paragraph 1 questions and tasks to paragraph paragraph page 147
Question. Remember why in the 1630s. the “closure” of Japan happened and what it meant. What other Asian countries in the modern era followed this path?
Missionaries from European countries preached Christian teaching in Japan, and it was successful among the peasants. This caused the displeasure of the central government and the nobility, who saw in the Christian ideas of universal equality a danger to existing traditions.
In the 30s of the 17th century, the government took a number of measures to isolate Japan from the outside world. Decrees were issued expelling Europeans from the country and banning Christianity. The policy of “closing” the country was caused by the desire of the authorities to prevent the invasion of Japan by Europeans and the desire to preserve the old traditions and feudal order intact.
After the “closure” of the country, Japan’s trade relations with Europe ceased.
clause 1 questions and tasks to paragraph paragraph page 148
Question. What were the results of the “self-isolation” policy for the population and economy of Japan? Why in the middle of the 19th century? could the authorities no longer keep Japan “closed” to Europeans and Americans?
Following the conclusion of unequal treaties with foreign powers, Japan's ports were opened to the import of foreign goods. The influx of European goods led it to an economic crisis. As a result, taxes from peasants increased, and the tax in kind was replaced by a cash tax. All this led to a deterioration in the situation of the peasantry.
paragraph 2 questions and tasks to paragraph paragraph page 149
Question. Why do you think the leading industrial countries of the world supported the regime of the shogun, who personified the feudal order?
The main impetus for modernization and mastery of industrial production came from the ruling circles, who saw it as a means of strengthening the position of the state in the international arena. Japan remained a feudal state.
paragraph 3 questions and tasks to paragraph paragraph page 150
Question. Analyze reforms in different areas of the country's life and explain how they provided a compromise between supporters of traditional society and adherents of modernization in Japan.
Agrarian reform and governance reform were carried out. Although the class system was preserved, feudal fragmentation and feudal, non-economic forms of exploitation of the peasantry gradually ceased to exist.
paragraph 4 questions and tasks to paragraph paragraph page 152
Question. What lessons, in your opinion, should other Asian countries interested in equal cooperation with the leading countries of Europe and the United States learn from the Japanese experience of modernization?
Japan has embarked on the path of accelerated modernization. The government actively patronized the development of industry and trade, seeing in the industrialization of the country protection from the danger of foreign interference in the affairs of the state. At the end of the 19th century, Japanese capitalism entered a monopoly stage of development. Trade could not develop without good roads. Therefore, the state itself took up railway construction. Reforms carried out in the economic, political, social and spiritual spheres of life were organically accepted by society. Japan has avoided major social conflicts. A special type of labor relations emerged: employers and employees considered themselves as members of the same team.
paragraph 5 questions and tasks to paragraph paragraph page 152
Question. Based on the map (p. 153), describe the geopolitical position of Japan at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. and explain why its foreign policy was colonial in nature.
Limited raw material resources prompted Japan to conquer.
Questions and assignments for paragraph page 154
Question 1. Why, of all the Asian countries, was Japan at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Was the CD able to achieve significant results in the modernization of society and industrialization?
Firstly, the state has become the main instrument for implementing reforms designed to create the preconditions for modernization. The reforms were supposed to reduce the scope of natural and semi-subsistence farming, promote the development of commodity-money relations, and ensure the release of free labor for use in the growing industry.
Secondly, Japan resorts to state customs policy to protect domestic producers.
Thirdly, the state directly financed and organized the construction of railways, the creation of factories and factories (the greatest support was provided to the military industry and the industries serving it.
Question 2. Why did Japan, unlike, for example, Spain and Italy, manage to avoid major social conflicts during deep political reforms and socio-economic transformations?
Japan was able to avoid social conflicts because employers and workers viewed themselves as members of the same collective.
Section "Documents"
Question 1. On behalf of which strata of Japanese society were the demands formulated for the shogun? What was the reason for their presentation to the real head of state?
Demands for the shogun are formulated on behalf of coalition forces hostile to the shogunate. The discontent of the samurai, merchants, artisans and peasants sparks a rebellion against the shogun.
Question 2. In your own words, briefly formulate the four most important requirements presented in this document. What should Japan become as a result of their implementation?
Main demands: expulsion of foreigners, removal of the shogun from power and the creation of a strong, centralized and independent empire.
Questions and assignments for section p. 155
Question 1. Evaluate the socio-economic and political development of the countries discussed in the chapter according to the following criteria:
The time of completion of the industrial revolution.
The pace of industrialization of the country in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
Leading industries in the national economy.
Feudal remnants.
Internal problems that complicated the development of the country and impeded its independent foreign policy.
The predominant type of labor relations between employers and employees.
The state of the labor and trade union movement.
2. Why only certain countries were able to implement the requirements for industrial modernization and social reforms, maintain or gain influence on world development at the beginning of the 20th century.
Modernization, that is, mastery of the industrial type of production, at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries became the goal of the policy of most countries in the world. Modernization was associated with an increase in military power, expansion of export opportunities, revenues to the state budget, and an increase in living standards. Among the countries that became centers for the development of industrial production in the 20th century, two main groups stood out. They are called differently: the first and second echelons of modernization, or organic and catching-up development.
Two models of industrial development. The first group of countries, which included Great Britain, France and the USA, was characterized by gradual development along the path of modernization. Initially, the industrial revolution, then the mastery of mass, conveyor industrial production occurred in stages, as the corresponding socio-economic and cultural prerequisites matured.
Most countries that modernized within the framework of the catch-up development model at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries achieved noticeable success. Thus, Germany became one of England's main competitors in world markets. Japan in 1911 got rid of the previously unequal treaties imposed on it. At the same time, accelerated development was a source of exacerbation of many contradictions both in the international arena and within the modernizing states themselves.
