The history of rudaka. Rudaki - biography, information, personal life. Sultan of Persian poetry

Abu Abdallah Jafar Ibn Muhammad, according to other sources Abul Hasan(about 858 - 941) - an outstanding Tajik and Persian poet, the founder of Tajik classical poetry.
A great poet was born in the village Panjrud(taj. " five streams"), Not far from the capital of the ancient Sogdiana- Penjikent a... Hence the literary pseudonym - Rudaki(« trickle"). Very little has been written about his early years. According to unverified data, Rudaki was born blind (according to other sources he was blinded at an advanced age), by the age of eight he knew by heart Koran, and was known as an unsurpassed reader. He spoke Arabic well and had an amazing voice, played the lute, and had a penchant for versification.
Even young men Rudaki left his father's house and went to the blessed Bukhara- a city in which many people of art gathered. During the day he studied diligently, and in the evenings he sang his songs, playing himself on the ore (lute). When the rumor of a talented youth reached the palace chambers, the ruling Emir Nasr ibn Ahmad Samani(reigned 913-943) invited the rhapsode to the court, where he later spent most of his life. The emir was very fond of the poet and always consulted with him on issues of poetry, music, vocals.

Over 40 years Rudaki headed at the court of the Samanids in Bukhara wonderful poetic galaxy: Abu Shukur Balkhi, Khusravani, Dakiki, Hakim Habboz Nishapuri, and achieved great fame and wealth in this field.
Such outstanding poets Of the East, how Ferdowsi, Khayyam, Saadi, Hafiz, Rumi paying tribute to his work, they also considered themselves his students.
However, not the whole life of the poet was serene and smooth. As it usually happens, after the period of elevation, there is a series of falls.
To old age Rudaki was blinded and expelled from the palace. There is no exact information about what happened. According to one version, this is what the emir did to the poet for his sympathy. Rudaki to the insurgent Karmatians, according to another, the poet was tortured and blinded by the insurgents themselves, since both he and the ruler were zealous Ismailis.
One way or another, but hard times came, the poet was forced to leave the palace and spent the rest of his life in a beggar and sick Panjrude where he soon died.

The grave Rudaki scientists discovered only 1100 years after the death of the poet, and in 1958 a mausoleum was erected in its place, which quickly turned into a place of pilgrimage for admirers of his talent from all over the world.
The poetic heritage of the master, which has survived to this day, is truly priceless.
It is known from existing chronicles that he wrote Rudaki a lot, he is the author of five huge poems, such as “ Kalila and Dimna», « Arais an-nafais», « Sinbadname”And others. However, out of 130 thousand written bayts (couplets), no more than 2 thousand have survived.
Among the surviving ones, the qasids are especially famous: “ Mother of wine" and " About old age", Which undoubtedly speak of the poet's great gift.
Rudaki's genius many of the existing legends about the life of the master also confirm.
So one of them reads: “Once the emir with his retinue undertook a journey, no one knew how long it would have lasted if one morning Rudaki had not been bored. He really wanted to return home, but who dares to interrupt the journey when the Sultan is not tired of it yet. Then the poet, accompanying himself on chang, sang about the green gardens of the golden Bukhara. Of course, it was just an improvisation, but the master's strength was so great that the whole retinue just sobbed, and Sultan Nasr, running out of the tent, jumped on his horse and drove at full speed to his hometown. They say he didn't even have time to change his house shoes and changed into boots already on the first run. "

The genius poet - Rudaki is the founder of all poetry written in Farsi, his poems were considered simple and at the same time completely incomprehensible. He was the first of the poets to look at the needs of an ordinary person and put them in a poetic form. No one before him dared to violate court etiquette and write about so mundane:

"Look at the world with a reasonable eye,
Not the way you looked before.
The world is the sea. Do you want to swim?
Build a ship out of good deeds. "

Scythians and Sogdians supporting the royal throne. Fragment of relief in Persepolis

