Research and development work (R&D) - a set of works aimed at obtaining new knowledge and practical application when creating a new product or technology.
Study:
- conducting research, developing a technical proposal (advanced project);
- development of technical specifications for experimental design (technological) work.
Development:
- development of a preliminary design;
- development of a technical project;
- development of working design documentation for the production of a prototype;
- production of a prototype;
- testing a prototype;
- documentation processing;
- approval of working design documentation for organizing industrial (serial) production of products.
Supply of products for production and operation:
- adjustment of design documentation for identified hidden deficiencies;
- development of operational documentation.
Repair:
- development of working design documentation for repair work.
Discontinued:
- development of working design documentation for recycling.
An example of the stages of performing OKR
The order of stages of performing design and development work on an optical-electronic device:
- Study of existing products of this type
- Study of the element base suitable for building the required product
- Selection of element base
- Development of an optical design for a prototype product
- Development of a structural electrical diagram of a prototype product
- Development of sketches of the product body
- Coordination with the customer of the actual technical characteristics and appearance of the product
- Development of an electrical circuit diagram of the product
- Study of the production base and capabilities of printed circuit boards production
- Development of a test printed circuit board for a product
- Placing an order for the production of a test printed circuit board for the product
- Placing an order for the supply of element base for the manufacture of a product
- Placing an order for soldering the test printed circuit board of the product
- Product test cable development
- Making a product test cable
- Product Test PCB Test
- Writing software for a test printed circuit board of a product and a computer
- Study of the production base and production capabilities of optical elements
- Calculation of optical elements of the product taking into account production capabilities
- Study of the production base and production capabilities of plastic cases, metal elements and hardware
- Development of the design of the optical box housing of the product, taking into account production capabilities
- Placing an order for the manufacture of optical elements and the body of the optical box of the product
- Experimental assembly of the product's optical box with connection of a test printed circuit board
- Testing the operating modes of the test printed circuit board of the product and the optical box
- Correction of software, circuit diagram and parameters of the optical part of the product in order to obtain the specified parameters
- Product body development
- Development of a printed circuit board based on the actual dimensions of the product body
- Placing an order for the manufacture of a prototype product body
- Placing an order for the production of a prototype printed circuit board
- Wiring and programming the product's printed circuit board
- Painting the body of the prototype product
- Manufacturing a prototype cable
- Final assembly of the product prototype
- Testing of all parameters and reliability of the product prototype
- Writing product manufacturing technology
- Writing a user manual for a product
- Transfer of technical documentation, software and product prototype to the customer with signing of documents on the end of the contract
Design and development work can be carried out in two forms: A and B. Design and development work in form A is carried out with the simultaneous launch of the developed product into production, in form B - with the subsequent launch of the developed product into production or without launching into production.
Types of R&D
In accordance with regulatory regulations, according to the method of cost accounting, R&D is divided into:
Commodity R&D(current, custom) - work related to the normal activity of the organization, the results of which are intended for sale to the customer.
Capital R&D(initiative, for one’s own needs) - work, the costs of which are investments in long-term assets of the organization, the results of which are used in one’s own production and/or are provided for use by others.
R&D contract
The procedure for performing Commodity R&D is regulated by the contract for the performance of research, development and technological work. The legislation of the Russian Federation distinguishes two types of this agreement:
- Agreement for the implementation of scientific research work (R&D). Under a research contract, the contractor undertakes to carry out scientific research stipulated by the customer’s technical specifications.
- Contract for the implementation of development and technological work (R&D). Under the contract for R&D, the contractor undertakes to develop a sample of a new product, design documentation for it, or new technology.
The parties to the R&D agreement are the contractor and the customer. The performer is obliged to conduct scientific research personally. It is allowed to involve co-executors in the execution of research work only with the consent of the customer. When performing R&D, the contractor has the right to involve third parties, unless otherwise provided by the contract. The rules on the general contractor and subcontractor apply to the contractor's relations with third parties in the event of their involvement in R&D.