The most difficult problems were created by the social consequences of modernization. In essence, they were the same in all countries that entered the industrial phase of development and were faced with social stratification of society.
Japan remained a closed state to the rest of the world for a long time, but the isolation ceased, and Japan began to cooperate closely with the leading world powers. We will learn below about how the modernization of Japanese society took place.
Japan on the path of modernization
Throughout its history, Japan has sought to absorb all the best that its neighbors had. Before the American Navy invaded Japan in 1854, the country was completely separated from civilization economically and culturally. The country was in a feudal system. Cheap American goods poured into the Japanese market, killing the domestic industry. Beginning in 1869, Emperor Mutsuhito set a course for the Europeanization of Japanese society. A period of global changes began, which went down in history as the “Meiji reforms.”
Rice. 1. Emperor Mutsuhito.
Realizing that in order to be competitive with the leading powers of the world, it is necessary to have the same level of development as them, the emperor first united the entire country under his rule, destroying feudalism, and then began close cooperation with the British Empire and the United States, adopting all the best that these countries had.
Let's consider the essence of the changes being carried out, summarizing them into a general table.
|
Reform |
Changes in society |
|
|
Administrative |
Destruction of the power of princes |
Division of the country into prefectures and provinces headed by appointed officials |
|
Agrarian |
Establishment of private ownership of land. Permission to buy and sell land plots |
The peasants received land. Increase in wealth among large landowners, decrease in income among some peasants |
|
Introduction of universal conscription |
The samurai lost the privilege of being a closed caste; the army began to be formed according to the European model |
|
|
Public administration |
Adoption of the Constitution and creation of a bicameral parliament |
The emperor had almost unlimited rights. 1% of the population received the right to vote. Samurai became officials in the country |
Rice. 2. Portrait of Katsumoto.
It is worth noting that the essence of the Meiji reforms was not a complete copying of the Western way of life, but only the necessary experience. This concept is called "Wakon Yosei" - Western form and Japanese content.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the country experienced rapid economic growth. Japan begins to build up its military potential, developing the military-industrial complex, turning into a colonial power.
TOP 4 articleswho are reading along with this
Japan seeks to make Korea and Northern China its colony, which leads to a clash of its interests with the Russian Empire. Unable to reach an agreement diplomatically, Japan enters the war and emerges victorious within a year, achieving its goals.
Rice. 3. Map of the Russo-Japanese War.
Victory in the war and a significant cultural and economic breakthrough allowed Japan to become a leading regional power, an oceanic empire, capable of much more than just leadership in the Pacific.
What have we learned?
From an article on history (8th grade) we learned briefly about Japan on the path of modernization. It is important to note that this was one of the few examples in world history when, in a short period of time, a state reduced the gap with the leading European powers by several centuries, proving its worth to the world.
Test on the topic
Evaluation of the report
Average rating: 4.6. Total ratings received: 446.
History of Japan at the end of the 19th century - beginning. The 20th century is full of important events. They are associated with Japan's entry into the capitalist path of development. The history of Japan of this period has much in common with the countries of Europe and the USA. At the same time, Japan had its own specific features.
Discovery of Japan Until the middle of the 19th century, Japan was a “closed country.” This led to the economic, political and military weakness of the country. In 1854, the United States, using force of arms, forced the shogun's government to “open” the country. A treaty of peace and friendship was signed. Following the United States, European countries were also allowed into Japan.
Meiji Revolution Late 60s The 19th century was marked by events that are commonly called “Meiji Imi” or “Meiji Revolution”. It is associated with the restoration of the power of the emperor and the overthrow of the “shogunate”. In 1867, the shogun abdicated power in favor of the 15-year-old Emperor Mutsihito.
On April 6, 1868, the Emperor made a solemn statement in which he put forward the following program of action: All state affairs will be decided in accordance with public opinion. All people must unanimously devote themselves to the prosperity of the nation. You will be allowed to pursue your own aspirations and develop your own activities. Knowledge will be borrowed all over the world
Japan has entered an era of modernization. The task facing the government was very difficult: to carry out modernization according to the Western model and not lose its independence and traditions.
To achieve this, Meiji carried out a number of fundamental reforms: The direction of the reforms The content of the reforms The significance of the reforms Agrarian reform Part of the land was transferred to the peasants under certain conditions. The capitalist structure began to develop in agriculture. Administrative reform Confiscation of part of the land and deprivation of power from princes. Destroyed the power of the princes and the division of the country into principalities. Military reform Universal conscription was introduced. The military-feudal structure was eliminated. The Japanese army acquired high combat effectiveness. Monetary reform A single currency was introduced - the yen. Created conditions for the formation of a single national market. Education reform A decree on compulsory primary education was adopted. The class education system was destroyed.
In the 1980s, a broad movement for a constitution unfolded in the country. A special mission was sent to Europe and the USA to familiarize themselves with and choose the most suitable version of the constitution. The mission chose the Prussian version of Bismarck. Emperor Parliament Upper House Lower House
Features of the development of Japan at the beginning of the 20th century. Japan has embarked on the path of accelerated modernization. The government actively patronized the development of industry and trade, seeing in the industrialization of the country protection from the danger of foreign interference in the affairs of the state. By order of the emperor, “model factories” were built at the expense of the state treasury, which were then sold or given to companies close to the imperial court. The companies Mitsui and Mitsubishi received especially generous gifts.
At the end of the 19th century, Japanese capitalism entered a monopoly stage of development. Trade could not develop without good roads. Therefore, the state itself took up railway construction.