Tajiks made a significant contribution to the spiritual treasury of civilization, gave the world outstanding and remarkable scientists, philosophers, writers, poets and architects, whose works have become an integral part of the scientific and cultural heritage accumulated by world civilization. Examples of this are the lyrics of the founder of the Persian-Tajik literature Abuabdullo Rudaki, the immortal national-epic poem "Shah-name" by Abdulkosim Ferdowsi, which absorbed the legendary history of the Persians and Tajiks, and "The Canon of Medicine" by Abuali Ibn Sino (Avicenna) for many centuries it has served as the main guide to medicine in educational institutions in Europe. Scientists Al-Khorazmi, Al-Forobi and Aburaikhon Beruni, such (according to Goethe) stars of the first magnitude in the horizon of world poetry as Khayyam, Rumi, Saadi, Hafiz, Jami, were known far beyond the ancient Sogd, Khorasan and Movarounnahr (Mesopotamia ) - the main territory of modern Central Asia and Bukhara

RUDAKI, ABU ABDALLAH JAFAR IBN MOHAMMAD IBN HAKIM IBN ABDARRAKHMAN(858-941) - the founder of Persian-Tajik classical poetry, wrote in the Farsi language, laid the foundations of the genres and forms of Persian poetry, developed the main dimensions of Persian versification

The use of the term Perso-Tajik or Iranian-Tajik poetry (which is the same thing!) Indicates the existence of two branches of the Persian people.

Initially, poetry arose among the so-called "Eastern Iranians" (Tajiks) who lived in Central Asia and Khorasan, which included the lands of Northern Afghanistan and Northern Iran. Then the poetry of the Tajiks spread to the territory of Iran, among the "Western Iranians" (Persians, now called "Iranians").

For centuries, the legend about the origin of Persian-Tajik poetry has been passed on from mouth to mouth among the people.

According to one of the legends, the "crowned" Shah Bahrom Gur Sassanid (V century), declaring his love for his beloved - the wondrous beauty Dilaram, suddenly spoke with his "joy of the heart" in verses.

According to another legend, a young man, wandering through the narrow streets of Samarkand, heard an unusual song hummed by a boy playing nuts with his comrades: “Rolling, rolling, he will come to the hole…”.

Delighted with the children's poetry, the young man did not notice how, moving his lips soundlessly, he himself began to inspirely pronounce musical, melodic rubai about the charm of his native Samarkand, about the beauty of his home in the Zarafshan mountains.

The legend says that this young man was none other than Rudaki, the founder of classical poetry in the Farsi language.

The real name of the world-famous poet was Jafar, the son of Muhammad.

The exact date of birth of Rudaki is not known. Apparently, he was born in the second half of the 9th century (858-860).

Jafar spent his childhood and youth in the small village of Rudak (now the village of Panjrud) of the Penjikent region of the Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan, not far from the famous settlement of Penjakent.

Rudak - translated from the Tajik language means "five streams" and this village is located on the slopes of the rocky Zarafshan ridge.

The teachers of the young Jafar were folk songs and folk music. And the beauty of his native nature, the wisdom and spiritual beauty of his mountain people inspired him to work.

The famous poet express his love and devotion to his native land not only in his poems, but in the fact that as his poetic pseudonym he chose the name of his native village - Rudaki.

Little is known about Rudaki's childhood and adolescence and about the years of his youth. However, the signs of his genius appeared in early childhood. They say that Rudaki was seven years old when he memorized the Koran, and in the rules for reading the Holy Book of Muslims he had no equal until the end of his life.

Young Jafar played the barbat very well (the name of a musical instrument), had a captivating voice, and was especially respectful of knowledge and science, for the Quran says: "Indeed, Allah raises those of you who believe and who have been given knowledge to high levels." (Quran, 58:11).

Before becoming famous at the court of the Samanids, Rudaki was already known in his region as a folk singer and an unsurpassed talented musician.

Rudaki monument in Dushanbe

The great folk poet, unsurpassed creator and performer understood that in order for the poet's voice to reach descendants, his oral poetry must have its written embodiment. Therefore, Rudaki appears in the Samanid palace, where he is surrounded with honor, splendor and wealth.

SULTAN OF PERSIAN POETRY

Rudaki's place in poetry is very high. He was considered the most famous poet of the Samanid period and the first Persian poet. The point is not that before Rudaki no one wrote poetry in Persian. This means that he was the first poet to establish certain laws in Persian poetry. He developed in poetry such forms and genres as dastan, gazelle, madh (ode), moeze (instruction), marsie (elegy). He was the strongest poet of that time and was the first poet to compose a two-volume sofa from his poems. For these reasons, he has earned titles such as "Father of Persian Poetry", "Master of Persian Poetry" and "Sultan of Persian Poetry."

