We present to the reader's attention one of the most important works of Russian historiography of the second quarter of the 18th century, a major work by the Russian Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev, on which the historian worked for 15-20 years. Tatishchev came to the main work of his life due to the confluence of a number of circumstances. Realizing the harm caused by the lack of a detailed geography of Russia and seeing the connection between geography and history, he found it necessary to first collect and consider all historical information about Russia. Since foreign manuals turned out to be full of errors, the historian turned to primary sources, studied chronicles and other materials. The book is addressed to a wide range of readers interested in the history of Russia.
Contents
- Book one. Part one
- Book one. Part two
- Book two
- Book three
- Book Four
- Book five, or according to the author, part four of the ancient Russian chronicle
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(1686 – 1750), Russian statesman, historian. He graduated from the Engineering and Artillery School in Moscow. He took part in the Northern War of 1700-21, carried out various military and diplomatic assignments of Tsar Peter I. In 1720-22 and 1734-37 he managed state-owned factories in the Urals, founded Yekaterinburg; in 1741-45 - Astrakhan governor. In 1730 he actively opposed the supreme leaders (Supreme Privy Council). Tatishchev prepared the first Russian publication of historical sources, introducing into scientific circulation the texts of Russian Pravda and Code of Laws of 1550 with a detailed commentary, and laid the foundation for the development of ethnography and source studies in Russia. Compiled the first Russian encyclopedic dictionary (“Russian Lexicon”). He created a general work on Russian history, written on the basis of numerous Russian and foreign sources, “” (books 1-5, M., 1768-1848).
“” Tatishchev is one of the most significant works in the entire history of Russian historiography. Monumental, brilliantly and accessiblely written, this book covers the history of our country from ancient times - and right up to the reign of Fyodor Mikhailovich Romanov. The special value of Tatishchev’s work is that the history of Russia is presented here IN ITS COMPLETENESS - in aspects not only military-political, but religious, cultural and everyday!
Adaptation from Late Slavic - O. Kolesnikov (2000-2002)
Russian History (Russian doref. Russian History; full title of the first edition: “Russian History from the most ancient times, with tireless labor thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan Governor Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev”) - a major historical work of the Russian historian Vasily Tatishchev , one of the most important works of Russian historiography of the second quarter of the 18th century, a significant stage in its transition from the medieval chronicle to the critical style of narration.
The “History” consists of four parts; some sketches on the history of the 17th century have also been preserved.
Only parts are relatively completed by V. N. Tatishchev and include a significant number of notes. In the first part, the notes are distributed among the chapters; the second, in its final edition, contains 650 notes. There are no notes in any part, except for the chapters on the Time of Troubles, which contain some references to sources.
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Founder of the Siberian archaeological school: +: A.P. Okladnikov
The organizer and director of the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences was: +: A.P. Okladnikov
The beginning of the revision of the past during the years of “perestroika” was associated with:
+: works of publicists +: works of writers
The compiler of the first edition of the PVL is considered to be +: Nestor
The compiler of the second edition of the PVL is considered to be: +: Sylvester
In the XYI century it was written:
+: “The story of the Grand Duke of Moscow” A.M. Kurbsky
In the XYI century it was written: +: Facial vault
In the XYI century it was written: +: Degree book
“The Story of the Grand Duke of Moscow” A.M. Kurbsky was created in: +: ХYI century.
“Scythian History” by A.I. Lyzlova was created in: +: XYII century.