Conclusion Japan is the only non-European state whose level of development by the beginning of the 20th century reached the level of leading European countries. The development of imperialism took place in conditions of a narrow domestic market, poverty of the vast majority of the population, and this made Japan an aggressive country that sought to seize foreign lands.
Modernization of a country is a macro process of transition from one level to another, more modern, with new technical conditions and quality indicators.
Throughout its history, Japan has repeatedly experienced stages of modernization of the economic and social system. From the Nara period until the 20th century, the country underwent large-scale reforms. The desire to constantly borrow the advanced ideas of their more advanced neighbors and apply them in practice is a generic feature of Japanese culture, which contributed to its continuous development. The two “modernizations” closest to our time are the reforms of the Meiji period and the post-war reforms that finally brought Japan onto the path of development of Western countries.
Until the invasion of Japan by Commodore Perry and the American fleet in 1854, the country was completely isolated from other countries economically and culturally. Before the Meiji reforms, which began in 1869, Japan had a feudal system, and the supreme ruler was a military leader - the shogun. With the advent of the Meiji era, the power of the emperor was restored, and at the same time the country began to actively participate in international economic and political relations. Realizing that in order to compete with other world powers, the country needed modernization, Emperor Mutsuhito, focusing on the most powerful states of that time, decided to adopt their experience and modernize the country along Western lines, completely reforming the army, educational system and other areas. However, there was no mechanical copying of Western culture and economic model, but, on the contrary, emphasis was placed on one’s own traditions and morals. This concept was called Wakon Yosei– “Western form and Japanese content.”
The early 20th century was a period of militarization in Japan. The country declared itself on the world stage for the first time. However, the real economic development of Japan, as a result of which it became a world leader on a par with the countries of Western Europe and the United States, began only after its defeat in World War II.
During the years of occupation of Japan (1945-1952), the American occupation administration developed a program for restoring the Japanese economy. Everything was reformed: from the economic structure to the state structure.
After the defeat in World War II, the economy was demilitarized.
For the first time in the post-war years, a system of priority industries necessary for economic recovery was established: metallurgy, coal industry, electric power, railways, and maritime transport. Later they added petrochemicals, synthetic fibers and electrical engineering. A strategy for comprehensive stimulation of export production was adopted.
The elimination of feudal remnants in the countryside contributed to a massive influx of labor from the countryside.
In 1947, a system of compulsory nine-year education was introduced, and later - complete secondary education. Trade unions were legalized. Antimonopoly legislation came into force in 1947.
In the 50-60s, there was an active borrowing of technical innovations from other countries.
After the war, Japan was a real leader in terms of production and income growth. The reasons for this rapid growth are increased labor productivity, increased technical equipment, and high rates of savings and investment.
The sharp rise in prices for energy resources forced Japan to switch to energy- and material-saving technologies.
As a result of these shifts in production structure, Japan has become the world's largest producer of robots, semiconductors, cars, machine tools, steel and household appliances.
It has become a modern country, focused on using its scientific and technological potential. Its further development follows the path of specialization in advanced technologies and export of investments, which ensures its stable position in the list of world leaders.
In 1603 Tokugawa came to power. He created a powerful political system that was built on centralization and decentralization. Tokugawa ruled the country until 1867. They set a course for self-isolation, which lasted until the 50s of the 19th century. Foreign trade was interrupted, moreover, it was prohibited. The navigation of ships along the coast of Japan was limited. Once a year it was allowed to exchange products with Dutch and Chinese merchants to see what was new in Europe. Agrarian reform was carried out in 1673. The 18th century was characterized by the rapid development of trade; enterprises (pre-manufactures) based on crafts appeared. The emergence of a market economy. Big samurai - daimyo. The daimyo collected large warehouses of rice, they took a risk and began to sell rice (hired people) and this led to the fact that the rice trade turned into a profitable activity. Pre-exchange trading - mid-17th century. Money from the sale of rice was used to modernize enterprises, thereby Japan began internal modernization. The number of pre-manufacturing enterprises grew rapidly. At the beginning of the 19th century there was an attempt at restoration. Stage of the second discovery of Japan 1853 (second wind). 8 ports opened. Customs duties were between 30 and 35 percent (goods were much cheaper than in other countries). All the gold left Japan for the world market. The situation in the country was changing very quickly. There was a political revolution, the Topugavas were overthrown, and in 1867 a new era of Japan began. 1868 - 1912 imperial power was restored, which still exists. In the West, the process of monopolization is in full swing. The state itself will not carry out industrialization; it must be left to private owners. 1880-1881 some private enterprises were transferred from the state. The zaibatsu (a form of Japanese big business) includes many businesses.
Lesson topic: Japan on the path of modernization: Eastern morality - Western technology.
Lesson objectives:
Characterize the socio-economic and political development of Japan in the first half of the 19th century;
Find out the causes and significance of the Meiji Revolution (1867-1868);
Reveal the essence of the reforms of the 60-70s. and the Constitution of 1889;
Determine the reasons for Japan's aggressive foreign policy;
Continue to develop the ability to independently work with documents as sources of new knowledge, highlight the main thing, use previously acquired knowledge, establish cause-and-effect relationships, highlight major and minor events, work with a historical map;
Develop students’ conceptual apparatus;
To promote in students a tolerant attitude towards people of different cultures.
Equipment: presentation, handouts, documents
During the classes
I. Introductory part.
1. Organizational moment.
Greeting in Japanese: "kon-ni i-va"(Good afternoon)
Sit down, do-ju(Please). What language do you think I addressed you in?
What does this have to do with today's lesson?
2. Water conversation
We studied events that took place in the 19th century in Europe, North and Latin America.