One of the important merits of Rudaki is that he transcribed the famous book "Kaline va Dimne" in verse. On the orders of Amir Nasr Samani and art lover Vizier Abu-l-Fazl Balami, he presented this book in verse and for this work received an award of 40 thousand dirhams. Unfortunately, this book has not survived to this day, only a few beits remain.

Rudaki left a great poetic heritage - about one million three hundred thousand lines of poetry, although only a part of them have survived to us. He worked in the early Middle Ages, his poems are not yet constrained by that convention of form, the complexity of metaphors, the arrogance and pretentiousness of the palace panegyrics, which are so characteristic of the poetic searches of the later Middle Ages. Rudaki's poetry is almost free from mystical, religious motives; the poet praises life as it is, earthly human love, the beauty of relationships, the delights of nature.

Of course, Rudaki's lyrics are multifaceted and multifaceted, but its main directions can also be distinguished.

Rudaki's poems cover a variety of topics. The themes of love, edification, motives of sorrow and compassion, praise, mystical solitude are the main themes of Rudaki's work.

The poet writes about refraining from envy and greed in relation to others:

Life gave me advice on my question in response -

Thinking, you will understand that all life is advice:

“Don't you dare to envy someone else's happiness.

Aren't you the very object of envy for others? "

One of the most famous poems of Rudaki is Marsie

(elegy), written on the occasion of the death of the son of one of the

figures.

In this poem, he calls for patience and notes

the futility of sobbing and grieving death

dear people.

A sad friend worthy of respect

You, secretly shedding tears of humiliation.

The one who has gone has gone, and the one who has come has come,

Who was, he was - why grief?

You want to make this world calm

And the world desires only circularity.

Do not be angry: after all, your world does not heed anger,

Don't cry: he is full of disgust for tears.

Weep until the universal judgment breaks out,

But there will be no return to the past

Rudaki also composed a marsiya on the occasion of the death of the poet Shahid Balkhi:

He died. The martyr's caravan left this mortal light.

Look, and he took our caravans after him.

The eyes, without thinking, will say: "One in the world has become less."

But the mind will sadly exclaim: "Alas, how many are no more!"

Rudaki was a master of lyrical gazelles. The famous poet Unsuri praised Rudaki's gazelles and believed that they were superior in skill to his own gazelles. Unsuri wrote about it like this:

Gazelle is beautiful Rudakian!

Not my rudak gazelles.

The modern form and style of qasid writing were also developed by Rudaki. He began his qasidy with tashbib and tagazzol (bringing love lines at the beginning of qasida). Further, the praise of the mamdukh (amir or other person) begins, and at the end there are baits in which the poet prays for the health of the mamdukh and wishes him to be strengthened in office and happiness.

A lot of place in the work of Rudaki is occupied by the theme of the struggle between good and evil. The poet cannot help but worry about this question: "Why does the life of a kite last two hundred years, and a swallow no more than a year?" Although he often proclaims: “Live joyfully with black-eyed, joyfully,” and then “come what may”, his perception of the world is not so simple. He acts as a champion of justice, goodness, sees social inequality in society, although he does not know the means to fight against it. Apparently, that is why his groans are so frequent: "Well, fate is treacherous!"

The complexity of the perception of reality and Rudaki's worldview can be seen, perhaps, from the following couplets:

Everything that the world creates is a semblance of a bad dream.

However, the world does not sleep, it acts harshly,

He rejoices where the pain of all living things is,

Where there should be evil, he sees his good.

So why do you look at the world calmly:

There is no rest in the deeds of the world.

His face is light, but his soul is vicious,

Although beautiful, its foundation is bad.

Rudaki had a sofa that consisted of two volumes. There are different opinions on the number of rows of this sofa. But this sofa has not survived to this day, and in our time about one thousand beits / two thousand lines / from the works of Rudaki have been published.

CLOSE OF AMIR SAMANID

Due to his wide fame, talent and insight, Rudaki was elected an approximate of the court of Amir Nasr ibn Ahmed Samani (who ruled from 301 / 913-14 to 331 / 943-44). The conditions for choosing such a position were as follows: a person must be a joker, a witty, sociable, witty, orator, literate, encyclopedically educated. Rudaki had all these attributes. The position of a confidant with the gift of speech was more important than the position of a vizier. Rudaki had great influence at the court of the Samanids, and Emir Nasr ibn Ahmed gave him prizes and gifts. As they say, when he went on hikes, travel, the poet was accompanied by two hundred slaves, and four hundred camels carried his luggage.