The first printed (typographical) historical work in Rus' +:Synopsis
L1: “The story of the Grand Duke of Moscow”
R1: A.M. Kurbsky
L2: "Scythian history"
R2: A.I. Lyzlov
L3: "Story…"
R3: Fedor Griboyedov
R4: Nestor
“The Core of Russian History” was created: +: A.I. Mankiev
“The History of Emperor Peter the Great from His Birth to the Battle of Poltava” was created: +: F. Prokopovich
“Discourse on the Causes of the Swean War” was created by: +: P.P. Shafirov
“Russian History from the Most Ancient Times” was created by: +: V.N. Tatishchev
“Ancient Russian History” and “Brief Russian Chronicler” were created by:
+: M.V. Lomonosov
Correspondence between the title of the work and its author:
L1: “The history of Emperor Peter the Great from his birth to the Battle of Poltava”
R1: P.P.Prokopovich
L2: “Russian history from the most ancient times”
R2: V.N. Tatishchev
L3: “Brief Russian Chronicler”
R3: M.V. Lomonosov
L4: “Discourse on the causes of the Sveian War”
R4: P.P. Shafirov
L5: “The Core of Russian History”
R5: A.I. Mankiev
Forefather (father) Russian historical science usually considers:
+: V.N. Tatishcheva
+: A.L. Schletser
In the 18th century A historian of German origin worked in Russia: +: G.Z. Bayer
In the 18th century A historian of German origin worked in Russia: +: G.F. Miller
Attempts to restore the original text of the PVL and transfer scientific methods of criticizing sources to Russia were made by: +: A.L. Schletser
Job “On the Damage to Morals in Russia” belongs to:+: M.M. Shcherbatov
The work of M.M. Shcherbatov “On the damage to morals in Russia” was written in: +: ХYIII century
I.I. Golikov is a representative:
+: merchant (early bourgeois) direction Published by N.I. Novikov’s “Ancient Russian Vivliofika” was:
+: archival historical magazine
: Correspondence between the title of the work and its author:
L1 : "History of Russian Goverment"
R1: N.M. Karamzin
L2: “Brief Russian Chronicler”
R2: M.V. Lomonosov
L3: “Acts of Peter the Great, the wise transformer of Russia”
R3: I.I. Golikov
L4: “On the damage to morals in Russia”
R4: M.M. Shcherbatov
The Decembrists were representatives +: radical educational direction
is our first historian and last chronicler" (A.S. Pushkin)
+: Karamzin
Highly appreciated the work of N.M. Karamzin, the creator of a kind of “Karamziniad”: +: M.P. Pogodin+: second third of the 19th century
The works “The Accession to the Throne of Emperor Nicholas I” and “The Life of Count Speransky” were written: +: M.A. Corfu
+: N.I. Kostomarov
L1: N.M. Karamzin
R1: “History of the Russian State”
L2: N.I. Kostomarov
R2: “Russian history in the biographies of its most important figures"
L3: M.P. Pogodin
R3: “The fight, not to the stomach, but to the death, against new historical heresies”
L4: S.M. Soloviev
R4: “History of Russia since ancient times” in 29 volumes
+: N.K. Schilder
Books on the history of Russian emperors at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. wrote:
+: S.S. Tatishchev
Books on the history of Russian emperors, as well as reference books on the capital’s necropolises, were compiled at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries:
+: Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich (Romanov)
+: N.K. Mikhailovsky
“Essays on the history of the Time of Troubles in the Moscow State of the 19th – 19th centuries.” written by: +: S.F. Platonov
"Essays on the history of Russian culture" - +: P.N. Miliukov
“Russian History Course” was created by:+: V.O. Klyuchevsky
“Methodology of History” written+: A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky
A professional Marxist historian was: +: M.N. Pokrovsky
“Russian History from Ancient Times” and “Russian History in the Most Concise Essay” were written by a Marxist historian +: M.N. Pokrovsky
“Russian history from a sociological point of view” and “Russian history in comparative historical coverage” in 12 volumes are written: +: N.A. Rozhkov
Correspondence
L1: “Russian history course”
R1: V.O. Klyuchevsky
L2: “Russian history in the most condensed outline”
R2: M.N. Pokrovsky
L3: “Essays on the history of Russian culture”
R3: P.N. Miliukov
L4: “Russian history from a sociological point of view”
R4: A.N. Rozhkov
L5: “Essays on the history of the Time of Troubles in the Moscow State of the XYI – XYII centuries.”