Guys, tell me, what was common in the development of European countries and the USA? (modernization of the economy, expansion of influence on other countries and their conquest)
What place did Latin American countries occupy in these events? (they were underdeveloped, national liberation movements against Spain and Portugal took place there, and the influence of the United States was increasing)
And today we will begin to consider the features of the development of Asian countries.
- Remember what were the largest states that existed in the East at the beginning of the 19th century? ? (India, China, Japan)
- Do you think that Asian states were more economically developed than Western states or not? Why?
- Do you think the states of the East will be able to maintain their position unchanged? Why? ( Western countries needed markets and expansion of their influence and would try to subjugate the weaker Eastern countries)
(against the background of music) Among Asian countries, one state occupied a special place; you are now hearing the music of this country, which in its development by the end of the 19th century approached the developed countries of Europe. What state are we talking about?
1. Japan entered the 19th century, being a distant outskirts of the world developed by Europeans. Like other countries in Asia and Africa, it became the object of expansion of Western countries, but did not become dependent on them. It managed not only to withstand the onslaught of Western countries, but also to become one of the developed countries. In today's lesson we need to find out how Japan managed to achieve this position? Guess what problems Japan needed to solve. (carry out transformations in the field of economics)
- What is the name of the improvement process? , introduction of innovations that meet modern requirements? (modernization)
- Formulate topic of today's lesson:"Japan on the path of modernization"
What problems need to be solved? (what changes have occurred, what are their consequences?)
- Determine the main problem of the country in the process of its modernization:
II. Main part. Learning new material. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.
1. Features of the geographical location
- What are the features of the geographical location of Japan? (map work: textbook, slide)
As you can see on the world map, Japan is an island country. In the mid-19th century, the Japanese lived mainly on four islands: Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Hokkaido.
2. Features of the development of Japan until the middle of the 19th century.
Since the 12th century, the shogunate was established in Japan.
-What does shogunate mean? (Shogunate - a peculiar form of government of the feudal aristocracy in Japan, in which the emperor was the supreme ruler only nominally, and power actually belonged by inheritance to the head of a large feudal clan).
The first Europeans to visit Japan in 1542 were the Portuguese. Local princes began to buy weapons from the Portuguese. The British and Dutch followed the Portuguese into the country, and Japan's trade with Europe gradually developed. The Japanese government feared that the Europeans would be able to subjugate the country. Therefore, Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu decided to close the country in the mid-17th century. An exception was made only for the Dutch, who helped the shogun in suppressing the peasant uprising. The only port open to them was Nagasaki.
- What do you think are the consequences of the artificial isolation of Japan?
(Low rates of economic development; The international position of the country was unstable. The military-technical backwardness of the country.)
Until the mid-19th century, Japan remained closed to foreigners and developed in accordance with traditions that had been preserved since the Middle Ages.
The United States and European countries began to look more and more closely at the Far East.
3. Introduce the forced opening of Japan
- Think about why the United States was interested in penetrating Japan?
Working with document p.249 - what are the reasons for the discovery of Japan
(Japan had important strategic position: 1. The country was of interest to the United States as transhipment base American ships sailing in the northern waters of the Pacific Ocean;
2. Japan was a convenient springboard to strengthen American positions in the Far East).
In 1853, an American military squadron led by Commander Matthew K. Perry arrived in Edo Bay on the island of Honshu, who gave the Japanese a letter from US President Fillmore, which expressed a desire to establish diplomatic relations with Japan. The Japanese asked for time to think. Perry said he will appear next year. In February 1854 he returned with ten warships. Perry demanded concessions from the Japanese, threatening intervention. On March 31, 1854, the Japanese-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship was signed, and Japan was forcibly opened to Western countries. Trade agreements were unequal. In fact, Japan became a semi-colony at the end of the 19th century.
In 1855, the first Russian-Japanese treaty was signed, according to which the Kuril Islands north of Iturup Island went to Russia, and Sakhalin remained in joint ownership.
Soon, similar agreements were signed with other European countries (England, France, Holland, etc.), which provided them with a number of benefits in trade with Japan and the right of extraterritoriality.
4. Determine the consequences of the opening of Japan. " The discovery of Japan had important consequences. Read textbook P.244 and determine the consequences of the discovery of Japan
(deterioration of the situation: rising arms costs, rising taxes, undermining national production due to the influx of foreign manufactured goods, export of gold, which undermined finances.
T. Oh, trade with Western countries has upset the Japanese economy. Cheap European goods poured into the country, which undermined national production. There was an understanding that, over the years of isolation, Japan had fallen behind Western countries technically and that modernization was necessary
More and more often in Japan one could hear the following speeches: “These barbarians bring us unnecessary luxuries, deprive us of basic necessities, ruin the people and strive to conquer Japan in the near future. It was our shogun who sowed the seeds of all disasters.”
- Who was considered responsible for the worsening situation? (shogun)
Massive discontent with the penetration of Europeans into Japan in 1868 gave rise to a movement against the shogun and foreigners, its participants advocated for the restoration of the real power of the emperor. The Japanese quickly and organizedly rebuilt, taking their own destiny into their own hands. The opposition to the shogun was led by local princes. Seeking an alternative to the shogun's rule, they turned to Emperor Mutsuhito. In 1868, a military coup (revolution) took place in Japan, during which imperial power was restored. The 15-year-old Emperor Mutsihito took charge of the country.
- Why do you think the shogunate and its coalition were defeated?
5. Consider the content of the Meiji reforms.
The period of Emperor Mutsuhito's reign was called the Meiji era - "enlightened rule". On April 6, 1868, the Emperor made a solemn statement in which he put forward the following program of action:
- “A broad assembly will be created, and all state affairs will be decided in accordance with public opinion.
