway. Filters are being designed, new types of fuel are being developed that contain less lead. Reducing additives and switching to lead-free gasoline will raise a number of technical problems. So, in the future, it is possible to eliminate lead dispersion from internal combustion engines. But other harmful components will remain - carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, carcinogenic benz(a)pyrene, etc.

6. Environmental laws, the violation of which leads to the described problem

Environmental laws related to motor vehicles in force in Russia are described in Chapter 26 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Environmental Crimes”. These are the articles: 247 - « Violationrulesappealsecologicallydangeroussubstances Andwaste", 250 - “Water Pollution”, 251 - “Atmospheric Pollution”, 254 - “Damage of the Earth”.

There are laws, but do car owners and car manufacturers adhere to them? The answer suggests itself, because... The cars operated in the country do not comply with modern European toxicity limits and emit significantly more harmful substances than their foreign counterparts. There are several most important reasons for Russia's lag in this area:

-low culture operation cars . The number of faulty cars in operation is still very large even in Moscow;

- absence tough legislative requirements to the environmental qualities of cars. Since the beginning of the 90s, standards, which remained almost unchanged for 10 years, began to lag significantly behind European standards. In the absence of sufficiently stringent emission requirements, the consumer is not interested in buying more environmentally friendly, but at the same time more expensive cars, and the manufacturer is not inclined to produce them;

- lack of preparation infrastructure operation cars equipped in accordance with modern environmental requirements;

Unlike European countries, in our country we still difficult implementation neutralizers.

In recent years, the situation has begun to change for the better. Although the implementation of strict environmental standards occurs with a delay of 10 years, it is important that it has begun. For example, in Moscow, thanks to the implementation of appropriate measures, a certain trend has already emerged in reducing the emissions of harmful substances from motor vehicles. Already in 1998, emissions decreased by 165 thousand tons compared to 1997, despite the increase in the vehicle fleet.

7. Sections of ecology within which the problem under consideration is studied

The problem of the negative impact of motor transport on the environmental situation is studied mainly in applied ecology, and more precisely, in environmental engineering. Applied ecology is a large complex of disciplines related to different areas of human activity and the relationship between human society and nature.

And environmental engineering studies and develops engineering standards and means that meet the environmental requirements of production in transport, as well as in construction, mining and processing industries, and energy. This is the control and regulation of material and energy flows of production and man-made emissions (i.e. emissions, release of by-products) from various engineering facilities.

8. Ways and methods of solving the problem under consideration

car pollution atmosphere environment

The main ways to reduce environmental damage from transport are as follows:

1) optimization of urban transport;

2) development of alternative energy sources;

3) afterburning and purification of organic fuel;

4) creation (modification) of engines using alternative fuels;

5) noise protection;

6) economic initiatives for vehicle fleet and traffic management.

9. List of information sources

1) Sarkisov O.R., Lyubarsky E.L., Kazantsev S.Ya. Environmental safety and environmental and legal problems in the field of the environment. 2012 231 pp.

2) Akimov T.A., Haskin V.V., Ecology. Man - Economy - Biota - Environment: textbook. 2012 495 pp.

3) Vartanov A.Z., Shkuratnik V.L., Ruban A.D. Methods and instruments for environmental control and environmental monitoring. 2009 647 pp.

4) Mirkin B.M., Naumov L.G., Fundamentals of general ecology. 2005 240 pp.

5) Zhukov V.I., Gorbunova L.N., Sevastyanov S.V. Assessment of the impact of the transport and road complex on the environment. 2012 486 pp.

6) Shilov A.S. Public relations in environmental management. 2016 50 pp.

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Environmental Problems (Text in English with translation). The influence of motor transport on the ecology of the city. What is the elemental composition of motor fuel?