R5: S.F. Platonov-
Life activities of Russian historians:
1: S.M. Soloviev
2: I.I. Golikov
3: M.T. Kachenovsky
4: V.N. Tatishchev
Chronological sequence
1: A.I. Mankiev
2: A.N. Radishchev
3: N.M. Karamzin
4: M.P. Pogodin
5: A.N. Rozhkov
Chronological sequence
1: P.P. Shafirov
2: M.M. Shcherbatov
3: N.A. Field
4: V.O. Klyuchevsky
5: B.D. Grekov
Chronological sequence
1: F. Prokopovich
2: I.N. Boltin
3: K.A. Aksakov
4: D.I. Ilovaisky
5: B.A. Rybakov
Chronological sequence
1: G.F. Miller
2: K.D. Kavelin
3: A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky
4: A.M. Pankratova
5: Yu.N. Afanasiev
Chronological sequence
1: G.Z. Bayer
2: N.M. Karamzin
3: B.N. Chicherin
4: S.F. Platonov
5: A.A. Zimin
Chronological sequence
1: A.L. Schletser
2: M.T. Kachenovsky
3: N.I. Kostomarov
4: G.V. Plekhanov
5: L.N. Gumilev
Chronological sequence
1: M.V. Lomonosov
2: N.G. Ustryalov
3: N.K. Schilder
4: M.N. Pokrovsky
5: M.V. Nechkina
He left a series of aphorisms on Russian history: +: V.O. Klyuchevsky
A representative of the Moscow historical school, who studied the reforms of Peter I and began preparing a detailed biographical chronicle of Peter the Great:
+: M.M. Theological
Representative of the Moscow historical school, leader of the Cadet Party, Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first Provisional Government: +: P.N. Miliukov
“Revelations of the diplomatic history of the 18th century.” written: +: K. Marx
The work “The Development of Capitalism in Russia” was written: +: V.I. Lenin
Promoted Marxism in Russia, polemicized with the populists
+: G.V. Plekhanov
Representative of the Marxist trend in Russia, author of the work “The Russian Worker in the Revolutionary Movement”: +: G.V. Plekhanov
The Chairman of the Socialist (Communist) Academy of Social Sciences was: +: M.N. Pokrovsky
The first rector of the Institute of Red Professorship was +: M.N. Pokrovsky
M.N. Pokrovsky was:
+: Chairman of the Socialist (Communist) Academy of Social Sciences
N.M. Lukin appeared:
+: first director of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences
B.D. GB.D. Grekov wrote:
+: “Kievan Rus” and “Peasants in Rus' from ancient times to the mid-XYII century.”
Grekov was +: director of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1937-1953
A. Barbusse wrote: +: biography of I.V. Stalin
A.M. Pankratova was:
+: specialist in the history of the proletariat and the history of the workers' revolutionary movement in Russia
P.N. Savitsky (Peter Vostokov) was:
+: representative of the Eurasian trend in foreign Russian historiography
G.V. Vernadsky was:
+: leader and ideologist of the Eurasian trend in foreign Russian historiography
+: L.I. Brezhnev
Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, researcher of archeology, history, oral and written monuments of Ancient Rus' +: B.A. Rybakov
N.N. Pokrovsky and Lev Krasnopevtsev
+: participants in the “university case” of 1957
Rector of the Historical and Archival Institute Yu.N. Afanasiev:
+: most consistently advocated during the years of “perestroika” for a radical renewal of Soviet historical science
According to the PVL, Apostle Andrew:
+: illuminated the Kyiv lands
The idea of uniting Rus' on a contractual basis is typical for: +: Code of 1448
+: Moscow chroniclers
The idea of an all-Russian chronicle was put forward: +: Tver chroniclers
The idea of Rus' being chosen by God was developed in: +:Theories “Moscow–Third Rome”
The thesis about Moscow as the center of true Christianity was developed in:
+: Theories “Moscow – Third Rome”
+: Roman emperors
Historical works of the 16th century. associated Moscow statehood with:
+: Byzantine emperors
“The Message of Monomakh’s Crown” and “The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir” linked Moscow statehood with: +: Roman emperors
Russian statehood was connected with the world empires of the past:
+: “The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir”
He adhered to the Norman theory of the origin of Rus': +: G.Z. Bayer
He adhered to the Norman theory of the origin of Rus': +: A.L. Schletser
He adhered to the Norman theory of the origin of Rus' +: G.F. Miller
He adhered to the anti-Norman theory of the origin of Rus' +: M.V. Lomonosov
The statement that the historian “must appear without a fatherland, without faith, without a sovereign” belongs to: +: G.F. Miller
In the works of I.N. Boltin contains criticism:
+: works by M.M. Shcherbatova+: works by N.G. Leclerc
Theoretical (methodological) issues of historical science in the XYIII century. did: +: I.N. Boltin
The phrase “Moscow owes its greatness to the khans” belongs+ to: N.M. Karamzin
The patriarchal (tribal) theory of social development was developed by:
I.F.G. Evers
The concept of Norman feudalism and family feudalism in the “History of the Russian People” was put forward by: +: N.A. Field
The principle of historicism and the idea of the state as the highest form of social organization were adopted by historians of the 19th century. from philosophy: +: Hegelianism
The theory of official nationality (“Uvarov triad”) included the following component: +: Orthodoxy+: autocracy+: nationality
The exclusivity of the Russian historical path (“the theory of parallel threads”) was defended by: +: M.P. Pogodin
Work by M.P. Pogodin “The fight, not to the stomach, but to death, against new historical heresies” is directed against +: N.I. Kostomarova