All people, both rulers and ruled, must unanimously devote themselves to the advancement of the nation.
All people will be allowed to pursue their own aspirations and develop their own activities.
All bad practices of the past will be abolished; justice and impartiality as understood by everyone will be respected.
Knowledge will be borrowed from all over the world, and in this way the foundations of the empire will be strengthened."
- What is the essence of the program? on the introduction of the achievements of European civilization in Japan.
Emperor Mutsuhito agreed with the Japanese proverb: “When the blind have a blind guide, they fall into a pit.” The motto of the reforms was “ fukoku kyohei» (« rich country, strong army"). A policy of “enlightenment from above” was pursued. To get acquainted with the state of affairs in the West, it was created « », who, having visited 15 countries, brought home invaluable information about modern principles of society. The entire period of the Meiji era passed under the slogans: “Japanese spirit, European knowledge”, “Teaching others is always honorable, learning from others is never a shame.” Begins "Westernization" of Japan. Westernization - Japan’s borrowing from Western European countries of the latest achievements of science and technology, the foundations of the political system and their implementation taking into account the local mentality (national traditions, customs, corporatism)
PHYSICAL MINUTE
Are you probably tired?
Get up! Hands up!
Stretch high and take a deep breath!
They gradually lowered their hands... There is no time for boredom in the lesson!
Right, left head - one and two, one and two.
They smiled at each other and leaned in slightly.
And now they bent back, straightened up, swayed...
And we sat down at our desks and continued to work.
The new government is carrying out a number of reforms. Students write down the reforms in a notebook and characterize their significance using textbook material from 244-245.
Name of the reform
Main events
The importance of reforms
Agrarian reform (1872-1873)
Securing private ownership of land, permission to buy and sell it
The emergence of landless peasants, who ensured the creation of a class of wage workers and the preservation of landownership
Military reform (1872)
Elimination of the samurai class, creation of a regular army
Formation of a disciplined army loyal to the government, the spirit of samurai was cultivated - the “Bushido Code”
Administrative-territorial reform (1871)
Abolition of principalities, introduction of division into 72 prefectures
Elimination of fragmentation, introduction of a unified system of management of different parts of the state.
Financial reform (1868)
Replaced the old coins with a single one - the yen
Contributed to the expansion of the domestic market, the development of trade and industry, and the formation of banks
Educational Reform (1872)
According to the European (French) model, 5.5 thousand primary schools and 8 universities were founded
Primary education became compulsory and accessible to women; by 1914 the Japanese were considered among the most educated people in the world
Judicial reform (1872)
Introduction of common European-style courts and laws for the entire country
Overcoming fragmentation, the emperor had the right to approve and issue laws; equality of citizens before the court, further centralization of the state
The Meiji reforms were aimed at overcoming the feudal backwardness of Japan, accelerating the development of capitalist relations, and increasing industrial production. The reforms brought Japan out of international isolation and integrated it into the global economy.
- What are the consequences of these reforms?( development of bourgeois relations, the beginning of industrialization and democratization of the country and society, strengthening the country's defense capability).
6
. Constitution of 1889
Along with changes in the economy, there were also changes in political life. Trade unions began to emerge, an organized labor movement emerged, and a liberal movement was taking shape. In 1880, the Liberals created the League for the Establishment of Parliament. The Emperor sent to Europe to study the experience of Western countries
a special delegation that had to choose the most suitable option for Japanese traditions of government. The first Japanese constitution was approved by the emperor in 1889. It gave the emperor broad rights. He was declared a "sacred and inviolable person." He had the right to declare and conclude peace, approve laws, convene and dissolve parliament, all officials in the state were subordinate to him, and was the commander-in-chief of the army and navy.
The constitution provided for the creation of a 2-chamber parliament. The upper chamber of peers consisted of members of the imperial family and dignitaries appointed by the emperor. Deputies of the lower house were elected. Men over 25 years of age who paid a tax of at least 15 yen received the right to vote. 1% of the population received the right to vote. Deputies had the right to discuss government bills, but did not have the right to pass laws themselves. The government was responsible only to the emperor. The constitution proclaimed fundamental civil rights.
7. To introduce the features of the development of Japan at the beginning of the 20th century.: Working with the textbook pp. 245-246 and sources
Japan has embarked on the path of accelerated modernization. The government actively patronized the development of industry and trade, seeing in the industrialization of the country protection from the danger of foreign interference in the affairs of the state. By order of the emperor, “model factories” were built at the expense of the state treasury, which were then sold or given to companies close to the imperial court. Equipment for these plants was purchased abroad. Mitsui and Mitsubishi companies received especially generous gifts. One foreigner who visited Japan before the First World War noted: “You can come to Japan on a ship owned by Mitsui, disembark at a port equipped by Mitsui, take a tram owned by Mitsui to a hotel built by the same Mitsui.” At the end of the 19th century, Japanese capitalism entered a monopoly stage of development. Trade could not develop without good roads. Therefore, the state itself took up railway construction.
The government sought to give the relationship between the bourgeoisie and workers the character of family ties. The capitalist, officials argued, is the head of the family, and the workers are its members. These relationships corresponded to the traditional ideas of ordinary Japanese about the need to work hard and obey the master in everything. Corporal punishment was used in factories.
What does the following data indicate?
Pig iron production increased by almost 6 times, steel in 69 once.
Coal production increased by 8,8 once.
Foreign trade increased by more than 20 once.
Industrial capital increased by 36 times, and banking in 2 times.