"WIND THROWING FROM MULIAN ..."

One of the famous stories from the life of Rudaki refers to a poem with the help of which he could influence the Emir Nasr Samanid to return to Bukhara. Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi in his book "Chakhar Makale" fully cites this story. But we are abbreviating it.

“Nasr ibn Ahmed Samanid spent the winter in the capital Bukhara, and in the summer he came to Samarkand or to one of the cities of Khorasan.

And then in one of the years I stopped in Badgis. He liked the wonderful climate, the abundant and good harvest of this area.

Since the situation in the Samanid state was stable, he remained there for four years in a row.

Gradually, the emirs and chiefs of the army were tired of such a long stay and wished to return to Bukhara and see their family.

However, the emir had no desire to return, and the efforts of the chiefs of the troops and nobles of the state to obtain the emir's consent to return to Bukhara were in vain.

Finally, the commanders of the troops and nobles came to the ustad Abu Abdallah Rudaki. And for the padishah, there was no one more influential and more pleasant for conversation among his entourage, except him. They said: “We will give you five thousand dinars if you come up with a means for the padishah to move from this land. Our hearts want to see their children, and our souls yearn for Bukhara. "

Rudaki agreed ... He composed a qasida, went to Emir Nasr and sat down in his place ... took chang and sang qasida in the "usshak" mode:

The wind blowing from Mugliaia reaches us.

The charm of my beloved one reaches us ...

What are we ford Amu rough? We are so

As a gold-woven track fits.

Boldly into the water! Snow-white horses

Drunk foam reaches knee-deep.

Rejoice and rejoice, O Bukhara:

The shah comes to you, married.

He's like a poplar! You are like an apple orchard!

A fragrant poplar comes to the garden.

He's like a month! You are like a blue sky!

A clear moon rises early in the sky.

When Rudaki reached this beit, the amir felt such excitement that he rose from the throne, as he was without boots, put his legs in the stirrups of the horse and rushed to Bukhara, so that the hip armor (to protect the hips during battles on horseback) and boots caught up with him at a distance of two farsakhs ...

And then until Bukhara, he did not stop. And Rudaki received from the army these five thousand dinars in double size. "

Nizami Aruzi adds that so far no one has been able to compose an answer to this qasida.

And it is true. Since, even famous poets who tried to compose poems in this size with such rhyme, could not do it, and this is very surprising! Because this poem is simple. The reason for the great influence of this poem on the Samanid emir is believed to have been the musical instrument Rudaki played when he sang the poem. The famous Iranian poet Hafiz Shirazi, who used this text in one of his poems, writes:

Get up, let's give our heart to that Samarkand Turkish woman,

The wind blowing from her brings us the scent of Mulyan!

"ALL MY TEETH HAVE BEEN OUT OF MY, AND I UNDERSTOOD FOR THE FIRST TIME ..."

Rudaki's calm and prosperous life was not long, and with the overthrow of Nasr ibn Ahmed Samani, who was Mamduh, praised and patron of Rudaki, his position also changed.

Rudaki suffered anger and rage, lost his position and property, he was blinded by the opponents of Nasr ibn Ahmed, and the calamity of blindness was added to the calamities of old age.

Apparently, it was at this time, under the influence of difficulties and disasters, that Rudaki wrote his famous poem about old age:

All my teeth fell out, and I understood for the first time.

That before I had living lamps.

They were bars of silver, and pearls and corals.

They were stars at dawn and raindrops.

Oh no, Saturn is not to blame. Who? I will answer you:

God did it, and such are the age-old laws.

Do you know, my love, whose curls are like musk

About how your captive was in other times?

Oh, if only you could see Rudaki during these years,

Not now that I'm old and the days are bad.

Then I rang like a nightingale, composing songs,

Then I proudly walked around the gardens, the ends of the earth.

Then I was a servant of kings and a close friend to many,

Now I have lost my friends, there are only strangers around.

Now my poems live in all the royal palaces,

In my poems, kings live, their deeds are battle.

But times have changed, and I myself have changed.

