In the 12th century. Mongol tribes occupied the territory included in modern Mongolia and Buryatia. This was a vast expanse of Central Asia: the basins of the Orkhon, Kerulen, Tola, Selenga, Ongin, Onon rivers, near the Khubsutul lakes in the west and Buir-Nur and Kulun-Nur in the east (near the Khalkin-Gol river). The Mongolian tribes bore various names: the Mongols themselves, the Mernites, the Kedrits, the Oirats, the Naimans, and the Tatars. The latter were the most numerous and warlike. Therefore, neighboring peoples extended the name Tatars to other Mongolian tribes.
From the end of the 12th century. The Mongolian tribes were undergoing a process of disintegration of the tribal system. The peculiarity of this system was that it developed on the basis of nomadic cattle breeding. This method of production is characterized by ownership not of land, but of herds and pastures. Hence the desire of nomadic tribes to expand their habitat, which, as a rule, happened through predatory campaigns.
From among the community herders (Karach), the nobility began to stand out - noyons and bagaturas, who led detachments of nukers vigilantes. The rights of the nobility were protected by the law - "Yasa".
At the beginning of the 13th century. the unification of the Mongol tribes took place. This was mainly facilitated by the diplomatic and, especially, military activities of Temujin, the leader of the Mongols. In a bloody internecine struggle, they eventually managed to conquer even the Tatars. Most of them were killed (Temujin ordered the execution of everyone taller than the axle of a cart wheel), the rest united with the Mongols. In 1206, at a congress of tribes (kurultai), held in the upper reaches of the Onon River, Temujin was proclaimed ruler of all Mongol tribes. He received the name Genghis Khan (the exact meaning is not established, usually translated as Great Khan).
Genghis Khan strengthened the long-existing military organization of the Mongols, which coincided with the territorial one. The entire territory was divided into three parts: center, left and right wing. Each of them was divided into “thousands” (10 thousand), “thousands”, “hundreds”, “tens”, headed by temniks, thousanders, centurions, tens. This device facilitated the rapid and precise deployment of military forces. The strictest discipline was introduced in the army. The main striking force was the cavalry. Having created a strong and aggressive organization, Genghis Khan began his conquests.
Campaigns of the Mongol-Tatars
The first blows were inflicted on neighboring peoples: the Tanguts, the Jurzens (the ancestors of the modern Manchus), as well as the Uighurs, Turkmens, etc. Using their military forces, as well as their fighting skills, the Mongols in 1219-1224. undertook a campaign in Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, the Caucasus and the Polovtsian steppes. In Central Asia, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khojent, Merv and other rich cities were captured and destroyed. Residents were destroyed, and the most skilled artisans were taken captive. This territory began to be populated by nomads, irrigated agriculture was destroyed, and sands began to invade agricultural oases. The agricultural civilization that had been built over centuries disappeared from the face of the earth.
Further, after the capture of Northern Iran, the Mongol-Tatars moved to Transcaucasia. However, due to the strong resistance of the Armenians and Georgians and unusual natural conditions, they were forced to leave this territory. The Mongols returned to their steppes by a different route. Having found a narrow flat strip between the Caspian Sea and the mountains near Derbent, Genghis Khan’s “dogs” Jebe and Subedey burst into the Polovtsian steppes. Having defeated part of the Polovtsians, they began to advance towards Russian lands. Then one of the Polovtsian khans, Kotyan, turned to the Russian princes for help: “Defend us. If you don’t help us, we will be cut off now, and you will be cut off in the morning.” In the face of a dangerous enemy, the request was accepted by the ancient Russian princes. However, not all Russian lands deployed their troops (there was no squad from the Rostov-Suzdal land), and there was no unity among the fifteen princes who headed to the Don. Having lured the Russian army into the steppes, the Mongol-Tatars (their number reached 30 thousand) on May 31, 1223 in the battle on the Kalka River inflicted a cruel and crushing defeat on him. Only a tenth of the army returned from the Azov region. Despite their success, the Mongol-Tatars, having advanced to the Dnieper, unexpectedly turned back to the steppe. Thus ended the first campaign of the Mongol-Tatars against Rus'.
Campaigns to Rus' Batu
After the death of Genghis Khan (1227), his son Ogedei became the heir. The campaigns of conquest continued. In the early 30s of the 13th century. The Mongols again attacked Transcaucasia. And in 1236 the campaign against Russian lands began. It was headed by the grandson of Genghis Khan, the son of his eldest son Jochi-Batu (Batu), who received possession (ulus) of the western lands, including those that were to be conquered.
Having captured Volga Bulgaria, by the fall of 1237 the Mongols crossed the Volga and concentrated on the Voronezh River. It must be said that the new campaign against Rus' was not a surprise for the princes and the entire population. As the chronicles testify, in Russian cities they monitored the advance of the Mongol-Tatars, knew about their approach and plans of conquest, and prepared for defense. However, the Mongol-Tatars remained overwhelmingly superior in military forces. At the most conservative estimates, their army numbered from 37.5 thousand to 75 thousand people and used first-class siege equipment for that time. In the absence of political and military unity in Rus', it was extremely difficult to resist the numerous, well-trained and brutal troops of the Mongol-Tatars. And yet, the Russian lands, especially in the initial period, tried to organize a collective resistance. But the unification of the forces of several principalities was not enough to resist a strong enemy.
The first Russian volost on the path of the Mongol-Tatars was Ryazan. To Batu's demands for voluntary submission and payment of tribute, the Ryazan prince Yuri Ingvarevich and the Pronsky and Murom princes allied with him refused. In turn, having received no help from other lands, the Ryazan people had to act alone. But even while under siege, they found the courage to answer the Tatar ambassadors: “If we are all gone, then everything will be yours.” Ryazan fell after a five-day defense on December 21, 1237. The city was plundered and burned, and the inhabitants, including the princely family, were killed. Ryazan was never reborn in its original place.