Thus, in the 90s, industrial growth began in Japan, as in European countries and the USA. New industries emerged: mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, etc. Western technologies were used. Large corporations turned into monopolies. Japan sought to penetrate the markets of other countries and built railways in Korea.
8. Foreign policy of Japan.
At the turn of the century in Japan, the idea of pan-Asianism was born, which stated: “Asia for Asians.” Supporters of this idea argued that only through unification with the help of Japan would Asia be able to resist the West. And for this it is necessary to extend the power of the Japanese emperor to the Asian peoples. After 1868, the militant samurai spirit could not be realized within the country. Therefore, it was embodied in Japan's aggressive policy.
Historical reference. (if there is time) From an article by Russian researcher G. Vostokov, published in 1904.“When it appeared in the 1850s. American-European squadrons, they (the Japanese) had to admit their powerlessness. The feeling of national pride, deeply wounded by the consciousness of the superiority of the Europeans, however, was not reconciled, and with their characteristic persistence and impetuosity, the Japanese set out to master this superiority, which, in their ideas, comes down to technical progress and military improvements, and not only to master, but and surpass. And so, at the age of thirty, they carried out a revolution in their country, in comparison with which our noisy European revolutions seem like marking time. If the Japanese were guided in this coup by a sense of national dignity, then national pride began to carry them further. Having established themselves in the idea that they were comparable to the Europeans in culture, the Japanese were not satisfied with the consciousness of such equality and began to dream of exclusive recognition of their people in the history of mankind.
1)Main directions of external expansion: (working with a map)
Japanese-Korean War – 1876, 1894, 1910.
Sino-Japanese War - 1894-1895. Russo-Japanese War - 1904-1905. Territorial acquisitions:
1895 - O. Taiwan. 1905 – Southern Sakhalin, Liaodong Peninsula.
1910 - Korea.
After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan acquired the international status of a strong power that now had to be reckoned with.
9. Introduce changes in lifestyle (student message)
III. Consolidation.
So, guys, we have finished studying the topic. We need to make a general conclusion.
1. Let's return to our problem: How did the small island state of Japan avoid the fate of becoming a dependent (colonial) country?
2. Do you agree with the statement by James Fallows “Looking at the Sun”. “Japan during the Meiji era was unique in its systematic attempt to learn everything that the rest of the world had achieved up to that time and apply it as quickly as possible to Japan... To avoid foreign domination, the Japanese leadership began an onslaught of systematically studying the achievements of the rest of the world.”
2. Select from the list: factors that contributed to the development of Japan in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries;
consequences for Japan as a result of rapid economic development.
1. The forced “opening” of Japan.
2. The reign of shoguns from the Tokugawa clan.
3. Implementation of reforms by Emperor Meiji.
4. Domination of the Samurai.
5. Adoption of the Constitution of 1889
6. Modernization of Japan.
7. National traditions, nepotism, corporatism.
8. Borrowing European knowledge, achievements of science and technology.
9. The emergence of monopolistic associations - concerns - zaibatsu.
10. Tea ceremony.
11. Creation of exemplary enterprises
11. Signing of union treaties with European states.
12. Preservation of feudal relations.
13. The leading role of the state in the industrialization of the country.
14. Independence from European countries.
15. Preservation of landownership.
16. Aggressive foreign policy.
17. International status of a strong power.
Student response: as a result of the forced “opening” of Japan, reforms by Emperor Mutsuhito, the adoption of a new Constitution, borrowing the latest achievements of science and technology from European countries, as well as the leading role of the state in the industrialization of the country, while maintaining national traditions and corporatism, allowed Japan to carry out industrial modernization, which led to the emergence of monopolistic associations, zaibatsu, and the signing of union treaties with European states. This made it possible for Japan to pursue an aggressive foreign policy and, at the beginning of the twentieth century, gain the international status of a strong power.
IV. Summing up the lesson. Japan assimilated all the latest achievements of Europe and applied them not exactly in this form, no, she applied them to the extent necessary to strengthen her forces. Japan used Europe as a ladder to climb to the roof of the Far East
Reflection:
I found out….
I understand…
I am surprised…
It's hard for me to understand...
V. Homework.
Paragraph 27, learn the terms, fill out the table
TEST-Control
1. Until the mid-19th century, Japan was a “closed” country. This meant: a) the Japanese kept the doors closed; b) the leading countries of the world introduced a naval blockade; c) the Japanese people had no contact with foreigners.
2. From the beginning of the 17th century until 1968, the following was introduced in the country: a) samurai regime; b) shogun regime; c) kabuki mode; d) Yamoto mode.
3. The power of which Japanese emperor was overthrown as a result of the Meiji Revolution: a) Mutsuhito; b) Hirohito, c) Furukawa; d) Tokugawa.
4. What is the second name for Japan: a) Land of the Rising Moon; b) the land of the morning sun; c) the land of the rising sun; d) the country of the rising star.
5. What is the name of the Japanese currency: a) yen; b) crown; c) shekel; d) tanga.
6. What was the goal of the Meiji reforms: a) were aimed at overcoming feudal backwardness; b) to overcome the resistance of the samurai; c) to solve the food problem.
7. Indicate the dates of the Russian-Japanese War:
1) 1903-1905; 2) 1904-1905; 3) 1905-1906; 4) 1906-1907
8. What territories were captured by Japan in the late 19th – early 20th centuries:
9. According to the Constitution of 1889, Japan became:
A) absolute monarchy;
B) limited monarchy;
B) bourgeois monarchy;
10. Match:
A) The policy of building up military power, the arms race, 1. Modernization which is carried out by the ruling circles of a particular state.
B) Japan's borrowing from Western European states 2. Westernization of the latest achievements of science and technology, the foundations of the political system and their implementation taking into account the local mentality.