He defined his views as a “system of pragmatic Russian history”:
+: N.G. Ustryalov
Peter’s reforms were characterized as a “revolution from above” in “History of Russia since Ancient Times”: +: S.M. Soloviev
+: Ivan the Terrible
For representatives of the public school, one of the most significant figures in Russian history was: +: Peter I
The theory of "enslavement of classes" was developed +: public school
Slavophil thinker who developed philosophical and religious problems and the general scheme of world history, contrasting Orthodoxy and Catholicism: +: A.S. Khomyakov
Representative of the Slavophiles, whose concept is defined as “retrospective utopia” (“retrospective utopianism”): +: I.V. Kireyevsky
A representative of the Slavophiles, who developed the concept of “Land and State”, the idea of the non-state character and “inner truth” of the Russian people: +: K.S. Aksakov
The creator of the historical and sociological concept of the Slavophiles, who affirmed the idea of the priority of Orthodox Christianity and communal principles:
+: Yu.F. Samarin
The idea of the struggle between the federal (specific veche) and autocratic (monarchical) principles is characteristic of: +: N.I. Kostomarova
Researcher of the national character of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples:
+: N.I. Kostomarov
+: N.G. Chernyshevsky
Attention to the history of the popular masses and popular movements is clearly expressed in the works: +: A.P. Shchapova
Attention to the history of the popular masses and popular movements is clearly expressed in the works: +: A.I. Herzen
+: D.I. Ilovaisky
The history of Russia from a conservative (monarchical) position was covered at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. in the works: +: N.K. Schilder
They developed the theory of progress, the “subjective method”, criticized Marxism: +: representatives of populist historiography
The largest specialist on the history of the Time of Troubles in Russia at the end of the 19th century - beginning of the 19th century. was: +: S.F. Platonov
The largest specialist in the field of historical methodology in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. was: +: A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky
Colonization as the main fact of Russian history was considered + V.O.Klyuchevsky
The first period of Russian history was characterized as “Dnieper, city, trading Rus'”: +: V.O. Klyuchevsky
He defined the Decembrist uprising as “a historical accident, overgrown with literature”: +: V.O. Klyuchevsky
Representative of the Moscow historical school, who developed problems of historical geography and history of the Lithuanian state: +: M.K. Lyubavsky
The thesis about low population density as one of the main reasons for Russia’s backwardness was developed in “Essays on the History of Russian Culture”: +: P.N. Miliukov
The concept of backwardness and the delayed nature of the historical development of Russia in “Essays on the History of Russian Culture” was put forward by: +: P.N. Miliukov
The thesis about the lack of independence of Russian culture and the large role in its development of foreign borrowings in “Essays on the History of Russian Culture” was defended by: +: P.N. Miliukov
Representative of the Moscow historical school, who created the “theory of mental types” and attached great importance to psychological factors in history:
+: N.A. Rozhkov
The theory of socio-economic formations and class struggle as the driving force of history was developed: +: Marxism
In his work “The Development of Capitalism in Russia” he identified four conditions for the existence of a feudal (corvee) economic system: +: V.I. Lenin
He defined the new period of Russian history (from about the 19th century) as the process of creating bourgeois connections: +: V.I. Lenin
He distinguished three periods in the history of the revolutionary liberation movement in Russia: +: V.I. Lenin
The idea of merchant capitalism as the most important engine of the Russian historical process is characteristic of the concept: +: M.N. Pokrovsky
The state of the first Romanovs was defined as “merchant capital in a monomach cap” +: M.N. Pokrovsky
He considered the unification of Rus' around Moscow to be a matter of “impending commercial capitalism”: +: M.N. Pokrovsky
He considered the annexation of new peoples and territories to Russia as “absolute evil”:+: M.N. Pokrovsky
The phrase: “History is politics thrown back into the past” reflects the position:
+: M.N. Pokrovsky
The focus of Russian Marxist historiography of the 20s. there were problems: +: socio-economic history
The focus of Russian Marxist historiography of the 20s. there were problems: +: class struggle
The term “patriotic war” (1812) was rejected by Russian historiography as nationalistic in: +: 1920s
A nihilistic assessment of pre-revolutionary Russian history prevailed in Russia: +: 1920s
Kievan Rus was characterized as a slave state
+: I.I. Smirnov
Feudalism and serfdom as two different formations +: S.M. Dubrovsky
“Nationalization” and “denationalization” trends in Soviet historiography of the 20s. concerned the interpretation: +: history of imperialism
The theory of the dual (dual) nature of the October Revolution was developed by:
+: S.A. Piontkovsky
In a letter to I.V. The editorial board of the magazine “Proletarian Revolution” contains criticism of Stalin +: A.G. Slutsky