In January 1238, the Mongol-Tatars moved to the Vladimir-Suzdal land. In the battle near Kolomna, they defeated the Vladimir people and the remnants of the Ryazan people, after which they approached Moscow. Moscow, which at that time was a small suburb of Vladimir, put up desperate resistance. The defense was led by Voivode Philip Nyanka. The city was taken only five days later. On February 3, 1238, Batu approached Vladimir and besieged it, while simultaneously sending a detachment to Suzdal. On February 7, after a number of unsuccessful attempts to take possession of the city through the Golden Gate, the invaders broke into it through gaps in the wall. The chronicler paints terrible pictures of robbery and violence. Bishop Mitrofan, with the princesses and children who were part of the family of Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, and other people, who took refuge in the Assumption Cathedral, were set on fire and died in agony from suffocation and fire. Meanwhile, Prince Yuri of Vladimir himself, having gone north, tried with the forces of the Vladimir army and the regiments of the Rostov, Yaroslavl, Uglitsky and Yuriev lands gathered by him to stop the deadly march of the Mongol-Tatars. On March 4, 1238, a battle took place on the City River, lost in dense forests northwest of Uglich. The exact location of the battle has not yet been established, but it is reliably known that the entire Russian army was killed. Yuri Vsevolodovich also died. North-Eastern Rus' was devastated and devastated.
At the same time, another detachment of Mongol-Tatars moved to North-Western Rus'. Here they met stubborn resistance from the residents of Torzhok, a suburb of Novgorod. But on March 5 - after two weeks of standing under its walls - the Mongol-Tatars, using battering devices, took it too. The enemies exterminated everyone “from male to female, all of the priestly ranks and those of the Black Rises, and everything was naked and desecrated, giving up his soul to the Lord with a bitter death.”
The path to Novgorod was thus open. However, the unexpected happened: not having reached Novgorod a hundred miles, Batu, near the town of Ignach-cross, sharply turned south. The reasons for this decision can only be named tentatively: the upcoming spring thaw, as a result of which further advancement was extremely difficult, fatigue and loss of morale of the Mongols themselves, who fought in unusual conditions for them, as well as rumors that reached them about the determination of the Novgorodians to fight to the last.
The retreat was rapid and had the character of a “raid.” The Mongols divided into detachments and, going from north to south, covered with their “network” the settlements they encountered along the way. It is especially necessary to note the resilience of the residents (led by the young prince Vasily) of the small town of Kozelsk, who defended themselves without anyone’s help for seven weeks. They made forays, attacked the enemy, and destroyed siege engines. When it came to the assault, “the goats and knives were cutting with them.” The Tatars called it “the evil city” and “show no mercy from the young to the milk-sucking.”
Smolensk managed to fight back, but such large centers as Pereyaslavl-Yuzhny, Chernigov, etc. were devastated. After this, the Mongol-Tatars again went to the steppes. But already in 1239 a new invasion followed. After capturing Murom, the Mongols moved to southern Rus' and approached Kyiv. The defense of the city was organized by Voivode Dmitry (Prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich fled). The townspeople selflessly defended themselves for about three months; their strength was unequal. In December 1240, Kyiv was taken. The following year, the Mongol-Tatars defeated Galician-Volyn Rus and then invaded Europe. However, having suffered a series of failures in the Czech Republic and Hungary, Batu turned his troops to the East. The Italian monk Plano Carpini, who was passing through the southern Russian lands a little later, left chilling lines: the Tatars “went against Russia and carried out a great massacre in the land of Russia, destroyed cities and fortresses and killed people, besieged Kiev, which was the capital of Russia, and after a long siege they took it and killed the inhabitants of the city; from here, when we rode through their land, we found countless heads and bones of dead people lying in the field; for this city was large and very populous, and now it is reduced to almost nothing: it barely exists there two hundred houses, and they keep those people in the most severe slavery."
Based on the above, it is difficult to take seriously L.N. Gumilyov’s conclusions that “the few Mongol warriors of Batu only passed through Rus' and returned to the steppe.” It seems that A.S. Pushkin said much more precisely about the tragedy that befell the Russian people, at the same time defining the significance that the fortitude and courage of the Russian people had: “... torn and bloodless Rus' stopped the Mongol-Tatar invasion on the edge of Europe.” Her dedication cost Rus' dearly. According to archaeologists, out of 74 Russian cities, 49 were devastated by the Tatars. 14 of them ceased to exist forever, and 15 turned into rural settlements. Thousands of townspeople, villagers, noble people and ordinary community members died. Many, especially artisans, were taken captive. The crooked Tatar saber and the accompanying fire devastated Rus', but did not bring it to its knees. Batu's invasion did not entail the destruction of the ancient Russian people and civilization.
The beginning of the yoke
Batu's campaigns on Russian lands in 1257-1241. did not entail the immediate establishment of foreign domination. But in the summer of 1242, the Mongols who returned from the shores of the “last” Adriatic Sea in the lower reaches of the Volga formed a new state within the Mongol Empire - the Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi). It covered a vast territory, including the lands of the Volga Bulgarians, Polovtsy, Crimea, Western Siberia, the Urals, and Khorezm. The capital became Sarai, or Sarai-Batu, founded not far from present-day Astrakhan. Ambassadors were sent to the ancient Russian lands, demanding that the princes appear before Batu with an expression of submission. Thus, in 1242, the Mongol-Tatar yoke began, which lasted until 1480.
