GEORGIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, Georgia, - Union Soviet Socialist Republic. Located in the center and west. parts of Transcaucasia. Area 69.7 thousand km 2, population -4954 thousand people. (1975). The average population density is 71 people. per 1 km2. The rural population is 51%. The main population is Georgians (66.8% according to the 1970 census); The population also includes Armenians, Russians, Azerbaijanis, Ossetians, Greeks, Abkhazians, etc. The capital is Tbilisi (1030 thousand inhabitants, 1976). Included in cargo. The SSR includes the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the South Ossetian Autonomous Region.
The largest cities: Kutaisi (177 thousand inhabitants), Rustavi (127 thousand inhabitants), Sukhumi (118 thousand inhabitants), Batumi (117 thousand inhabitants), Poti (54 thousand inhabitants). Cargo. The SSR was founded on February 25, 1921. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian Federation; On December 5, 1936, it became directly part of the USSR.
The climate of almost the entire territory of the republic is subtropical with moderately cold winters and long hot summers.
Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, Georgia was a backward agrarian national outskirts of Russia. During the years of Soviet power, as a result of the steady development of all sectors of the national economy, fundamental changes took place in the structure of the republic's economy. A powerful, highly developed industry has been created, including modern progressive industries, and a technically equipped diversified agriculture.
Health Organization
Before the establishment of Soviet power, devastating epidemics were observed in Georgia; overall and infant mortality were high. In 1913, per capita allocations for health care were only 90 kopecks. in year; there were only 2084 hospital beds, i.e. 8 beds per 10,000 people. The supply of doctors and paramedics was extremely low (see Table 4). There was almost no out-of-hospital network. In the village there were only 26 medical stations (132 hospital beds), in which 38 doctors worked. The population was forced to turn to healers.
Table 4. GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF DOCTORS, NURSING MEDICAL WORKERS (ALL DEPARTMENTS) AND PROVISION OF THEM IN THE POPULATION OF GEORGIA from 1913 to 1975
During the years of Soviet power, as a result of successes in the development of the economy and culture, the growth of the welfare of the people, the expansion, deepening and specialization of medical care, a significant improvement in the health of the population was achieved, an increase in the average life expectancy of the population of the republic from 32 years in 1913 to 73 years in 1969 .
Natural population movement of Georgia. The SSR during the years of Soviet power is characterized by a significant decrease in overall and child mortality rates. Data on the natural movement of the population of Georgia. SSR are given in table. 1.
Inpatient medical care is provided to the population by St. 500 hospital facilities. The number of hospital beds in the republic increased from 2,084 in 1913 to 48,020 in 1975, or more than 23 times. The general level of provision of the population with hospital beds in the system of the Ministry of Health Georgia. By 1976, the SSR reached 96.9 per 10 thousand people. The number of children's somatic beds, gynecological, oncological and other profile beds has especially increased, which is associated with the process of active specialization of medical care. Data on the growth in the number of hospital beds by specialty in Georgia and the provision of beds to the population are presented in table. 2.
Table 1. VITAL INDICATORS OF THE POPULATION OF GEORGIA from 1913 to 1975 (per 1000 people)
Table 2. NUMBER OF HOSPITAL BEDS BY SPECIALTY AND PROVISION OF THEM FOR THE POPULATION OF GOODS. USSR from 1940 to 1975
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Indicators |
Number of beds by year |
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Total hospital beds |
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including: |
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therapeutic |
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surgical |
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children's somatic |
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for pregnant women and women in labor |
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gynecological |
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tuberculosis |
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oncological |
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dermatovenerological |
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infectious (for children and adults) |
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Provision of population with beds per 10,000 people. |
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(all specialties)
Table 3. GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF TREATMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC DEPARTMENTS (OFFICES) IN TREATMENT AND PREVENTIVE INSTITUTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH GROUP. USSR from 1950 to 1975
In 1973, a new modern complex of a republican clinical hospital was built; a large complex of research institutes of oncology, radiology and medical radiology with 500 beds in Tbilisi, hospitals with 500 beds each in Makharadze, in Kutiri of the Tsulukidze district, in Vladimirovka of the Gulripsha district are under construction. -na, for 400 beds in Zugdidi, for 300 beds in Tskhinvali, for 264 beds in Sagarejo, etc. The construction of a rehabilitation hospital for 520 beds in Tbilisi has also begun. In 1975, a hospital building for patients with diseases of the ear, nose and throat and two clinical buildings of research institutes of therapy and cardiology were put into operation.
The number of outpatient clinics in Georgia before the Great October Socialist Revolution was so small that the majority of the working population could not use them. In 1913, there were 12 outpatient clinics, 37 medical and 17 paramedic stations in Georgia. From the first years of Soviet power, along with the growth of the network of hospital institutions, the network of outpatient clinics and clinics began to expand. Thus, in Tbilisi alone in 1924 there were already 13 outpatient clinics.
In general, during the years of Soviet power, the number of non-hospital institutions increased from 66 in 1913 to 1345 in 1975, i.e. more than 20 times.
Since the late 60s. large multidisciplinary clinics, outpatient departments of hospitals and medical units are being built for 800-1200 or more visits per shift; Cardio-rheumatological, endocrinological and other specialized offices, departments and centers are organized on the basis of these institutions.
The network of children's outpatient clinics, clinics and antenatal clinics is developing at a particularly rapid pace: the number of these institutions increased from 283 in 1940 to 477 in 1975.
There are 74 ambulance and emergency medical care stations in the republic (1975). The population of Tbilisi alone is served by 84 brigades, the number of calls reaches 1,600 per day. In large cities, specialized medical care teams have been created (gynecological, pediatric, dental, oncological, neurological and anti-shock). Ambulances are radio-equipped.
From the first years of Soviet power, specialized medical care began to develop in Georgia; it received especially widespread development during the 9th Five-Year Plan (1971 - 1975). The republic's medical equipment is constantly improving. technology and equipment for hospitals and outpatient clinics. Significant changes in equipment have occurred in connection with the development of specialized medical care for the population. Data on the increase in the number of treatment and diagnostic departments (offices) in medical and professional institutions in Georgia. The USSR from 1950 to 1975 is presented in table. 3. There are 168 electrocardiographic rooms, 117 functional diagnostic rooms, 51 bacteriological, 43 serological, 180 biochemical and 20 cytological laboratories in the republic (1975).