C) Updating, improvement, processing in accordance with 3. Corporate spirit with modern requirements, the use of advanced experience and achievements.
D) Employment was for life and created a special atmosphere 4. Militarism of trust, responsibility for one’s work and solidarity with one’s employer, interest in the prosperity of the enterprise.
Z 
and during this period Japan, which by the middle of the 19th century had become virtually a semi-colony of Western countries, was the only one of the Eastern countries to become an advanced power that itself began colonial conquests.
What contributed to such a rapid rise of the country?
Possible personally significant problem: the combination of devotion to national traditions with the ability to borrow from other countries everything that is valuable for one’s country makes it possible to achieve a high level of economic development while preserving national culture
Cognitive tasks: 1. Think about why Japan became almost the only Eastern country that managed to resist the colonial policies of the West. 2. Do you agree that the success of Japan's modernization is due to the country's dynamic tradition, enriched by the West? Comment on this point of view and provide facts that support it. 4. Express your opinion on the question: why did the Japanese state pursue a policy of active intervention in the industrialization of the country?
Excerpt from the film “The Last Samurai” (2-3 min
4. Reforms of the “Meiji era”.
5.
Guys, list the main reasons for the rapid modernization of Japan.
Decisive reforms of Emperor Mutsuhito.
Traits of national character - resilience, readiness for change, hard work.
Use of Western experience, equipment and technologies.
National traditions, corporatism.
The leading role of the state in the industrialization of the country.
Using world achievements of science and technology.
The introduction of a single monetary unit - the yen, the creation of a banking system.
The emergence of monopolistic associations - zaibatsu concerns.
Creation of exemplary enterprises (textiles, matches, glass, cement, beer, etc.)
Independence from European countries.
Renegotiating unequal trade agreements.
Due to reforms and rapid economic growth, Japan has become a leading state in Asia.
Teacher's words:
Reforms carried out in the economic, political, social and spiritual spheres of life were organically accepted by society. They turned out to be in tune with the Japanese way of life, ideas, culture, i.e. Japanese mentality. However, while borrowing Western achievements and introducing them into life, the Japanese did not abandon their original traditions. European clothing did not replace the national kimono (Slide 13), the introduction of the European calendar and education system - the tea ceremony (Slide 14), admiring the cherry blossoms (Slide 15).
CONCLUSION: Japan assimilated all the latest achievements of Europe, and applied them not exactly in this form, no, - she applied them to the extent necessary to strengthen her forces.
Japan used Europe as a ladder to climb to the roof of the Far East.
TEST.
Reasons for the artificial isolation of Japan.
a) the spread of Christianity;
b) an increase in the number of Europeans in Japan;
c) strengthening the position of the bourgeoisie.
Why did Japan become one of the leading countries in the world?
a) decisive reforms, the use of Western experience;
b) Shogun Tokugawo Kake renounced power.
Which country was the first to sign a trade agreement with Japan?
a) USA;
b) Russia;
c) France.
Homework.
Paragraph 25 (study), learn the terms, fill out the table
Direction of reforms
Contents of the reform
The significance of the reform
Government
Public relations
Economic reforms
Education reforms
Student presentations and discussion of the question: “How successful was modernization in Japan and why?”
) Presentation of work by students.
After Map – slide number 53,
Assignment for the map:
1. Show on the map the main directions of Japanese foreign policy. 2. What territories were annexed to Japan. ( slide number 54 )
Comprehension and systematization of acquired knowledge.
Let's answer the key questions of the lesson (distribute the “Student Page”: topic, purpose, lesson plan, summary of new material, conclusion, d/z) 1. What does the expression “Eastern morality – Western technology” (Westernization) mean? 2.Explain the main idea of the Japanese slogan “Asia for Asians.”
3. Give your own assessment of the changes that occurred in Japan in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
TEST-Control
After the test, students exchange work for quick review and evaluation.
Until the middleXIX For centuries, Japan has been a “closed” country. This meant: a) the Japanese kept the doors closed; b) the leading countries of the world introduced a naval blockade; c) the Japanese people had no contact with foreigners.
At firstXVII century and until 1968 the following was introduced in the country: a) samurai mode; b) shogun regime; c) kabuki mode; d) Yamoto mode.
Which Japanese emperor was overthrown by the Meiji Revolution? a) Mutsuhito; b) Hirohito, c) Furukawa; d) Tokugawa.
What is the second name for Japan? a) Land of the Rising Moon; b) the land of the morning sun; c) the land of the rising sun; d) the country of the rising star.
What is the name of the Japanese currency? a) yen; b) crown; c) shekel; d) tanga.
What was the goal of the Meiji reforms? a) were aimed at overcoming feudal backwardness; b) to overcome the resistance of the samurai; c) to solve the food problem.
7. Indicate the dates of the Russian-Japanese War:
1) 1903-1905;
2) 1904-1905;
3) 1905-1906;
4) 1906-1907
8. What territories were captured by Japan in the end?XIX -beginning of the twentieth century:
A) Korea, b) China, c) India, d) Liaodong Peninsula, e) Sakhalin Island, f) o. Honshu, i) Taiwan, g) Manchuria, h) Mongolia.
9. According to the Constitution of 1889, Japan became:
A) absolute monarchy;
B) limited monarchy;
B) bourgeois monarchy;
10. Match:
A) The policy of building up military power - the arms race , 1. Modernization which is carried out by the ruling circles of a particular state.
B) Japan's borrowing from Western Europeans 2. Westernization states of the latest achievements of science and technology, the foundations of the political system and their implementation taking into account the local mentality.