The first to go to the Horde in 1243 was Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, who remained the eldest among the Vladimir-Suzdal princes. Over the next decade, the Russian princes made at least 19 trips to the Mongol-Tatars, including four times to the capital of Mongolia - Karakorum. In the Horde, the princes, who usually brought rich gifts and tributes, received confirmation of their rights to their principalities and to the “great reign of Vladimir” - “label”. The Mongols, taking advantage of this and extracting benefits for themselves, often incited rivalry between the Russian princes, which led to strife and bloodshed. At the end of the 50s of the 13th century. In Rus', a system of widespread and regular collection of tribute (“Horde exit”) is introduced - household taxation (for which a census was carried out - “number”), as well as military service. At the same time, the institution of khan's governors, the Baskaks, was created, which exercised economic and political-military control in the Russian lands (existed until the beginning of the 14th century). The “Great Baskak” had a residence in Vladimir, which at that time became the largest political center. Along with this, new invasions of the Mongol-Tatars did not stop. The first campaign after Batu took place in 1252. It was the “Nevryuev’s army” that defeated the Suzdal land. In 1292, “Dudenev’s army” fell on Rus', which “took 14 cities and made the whole earth empty.” Many cities were destroyed again and again: Pereyaslavl-Zalessky - 4 times, Murom, Suzdal, Ryazan - 3 times, Vladimir - 2 times, while in the first 50 years of the yoke not a single city was built in Rus'. In general, in the last 25 years of the 13th century. The Horde undertook up to 15 major campaigns. Sometimes their consequences were no less tragic than Batu’s invasion.
Conclusion
The question of the impact of the Tatar-Mongol invasion and the subsequent yoke on the development of Russian society is one of the most difficult in the history of Rus'. There is no doubt that they influenced the demographic, economic, social, political and cultural development of the ancient Russian lands. The population is declining, and the survivors of the Tatar raids, in order to avoid new devastation, were forced to flee to safer areas: to the west and north-west of the Volga-Oka Mesopotamia. Appearing there, they replenished the army of landless people, and turned to the nobility to pay tribute. Thus, a reserve of feudal-dependent peasantry was gradually created. At the same time, the position of the nobility - especially the princes - was changing. Having previously existed at the expense of tribute, feeding, and polyudia, now they are losing these sources of income - everything is sent to the Horde. This is where their reorientation to earth occurs. And, indeed, at the end of the XIII-XIV centuries. There has been a significant increase in large private land ownership.
The importance of the prince also increases in the political sphere. If during the period of Kievan Rus the princes were dependent on the veche, which could show them “the path is clear” (i.e., expel them), now they came to the cities with the khan’s label, and, if necessary, with a Tatar detachment. Thus, the power of the princes in relation to the population is strengthened.
However, even under these conditions the democratic political system was not broken, and ancient Russian political traditions were not interrupted. One of them is the activities of veche institutions. The menacing peals of the veche bell now gather the townspeople to organize resistance to the Horde and their accomplices. Strong unrest occurred in 1257-1259. in Novgorod in connection with the population census: Novgorodians refused to “be counted.” Their indignation was also caused by the fact that the boyars “do things... it’s easy for themselves, but evil for the lesser.” The speech was stopped by Alexander Nevsky, who pursued a policy of compromise and believed that the time for an open clash with the Horde had not yet come. In 1262, the townspeople of Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Ustyug the Great, and Vladimir dealt with the Baskaks and merchant tax-farmers. Performances also took place later - in the 70-90s of the 13th century. Such a wide scope of the popular movement forced the Horde to soften the tribute collection system: part of the collection was transferred to the Russian princes, and the influence of the Baskas was limited.
However, both in the XIV and XV centuries. Rus' continued to exist under the heavy burden of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
Related information.
Chapters from the book: History of foreign Asian countries in the Middle Ages. M., 1970.
Social system of the Mongols in the 12th century.
The main element of ancient Mongol society was the clan (oboh), which was at the stage of decomposition. The aristocracy was at the head of the clans. Its representatives bore honorary titles: bahadur (“hero”), noyon (“lord”), setsen (“wise”) and taishi (“prince, member of the royal family”). The main occupation of the Bahadurs and Noyons was obtaining pastures and slaves to care for livestock and yurts. Other layers of the clan were: warriors (nuhur), clans of lower origin (kharachu, or black bone). Slaves (bogol) stood outside the clan. Entire clans that were once conquered by stronger clans or joined them voluntarily (Unagan Bogol) were not deprived of personal freedom and essentially differed little in legal terms from their masters.
The low level of development of productive forces and trade, even barter, and the specific nature of nomadic cattle breeding did not make it possible to use forced labor. Slaves were used as domestic servants; slavery did not influence the development of industrial relations. The foundations of the clan system were preserved, primarily joint ownership of land, sacrifices to ancestors, blood feud and related inter-tribal wars- all this was within the competence not of an individual, but of the birth as a whole. U Mongols there were very strong ideas about the clan collective as the basis of social life, about clan (collective) responsibility for the fate of any kind and about mandatory mutual assistance. A member of the clan always felt the support of his team and was always ready to fulfill the duties imposed on him by the team.
But the Mongolian clans covered the entire population of Mongolia only in idea. In fact, there were always people who were burdened by the discipline of the clan community, where actual power belonged to the elders, and others, despite any merit, had to be content with a secondary position. Those heroes who did not put up with the need to always be in the last roles separated from the clan communities, left their kurens and became “people of long will” or “free state”, in the Chinese transmission “white-bodied” (baishen), i.e. “ white bone." The fate of these people was often tragic: deprived of public support, they were forced to earn their living by labor-intensive forest hunting, which, unlike the steppe hunt, was much less profitable. In addition, the Mongols do not eat migratory birds (ducks, geese), considering their meat disgusting, and only as a last resort do they eat fish. In order to get horse meat and lamb, the exiles had to systematically engage in robbery, but they were caught and killed. Over time, they began to form separate detachments to resist their organized fellow tribesmen and look for leaders to fight clan associations. Their number grew steadily, and finally among them was the son of the deceased tribal leader, who had lost his fortune and social position, a member of the noble Borjigin family, Temujin, who later became Genghis Khan.
Temujin, son of Yesugei-bahadur, was born in the Delyun-Boldoh tract. The date of his birth is indicated differently in different sources. Apparently, the more accurate dating is “Yuan shi” - the year of the horse (1162), with which the Mongolian legendary tradition, the time of Temujin’s marriage, and the age of his children coincide.