Fighting tuberculosis
In the 20s A system for combating tuberculosis began to be created, and the first anti-tuberculosis institutions in Georgia were organized. In 1925, on the basis of the outpatient clinic, the first city anti-tuberculosis dispensary was organized in Tbilisi, and a year later the second city anti-tuberculosis dispensary was opened. In 1927, an anti-tuberculosis dispensary was organized in the Transcaucasian railway. d., anti-tuberculosis dispensaries in Kutaisi and Ozurgeti, orphanage-sanatorium in Tbilisi. In 1928, at the Department of Faculty Therapy of Medicine. Faculty of Tbilisi State University organized an assistant professorship in tuberculosis. In 1930, the Tbilisi Institute of Tuberculosis was opened. In 1936, the Department of Tuberculosis was organized at the Tbilisi Institute for Advanced Medical Training. The cadre of phthisiatricians in Georgia mainly grew up on the basis of the institute and the departments of tuberculosis. The republic has 26 anti-tuberculosis dispensaries, 75 offices, 11 tuberculosis hospitals and 18 specialized sanatoriums with 3,060 beds for the treatment of children (1975). Specialized boarding schools, forest schools and kindergartens have been opened. A fluorography center has been created for mass screening of the population. Prevention of tuberculosis through vaccination and revaccination, as well as chemoprophylaxis among persons in contact with tuberculosis patients, is widely carried out. As a result of the measures taken, the incidence of tuberculosis over the past 15 years has decreased by almost 3 times.
Fighting cardiovascular diseases
In order to organize cardio-rheumatological care for the population and conduct scientific research in the field of cardiovascular pathology, the Institute of Cardiology was created in Tbilisi in 1946. In 1958, a cardiorheumatological dispensary was organized. Out-of-hospital cardio-rheumatological care to the population in the M3 Gruz system. SSR is provided by 117 cardio-rheumatology rooms, as well as 117 functional diagnostic rooms and 168 ECG rooms. Methodological management of the network of medical professionals and institutions providing cardio-rheumatological and cardiological care is carried out by 14 inter-district cardio-rheumatological centers. To serve cardiac patients, more than 430 cardio-rheumatological beds have been deployed in the republic, most of which are deployed on the basis of clinical hospitals. In 1968, a republican heart attack center was organized on the basis of the Institute of Experimental Therapy. Issues of cardiac surgery are dealt with by the Institute of Surgery of the Ministry of Health of Georgia. SSR, Department of Thoracic Surgery and Department of Vascular Surgery of the Tbilisi Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians.
Oncological care
In 1958, the Oncology Research Institute was organized in Tbilisi, which is a scientific and methodological oncology center. There are 6 oncology clinics operating in the republic. In total, 600 oncology and X-ray radiological beds were deployed in the republic (1975), including 475 beds in oncology dispensaries of the USSR M3 system. Mass targeted preventive examinations are widely carried out among the population for the purpose of early detection of precancerous diseases and malignant tumors.
Dermatovenerological care
Before the establishment of Soviet power, venereal diseases were widespread in Georgia. There was no fight against them; there were no specialized medical institutions, with the exception of the only hospital for women in Tbilisi. To Gruz. The SSR operates 113 medical professionals and dermatovenerological institutions, including 35 dermatovenerological dispensaries, of which 22 have hospitals with 1,105 beds, 78 departments and offices. As part of the treatment prof. institutions have 43 serological laboratories, 358 dermatovenerologists work. The scientific, methodological and coordinating center for the fight against skin and venereal diseases is the Skin and Venereal Diseases Institute, organized in 1935 (Tbilisi), which provides advisory assistance to all institutions of this profile.
Dental care in
Dental care in the republic is provided by 34 dental clinics (5 of them for children), 713 departments and offices. Dental offices are organized in schools with a student population of 800 or more. To provide specialized dental surgical care, 90 beds have been deployed in the republic. Mobile dental outpatient clinics provide dental care to the population of mountainous and remote areas, as well as to livestock farmers on summer and winter pastures. Emergency dental care is provided to the population by dentists on duty at the emergency medical care station. There are 1,973 dentists, 359 dentists and 664 dental technicians working in the republic. Since 1950, departments of surgical, therapeutic and orthopedic dentistry have been organized at the Tbilisi Institute for Advanced Medical Studies. Particular attention is paid to dental care for children. The network of children's dental clinics and offices is increasing, Ch. arr. orthodontic.
Protection of motherhood and childhood
The first maternity hospital with 16 beds was opened in Tbilisi in 1873. Until 1921, in Georgia there were only 4 women's and 1 children's clinics owned by private individuals, 3 nurseries and 96 obstetric and gynecological beds.
By the end of 1975, there were 34 maternity hospitals (3083 beds) and 151 antenatal clinics in the republic; children's clinics and outpatient clinics -247. Until 1921, there were no dairy kitchens in Georgia; in 1975, there were 31 children's dairy kitchens. In 1975, there were 163 urban and 148 rural permanent nurseries with 9,547 places. In 1975 in Gruz. The SSR had 31 children's sanatoriums with 2,720 beds, of which 19 were somatic with 1,535 beds.
Before the establishment of Soviet power, for inpatient treatment of children in Tbilisi there was a department with 100 beds at the city hospital, built with private funds. In 1940 there were 1427 beds for sick children (including 1022 beds in infectious diseases hospitals), and in 1975 there were 27 children's hospitals with 3395 beds and, in addition, approx. 3,100 children's beds in other hospitals. With the increase in the number of children's institutions, the number of children's doctors has also increased. Until 1921 there were 10 of them, and in 1975 there were 2333.
In 1951, the Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health was organized, which is the basis for training and advanced training of medical staff of women's and children's medical institutions, as well as the organizational and methodological center for all obstetric and gynecological care in the republic.