The idea of the victorious path of development of the party and the irreconcilable struggle within social democracy is clearly expressed in:
+: “A short course on the history of the CPSU (b)”
Collections “Against the historical concept of M.N. Pokrovsky" and "Against the anti-Marxist concept of M.N. Pokrovsky" came out +: late 1930s
Books “Kievan Rus” and “Peasants in Rus' from ancient times to the middle of the 19th century.” written: +: B.D. Grekov
The thesis about the feudal nature of Ancient Rus' was most consistently defended in the 1920s - 1930s. +: B.D. Grekov
Specialist in the history of the proletariat and the history of the workers' revolutionary movement in Russia: +: A.M. Pankratova
Creator of the original theory of ethnogenesis, which takes into account the role of cosmic energy, the Earth's biosphere, and passionarity when studying ethnic history +: L.N. Gumilev
During the years of “perestroika” he most consistently advocated for a radical renewal of Soviet historical science: +: Yu.N. Afanasiev
The concept of “phenomenon of Soviet historiography” was introduced into scientific circulation:
+: Yu.N. Afanasyev
The annexation of new territories and Asian peoples to Russia as “voluntary entry” was interpreted in Russian historiography in:
+: 1970-1980s
Filling in the “blank spots” in history is typical for:
+: perestroika period
The state of methodological pluralism is typical in Russian historiography for: +: present tense
Vasily Tatishchevis rightfully called one of the fathers of Russian historical science; he is the author of the first “Russian History from Ancient Times,” which is one of the most significant works for the entire existence of Russian historiography. Monumental, brilliantly and accessiblely written, this book is aboutcovers the history of our country from ancient times - and right up to the reign of Fyodor Mikhailovich Romanov. The special value of Tatishchev’s work is that the history of Russia is presented in itin its entirety, and not onlyVmilitary-politicalaspects, but also in religious, cultural, everyday. The personality of Vasily Nikitich is one of the most gigantic in Russian history. Statesman, diplomat, economist, mining engineer, geographer, naturalist, ethnographer, historian, collector of antiquities, archaeologist, linguist, publicist, philosopher, educator.
VASILY TATISHCHEV - Russian historian and statesman - was born on April 29, 1686 in Pskov into a noble noble family. At the age of seven, he was promoted to steward and taken to the court of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich, with whose wife Praskovya Fedorovna (née Saltykova) the Tatishchevs were related. The court “service” continued until the death of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich in 1696, after which Tatishchev left the court. The documents do not contain evidence of Tatishchev’s studies at school. In 1704, the young man was enlisted in the Azov Dragoon Regiment and served in the army for 16 years, leaving it on the eve of the end of the Northern War with the Swedes. He took part in the capture of Narva, the Battle of Poltava, and the Prut campaign of Peter I against the Turks.
Autograph of Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev.
At the end of 1712 Tatishchev was sent to Germany, where he stayed for 2.5 years intermittently, studying fortification and artillery, optics, geometry and geology. In the spring of 1716 he returned to Russia and was transferred to an artillery regiment, carrying out special assignments from the chief of artillery of the Russian army, Bruce, and Peter I himself.
In 1720 he was sent to the Urals, where he was involved in organizing the mining industry. The names of Tatishchev and the prominent metallurgical engineer Genin are associated with the founding of Yekaterinburg and the Yagoshikha plant, which laid the foundation for the city of Perm, and the geological and geographical study of the Urals. In 1724-1726 he was in Sweden, where he supervised the training of Russian youths in mining and studied economics and finance. Upon his return, Tatishchev was appointed a member, then the head of the Coin Office (1727-1733), which was engaged in the minting of gold, silver and copper money (paper money - banknotes appeared in Russia in 1769).
In notes and submissions addressed to Empress Catherine I, Tatishchev advocated the introduction of a decimal system of weights and measures in Russia, streamlining monetary circulation, increasing treasury revenues through the development of industry, foreign trade, growth of exports, and not the excessive exploitation of monetary regalia. At the same time he wrote the socio-political and philosophical work A Conversation between Two Friends about the Benefits of Sciences and Schools (1733). In 1734-1737, he was sent for the second time to manage the metallurgical industry of the Urals, started the construction of new iron and copper smelting plants, setting a goal to increase iron production by one third. In Yekaterinburg, he began work on a General Geographical Description of All Siberia, which, due to lack of materials, he left unfinished, writing only 13 chapters and an outline of the book. The conflict with Biron’s proteges and the discontent of local influential persons who took advantage of Tatishchev’s individual abuses of power led to his recall and then putting him on trial.