Yesugei-bahadur headed one of the most active Mongolian tribal associations - the Taijiuts. He managed to stop the Tatar offensive against the Mongols and capture the hero Temujin, after whom Yesugei later named his newborn son. Having assisted the Kerait Khan Togrul in the struggle for the throne, which he waged with his uncle, who relied on the Naimans, Yesugei acquired an influential friend. When Toghrul became a Kerait khan with the title Van Khan, the alliance of the Mongols with the Keraits put an end to the Jurchen aggression in the steppe. However, Yesugei quarreled with the Merkits, taking away the bride of one of their leaders, Oelun-eke, who became the mother of Temujin and Khasar. This episode caused (according to tribal customs) enmity between the Merkits and the Mongols, which subsequently escalated into a brutal war. To have support in this fight, Yesugei betrothed his nine-year-old son Temujin to Borte, the daughter of the leader of the strong Mongol tribe of Khonkirat, but on the way back he was poisoned by the Tatars, who invited him to share a meal. After his death, the tribal association that he headed disintegrated; former vassals from the Taijiut tribe stole all the livestock, leaving Yesugei's family in poverty. The widow and orphans barely supported their existence by hunting and fishing, just like the “people of long will” who separated from the clan community.
When Temujin grew up, the Taijiut leader Targutai Kiriltukh, raiding the Borjigin nomads, captured Temujin and put him in stocks. Temujin managed to escape. Soon he married his intended bride Borte, thanks to which he gained the support of her tribe. He presented his wife’s dowry, a sable fur coat, to the Kerait khan, who immediately remembered his former friendship with Yesugei and promised Temuchin patronage. In addition, Temujin fraternized with the influential leader of the Jajirat tribe, Zhamukha-setsen. Having strong friends, Temujin could no longer fear the Taijiuts.
A new danger came from the Merkits, who attacked the Borjigin camp at dawn. Temujin managed to escape, but his young wife was captured by the Merkits and given as a wife to one of their heroes. The Keraite Van Khan and Zhamukha came to Temujin’s defense. The allies defeated the Merkits with an unexpected raid and, having freed Borte, returned it to Temuchin. Temuchin recognized his son Jochi, whom Borte gave birth to upon arriving home, as his own, but always treated him coldly.
The brilliant victory and the presence of powerful friends completely changed the situation of Temujin and his family. Young daredevils, children of his father’s associates and heroes who had broken away from their clans began to join Temuchin. Temujin became the leader of a small horde, made up not of tribes, but of “people of long will.” Among the first to join Temujin were Boorchu and Zhelme, whom their fathers sent to serve the new leader. Temujin's friendship with Zhamukha lasted a year and a half, and this time was enough for Temujin to be able to claim the title of khan. Then he broke up with Zhamukha.
Class 7 IR Date_____________
Topic: Formation of the Mongol Empire
Lesson objectives:
Cognitive: to form knowledge among students about the first steps in the formation of the Mongol Empire, about its social system.
Developmental: Reveal the aggressive policy of the Mongol Empire, talk about the selfless struggle of peoples against the conquerors, the dire consequences of the Mongol invasion.
Educational: Conduct an analysis of the features of Genghis Khan’s domestic and foreign policies in comparison with the policies of other countries.
Plan for studying a new topic:
Creation of the Mongol Empire.
Social system of the Mongol Empire.
Conquest of Kazakh lands by the Mongols.
Consequences of the conquest of Kazakh lands by the Mongols.
Creation of uluses.
During the classes:
Organizing time
Learning new material
Before we begin explaining the topic of the lesson, we remind students that in the Middle Ages there were states on the Kazakh lands: Karakhanids, Kimaks, Oguzes, Kipchak tribes, Naimans, Kereys, who fought among themselves for dominance, fought with neighboring states and at the same time over time they developed their economy, culture, trade, education, and science. Having remembered the material from previous lessons, we move on to mastering the topic of the new lesson.
To do this, we introduce students to the objectives and lesson plan.
Explaining the first question, we show on the map the territories of settlement of the Mongolian tribes, we tell how Genghis Khan managed to bring together the separated
tribes and create a powerful state. Let us dwell on the biography of Genghis Khan.
After the complete victory over the Turkic-speaking khanates, Genghis Khan began to gradually conquer other neighboring countries.
Social system of the Mongol Empire
Empire of Genghis Khan
Empire management system
Military administrative aimags
Tumens (10 thousand warriors each)
Right Wing (Barungar)
Left wing (Zhongar)
Central wing (Kul)
| Time (years) | Events that took place |
| In 1207-1208 | Genghis Khan's eldest son Zhoshy (Juchi) subjugated the Yenisei Kyrgyz and northern Siberian peoples and tribes. |
| In 1207-1209 | Genghis Khan captured the Taigut state, the Turfan principality of the Uighurs. |
| B1211-1215 | Having attacked China, the Mongols captured and took over from the Chinese the production of siege battering rams and flamethrowers. |
| The Mongol army directed by Genghis Khan under the command of Jebe Noyon captured Zhetysu, which was ruled by Khan Kuchluk. |
|
| The Mongols again invaded Zhetysu. |
|
| Genghis Khan with a 150,000-strong army headed from the banks of the Irtysh to the Syr Darya. |
|
| In 1219-1220 | All the cities near the Syrdarya became completely dependent on the Mongols. |
Plot-narrative story: about the troubles and misfortunes that the Mongolian wars of conquest brought to different peoples.
(you can discuss this issue with students in the form of an interview).
Working with a document
Why did the Mongols destroy cities as a result of wars of conquest?
When archaeological excavations of the Otrar settlement were carried out, 20-30 human skulls were found in one room. What does this mean?
What damage was caused to culture and economic activity?
After receiving answers to the questions, we show it on the map and talk about how Genghis Khan created uluses in the conquered territories.
Reinforcement on paragraph issues
Class: 7 IR Date___________
Topic: FORMATION OF THE GOLDEN HORDE.
Lesson Objectives:
Cognitive: Reveal the features of the internal policy of the Golden Horde state, which was created by Khan Batu (Batu) instead of the Zhoshy ulus.