Medical care for industrial workers
There are 14 medical units in the republic. In hospital medical units there are approx. 1880 beds (1975). Specialized departments equipped with modern medical equipment have been organized. equipment and apparatus. Much attention is paid to the organization and operation of workshop therapeutic areas.
Medical assistance to the rural population
After the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia, the network of both hospital and outpatient institutions providing medical care to the rural population grew. Central district hospitals are centers of qualified medical care for the population of rural areas; they represent all the main specialized departments - therapeutic, surgical, pediatric, gynecological, otorhinolaryngological, neurological.
The center for qualified and specialized assistance to rural residents is a republican hospital with a consultative clinic. The hospital has a department for on-site emergency and planned advisory medical care, which is intended for urgent visits of doctors to rural areas for the purpose of consultation, performing emergency surgical interventions, as well as for delivering patients to the republican hospital. The departments have a dignity. aviation and road transport. Medical professionals also take a significant part in providing inpatient and outpatient care to the rural population. city institutions, especially dispensaries and clinics of medical institutes of the republic.
During 1964-1974 The volume of outpatient, polyclinic and inpatient care for the rural population of Georgia has significantly increased and its quality has improved.
The material and technical base of rural medical facilities has improved. institutions. Large, multidisciplinary hospitals and clinics are being built in the regions. In 1971-1975 32 hospitals with 5,850 beds were built, of which 26 were multidisciplinary with 3,200 beds and 22 district clinics with 5,000 visits per shift. In 1975, 1,443 doctors and 7,900 paramedics worked in rural areas in Georgia.
Sanitary and Epidemiological Service
Before the establishment of Soviet power, especially dangerous infections (plague, cholera, smallpox), as well as malaria, were widespread in Georgia, from which entire villages died out; Every third resident had it. Epidemics of infectious diseases were common, but cases of these diseases were not recorded.
During the years of Soviet power, due to socio-economic transformations, increasing the well-being of the population, strengthening the material and technical base of healthcare, and the development of medical services. science, training highly qualified specialists and carrying out a complex of medical, professional, and sanitary-epidemiological measures, a number of infectious diseases have been eliminated in the republic: cholera, plague, smallpox, diphtheria, malaria. In 1975, polio, anthrax, brucellosis, and tetanus were recorded in Georgia only in isolated cases.
Before the establishment of Soviet power, not a single sanitary and anti-epidemic institution existed in Georgia. But at the end of the 19th century. the difficult sanitary situation forced the opening of quarantine (sanitary) points in the cities of Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Sukhumi, Poti, Batumi, Zestafoni, Khashuri, Gori and other places, where the so-called. quarantine service. In 1893, a permanent sanitary supervision (sanitary and medical inspection) was established in Tbilisi, which, however, did not have legal rights or any material base. Before this, some sanitary and anti-epidemic measures were carried out by the Caucasian Medical Center, created in 1864. society with the participation of the progressive public. In 1913, there were only 8 medical doctors in Georgia.
By 1975 in Georgia. The SSR operated 100 sanitary-epidemiological stations, including 3 republican, 1 regional, 66 district, 2 port, as well as 4 disinfection stations, 71 preventive disinfection departments. In 86 sanitary and epidemiological stations there are bacterial laboratories. As part of the dignity. Departments of the republican and regional SES have toxicology departments and physical-chemical departments. research methods, laboratory departments and groups for determining residual amounts of pesticides in food products. At the republican sanitary-epidemiological station, noise metering and radiological stations, laboratories, virological departments as part of bacterial laboratories were organized. In 1975, 1018 doctors and 3270 paramedics worked in the sanitary-epidemiological institutions and services of the republic.
Health education
The network of health education institutions in the republic includes 6 health education houses and 17 regional health education offices at medical and professional institutions (1975). There are 32 doctors and 124 paramedics in the republic. enlightenment. There are 59 national health universities, in which approx. 6 thousand people There are 4 national universities of medical progress. science and practice, 152 public health schools where St. 9 thousand people
Medical and physical education service
The Republican Medical and Physical Education Dispensary is an organizational and methodological center. Under his leadership, 9 medical and physical education clinics, 4 medical control rooms and 137 medical treatment rooms operate in the cities. physical education. The children's medical and physical education clinic, one of the first in the USSR, was organized in Georgia (Tbilisi); it has a hospital with 80 beds, where children with various disorders of the musculoskeletal system are treated (1974).
Sanatorium and resort assistance
The diversity of Georgia's topography, which determined the abundance of different climatic zones (from the mild climate of the humid subtropics of the Black Sea coast to the climate of mountainous areas of various altitudinal zones), the presence of approx. 2000 mineral water springs (almost all types found in nature) created extremely favorable conditions for the widespread development of the resort business. Before the establishment of Soviet power, the richest natural resources of Georgia were very little studied; treatment at resorts was a privilege of the wealthy segments of society. As a result of extensive research and survey work, the scientific and methodological leadership of the cut was headed by the Scientific Research Institute of Balneology and Physiotherapy named after. Koniashvili (established in 1926), the resort wealth of the republic was studied and systematized, and master plans for the development of resorts were developed. In the republic there are 284 sanatoriums of various profiles and recreational facilities (excluding one- and two-day ones) with a total number of beds of 60.5 thousand. Georgia has turned into an all-Union health resort, providing the opportunity for hundreds of thousands of workers of all union republics to relax and receive treatment. Every year approx. 2 million people
The most popular among the balneological resorts of Georgia are Tskaltubo (see) with thermal nitrogen-radon water, Menji with hydrogen sulfide waters, the Tbilisi balneological resort, which has thermal sulfur springs, and the mud resort of Akhtala. Among the drinking resorts, the most famous are Borjomi (see) with sodium bicarbonate water, Sairme with sodium calcium bicarbonate water, Java with sodium bicarbonate chloride water of the Essentuki-17 type. The mineral waters of Georgia are also used for treatment outside the resort: mineral waters are bottled from 13 deposits. The annual production of all mineral water bottling plants in the republic reaches 350 million bottles. Among the climatic resorts, the resorts of the Black Sea coast are especially popular, on a three-hundred-kilometer strip of which (from the Chorokhi River to the Psou River) there are coastal health resorts - Gagra (see),
In pre-revolutionary Georgia there were 145 privately owned and 7 hospital pharmacies, in which 107 pharmacists and 597 assistant pharmacists worked. They were mainly in cities. The rural population was almost completely deprived of medical assistance. There were no enterprises for the production of medicines, scientific pharmacies, institutions and scientific personnel in the field of pharmacy. With the establishment of Soviet power, medical industry enterprises were created in the republic: Tbilisi Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant, Batumi Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant, Tbilisi Plant of Organotherapeutic Preparations. The production and control of biol drugs is carried out by the Tbilisi Research Institute of Serums and Vaccines. The pharmacy network in the republic is widely developed. In 1975, in the GAPU M3 Gruz system. The SSR had 580 self-supporting pharmacies and 510 pharmacy points. When treating institutions had 134 pharmacies. The quality of medicines was studied in 18 control and analytical laboratories.