Unlike other types of obligations, R&D contracts are characterized by:
A specific feature of R&D is that for these types of work there is a high risk of not obtaining, for objective reasons, the result established in the technical specifications. The risk of accidental impossibility of fulfilling R&D contracts is borne by the customer, unless otherwise provided by law or contract. The Contractor is obliged to immediately inform the customer of the detected impossibility of obtaining the expected results or of the inappropriateness of continuing the work. The responsibility to prove the impossibility of obtaining the intended result lies with the contractor. The decision to stop work is made by the customer.
When performing Capital R&D, the functions of the customer and the contractor are performed by the same person and, therefore, no contract is required. Thus, the conditions for carrying out Capital R&D are determined by the terms of reference and calendar plan (plan of scientific work), approved by the executive body of the organization and/or the scientific and technical council. The fact of completion of work and the result obtained are established in a technical act approved by the executive body of the organization.
Statistical data
Share in R&D expenses in 2013, % of global
According to the Battelle Memorial Institute, global R&D spending in 2011 will increase by 3.6% to US$1.2 trillion.
The first place in terms of R&D volume is occupied by the USA (385.6 billion; 2.7% of its own GDP)
Structure of financing for all types of R&D in 1985
Sources of R&D funding in the USA
Structure of private investment in R&D in the United States
| Pension funds and insurance companies | Corporate funds | Others |
|---|---|---|
| 55 % | 10 % | 35 % |
The role of R&D in modern business
The role of R&D is growing as the bulk of added value in business shifts from the production stage to the development stage. Based on the results of R&D, key decisions are made in high-tech business. Research and development (R&D) for marketing is becoming increasingly important; companies monitor the latest developments of competitors and consumer needs in order to align their own research with them. The increased role of R&D in business processes is reflected in the newly created position in most large Russian companies - R&D director or manager. The functions of the R&D manager include the formation and implementation of the R&D program, the development of a program for innovative development of the enterprise, the organization of technological processes: technology development, design. At the same time, R&D is one of the most difficult areas from a management point of view, because A distinctive feature of most research is the difficult predictability of the final research results and their possible commercialization. As a result, large R&D expenditures do not always guarantee greater profits or greater market share.
see also
Notes
- GOST 15.105-2001 “System for the development and delivery of products to production. The procedure for carrying out research work and its components”; GOST 15.203-2001 “System for the development and delivery of products to production. The procedure for performing R&D to create products and their components"
- Accounting Regulations “Accounting for expenses for research, development and technological work” PBU 17/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 19, 2002 No. 115n.
- Clause 1 of Article 769 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
- Clause 2 of Article 770 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
- Clause 1 of Article 772 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Article 432 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
- The sun of science rises over China
- Knowledge, networks and nations. Global scientific collaboration in the 21st century. The Royal Society
- | State Internet channel "Russia"
- Archived October 26, 2013 on the Wayback Machine | T. A. Tormysheva “Is it possible to build a national innovation system in Russia?”
- Nelson R., National Innovation System. New York, Oxford, 1993.
The forms of organization of scientific research and development can be different. A characteristic feature of the organization of R&D in countries with market economies is the inextricable connection between the production and sales activities of the company and scientific research. The evaluation indicators of R&D are primarily market and sales indicators, and not just the characteristics of new equipment and technology. The organization of research and development management is constantly changing. However, there are a number of general points. In the most general form, four forms of organizing corporate research units can be distinguished:
1. Companies with a homogeneous single-product area of business activity and relatively poorly developed scientific divisions are characterized by the organizational principle of centralization. In such firms, research is carried out in a single center, headed by the vice president for R&D.
2. Highly diversified companies (corporations) are guided by the principle of complete decentralization. Each product division of the company has its own research and development department, which functions in close cooperation with the production and sales departments. He also reports to the Vice President of R&D.