Give the staff: the gray-haired should wander with the staff, with the bag.

Abu Abdallah Rudaki is considered the founder of the new Farsi-language literature. Firstly, because, having abandoned the Arabic language, which dominated for two centuries (VII-VIII), he did not like people who used foreign words in their speech,

The "many-voiced nightingale" (as he called himself) Rudaki, who wrote in various genres, remained devoted to his Persian language. The poet did not return to the old Iranian, Pahlavi language, which served as a literary language before the Arab conquest. Rudaki worked in the modern pure Persian Dari (Farsi-Dari) Tajik language (by another name - "Persian Dari").

Rudaki's poetry is natural, sincere, humanistic. The poet glorifies his native land, native nature, uses in his works contemporary to him

national life material. He writes about a person, his time and himself. Many of his works reflect real facts, events, and features of autobiography are also obvious.

Mausoleum of Rudaki

Rudaki reworked and created in the Dari-Farsi language all known poetic genre forms of oriental (Arab-Iranian, in particular) literature: rubai, gazelle, qasida, mesnevi, kitga, etc. These genre forms existed in different language systems before Rudaki. However, it was he who brought them to perfection in his native language using national material. These genre forms later became classical. Rudaki's poetic traditions were taken up and enriched by his followers. Moreover, his work became a poetic source for the professional (palace), and for the Sufi, and for the freedom-loving trends in the literature of the entire period of the Iranian Middle Ages.

The destinies of poets, learned philosophers in those distant times were completely in the hands of the rulers. All the great poets of the Eastern Middle Ages experienced a tragedy.

And for Rudaki, after a rich and magnificent life at the court of the emir, the time of "staff and bag" came. Medieval chroniclers preserved the news that Rudaki fell into disgrace and was expelled from the palace. According to this version, the poet was not blind from birth. Disgraced, but still beloved by his fellow countrymen, the great poet died in his native village.

The date of death of Rudaki, as well as the year of birth, is not known. They say that he died in his native village of Rudak in one of these years: 329 / 940-41, 339 / 950-51 or 343 / 954-55. But if we keep in mind that Nasr ibn Ahmed ruled until 331 / 943-44, we can come to the conclusion that the date of Rudaki's death should also be 339 / 950-51 or 343 / 954-55.

In the village of Rudaki, the birthplace of the great poet, his grave was discovered in the 20th century and a mausoleum was erected.

We conclude our article on the life and work of the great Tajik national poet with one of his poems:

About those shirts, beauty, I read in the gray-haired parable.

All three were worn by Joseph, famous for his beauty.

One was bloody by cunning, the other was torn by deception,

The blind Jacob received his sight from the scent of the third.

My face is like the first, like my second heart,

Oh, if only the third to find me was inscribed by fate!

/ Translation by V.V. Levin and S.I. Lipkin /

For more than a thousand years, unique beits and quatrains of the poet, distinguished by deep

humanity, unique emotional expressiveness, filigree faceting of words, unexpected imagery:

The desired kiss of love - it is similar to salty water;

The more you thirst for moisture, the more frantically you drink.

Postage stamp of the USSR, 1958

The poems of the greatest poet of the Middle Ages have been translated and continue to be translated into the languages of all peoples of the world. Rudaki's poetry, feeding on the life-giving juices of eternal folk wisdom, conquered the whole world and became an outstanding phenomenon of world culture.

Brief biography of the poet, basic facts of life and work:

ABU ABDALLAH JAFAR RUDAKI (about 860-941)

Abu Abdallah (according to some sources - Abul Hasan, that is, the son of Hasan) Rudaki is the founder of the great literature in the Farsi language (Persian). Some biographers of the poet claim that Rudaki's real name sounded like Abdullah Jafar Ibn Muhammad. The Persians generally called him the Adam of the poets.

Abdallah was born around 860 in the mountain village of Rudak near Penjikent. The name Rudaki, which the poet used in his poems, is nisba. Information about Rudaki's parents has not survived, however, as well as about the poet's family in general.

Early biographers claim that Rudaki was blind from birth. Later historiography established the view that he was blinded. This point of view was also confirmed by the outstanding Soviet scientist M.M. Gerasimov, who examined the poet's skull and restored its appearance.