Medical personnel
In 1913, 461 doctors worked in Georgia, by 1975 their number increased more than 44 times, including 30 times in rural areas. The number of paramedics increased over the same period by more than 70 times (Table 4).
In Georgia in 1975, the level of availability of doctors per 10 thousand people reached 41.1. The rate of provision of the population of the republic with paramedical personnel is 100.8 per 10 thousand population.
Medical education
In pre-revolutionary Georgia there was not a single higher educational institution. In 1975, in the republic, in addition to the Academy of Sciences of Georgia. SSR, university, research institutes of various profiles, there was a medical institute, an institute for advanced training of doctors and 22 medical research institutes. In 1930, at the medical base. Faculty of Tbilisi University established a medical institute (see Tbilisi Medical Institute), which by 1975 had graduated more than 18 thousand specialists. In 1935, the Tbilisi State Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors was founded, where up to 1,200 doctors annually undergo specialization and advanced training in 20 different specialties. During the existence of the institute, over 40 thousand doctors received specialization or improved their qualifications. In 1975, 13 medical schools of the republic graduated more than 2 thousand people as nurses, paramedics, midwives, and laboratory assistants.
Medical science
Georgian medicine has long historical traditions. Back in the 17th and 18th centuries, marked by the rise of national culture, original works on medicine appeared. After Georgia joined Russia, Georgian honey. Science was greatly influenced by Russian as well as Western European medicine. However, the colonial policy of tsarism limited its development. With the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia, intensive development of honey began. science and preparation of national scientific medical. frames.
In 1933, under the Tbilisi state. University, on the basis of a physiological laboratory, on the initiative of I. S. Beritashvili, the Institute of Experimental Biology was founded, which in 1935 was renamed the Institute of Physiology named after. prof. I. S. Beritashvili, in which research is conducted on problems of human and animal physiology, molecular biology, biophysics, biochemistry and radiobiology, as well as current issues of practical medicine. Since 1965, the efforts of scientists at the Institute of Physiology named after. acad. I. S. Beritashvili are aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of memory, its various disorders and the influence of pharmacological agents. The biophysical direction of research was started at the institute and subsequently widely developed.
Great achievements in the development of honey. science belongs to the scientists: A. S. Aladashvili, N. V. A ntelava, M. M. Asatiani, S. S. Virsaladze, N. S. Kakhiani, N. A. Kipshidze, I. G. Koniashvili, N. I Makhviladze, G. M. Mukhadze, V. M. Tsinamdzgvarishvili, Y. P. Tsulukidze, K. D. Eristavi, etc. Significant contribution to the development of Soviet medical science. science contributed by scientists D. M. Gedevanishvili, O. N. Gudushauri, N. A. Javakhishvili, A. D. Zurabashvili, N. N. Kipshidze, M. E. Komakhidze, G. M. Maruashvili, D. G. Mamatavrishvili , V. M. Okudzhava, I. K. Pipia, P. M. Sarajishvili, S. N. Khechinashvili, G. D. Khundadze, K. V. Chachava, S. N. Chekhinashvili and others.
In 1975, more than 2 thousand scientific workers worked in the republic in the field of medical science, of which 1092 were candidates and 283 doctors of medicine. Sci. To Gruz. The SSR has 158 scientific medical institutions. society
Budget
For healthcare, medical development. science and medical training significant allocations are made annually for human resources. The republic's healthcare budget is constantly growing. Thus, in 1971 it amounted to 161.4 million rubles, and in 1974 - 188.2 million rubles. Per capita per year it was 39 rubles. 98 kop.
Bibliography: 50 years of Soviet Georgia, Statistical collection, Tbilisi, 1971; Shengelia M. S. History of medicine in Georgia, Tbilisi, 1967.
I. Sh. Zedgenidze.
In 1921-1936 it was officially called Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia. It was formed on February 25, 1921. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The only ruling party is the Communist Party of Georgia.
The Georgian SSR included:
- Abkhaz ASSR (from March 31, 1921 to February 19, 1931, it was called the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia and was in treaty relations with the Georgian SSR, enjoying greater autonomy compared to the ASSR)
- Adjara ASSR (until December 5, 1936 - Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic of Adjaristan)
On November 14, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Georgian SSR announced a transition period until the restoration of independence and, in connection with this, renamed the republic Republic of Georgia. On March 31, 1991, a referendum was held on the restoration of state independence of Georgia and, following its results, on April 9, 1991, the Supreme Council of Georgia, headed by Zviad Gamsakhurdia, declared independence from the USSR. However, before the collapse of the USSR, Georgia (like other republics, with the exception of the Baltic ones) was not recognized by the international community as an independent state and formally continued to be part of the Soviet Union until December 26, 1991.
History of the Georgian SSR
Background
On May 7, 1920, the Georgian Republic entered into an agreement with the RSFSR, according to which it was supposed to sever all ties with the Russian counter-revolution, withdraw foreign military units from Georgia, and legalize Bolshevik organizations, but did not fulfill a single obligation. The Bolsheviks were forced to remain in a semi-legal position.