3. In companies with an active scientific and technical policy, the principle of combined centralization of R&D is applied. The areas of business activity of firms are usually connected by a common underlying technology. This principle is typical for transnational corporations. It is typical to have a company-wide R&D center under the direction of the Vice President of R&D. All fundamental and applied research is carried out in the center, and the delivery of innovations to the consumer is carried out by the laboratories of the company's branches, subordinate to the vice-president of this division.
4. The organization of science in a company is associated with “innovative enterprises.” This principle became widespread in the 80s. For the development, industrial development and initial market penetration of a fundamentally new product or (service), special target groups are created. According to the conditions of creation, they are divided into “internal” and “external”. “Internal target groups” are allocated from the corporate structure for the period of creation and commercial development of the innovation. Typically this is a 2 year period. During this period, they are not subject to procedures (managerial, financial, etc.) that are mandatory for other divisions of the corporation until they acquire the status of an independent company. Group members are selected by the leader on a voluntary basis. The use of "innovation enterprises" by large corporations allows them to combine their advantages with the advantages of small research businesses. This form of organization is effective in industries where the optimal enterprise size or market is small; small firms are able to penetrate limited or specialized markets that are unprofitable or ineffective for large corporations; Small firms often serve as specialized suppliers of products or services to large firms, achieving low costs.
Let us consider the forms of organization of scientific research and development used in Russia.
Scientific research and development includes fundamental, applied research and development in all fields of science - natural, technical, medical, agricultural, social and humanitarian. They are carried out by enterprises (institutions), the main activity of which is to carry out research and development, regardless of their affiliation with a particular sector of the economy, legal form and form of ownership.
In the structure of Russia's scientific potential there are four main sectors: state, business, higher education and private non-profit.
Government sector:
1. Organizations of federal (central) ministries and departments including the Russian Academy of Sciences and industry academies).
2. Organizations of government bodies of republics, territories, regions, Moscow, St. Petersburg.
3. Organizations of local (municipal government) bodies.
Business sector:
1. Industry research institutes.
2. Design, engineering, and technological organizations.
3. Design and design and survey organizations.
4. Industrial enterprises.
5. Experimental bases.
6. Others.
Higher education sector:
1. Universities and other higher education institutions.
2. Research institutes (centers) subordinate to higher educational institutions and (or) governing bodies of higher professional education.
3. Design, design and development organizations subordinate to higher educational institutions and (or) higher professional education management bodies.
4. Clinics, hospitals, other medical institutions at higher educational institutions.
5. Experienced (experimental) enterprises subordinate to higher educational institutions.
6. Others.
Non-profit sector:
1. Voluntary scientific and professional societies and associations.
2. Public organizations.
3. Charitable foundations.
4. Others.
Research institutes, separate from higher educational institutions and enterprises, remain the main form of organization of research in Russia. Independent research and development organizations account for about 70% of all scientific organizations. The share of higher educational institutions and industrial enterprises (namely, they dominate the structure of research and development in countries with developed market economies) does not exceed 10 and 8%, respectively.
What is new for Russia is the emergence of a private, non-profit sector of science. The development of research activities in public organizations, professional scientific societies, and charitable foundations is occurring rapidly. Today there are about 60 public academies of sciences, many of which have regional branches. Approximately 50 scientific societies are united in the Union of Scientific Societies.
A promising organizational structure is state scientific centers (SSCs).
The organization of work at the stages of the product life cycle is of great importance. The initial stage of the product life cycle is R&D (scientific research development), which includes a set of theoretical and experimental studies carried out according to a single technical specification (R&D terms of reference). Research work consists of the following stages:
1. Development of technical specifications for research.
2. Selecting areas of research.
3. Theoretical and experimental research.
4. Generalization and evaluation of research results.
The terms of reference of the research work determine: the purpose, content, order of work at this stage and the method of implementing the results of the research work. This is a mandatory document for starting research work. It is agreed upon with the customer. Completed research work is discussed at the scientific and technical council or its section. The purpose of such a discussion is to determine the compliance of the work performed with the technical specifications of the research work. The validity of the conclusions and recommendations of the research work is also determined, an assessment of the research work carried out is given and directions for further work are developed at the following stages of the life cycle: R&D (experimental and design developments) carried out in the creation of products: OTR (experimental and technical developments) carried out in the creation of materials and substances , products, raw materials.