Developmental: Explain to students the reasons for the strengthening of the Golden Horde, the flourishing of trade, and economic development.
Educational: Explain why by the 15th century the Golden Horde began to weaken and fell into decline.
Lesson type: lesson on learning new material
During the classes:
Organizing time.
Homework survey on questions for §21.
Explaining new material according to plan.
Lesson plan:
1. Formation of the Golden Horde.
2. Strengthening the Golden Horde.
3.Weakening of the Golden Horde.
4. Social system of the Golden Horde.
When explaining the first question, we remind students that Genghis Khan divided the conquered lands into uluses, and show their territories on the map. The state has become
be called the Golden Horde. When did such a concept appear? We ask students about this and to answer, we suggest reading the first two paragraphs and come to a joint answer. We explain the other paragraphs in the same way.
When explaining the reasons for the strengthening of the Golden Horde, you can use the following table:
| Rulers of the Golden Horde | Major events during their reign |
| Khan Batu (Batu) (1227-1255) | He made a seven-year campaign (1236-1242) to the West, during which he conquered many western countries and the borders of the Golden Horde expanded in the western direction, the North Caucasus, the coast of Crimea, Russian principalities, countries that recognized their dependence and paid tribute to the Golden Horde. |
| Han Berke (1256-1266) | The growth of the power of the Golden Horde entailed Khan Berke's refusal to submit to the Mongol Empire and his reluctance to take part in all-Mongol kurultai. In political and economic relations, the Golden Horde developed rapidly, and ties between the Golden Horde and the Sultan of Egypt Beybarys strengthened. In order to further strengthen the Golden Horde, Khan Berke adopted the Muslim religion. He used Islam to strengthen ties with Muslim countries. |
| Khan Mengu-Temir (1266-1280) | In 1271, he undertook a campaign against Byzantium, which was preventing the strengthening of relations between the Golden Horde and Egypt; the Byzantine emperor, fearing defeat, concluded a peace treaty with the Mongols. Trade relations between the Golden Horde and the cities of the Mediterranean expanded. |
| Khan Tokhty (1290-1312) | Revived trade relations with Iran and the Caucasus countries. Strengthened ties with the Egyptian Mamluk state. |
| Khan Uzbek (1312-1342) | He paid great attention to the development of cities. During this period, the Muslim religion was declared the state religion. |
| Khan Zhanybek (1342-1357) | During his reign, mosques, madrassas, and other public buildings were erected everywhere in the state, and trade developed rapidly. |
| More than 20 khans died in the struggle for power from 1357 to 1380. | In 1380, the army of the Golden Horde under the command of Mamai was defeated by the Russian squads of Prince Dmitry Donskoy in the battle on the Kulikovo field. After this defeat, the Golden Horde was no longer able to strengthen itself again. |
| Khan Tokhtamysh (born -1406) | He made campaigns against Russian lands, burned Moscow in 1382, and invaded Transcaucasia and Transcaucasia. |
We talk about the system of power in the Golden Horde that it was similar to the system of power of the Genghis Khan dynasty. Office work was carried out on a Turkic skiff, the state administration system: administrators, beks, veziers, maliks, darugs, clerks, baskakis. Let's look at each position separately. Consolidation: on paragraph issues
Class: 7 IR Date___________
TOPIC: AK HORDE (XIII - EARLY XV CENTURIES)
Lesson Objectives:
Cognitive: Talk about the features of education, the internal and foreign policies of the White Horde state, its economic situation, and economic activities.
Developmental: Teach students to make comparisons and generalizations.
Educational: To educate students in the spirit of patriotism and philanthropy.
Lesson type: lesson in learning new material
Lesson method: Problem-search.
Lesson equipment: Map of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
During the classes:
Organizing time
Repetition of previously studied material
Screening test “Mongol Empire and Golden Horde”
Learning new material
Plan for explaining a new topic:
1. History of the emergence of the White Horde state.
2. Data about the territory on which the White Horde was located.
3. Domestic and foreign policy of the White Horde.
4.Economic situation of the state.
Having presented the facts about the formation of the White Horde, we show its territory on the map. Using the map, we show that it extended from the Ural (Yaik) River to the West Siberian Lowland, along the middle and lower reaches of the Syr Darya.
Although the White Horde was part of the Golden Horde, it lived its own independent life and gradually grew stronger. In the second quarter of the 14th century, it began to separate from the Golden Horde.
How the White Horde became an independent state, what important historical events took place in the history of this state, can be traced in the following table:
| From the second quarter of the 14th century | The White Horde is finally separated from the Golden Horde (under khans Erzen and Mubarak it gradually separates, and under khan Urus - already completely). |
| In 1327-1328 | Khan Mubarak issued his own coins in Syganak on his own behalf, although the rulers of the Golden Horde opposed this. |
| From the second half of the 14th century | Troubles begin in the Golden Horde. In the 60s, as a result of a conspiracy, the throne was taken by the descendant of Orda-Ezhen, Khan Urus, who separated from the Golden Horde. |
| In 1368-1369. | Khan Urus minted his coins in Sygnak. |
| In 1374-1375 | Khan Urus made a campaign in the Volga region and captured the capital of the Golden Horde, Sarai-Berke, then the city of Khadt Zhi-Tarkhan and subjugated the Kama Bulgars. |
| Khan Tokhtamysh, having defeated the son of Khan Urus Timur-Malik, finally subjugated the city of Sygnak. |
|
| Khan Tokhtamysh conquered the vast majority of the territory of the Golden Horde and the headquarters of Khan Mamai. |
|
| Emir Timur elevated the son of Khan Urus, Koyrichak-oglan, to the khan's throne of the White Horde. |
|
| Abulkhair Khan from the Shaybanid dynasty took power in eastern Dasht-i-Kypchak. He conquered many lands of the White Horde and created his own Khanate. Thus the White Horde ceased to exist. |
Let us dwell on the economic situation of the state.