On the night of February 12, 1921, in the Borchali and Akhalkalaki districts of Georgia, local communists rebelled. The Bolsheviks occupied Gori, Dusheti and the entire Borchalinsky district. On February 16, 1921, in Shulaveri, the Revolutionary Committee of Georgia, headed by Chairman F.I. Makharadze, A.A. Gegechkori, V.E. Kvirkvelia and others, proclaimed the “Georgian Soviet Republic” and asked for military assistance to the government of the RSFSR. On February 25, 1921, units of the Red Army entered Tbilisi, abandoned the day before by Entente troops and units of the Georgian militia. The fugitives hastily liberate Batumi, captured by Turkish troops, and are evacuated by sea to France.
On March 2, 1922, the first constitution of the Georgian SSR was adopted.
On March 4, 1921, the Military Council of one of the divisions of the Red Army of the RSFSR established Soviet power in Sukhumi, and the independent Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia was formed.
On March 5, troops of the Red Army of the RSFSR established Soviet power in Tskhinvali.
On March 16, 1921, in Moscow, the RSFSR and Turkey signed an agreement under which Turkey renounced Batumi and the northern part of Adjara. According to the agreement, Adjara is recognized as part of the Georgian SSR. After 2 days - on March 18, the Menshevik government of Georgia was expelled from Batumi (Adjara).
Georgia as part of the TSFSR
Georgians played a huge role among the leadership of the USSR. Among the most famous Georgian political figures are I.V. Stalin, L.P. Beria, G.K. Ordzhonikidze and others.
On February 19, 1931, the Abkhaz SSR as part of the Georgian SSR was transformed into an autonomous republic of Georgia.
On March 15, 1935, for the outstanding successes achieved by the working people of the republic in the field of agriculture and industry, the Georgian SSR was awarded the Order of Lenin.
Georgia within the USSR
In November 1951, state security authorities launched a Mingrelian case directed against Lavrentiy Beria.
In March 1956, mass rallies and demonstrations took place in Tbilisi, caused by N. S. Khrushchev’s speech at the 20th Congress of the CPSU with a report exposing I. V. Stalin. There were casualties during the suppression of protests.
In December 1965, for the great successes achieved by workers in the development of the national economy and cultural construction, the Georgian SSR was awarded the second Order of Lenin.
It is noted that in Soviet times the standard of living in Georgia was significantly higher than the all-Union one, in particular due to the fact that, being weakly industrialized, it received high incomes thanks to artificially raised selling prices for agricultural products. In one of his interviews, Eduard Shevardnadze called Georgia “an oasis within the USSR.” Professor of Soviet history at Tbilisi University Lasha Bakradze noted (2013) that many Georgian citizens remember the Soviet era as a time of stability and prosperity.
In the 1970s, a dissident movement led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Merab Kostava emerged in Soviet Georgia.
On April 14, 1978, mass demonstrations took place in Tbilisi to protest against the deprivation of the Georgian language as a state language.
Declaration of independence of Georgia
On the night of April 9, 1989, a rally of thousands under national liberation slogans in the center of Tbilisi was brutally dispersed by troops, resulting in the death of 21 people. From this moment on, anti-Soviet and nationalist sentiments sharply increased in Georgia. In the summer of the same year, clashes began between Georgians living in Sukhumi and Abkhaz separatists, at the end of November from outside [ ] provoked the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict.
On March 9, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic adopted a resolution “On guarantees for the protection of the state sovereignty of Georgia” in which it declared that the entry of Soviet Russian troops into Georgia in February 1921 and the occupation of its entire territory was “from a legal point of view, military intervention (intervention) and occupation with the aim of overthrowing the existing political system" (the Georgian Democratic Republic), "and from a political point of view, actual annexation. Condemning “the occupation and actual annexation of Georgia by Soviet Russia as an international crime,” the Supreme Court announced that it seeks to annul the consequences of the violation of the Treaty of May 7, 1920 year for Georgia and to the restoration of the rights of Georgia recognized by Soviet Russia by this treaty. It was also announced that negotiations on the restoration of an independent Georgian state would begin, since the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR, according to the deputies, “was illegal in relation to Georgia.”
On October 28, elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR are held, in which the nationalist bloc of Zviad Gamsakhurdia wins.
On November 14, 1990, a session of the Supreme Council of the Georgian SSR took place, where Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected chairman of the Supreme Council. By the decision of this session, a transition period was declared until the restoration of Georgia’s independence (which only the Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR could do) and in connection with this, the republic changed its name to “ Republic of Georgia"(which did not correspond to Article 71 of the USSR Constitution). The flag and coat of arms of the Georgian Democratic Republic were adopted as state ones. Gamsakhurdia proclaimed a course towards a unitary state without autonomies.
On March 17, 1991, it was prohibited to hold the USSR Referendum “On the Preservation of the USSR” in the Republic of Georgia (Georgian SSR). However, it was held in the building of the regional party committee of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region, in accordance with the Constitution of the USSR.
On March 31, 1991, in the Republic of Georgia (Georgian SSR), a referendum on restoring the independence of Georgia was held, not provided for by the USSR law of April 3, 1990 “On the procedure for resolving issues related to the secession of a union republic from the USSR” on the restoration of the independence of Georgia on the basis of the Act of Independence of May 26 1918. The majority of voters voted in favor.
On April 9, 1991, based on the results of the referendum, the Supreme Council of the Georgian SSR adopted an act restoring the state sovereignty of Georgia as the legal successor of the Georgian Democratic Republic. The act of restoration of independence declared the validity of the Constitution of the Georgian Democratic Republic of 1921. However, after the collapse of the USSR, Georgia was recognized by UN members as a former Soviet republic.
Economy of the Georgian SSR
The economy of the Georgian SSR was part of the economy of the USSR. The currency in the Georgian SSR was the Soviet ruble.
In 1928, 183 thousand workers and employees worked in the Georgian SSR. Until 1970, this value increased to 1 million 490 thousand people, of which 385 thousand people were employed in industry. Thus, the working population has increased more than 8 times. The economy of the Georgian SSR focused on industry and agriculture.