In the last years of his life, Tatishchev was the head of the Orenburg and Kalmyk commissions and the Astrakhan governor. In 1745, due to financial irregularities in his previous work revealed by an audit, he was removed from the post of governor and exiled to his estate - the village of Boldino, Dmitrov district, Moscow province, where he was under house arrest until his death.
The Boldinsky period of Tatishchev’s life is the most fruitful in scientific terms. Here he managed to finish the first Russian encyclopedic dictionary, the Russian Historical, Geographical and Political Lexicon, and to a large extent complete Russian History, which he began working on when he was the head of the Coinage Office (published from a manuscript by Miller in the 1760-1780s). While working on Russian History, Tatishchev discovered for science such documentary monuments as Russian Truth, Code of Law of Ivan the Terrible, Book of the Big Drawing, and collected the richest chronicle materials.
Tatishchev's work resembled a chronicle in form, in which the events of Russian history from ancient times to 1577 were presented in chronological order. The autocracy was given a central place in the presentation. Periods of economic prosperity and power of Russia, the author argued, always coincided with “unique rule.” The transition to aristocracy and feudal strife during the appanage period led to the subordination of Rus' to the Mongols, and the limitation of royal power in the early 17th century. - to the ruin of the state and the seizure of significant territories by the Swedes and Poles. Tatishchev’s main conclusion: “Everyone can see how much more useful monarchical rule is for our state than others, through which the wealth, strength and glory of the state is multiplied, and through which it is diminished and destroyed.”
http://tatischev.lit-info.ru/r…
Vasily TatishchevHe managed mining factories in the Urals and is considered the founder of Perm.
The monument was cast in Nizhny Tagil according to the design of the Perm sculptor Anatoly Uralsky. Uestablished in Perm in June 2003.Since 2004, the tradition of a wreath-laying ceremony for Tatishchev’s birthday began.
Monument to Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev in the fortified city of Stavropol (now the city of Tolyatti) founded by him. Sculptor - Rukavishnikov Alexander
Biography of Vasily Tatishchev
Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich- famous Russian historian, born on April 16, 1686 on the estate of his father, Nikita Alekseevich Tatishchev, in the Pskov district; studied at the Moscow artillery and engineering school under the leadership of Bruce, participated in) and in the Prussian campaign; in 1713-14 he was abroad, in Berlin, Breslau and Dresden, to improve his science.
In 1717, Tatishchev was again abroad, in Danzig, where Peter I sent him to seek inclusion in the indemnity of an ancient image, which was rumored to have been painted by St. Methodius; but the city magistrate did not yield to the image, and T. proved to Peter that the legend was untrue. From both of his trips abroad, Tatishchev took a lot of books. Upon his return, T. was with Bruce, the president of the Berg and Manufacturing College, and went with him to the Åland Congress.
The idea made to Peter the Great about the need for a detailed geography of Russia gave impetus to the compilation of “Russian History” by Tatishchev, whom Bruce pointed out to Peter in 1719 as the executor of such work. T., sent to the Urals, could not immediately present the work plan to the tsar, but Peter did not forget about this matter and in 1724 reminded Tatishchev about it. Getting down to business, T. felt the need for historical information and therefore, relegating geography to the background, he began to collect materials for history.
Another plan of Tatishchev, closely related to it, dates back to the time of the beginning of these works: in 1719, he submitted a proposal to the Tsar, in which he pointed out the need for demarcation in Russia. In T.’s thoughts, both plans were connected; in a letter to Cherkasov in 1725, he says that he was assigned “to survey the entire state and compose a detailed geography with land maps.”
In 1720, a new order tore Tatishchev away from his historical and geographical works. He was sent “in the Siberian province on Kungur and in other places where convenient places were searched, to build factories and smelt silver and copper from ores.” He had to operate in a country that was little known, uncultured, and had long served as an arena for all sorts of abuses. Having traveled around the region entrusted to him, Tatishchev settled not in Kungur, but in the Uktus plant, where he founded a department, called at first the mining office, and then the Siberian high mining authorities.
During Vasily Tatishchev’s first stay at the Ural factories, he managed to do quite a lot: he moved the Uktus plant to the river. Iset and there laid the foundation for present-day Yekaterinburg; obtained permission to allow merchants to go to the Irbit fair and through Verkhoturye, as well as to establish a post office between Vyatka and Kungur; opened two primary schools at the factories, two for teaching mining; procured the establishment of a special judge for factories; compiled instructions for protecting forests, etc.