What type of farming was primarily practiced by the peoples inhabiting the territory of Kazakhstan? Having dwelled on the development of trade and the social situation of the people, let us summarize the lesson.
Consolidation of the material covered on the questions §23.
Homework: Answer the questions at the end of §23.
Class: 7 IR Date___________
TOPIC: MOGHULISTAN (MIDDLE XIV - END OF XVI CENTURIES)
Lesson Objectives:
Educational: Tell how, as a result of the collapse of the Chagatai ulus in the 14th century, the state of Mogulistan appeared, about the peculiarities of its ethnic composition, the external and internal situation of the country, the wars of conquest of Emir Timur against Mogulistan, the disasters they brought, the collapse of Mogulistan.
Developmental: Teach to make comparisons and generalizations.
Educational: To educate students to be patriots of their country, to instill in them to work and hard work.
Lesson type: learning new material
Lesson equipment: Map of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
During the classes:
Organizing time
Survey homework on questions for §23, based on the table and map.
Learning new material
Study plan:
1. History of the creation of Mogulistan. His territory
2. Ethnic composition of the population.
3. Internal and external situation of Mogulistan
4. Collapse of the Mogul state
Studying a new topic.
Students know from past lessons about the weakening of the state of the Golden Horde, the collapse of the uluses, which became independent states.
After the teacher's introductory speech, the class is divided into 4 groups. All groups read the text of the paragraph independently, make notes in notebooks, draw tables or diagrams for the following tasks:
group - the creation of Mogulistan, its territory;
group - ethnic composition of the population;
group - internal situation of Mogulistan;
group - collapse of Mogulistan.
Upon completion of the work, one representative from each group is called to the board, and at the same time 2-3 students work at the board. They do theirs on the board
work on text structuring. The class writes down the missing information in their notebooks.
Reflection: What did you know? What did you learn? What would you like to know?
Class: 7 IR Date___________ Topic: STATES OF TIMUR
Lesson Objectives: Cognitive: Show what disastrous consequences the predatory, aggressive invasions of Emir Timur in other regions and countries led to.
Developmental: Continue working on compiling a chronology, developing the skills of systems thinking, highlighting the main thing, and establishing relationships.
Educational: To educate students to respect and know the history of their people, to instill love for their homeland.
Lesson type: learning new material
Lesson equipment: Map “Kazakhstan in the XIV-XV centuries”,
During the classes:
Organizing time
The homework survey is carried out on questions to §24, based on tables and diagrams,
compiled in the last lesson.
Studying a new topic according to plan:
1. Campaigns of Emir Timur against the Golden Horde.
2. Campaigns of Emir Timur against the Mogul Khanate.
3. Consequences of Emir Timur’s campaigns.
Timur's aggressive policy slowed down the ethnic unification of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz tribes and impeded the process of creating their own statehood.
If the campaigns of Emir Timur are reflected using a chronological table, then they will be well remembered.
Conquests of Emir Timur
| Time (years) | Events that took place | Consequences of the hikes |
|
| Captured Transoxiana, who ruled for 35 years. | The economy of the conquered regions fell into decay. |
||
| In 1371-72 | The army sent by Timur fought with Mogulistan. | Many prisoners and booty were captured, along with herds of thousands of livestock. Trade between the cities of Central Asia was disrupted. |
|
| In 1371-1390 | Timur repeatedly made campaigns against Mogulistan. | Destroyed and burned cities. |
|
| Timur defeated the army of the son of Khan Urus Malik-oglan. | Interstate ties were interrupted. |
||
| Timur sent a 30,000-strong army against the ruler of Mogulistan, the famous commander Kamar ad-Din. | The occupied territories were expanded, and other Turkic-speaking tribes moved here. |
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| Kamar ad-Din was defeated twice by Timur: in the foothills of Karatau and the Bugym Gorge. | The basis for the formation of the peoples of Central Asia was destroyed. |
||
| In 1384-91. | Timur made a number of campaigns against the Golden Horde and Mogulistan. He sent an army of 120,000 to conquer Mogulistan. | The conquests of Emir Timur had a heavy impact on the economic and cultural development of the Kazakh lands. |
|
| In the 1390s. | Completely subjugated Mogulistan. | ||
The table can be supplemented with a list of states conquered by Timur, etc.
Reinforcing the lesson on paragraph questions
Class: 7 IR Date___________Topic: Nogai Horde
Lesson Objectives:
Cognitive: Explain the reasons for the formation of the Nogai Horde, talk about its territory and political history. Show the political development of Northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia, their relationship, and then explain the reasons for the collapse. Analyze the ethnic composition of the peoples living in these regions.
Developmental: Teach children to compare the history of the development of Turkic peoples on the territory of Kazakhstan and draw their own conclusions.
Educational: To cultivate in students a love for the history of their country, to respect it, and to be humane.
Lesson type: lesson of learning new material.
Lesson Methods: Oral explanation, conversation, questions and answers.
Visual aids: Map “Kazakhstan in the XIII-XV centuries”, map of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment.
2. Homework survey.
3. Explanation of new material.
Topic, plan, goals of the new lesson.
Plan for studying a new topic:
1. Formation of the Nogai Horde.
2. Political history of the Nogai Horde.
3. Western Siberia and Northern Kazakhstan in the XIII-XV centuries.
4. Ethnic composition of the population of these regions.
Students study questions 2 and 4 independently
Write down the terms and their explanation, main dates, reasons for the collapse
After the teacher’s story on a new topic, we summarize the material covered through questions and answers: The states that appeared during the collapse of the Golden Horde and the White Horde - these were the Nogai Horde and the Siberian Khanate, we find out that the development of social relations, the language of communication, and branches of economic activity were connected solely thanks to the local Turkic-speaking population.
Verification work
Social and state system of the Chingizid Empire
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article topic: | Social and state system of the Chingizid Empire |
| Rubric (thematic category) | State |
Tatar-Mongol states on the territory of our country (XIII - XV centuries).