The republic's industry was based on rich mineral and hydropower resources and agricultural products. Georgia provided 99% of the tea and 95% of the citrus fruits of the USSR. Products were produced by electric locomotive, machine tool and aircraft factories in Tbilisi, metallurgical and chemical plants in the city. Rustavi. The Zemo-Avchala hydroelectric power station, Enguri hydroelectric power station, Rioni hydroelectric power station, Sukhumi hydroelectric power station, Chitakhev hydroelectric power station, Tkvarcheli and Tbilisi thermal power stations were built. The republic produced up to half of the world's production of manganese, which was mined at the Chiatura manganese deposit.
Population of the Georgian SSR
Leadership of the Georgian SSR
Science of the Georgian SSR
Main article: Science of the Georgian SSR
The main scientific institution of the Georgian SSR was the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, formed in 1941 on the basis of the Georgian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and a number of research institutions that previously existed at Tbilisi State University.
Culture of the Georgian SSR
Main article: Culture of the Georgian SSR
Cinematography was actively developing in the Georgian SSR. The most famous actors include Vakhtang Kikabidze, Sergo Zakariadze, Veriko Andzhaparidze and many others. Georgian directors are also famous, for example, Georgiy Danelia, Otar Ioseliani, Tengiz Abuladze and others.
In the Georgian SSR, republican newspapers were published: “Komunisti” (in Georgian), “Zarya Vostoka” (in Russian), “Council of Kurchustany” (in Azerbaijani), “Sovetakan Vrastan” (in Armenian), Koxә d Madinxә (in Assyrian).
Since 2011, the day of the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia has been celebrated as Occupation Day. During the years of the “occupation regime,” hydroelectric power stations were built there, tourism and industry developed, and the standard of living was one of the highest in the Union...
Special position
The Georgian SSR was in a special position within the Soviet Union. This was caused by objective factors. Firstly, Joseph Stalin was born in Georgia. In addition, other Georgians, such as Grigory Ordzhonikidze and Lavrenty Beria, were part of the supreme power in the USSR. Political activity in the Georgian SSR has always been very high, and the cult of Stalin, for obvious reasons, was especially strong. 
A favorable economic regime was created in the Georgian SSR. The Republic annually received substantial subsidies from the Union budget. The per capita consumption level in Georgia was 4 times higher than the same production indicator. In the RSFSR, the consumption rate was only 75% of the production level.
After Nikita Khrushchev's famous report on February 14, 1956, exposing the cult of personality, mass uprisings began in Tbilisi. Already on March 4, people began to gather at the monument to Stalin in the Georgian capital, the communist Parastishvili climbed onto the pedestal of the monument, drank wine from a bottle and, breaking it, said: “Let Stalin’s enemies die just like this bottle!”
Peaceful rallies took place for five days. On the night of March 10, wanting to send a telegram to Moscow, a crowd of thousands headed to the telegraph. Fire was opened on her. According to the Georgian Ministry of Internal Affairs, during the suppression of the unrest, 15 people were killed and 54 were wounded, 7 died in hospitals, 200 people were arrested.
Throughout the Union, the dismantling of monuments to Stalin began, only in Gori, in the homeland of the “leader of the peoples,” with the special permission of Khrushchev, the monument was left. For a long time it remained the most famous monument to Stalin, but it was also dismantled in our time, on the night of June 25, 2010. By order of Mikheil Saakashvili.
Guilt
Georgia cannot help but be associated with wines, and Georgians in the cultural field of the Soviet Union invariably acted as a toastmaster and a connoisseur of long, beautiful toasts. 
The Georgian SSR was one of the main and oldest wine-producing regions of the Soviet Union, and Georgian wines became an internationally recognized brand. It is known that at the Yalta Conference, Stalin treated Winston Churchill to Georgian Khvanchkara wine, after which the British minister became a devoted connoisseur of this brand.
Stalin himself loved the wines “Kindzmarauli”, “Khvanchkara” and “Majari”.
High-quality table and fortified wines were produced in Georgia. The production of grape wines was carried out by Samtrest enterprises, which included exemplary state farms: Tsinandali, Napareuli, Mukuzani, Kvareli in Kakheti and Vartsikhe in the western part of Georgia.
The champagne wine factory produced Soviet champagne and grape wines. By the 1960s, 26 brands of wine were produced in Georgia: 12 dry table wines, 7 semi-sweet wines, 5 strong brands, 2 sweet dessert wines.
Tourism
Due to optimal climatic conditions, the Georgian SSR was a real tourist Mecca of the Soviet Union. For Soviet citizens, Georgian resorts replaced Turkey, Egypt, and other hot foreign countries. In the resort of Abkhazia, which was part of the Georgian SSR, there were the most fashionable resorts of the USSR, Pitsunda and Gagra. 
During the Soviet era, Georgia was the best training base for Soviet alpine skiers. Also, Georgia in general and Svaneti in particular became the main mountaineering bases of the Soviet Union.
Mountain climbs and climbs to the peaks of the Caucasus Mountains were periodically held here. A great contribution to the development of Soviet mountaineering and rock climbing was made by Mikhail Vissarionovich Khergiani, 7-time champion of the USSR and Honored Master of Sports of the Soviet Union.
Georgian tea
In addition to wine, the Georgian SSR was famous for its tea. Its quality, according to William Pokhlebkin, was competitive (at the global level), although with reservations. 
Despite the fact that attempts to establish and organize tea production have been made in Georgia since the middle of the 19th century, its quality left much to be desired, and the volume of plantations did not even reach 900 hectares.
In the early 1920s, young plantations were planted in Georgia, and active and fruitful breeding work began. In 1948, Ksenia Bakhtadze managed to develop artificial hybrid varieties of tea: “Gruzinsky No. 1” and “Gruzinsky No. 2”. For them she was awarded the Stalin Prize. The later variety “Georgian selection No. 8” was able to withstand frosts down to -25. This variety became a real sensation.