C) Updating, improvement, processing in accordance 3. Corporate spirit with modern requirements, using advanced experience and achievements.
D) The employment was for life and created a special atmosphere 4. Militarism trust, responsibility for one’s work and solidarity with one’s owner, interest in the prosperity of the enterprise.
E) A peculiar form of government of the feudal aristocracy in Japan of the 12th-19th centuries, in which the emperor was the supreme figure only nominally, and all power actually belonged and was inherited by the head of a large feudal clan.
Teacher's conclusion: Japan assimilated all the latest achievements of Europe and applied them not exactly in this form, no, but she applied them to the extent necessary to strengthen her forces. Japan used Europe as a ladder to climb to the roof of the Far East
I found out…. and I rate my knowledge at…. points
I understand…
I am surprised…
It's hard for me to understand...
the collision with the West threatened Japan with the loss of independence and in these conditions the young state, using the traditional Japanese tendency to useful borrowings and lack of contempt for foreign culture, prepared Japanese society to understand the need for modernization and contributed to reforms that were destroying traditional society; reforms allowed Japan to follow the path of modernization and development of a capitalist economy; the development of monopoly capitalism in the country took place in conditions of a narrow domestic market, poverty of the vast majority of the population, and growing nationalist sentiments - this made Japan an aggressive country seeking to seize foreign lands
“Japan is the only non-European country whose level of development by the beginning of the 20th century. reached the level of leading European powers. What is the solution to this exceptional phenomenon? Firstly, even during the period of “closure” of the country, the authorities did not reject everything foreign. On the contrary, having become accustomed to adopting everything useful for its own development, the state continued to follow this tradition. The tendency to useful borrowing from outside, nurtured over centuries, led to the fact that contacts with the Dutch continued in Japan even after the “first closure” (in the 17th century). From them the achievements of Western science and technology came to the country.
Secondly, Japan's island position gave a special role to trade and navigation. And although the merchants belonged to the lowest class, their services were needed by powerful princes who provided benefits to their cities and trading people. Trade and navigation were private enterprises (the state was not involved in this). It was through traders that connections with the outside world were made. The princes supported this. Thus, Japanese merchants and the princes who patronized them contributed to the development of private enterprise.
Thirdly, in Japan, power was in the hands of the military (shogunate system). The functions of officials in the country were performed by samurai, faithful to the knightly code of honor (bushido). Japan has not developed a state with comprehensive control over the population. As a result, after the Meiji Revolution, the young state was not burdened with the unbearable burden of traditions and bureaucracy with its inherent inertia and corruption. This opened the way for useful borrowings, including the European model of constitutional monarchy.
Fourthly, Japan, due to its scarce natural resources, was less attractive to colonialists than China or India. The positions of European states in the Japanese economy were less strong than in these countries. Therefore, transformations in the country and the breaking of the traditional structure were carried out not by the colonialists, but by a young state that took European countries as a model. It should not be forgotten that the young state did not rely on old traditions, since in the past it was ruled by shoguns. The emperor who returned to power (it is no coincidence that these events are also called the “Meiji restoration”) was focused on breaking with the old statehood and borrowing from the West. The main functions of the Japanese state became political functions, that is, the implementation of the policies in which the ruling classes and social strata of the new Japan were interested.
Fifth, Japan's aggressive foreign policy required active modernization of the economy and society. Subsequently, Japan demonstrated not only its economic successes, but also an old, almost medieval in cruelty military tradition, the norms of which provided for the ruthless destruction of not only defeated warriors, but also the civilian population in the conquered countries.”
The final part of the lesson may be difficult for some students, so we recommend that the teacher’s summary be accompanied by a note on the chalkboard or in history notebooks. In the next lesson, students will compare Japan and China in the late 19th century.
TEST. 1. Reasons for the artificial isolation of Japan. a) the spread of Christianity; b) an increase in the number of Europeans in Japan; c) strengthening the position of the bourgeoisie.
2. Why did Japan become one of the leading countries in the world? a) decisive reforms, b) use of Western experience; c) shogun Tokugawo Kake renounced power.
3. Which country was the first to sign a trade agreement with Japan? a) USA; b) Russia;
c) France.
Reflection.
The name of the state is displayed on the flag of Japan: the red disk in the center of the flag means the morning sun. In terms of natural beauty, Japan ranks one of the first places in the world (slides of nature and architecture, Mount Fuji, the imperial palace, etc.). Here the heat gives way to frost, and the hot sun gives way to falling snow. Japan is a country of wonders and unique culture. Everyone knows the Japanese samurai - warrior knights, the art of ikebana, cherry blossoms, tea ceremonies, the unusual and exciting kabuki theater, funny macaques who love to bask in hot springs. Japan is the birthplace of karate, ninjas, and sumo wrestling.
However, from the beginning of the 17th century. For almost 250 years, Japan became a closed country and avoided all kinds of contacts with Europe under penalty of death.
Key questions of the lesson (slide No. 36 +Handout)
What does the expression “Eastern morality – Western technology” (Westernization) mean?
Explain the main idea of the Japanese slogan “Asia for Asians.”
Give your own assessment of the changes that occurred in Japan in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries;
(the questions are on the desks so that students can read them at any time)
Using the table, determine where most of the world's population lived at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. What kind of society - traditional or industrial - dominates in the countries of the East?
Territory
Population, million
Asia
950
Europe
290
Russia
130
Africa
110
North America
81
Latin America
64
Australia and Oceania
Students conclude that the majority of the Earth's population at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries lived in Asia (approximately 950 million people). In these countries, the features of a traditional society prevailed.
- What are the main features of a traditional society? (following traditions, honoring elders, etc.)