Mongol Empire - a state created in Central Asia by the talented military leader Temujin (Genghis Khan) at the beginning of the 13th century. In a short time, the Mongols conquered a huge territory in Asia and Europe from the Pacific Ocean to the Adriatic Sea and Central Europe. ᴦ became the capital of the empire. Karakorum.
In 1206 ᴦ. at the kurultai - a meeting of representatives of the Mongolian nobility - Khan Temujin (Temujin) was elected khan of all Mongols, receiving the title Genghis Khan (Great Leader). He managed to create a combat-ready army in which iron discipline was introduced.
Soon Genghis Khan began to pursue an aggressive policy. Over the next five years, Mongol troops, united by Genghis Khan, conquered the lands of their neighbors, and by 1215 ᴦ. conquered northern China. With the help of Chinese specialists recruited to serve the Mongols, an effective administration was created. In 1221 ᴦ. The hordes of Genghis Khan defeated the main forces of the Khorezm Shah, then conquered Central Asia and the Caucasus. In 1223 ᴦ. in the battle on the Kalka River, the vanguard of the Mongol army defeated the combined forces of the Russian princes. The Russians acted indecisively; not all regiments took part in the battle due to the fact that the princes leading them took a wait-and-see attitude.
In 1237 ᴦ. A huge army of Batu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, invaded Russian lands. Almost all the principalities were conquered, the cities of Ryazan, Moscow, Vladimir, Chernigov, Kyiv and many others were burned. The Mongols did not reach Novgorod, but soon the Novgorodians were forced to agree to pay a heavy tribute to the Mongol Khan.
In 1241 ᴦ. The Mongols attacked Poland and Hungary. The Poles and Teutonic Knights were defeated. At the same time, due to the struggle for the khan’s throne, Batu stopped the offensive and went to the southern Russian steppes.
During his lifetime, Genghis Khan divided his empire into 4 uluses (regions), at the head of which he placed his sons. After his death, in the 40s. XIII century The uluses gradually turned into independent states. The Western Ulus, originally transferred to the beginning of Jochi Khan, occupied a vast territory from the Irtysh to the Danube. In turn, this ulus was divided between the sons of Khan Jochi into two fiefs (yurt). On the territory of the western yurt, the possession of the grandson of Genghis Khan - Batu Khan, a state was formed, which received the name Golden Horde.
The Golden Horde was founded in 1243. and was an early feudal monarchy that accepted the influence of Chinese political culture and retained many elements of the pre-state culture traditional for the nomadic Mongols. The following features were characteristic of the Mongol social system:
Nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle of the population;
The patriarchal nature of slavery;
Significant role of tribal leaders;
Hierarchy of nomadic land ownership.
The dominant position in society belonged to rich landowners ("white bone"), they constituted the Mongol-Tatar nomadic aristocracy.
The first group of feudal lords included the khan and princes from the Jochi clan - the first khan of the Golden Horde. The second group includes the largest feudal lords - beks and nayons. The third group of feudal lords consisted of tarkhans - people who held low positions in the state apparatus. The fourth group of the privileged population were the nukers - they were part of their master’s inner circle and were dependent on him. After the adoption of Islam as the state religion, the Muslim clergy began to play a significant role in the Golden Horde.
The feudal-dependent population was called “black bone” and included nomadic pastoralists, farmers and city dwellers. The peasant population was divided into communal peasants who had their own equipment, outbuildings, etc., and impoverished members of the peasant community.
The Mongols, who formed the core of the population of the Golden Horde, soon began to dissolve among the masses of the Turkic population they conquered, primarily the Cumans (Kipchaks). By the end of the 13th century. The Mongol aristocracy and the bulk of ordinary Mongols became so Turkified that the Mongolian language was almost supplanted from official documentation by the Kipchak language.
The state of the Golden Horde was headed by khan, possessed strong despotic power. He was elected kurultai - Congress of the Mongolian aristocracy. The capital of the state was originally ᴦ. Saray-Batu, built in 1254 ᴦ. on the Volga.
The central governing body in the Mongol state was sofa. It included four emir, who headed uluses, into which the territory of the Golden Horde was divided. Their work was coordinated vizier - nominal head of government. Usually the emirs were relatives of the Khan of the Horde and retained a certain independence in local government.
The state organization of the Mongol population corresponded to its military organization. It was based on the ancient decimal system. The entire population of the uluses was divided into tens, hundreds, thousands and thousands; The commanders of these units were foremen, centurions, thousanders and temniks. The main branch of the Mongol troops was light and heavy cavalry.
The Horde reached its greatest prosperity in 1313, after the Uzbek Khan came to power as a result of an internecine feudal war. Under him, Islam became very widespread in the Golden Horde. The Uzbek army numbered more than 300 thousand soldiers. With its help, he subjugated the Blue Horde (the eastern part of the empire) and strengthened power over all conquered lands, incl. - over Russia.
The beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde dates back to the 70s. XIV century, and in the second half of the XV century. The Horde finally broke up into several independent states.
Social and state system of the Chingizid Empire - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Social and state system of the Chingizid Empire" 2017, 2018.
In 1206, at a meeting of the Mongolian tribal nobility - kurultai - the creation of the Mongolian state was formalized. It was led by one of the Mongol khans, Temujin, who was proclaimed Genghis Khan. In subsequent decades, as a result of their victorious campaigns, the Mongols created the largest continental empire in history.
Public administration in the Mongol Empire was closely linked to military needs and was based on the traditional hierarchy of nomadic society. It was based on the principles of tribal life - leaders headed the clan, several clans were united into a tribe, tribes into tribal unions, etc. As a result, the entire control system had an authoritarian aristocratic character and was inseparable from the military hierarchy, which was built on the basis of the decimal system. Clans and tribes, depending on their numbers, in the event of wars that were fought almost continuously, deployed dozens, hundreds, thousands, etc. of cavalry. Military-territorial commanders - khans, princes, beks, nayons, bogaturs. All of them were not elected, but were proclaimed at kurultai in accordance with their origin and with the sanction of the supreme power.