Tatishchev’s measures displeased Demidov, who saw his activities being undermined by the establishment of state-owned factories. Genik was sent to the Urals to investigate the disputes, finding that T. acted fairly in everything. T. was acquitted, at the beginning of 1724 he presented himself to Peter, was promoted to advisor to the Berg College and appointed to the Siberian Ober-Berg Amt. Soon afterwards he was sent to Sweden for the needs of mining and to carry out diplomatic assignments.
Vasily Tatishchev stayed in Sweden from December 1724 to April 1726, inspected factories and mines, collected many drawings and plans, hired a lapidary master who launched the lapidary business in Yekaterinburg, collected information about the trade of the Stockholm port and the Swedish coinage system, became acquainted with many local scientists, etc. Returning from a trip to Sweden and Denmark, Tatishchev spent some time compiling a report and, although not yet expelled from Bergamt, was not, however, sent to Siberia.
In 1727, Tatishchev was appointed a member of the mint office, to which the mints were then subordinate; The events of 1730 found him in this position.
Regarding them, Tatishchev drew up a note, which was signed by 300 people from the nobility. He argued that Russia, as a vast country, is most suited to monarchical government, but that still, “to help” the empress should establish a Senate of 21 members and an assembly of 100 members, and elect the highest places by ballot; Here, various measures were proposed to alleviate the situation of different classes of the population. Due to the reluctance of the guard to agree to changes in the political system, this entire project remained in vain, but the new government, seeing Vasily Tatishchev as an enemy of the supreme leaders, treated him favorably: he was the chief master of ceremonies on the day of the coronation. Having become the chief judge of the coin office, T. began to actively take care of improving the Russian monetary system.
In 1731, T. began to have misunderstandings with him, which led to him being put on trial on charges of bribery. In 1734, Tatishchev was released from trial and again assigned to the Urals, “to multiply factories.” He was also entrusted with drawing up the mining charter. While T. remained at the factories, his activities brought a lot of benefit to both the factories and the region: under him the number of factories increased to 40; New mines were constantly opening, and T. considered it possible to set up 36 more factories, which opened only a few decades later. Among the new mines, the most important place was occupied by Mount Grace, indicated by T.
Vasily Tatishchev used the right to interfere in the management of private factories very widely and yet more than once aroused criticism and complaints against himself. In general, he was not a supporter of private factories, not so much out of personal gain, but out of the consciousness that the state needs metals, and that by extracting them itself, it receives more benefits than by entrusting this business to private people. In 1737, Biron, wanting to remove Tatishchev from mining, appointed him to the Orenburg expedition to finally pacify Bashkiria and the control devices of the Bashkirs. Here he managed to carry out several humane measures: for example, he arranged for the delivery of yasak to be entrusted not to yasachniks and tselovalniks, but to the Bashkir elders.
In January 1739, he arrived in St. Petersburg, where a whole commission was set up to consider complaints against him. He was accused of “attacks and bribes,” lack of diligence, etc. It is possible to assume that there was some truth in these attacks, but T.’s position would have been better if he had gotten along with Biron. The commission arrested T. in the Peter and Paul Fortress and in September 1740 sentenced him to deprivation of his ranks. The sentence, however, was not carried out. In this difficult year for T., he wrote his instructions to his son - the famous “Spiritual”. The fall of Biron again brought forward T.: he was released from punishment and in 1741 he was appointed to Tsaritsyn to manage the Astrakhan province, mainly to stop the unrest among the Kalmyks.
The lack of the necessary military forces and the intrigues of the Kalmyk rulers prevented T. from achieving anything lasting. When she ascended the throne, T. hoped to free himself from the Kalmyk commission, but he did not succeed: he was left in place until 1745, when, due to disagreements with the governor, he was dismissed from office. Having arrived in his village of Boldino near Moscow, Tatishchev did not leave her until his death. Here he finished his story, which he brought to St. Petersburg in 1732, but for which he did not meet with sympathy. Extensive correspondence conducted by T. from the village has reached us.
On the eve of his death, he went to church and ordered the artisans to appear there with shovels. After the liturgy, he went with the priest to the cemetery and ordered to dig his own grave next to his ancestors. When leaving, he asked the priest to come the next day to give him communion. At home he found a courier who brought a decree that forgave him, and... He returned the order, saying that he was dying. The next day he took communion, said goodbye to everyone and died (July 15, 1750).