During Soviet times, Georgian tea became a brand known outside the Union. At the end of the 70s, it was already exported to Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Finland, Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Iran, Syria, South Yemen and Mongolia.
Flowers, tangerines and the shadow economy
Soviet people did not understand much about the specifics of the ethnic diversity of the Caucasian peoples, so the image of a Georgian, a resourceful and wealthy businessman, was rather collective. However, in some ways he was correct. 
In terms of industrial production, the Georgian SSR did not give the Soviet Union much, but the Georgians provided Soviet citizens with everything they needed for holidays: citrus fruits, wine, tea, tobacco, mineral water.
The Georgian SSR, according to economist Kennan Eric Scott of the Washington Institute, supplied 95% of tea and 97% of tobacco to Soviet shelves. The lion's share of citrus fruits (95%) also went to the regions of the USSR from Georgia.
In his report at the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, Eric Smith also noted that Georgians played a significant role in the formation of the shadow economy of the Soviet Union, shaping the market of the late USSR along the lines of “diaspora competition.”
Album “Soviet Georgia”
The album was released in the GDR in 1977. 
Tbilisi 
Sukhumi 
Batumi 
Pitsunda 
Gagra 
Borjomi, Likani 
Mestia 
Kutaisi 
Tskhinvali 
Sanatorium "Dzau" in Java 
Gori, Stalin Museum 
Kutaisi 
Georgia 1977. Photo report on the journey of a certain Erhard K. across the USSR. The photographs fully confirm the well-known opinion that in terms of living standards the Georgian SSR was one of the first places in the Union. We lived quite well back then. You can judge at least by the number of private cars... 
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian ბლიკა) is one of the republics of the Soviet Union. It existed from December 30, 1922 to April 9, 1991.
The Georgian SSR was formed in 1921. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
The Georgian SSR was located in the northwestern part of Transcaucasia, now the territory of Georgia. The neighboring republics were: the RSFSR in the north, the Azerbaijan SSR in the east and southeast, and the Armenian SSR in the south. The republic also had a section bordering Turkey.
The Georgian SSR included:
Abkhazian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Adjara Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, South Ossetian Autonomous Region
On November 15, 1990, it was renamed the “Georgian Republic,” which formally remained part of the USSR until its collapse in 1991.
In 1921, Georgia received the status of a Soviet republic. However, in December 1922 it was included in the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (TSFSR), which existed within the USSR from December 30, 1922 to 1936. After the collapse of the TSFSR, Georgia again became one of the union republics.
Georgians played a huge role among the leadership of the USSR. Among the most famous Georgian political figures are I.V. Stalin, L.P. Beria, Sergo Ordzhonikidze and many others.
In the 1970s, a dissident movement emerged in Georgia led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Merab Kostava.
After the start of Perestroika and Gamsakhurdia coming to power, a course towards a unitary state without autonomies was proclaimed. On April 9, 1991, the Supreme Council adopted the Act on the Restoration of State Independence of Georgia and recognized the Act of Independence of 1918 and the Constitution of Georgia of 1921 as valid.
First Republic 1917-1921
February 1917 - bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia. After the October Revolution of 1917, a coalition government of Transcaucasia (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia) was created in Tbilisi - the Transcaucasian Commissariat, which united Georgian (Mensheviks), Armenian (Dashnaks) and Azerbaijani (Musavatists) bourgeois-nationalist parties. The new state entity faced the question of recognizing the results of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, according to which Lenin’s Russia gave Turkey not only the territories conquered during the First World War, but also the districts of Kars, Ardahan and Batum. “Recognition of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty would mean that Transcaucasia as an independent republic would cease to exist and become a province of the Turkish Empire,” said I. G. Tsereteli, Chairman of the Transcaucasian Sejm. This position led to the breakdown of peace negotiations at the conference in Trabzon in March-April 1918. As a result of brief military operations, the Turks occupied Batumi, Ozurgeti, Akhaltsikhe and a number of other territories.
April 1918 - Transcaucasia was declared an “independent federal democratic republic,” but it quickly collapsed, and already on May 26, 1918, the Mensheviks, among whom were such outstanding figures as N. S. Chkheidze (since 1918 - Chairman of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia), I. G. Tsereteli, N.N. Zhordania (from July 24, 1918 - head of government) declared Georgia an “independent republic”.
May - June 1918 - according to the agreement between Germany (German representative - Werner von der Schulenburg) and the Menshevik government, German troops entered Georgia to defend against the Turks. On June 4, the Georgian government signs a peace treaty with Turkey, according to which a significant part of the country’s territory goes to Turkey (territories larger than under the terms of the Brest Peace Treaty).
December 1918 - after Germany's defeat in the war, German-Turkish troops are replaced by the British, who remain here until July 1920, guarding the Batum-Baku railway. Georgian general G. Mazniev (Mazniashvili) occupied the Sukhumi district, Gagrinsky district, Adler, Sochi, Tuapse and Khadyzhensk. At the Paris (Versailles) Peace Conference in the spring of 1919, Georgia motivated its claims to Sochi and Adler as follows: “From an ethnographic point of view, the annexation to Georgia of the territory between the Makopse River and the Mzymta River, which [territory], by the way, belonged to it [Georgia] in the past [during the time of Queen Tamara], cannot cause objections. After the forced eviction from here in the 19th century. local Caucasian tribes, this region no longer has a specific ethnographic character.” In June 1919, Zhordania entered into an agreement with A.I. Denikin on a joint struggle against the Bolsheviks.
May 1920 - the Menshevik government concludes a peace treaty with the RSFSR.
February 1921 - The 11th Army of the RSFSR entered Georgia. Soviet-Georgian war.
March 4, 1921 - Soviet power was established in Abkhazia, the Abkhaz SSR was formed.
March 5, 1921 - Soviet power is established in Tskhinvali (Khussar Iriston).
March 16, 1921 - The RSFSR and Turkey sign an agreement under which Adjara and Batumi are recognized as part of Georgia, and 12 thousand sq. km. the territories of Georgia (most of Southwestern Georgia) are transferred to Turkey.