Genghis Khan had unlimited power and exercised it through a hereditary nomadic aristocracy. After the conquest of Northern China, considerable Chinese administrative experience was used in the administration of the empire. The basis of the legal system of the Mongol Empire was the Great Yasa of Genghis Khan, which contributed to the consolidation of the Mongol and Turkic tribes, and also proclaimed religious tolerance within the empire.
The Mongol Empire occupied a gigantic territory from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe. In Soviet literature, the social system of the Mongols was characterized as “nomadic feudalism” (B.Ya. Vladimirtsov), and public administration as “military-feudal” with strong tribal traditions. The countries and peoples conquered by the Mongols were considered as the property of the Chingizid family. Persons who did not belong to the Genghisids had no right to claim sovereign power within the empire. The empire united a conglomerate of peoples belonging to different cultures and civilizations, and could not exist for a long time as a sufficiently strong centralized state. Already Genghis Khan divided his country into uluses, i.e. the peoples given to them as inheritance to their sons - Jochi, Chagatai and Ogedei. In the initial period, these uluses (“ulus” with the addition of the name of the khan in the Mongolian tradition meant the official name of the state) had limited state sovereignty. The domains of the Jochids (under the khans of Batu and Berke), like those of other Mongol princes, formed a single empire centered in Karakorum. In addition, the great khan (kaan) had his own domains on the territory of the uluses, the princes had similar enclaves with a settled population, subject to taxes, on territories outside their own state entities. According to Genghis Khan, such interpenetration and intertwining of the interests of his descendants should have prevented the collapse of the huge empire. Throughout the XIII century. all rulers contributed part of the income to the treasury. “Counters” were sent from Karakorum to conduct a census of subject and dependent peoples in order to establish the amount of tribute collected, and here investitures were approved for vassal rulers. During this period, the khans of the uluses did not mint their own coins and could not pursue an independent foreign policy.
In 1242, after a campaign against Rus' and Central Europe, the Jochi ulus was divided into the possessions of two khans - Batu and the Horde. The state territory of Batu was called “Horde” in Russian sources, and after the overthrow of the yoke, from the second half of the 16th century, the name “Golden Horde” or “Golden Great Horde” was assigned to it in domestic sources. And the ulus of the Horde in eastern and Russian sources was called the Blue Horde.
The Golden Horde was one of the largest states of the Middle Ages. The sources make it possible to determine its territory only in summary, without clearly defining its boundaries. The core of the territory of the Golden Horde was formed by the Black Sea, Caspian and North Caucasian steppes. The natural and plant features of Rus', not suitable for conducting a nomadic economy, from this point of view were considered inconvenient and were not of interest to the Golden Horde in terms of increasing the territory, they were borderline. The Russian principalities were not part of the Golden Horde, but were in the position of semi-independent territories subject to tribute. The border between the Golden Horde and Russia was the Don River, and abandoned territories served as a buffer.
The administrative-territorial division of the Golden Horde was based on the ulus system. At the head of those who decided in the 14th century. Four territorial units (a total of 12 uluses are mentioned in the sources) were ulusbeks (emirs), who bore certain military and economic obligations to the khan. At the same time, they did not have hereditary possessions - the khan could deprive any representative of the nomadic aristocracy of the rights to own the ulus. Initially, the administrative structure of the Golden Horde, according to the Mongol tradition, was a reflection of the nomadic military structure. On the same basis, the formation of the state administration apparatus took place. The uluses were divided into approximately 70 “regions” (also called uluses or hordes in sources), led by emirs, who served as temniks in the army; the “regions” were divided into “districts” led by thousands. During the formation of the Golden Horde, there was a synthesis and partial displacement of nomadic traditions by the borrowed Chinese, as well as Islamic (especially from the time of the Uzbek Khan - XIV century) experience of statehood.
Unlike most nomadic states, the Golden Horde had a developed bureaucracy. Khan determined only the principles and main directions of the functioning of the state, without dealing with specific issues of management.
The highest dignitaries were the beklyaribek and the vizier, appointed from the ulusbeks. Their competence is described by sources incompletely and contradictorily. Probably, the leading role belonged to the beklyaribek, who served as commander-in-chief, was in charge of foreign policy and, according to some sources, controlled the judicial system and religious issues. Some Beklyaribeks (Nogai, Mamai) actually became rulers of the Golden Horde.
The highest executive power was concentrated in the hands of the vizier. He headed the central executive body - the divan. The structure of the latter included several chambers (also called divans) headed by secretaries. The vizier controlled the collection of taxes and tribute from the subject peoples; he was in charge of the khan's treasury, the appointment of baskaks, secretaries and other officials.
The Golden Horde’s policy towards Russian lands throughout its history, according to researchers, went through several stages:
1st stage (1243-1257). Formal control was exercised from Karakorum, and direct executive power and the organization of military campaigns against Rus' were in the hands of the Golden Horde khans.
2nd stage (1257-1312). The peak of the collapse of Russian lands and the initial stage of the ethnogenesis of the Great Russians. The most difficult period of the yoke of the Horde: the structure of Rus''s vassal dependence on the Horde, the Basque system, was organized, and a population census was carried out.
3rd stage (1312-1328). Cancellation of baskachestvo. Against the backdrop of Islamization and the overcoming of nomadic traditions in the Golden Horde, the formation of a grand-ducal system of governing Russian lands takes place with the constant intervention of the khans in the internal political life of Rus'.
4th stage (1328-1357). The growth of anti-Horde sentiments, the struggle of political centers for primacy among the Russian principalities, which have special relations with the khan’s power.
In the future, there is a process of steady increase in the military and economic power of the Russian lands, led by Moscow, and the strengthening of their unity. The Russian princes managed, taking advantage of the strife in the Golden Horde, to weaken the yoke and, after a crushing blow in 1380 on the Kulikovo Field, despite Tokhtamysh’s restoration of the dependence of the Russian principalities, to virtually eliminate the organization and conduct of military raids on the Moscow state in the 15th century.