OCD is the second stage of the life cycle. At this stage, design documentation is developed. OCD consists of the following stages:
1. Technical proposal.
2. Draft design.
3. Technical design.
4. Working design documentation.
When performing OTR, regulatory and technical documentation (standards and technical conditions) and technological documentation are developed. As part of OTD, R&D can be carried out to create technological equipment for the manufacture of prototypes and batches of products.
The next stage of the life cycle is preparation of production and ramp-up, which are defined by the standard as putting products into production. Here a set of measures is carried out to organize the production of a new product or one mastered by other enterprises.
Reaching capacity begins after completion of pre-production work. In this case, the following work is performed:
1. Start-up and testing of process equipment.
2. Launch of the installation series into production (the first industrial batch of the product is manufactured to test the ability of this production to ensure industrial production of products in the planned volumes in accordance with the requirements of scientific and technical documentation).
The life cycle stages considered are pre-production. They form the basis of the product, its quality, the technical level of the product, and its progressiveness.
The penultimate stage of the life cycle is the industrial production of the created product. The final stage is the transfer of the product to the consumer.
When manufacturing products, even at the development stage, companies are faced with the need to conduct research and development work. To understand the principle of R&D, it is necessary to decipher the abbreviations R&D and OKR, as well as highlight the features. In this article we will consider aspects of the tasks and goals of scientific work, efficiency factors and examples of implemented ones.
What is R&D: definition and features
The term R&D stands for research and development work. This is a set of experiments, theoretical ideas, searches, production of standard samples, a set of activities aimed at producing a finished product according to given standards.
The scale of R&D reflects the competitiveness of companies, and the costs of this type of service are an indicator of the innovative activity of the manufacturing enterprise. Thus, it is possible to calculate the competitiveness of a particular product.
Scientific research is often resorted to in the manufacture of government-ordered products. In this case, activities that require strict adherence to the established plan, consisting of several stages. Conducting R&D involves the involvement of specialists in a particular field and the presence of strict time frames.
Researchers identify the following most common activities and types of effective R&D services:
- Intellectual activity, experiments, theoretical research (research);
- Work aimed at developing design and technological documentation of a product sample (R&D);
- Other research activities, the task of which is to obtain new knowledge and skills in a specific area;
- Technological processes (TP).
The difference between research and development work and other types of activities in industry is the widespread use of modern technologies and developments.
Novelty is the hallmark of any R&D. The output is a product that has no analogues (this can be a new type of technology, product or service).
Factors in the creation and implementation of scientific developments
The size in R&D is determined by the chosen strategy of the enterprise in scientific development, as well as the scale of research activities. The efficiency of work is influenced by the process of carrying out and implementing modern developments.
There are five main factors that determine what the outcome of the entire process will be:
- Expenses for R&D, as well as the distribution of expenses over time.
- R&D strategy is a long-term program of specific actions, which determines the duration of work from theoretical research to the final result.
- The volume of the information base and its distribution throughout the entire investment period.
- Dynamics (rise and decline of investment in a scientific project) and results of the implementation of scientific developments at certain stages.
- Building connections between participants in a scientific project, the so-called organizational and economic mechanism. Particular attention is paid to the system of relationships between the enterprise-customer of R&D and implementing centers.
Types of research work
To simplify the process of assessing the effectiveness and validity of the use of R&D, research work is divided into several main groups depending on the final result. According to most experts, the main criterion for separation is the effect that is achieved through research and experiments.
Also, one of the aspects of the formation of a particular group may be the number of products, type of enterprise, service sector and other factors.
Four main groups of R&D and their features:
- Group “A1”, the distinctive feature of which is the commercial orientation of its activities. This may include scientific developments within the framework of equipment improvement, as well as R&D management.