The main work of Vasily Tatishchev could only be published under Catherine 2. All of T.’s literary activities, including works on history and geography, pursued journalistic objectives: the benefit of society was his main goal. T. was a conscious utilitarian. His worldview is set out in his “Conversation between two friends about the benefits of sciences and schools.” The main idea of this worldview was the fashionable idea of natural law, natural morality, and natural religion, which T. borrowed from Pufendorf and Walch. The highest goal or “true well-being,” according to this view, lies in the complete balance of mental forces, in “peace of soul and conscience,” achieved through the development of the mind by “useful” science; Tatishchev attributed medicine, economics, law and philosophy to the latter.
Tatishchev came to the main work of his life due to the confluence of a number of circumstances. Realizing the harm caused by the lack of a detailed geography of Russia and seeing the connection between geography and history, he found it necessary to first collect and consider all historical information about Russia. Since the foreign manuals turned out to be full of errors, Tatishchev turned to primary sources and began to study chronicles and other materials. At first he had in mind to write a historical work, but then, finding that it was inconvenient to refer to chronicles that had not yet been published, he decided to write in purely chronicle order.
In 1739, T. brought the work to St. Petersburg, on which he had worked for 20 years, and transferred it to the Academy of Sciences for storage, continuing to work on it subsequently, smoothing out the language and adding new sources. Having no special training, T. could not produce impeccable scientific work, but in his historical works his vital attitude to scientific issues and the associated breadth of outlook are valuable. T. constantly connected the present with the past: he explained the meaning of Moscow legislation by the customs of judicial practice and memories of the morals of the 17th century; on the basis of personal acquaintance with foreigners, he understood ancient Russian ethnography; explained ancient names from the lexicons of living languages.
As a result of this connection between the present and the past, Tatishchev was not at all distracted by his work from his main task; on the contrary, these studies expanded and deepened his historical understanding. Tatishchev's integrity, previously questioned because of his so-called (see Chronicles), is now beyond all doubt. He did not invent any news or sources, but sometimes unsuccessfully corrected his own names, translated them into his own language, substituted his own interpretations, or compiled news similar to the chronicles from data that seemed reliable to him.
Citing chronicle legends in a corpus, often without indicating sources, T. gave, in the end, essentially not history, but a new chronicle corpus, unsystematic and rather clumsy. The first two parts of volume I of "History" were published for the first time in 1768 - 69 in Moscow, G.F. Miller, under the title “Russian History from the most ancient times, through tireless labor, 30 years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan Governor V.N.T.” Volume II was published in 1773, volume III in 1774, volume IV in 1784, and volume V was found by M.P. Pogodin only in 1843 and published by the Society of Russian History and Antiquities in 1848.
Tatishchev put the material in order until the death of Vasily III; He also prepared the material, but did not finally edit it until 1558; He also had a number of handwritten materials for later eras, but no further than 1613. Part of T.'s preparatory work is stored in Miller's portfolios. In addition to the history of T. and the above-mentioned conversation, he composed a large number of essays of a journalistic nature: “Spiritual”, “Reminder on the sent schedule of high and low state and zemstvo governments”, “Discourse on the universal audit” and others.
“Spiritual” (published in 1775) gives detailed instructions covering the entire life and activity of a person (landowner). It treats about education, about different types of service, about relationships with superiors and subordinates, about family life, managing estates and households, etc. The “Reminder” sets out Tatishchev’s views on state law, and in the “Discussion” written about The revision of 1742 indicates measures to increase state revenues. Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev is a typical "", with an extensive mind, the ability to move from one subject to another, sincerely striving for the good of the fatherland, having his own specific worldview and firmly and steadily pursuing it, if not always in life, then, in any case, in all his scientific works.
Wed. ON THE. Popov "Tatishchev and his time" (Moscow, 1861); P. Pekarsky "New news about V.N.T." (III volume, "Notes of the Imperial Academy of Sciences", St. Petersburg, 1864); “On the publication of the works of V.N.T. and materials for his biography” (A.A. Kunika, 1883, ed. of the Imperial Academy of Sciences); K.N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin "Biographies and Characteristics" (St. Petersburg, 1882); Senigov "Historical and critical studies of the Novgorod Chronicle and the Russian history of Tatishchev" (Moscow, 1888; review by S.F. Platonov, "Bibliographer", 1888, No. 11); publication "Spiritual" T. (Kazan, 1885); D. Korsakov “From the life of Russian figures of the 18th century” (ib., 1891); N. Popov "Scientists and literary works of T." (St. Petersburg, 1886); P.N. Miliukov "The Main Currents of Russian Historical Thought" (Moscow, 1897).