The boy wrote poetry, he himself composed music and was a performer of his own works. Creativity was given to him easily, and fellow countrymen appreciated the talents of Rudaki. According to legend, the famous Abulabak Bakhtiyar gave Rudaki his chang, a musical instrument, and his occupation was to wander around the villages and delight the ears of people with music.

The thirst for knowledge brought young Abdullo to Samarkand, where he studied at a madrasah and became famous for his talents.

Emir Nasr I ibn Ahmad Samanid (864-892), being the ruler of Khorasan, summoned Rudaki to Bukhara, brought the poet closer to him and made him a member of the court divan. Rudaki went up the hill, and soon he was proclaimed "the king of poets". It should be noted that the "king of poets" at the courts of the great rulers of the East then played the role of a teacher (ostaz) and a censor.

The poet's wealth has increased to an extreme degree. He had two hundred slaves; four hundred camels walked loaded with his load. After Rudaki, none of the poets of the East had such wealth, and such happiness did not fall to anyone's lot.

To understand the meaning of Rudaki's poetry, it is necessary to remember history. For a long time, the Iranian peoples lived and developed successfully on their own. The invasion of Iran by the troops of the Arab Caliphate in the 7th century dealt a crushing blow to the ancient Iranian culture. With fire and sword, a new religion of the conquerors was planted - Islam, and the Arabic language. For Iranian literature, “centuries of silence” have come. Literature seemed to have ceased to exist: many old works were burned by the conquerors as godless, and new ones were not created. However, Iranian literature did not disappear completely; it remained only in a foreign language state.

In the 9th century, the Arab Caliphate experienced a crisis and began to disintegrate. The state of the Samanid dynasty was one of the first to separate from it. Although the origin of the Samanids is still unknown, many researchers claim that they were Persians. The Samanids descended from the last pre-Arab dynasty of the Sassanids and based their influence on the aristocratic strata of society and the people on the renewal of ancient Iranian traditions. The capital of the Samanids, Bukhara, became one of the largest cities in the Muslim world. In Khorasan, Nishapur was the main city. In this city sat the governor of all Samanid possessions south of the Amu Darya.

The Samanids cultivated their native language - Farsi - and contributed to its development. The official (state) language was the common Iranian spoken language of that time, called Dari or Dariye-Farsi. New Iranian literature also began to form in Farsi. We must pay tribute, the aristocracy, led by the monarch, appreciated the role of poetry, which was very popular among the people, as a means of strengthening its power and influence.

Poetry in the Farsi language of the classical period (X-V centuries) originated in Central Asia and Khorasan (now part of the borders of Central Asia, Northern Afghanistan and Northern Iran), among the so-called "Eastern Iranians" - Tajiks. Then it spread to the territory of Iran, among the "Western Iranians" - the Persians, now called Iranians.

There are two legends about the origin of this poetry in the Farsi language.

According to one of them, the crowned darling of fate Shah Bahram Gur Sassanid (5th century), declaring his love with his "joy of the heart" - Dilaram, suddenly spoke in verse. According to another legend, an unknown young man wandered through the narrow streets of Samarkand. Suddenly he heard a strange song sung by a boy who was playing nuts with his comrades: "Rolling, rolling, he will come to the hole." The young man liked the rhyme very much, and to this melody he came up with the first rubai about the beauties of Samarkand and the charm of his home in the Zarafshan mountains. This young man was Rudaki, the founder of classical poetry in the Farsi language.

It is believed that it was Rudaki who developed all forms of classical Farsi-language poetry, was able to weave folk traditions with the Arab and Persian literary heritage in a single ornament. He wrote magnificent odes-qasids, and light gazelles, and chased quatrains - rubai.

A famous legend tells about the impact on the audience of Rudaki's poetry. Once Emir Nasr and his retinue set off on a long journey. How long or short the journey lasted, history is silent, but one fine morning Rudaki was seized by homesickness. And then, accompanying himself on chang, he began to sing about the gardens of Bukhara. It was an improvisation, but its strength turned out to be such that the whole retinue sobbed, and Emir Nasr jumped on his horse and rushed towards the Amu Darya crossing. He didn’t even have time to change his slippers and only on the second run did he put on his boots ...

Rudaki lived in great wealth and honor under the successors of Nasr I - Emirs Ismail I ibn Ahmad Samani (892-907) and Ahmad ibn Ismail Samani (907-914).