March 18, 1921 - the Menshevik government of Georgia was forced to leave Georgia.
July 16, 1921 - the Adjara Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is formed as part of Georgia.
December 16, 1921 - on the basis of the Union Treaty between the Georgian and Abkhaz SSR, the Abkhaz SSR becomes part of Georgia.
April 20, 1922 - The South Ossetian Autonomous Region was created as part of Georgia.
In 1922-1924, uprisings took place against Soviet power, demanding the restoration of state independence of Georgia.
Georgia as part of the USSR 1921-1991
March 12, 1922 - Georgia (together with Abkhazia), Armenia and Azerbaijan form a federal union. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, Georgia was part of the Transcaucasian Federation (TSFSR). Moreover, according to the constitution of the Abkhaz SSR, this republic is also part of the TSFSR (it is a subject), but through the Georgian SSR (since Abkhazia was in federal relations with Georgia).
December 30, 1922 - Georgia, as part of the Trans-SFSR, enters the USSR.
During the years of Soviet power, industrialization and collectivization of agriculture were carried out in Georgia. Entire new industries were created.
During the Great Patriotic War, several national Georgian divisions were formed on the territory of Georgia, participating in the battle for the Caucasus, in the battles for the liberation of the Taman Peninsula and Crimea. In total, about 700 thousand people from Georgia (a fifth of the republic’s population) took part in the war. 400 thousand of them died. In the summer of 1942, German troops reached the foothills of the Main Caucasus Range and tried to break into Abkhazia, but in the fall of 1942 they were driven back beyond the Main Caucasus Range.
In the period after the 20th Congress of the CPSU in Georgia, there was a rise, paradoxically, of both anti-Soviet and Stalinist sentiments. The peak point of this process was the mass riots in March 1956, which resulted in human casualties.
In the 1970s, Eduard Shevardnadze gained great fame and popularity as the first secretary of the local party organization, who led a widely publicized campaign against corruption and abuse. However, the overall results of the campaign were disappointing, and Jumber Patiashvili, who replaced Shevardnadze as first secretary, stated upon taking office that the situation in this regard remained extremely difficult.
In the last years of the existence of the Soviet Union, both Georgian and Abkhaz nationalists were active in Georgia. Since April 1989, daily rallies were held in Tbilisi demanding the restoration of Georgian independence. On the morning of April 9, troops attacked the meeting and dispersed it. Now April 9 is celebrated as a national holiday in Georgia - National Unity Day.
Independent Georgia (since 1991)
Already on October 28, 1990, the first multi-party parliamentary elections in the USSR were held in Georgia, in which national political organizations belonging to the Mrgvali Magida - Tavisupali Sakartvelo bloc (Round Table - Free Georgia; leader - former dissident Zviad Gamsakhurdia) won a convincing victory ). As a result of the elections, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia was formed, headed by Z. Gamsakhurdia. The creation of the Republic of Georgia was proclaimed, all previous state attributes of the Georgian SSR (Anthem, State Flag and Coat of Arms) were changed.
On April 9, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia adopted the “Act on the Restoration of State Independence of Georgia.” On May 26, 1991, presidential elections were held, in which Zviad Gamsakhurdia won.
Anthem (Stalinist version)
იდიდე მარად, ჩვენო სამშობლოვ, გმირთა კერა ხარ გაუქრობელი, ქვეყანას მიეც დიდი სტალინი ხალხთა მონობის დამამხობელი. შენი ოცნება ასრულდა, რისთვისაც სისხლი ღვარეო, აყვავდი, ტურფა ქვეყანავ ილხინე, ქართველთ მხარეო. დიდი ოქტომბრის შუქით ლენინმა შენ გაგინათა მთები ჭაღარა, სტალინის სიბრძნემ ძლევით შეგმოსა გადაგაქცია მზიურ ბაღნარად. მოძმე ერების ოჯახში დამკვიდრდი, გაიხარეო, აყვავდი, ტურფა ქვეყანავ ილხინე, ქართველთ მხარეო. აზრი, ხმალი და გამბედაობა, დღეს შენს დიდებას, ნათელ მომავალს სჭედს სტალინური წრთობის თაობა. საბჭოთა დროშა დაგნათის, მზესავით მოელვარეო, აყვავდი, ტურფა ქვეყანავ ილხინე, ქართველთ მხარეო.Anthem (Post-Stalin version)
იდიდე მარად, ჩემო სამშობლოვ, გმირთა კერა ხარ განახლებული, დიად პარტიის ნათელი აზრით ლენინის სიბრძნით ამაღლებული. შენი ოცნება ასრულდა, რისთვისაც სისხლი ღვარეო, მშრომელი კაცის მარჯვენით აყვავებულო მხარეო. დიდი ოქტომბრის დროშის სხივებმა შენ გაგინათეს მთები ჭაღარა, თავისუფლებამ და შემართებამ გადაგაქციეს მზიურ ბაღნარად. მოძმე ერების ოჯახში ამაღლდი, გაიხარეო, მეგობრობით და გმირობით გამარჯვებულო მხარეო. უხსოვარ დროდან ბრწყინავდა შენი აზრი, ხმალი და გამბედაობა, დღეს საქართველოს ნათელ მომავალს სჭედს ლენინური წრთობის თაობა. კომუნიზმის მზე დაგნათის, კაშკაშა, მოელვარეო, იდიდე მრავალჟამიერ, ჩემო სამშობლო მხარეო!Translation (Stalin's version)
Glory for centuries, my Fatherland, a renewed hearth of heroes, You gave the world the great Stalin, Destroyer of the slavery of peoples, Your dream came true, For which you shed your blood, Your beloved country flourishes, Prosper the Georgian region With the radiance of the Great October Lenin illuminated the gray mountains for you The power of Stalin's wisdom Turned you into a sunny one garden In the family of fraternal peoples Be strong and rejoice Flourish your beloved country Prosper the Georgian region Since time immemorial Your mind, your sword and your courage have shone.Today your glory and bright future are forged by the generation of Stalin's tempering.
The Soviet flag shines like the sun, flourish, beloved country, prosper, Georgian land