The situation changed during the reign of Emir Nasr II ibn Ahmad Samani (914-942).

Rudaki not only fell into disgrace, he was blinded, deprived of all his property and sent to his native village, where the poet died a deep old man in dire need.

The reason for Rudaki's disgrace is not known exactly. Scientists put forward different versions. Most likely, a certain role was played by the poet's sympathetic attitude to one of the popular uprisings in Bukhara, which was associated with the heretical movement of the Karmats, who proclaimed the property equality of people.

According to early biographers, Rudaki left a huge poetic heritage - about one million three hundred thousand lines of poetry. Only a small part of his work has survived to our times. It is believed that the manuscripts of Rudaki's poems, like many compiled and rewritten in the X-XII centuries and kept in the palace libraries of Khorasan and Maverannahr, perished during the Mongol invasion.

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Abuabdullo Rudaki was born in the middle of the 9th century. in the village of Panj Rud (near Penjikent) in a peasant family. Very little information has been preserved about the life of this remarkable poet, and especially about his childhood.
Rudaki became popular in his youth due to his beautiful voice, poetic talent and masterful playing of the musical instrument ore. He was invited by Nasr II ibn Ahmad Samanid (914-943) to the court, where he spent most of his life. As Abu-l-Fazl Balami says, "Rudaki at one time was the first among his contemporaries in the field of poetry, and neither the Arabs nor the Persians have anything like him"; he was considered not only a master of poetry, but also an excellent performer, musician, and singer.

Rudaki brought up novice poets and helped them, which further raised his authority.
However, in old age, Rudaki suffers great hardships. The aged and blind poet, or perhaps forcibly blinded, according to some sources, was either due to his friendship with Balami, or due to participation in the movement of pockets, was expelled from the court and returned to his homeland.
After that, Rudaki lived a little. As Samani writes in the book "Al-Ansab", the poet died in 941 (952) in his native village.

Hardly more than 2,000 lines from the works of Rudaki have survived to our time. The surviving poems of Rudaki testify to his great skill in all poetic genres of that era. He wrote identical odes (kasadas), lyrical ghazals, large didactic poems (a collection of famous fables from the cycle "Kamila and Dimna", etc.), satirical poems and funeral dedications.

Rudaki was not an ordinary type of court odographer. His odes begin with vivid descriptions of nature, chanting the joys of life and love, reason and knowledge, nobility and hardships of life, reverence for man and his labor, prefers life practice and calls her the best mentor. Rudaki has almost no religious motives. Many verses bear the stamp of deep philosophical meditation. In a poem dedicated to the onset of old age, Rudaki asks who is the culprit of the onset of old age, and answers:

You see: time ages everything that seemed new to us.
But time is also making old deeds younger.
Yes, flower beds have turned into deserted deserts,
But the deserts also bloomed like thick flower beds.

With his work, Rudaki laid the foundations for all Tajik-Persian poetry, developed the main genres and genre forms; almost all poetic dimensions and systems of images crystallized in his poems. Rudaki's poems became a model for subsequent generations of Tajik poets.

He is the recognized founder of classical poetry, which, spreading in the X-XV centuries. among the Tajiks and Persians, she nominated such luminaries as Ferdowsi and Khayyam, Saadi and others. The classics of this poetry fondly remembered Rudaki, considering him their teacher.

100 great poets Eremin Victor Nikolaevich

ABU ABDALLAH JAFAR RUDAKI (about 860-941)

The thirst for knowledge brought young Abdullo to Samarkand, where he studied at a madrasah and became famous for his talents.

There are two legends about the origin of this poetry in the Farsi language.

Rudaki lived in great wealth and honor under the successors of Nasr I - Emirs Ismail I ibn Ahmad Samani (892-907) and Ahmad ibn Ismail Samani (907-914).

The situation changed during the reign of Emir Nasr II ibn Ahmad Samani (914-942).

Rudaki not only fell into disgrace, he was blinded, deprived of all his property and sent to his native village, where the poet died a deep old man in dire need.

In 1940, in the village of Rudak-i-Panjrud, the famous Tajik writer and scientist S. Aini discovered the grave of the great poet. In Soviet times, the mausoleum of the classic of Persian literature was erected here.

The best translations of Rudaki's works were made by S. Lipkin.

This text is an introductory fragment.