- Group “A2” is scientific research that is aimed at eliminating current problems in various areas of the company’s activities. This also includes solving management problems, planning and implementing developments in the work of the enterprise, drawing up documentation and technical processes.
- Group "A3" includes scientific developments to improve and implement existing financial mechanisms, control over the conduct of individual transactions on the stock market. Most often, scientific developments in this category are used to create debt restructuring programs for a company or its subsidiaries.
- Group “A4” is a research activity aimed at obtaining an applied effect, that is, the result can only be determined by directly using the developments. The scientific research of this group is used to expand the base of applied research in the field of modern technology, science and engineering.
As part of research work, certain patterns and connections are formed between various phenomena, which in turn leads to the creation of more and more new technical ideas.
It is also worth noting that R&D of the A4 group does not have an economic justification, that is, developments are not evaluated for financial benefits, but only establish the direction of research.
Research functions
The innovation process in the modern world is based on scientific developments, which, as a rule, have a commercial effect. Thus, investing in technology and research projects leads to the creation of new products, technological processes and modernized services. In industry, R&D is a factor in the formation of new specific advantages, as well as the main element of innovation.
It turns out that the main function of R&D is the practical application of the resulting phenomena and processes (this is especially typical for applied research). The purpose of research work is to ensure the production of new goods or services to make a profit.
R&D is the pre-production life cycle of a product, a set of ideas and scientific developments for the subsequent sale of products on the market.
At the R&D stages, other functions of research work can be distinguished. So, at the beginning the process is aimed at creating competitive products. For this purpose, marketing campaigns are carried out, the product range is assessed, which is based on new technological solutions. Next, the scale of distribution of the product is established, after which a complex of development work is carried out (experimental products, the result of which is a technological project).
Scientific and technical products include the results of completed R&D, including:
- Research, design and design work, as well as any stages of these works;
- and pilot batches of new equipment and materials manufactured based on the results of research and development work;
- High-tech products produced in small batches;
- Electronic computer software;
- Scientific and production services using unique scientific equipment,
- Information technology services, services in the areas of metrology, certification and information technology;
- Consulting services and expertise of scientific, technical, economic, managerial nature;
- Intellectual property;
- Other types of work and services not prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Main objectives of R&D
Precise definition of the tasks of carrying out and implementing scientific developments can significantly increase and at the same time avoid possible errors even at the first stage of product creation. The following research tasks can be distinguished:
- Expanding the information base in the field of modern technologies, science and technology, as well as obtaining new knowledge and skills in the study of society and nature for the purpose of their subsequent application.
- Determining the competitiveness of a new product (product prototype) and the possibility of its materialization in a specific area of production based on theoretical research and experimental activities.
- Innovation process and practical implementation of acquired knowledge and skills.
Analysts note that R&D makes it possible to increase the efficiency of resource use, increase the competitiveness of private and public enterprises and improve the standard of living of the population.
R&D stages and their characteristics
As already mentioned, scientific development is a long process consisting of. The following stages of R&D are distinguished:
- Formation of a fundamental base based on theoretical and exploratory research (less often experiments);
- Applied scientific research;
- Project activities, the purpose of which is to create a new scientific and technical product (experimental design work);
- Experienced or experimental (can also be performed at previous stages).
It is worth noting that the last stage involves checking the results obtained in order to manufacture and test a standard sample of the product. Carrying out this stage of R&D allows you to test the modified technological process in reality, as well as assess the readiness of equipment, instruments, and installations for the subsequent production of goods.
Description of the main stages of R&D
The fundamental basis is formed through theoretical and exploratory research.
The research stage represents the substantiation of new processes and phenomena, as well as the formation of new theories. Exploratory research is aimed at developing new principles for the production of goods and services (this also includes the use of management). This type of work is characterized by a precise definition of the goal and focus on specific theoretical foundations.
As for applied research, its main task is the practical application of scientific developments. With their help, technical problems are solved, mechanisms for resolving theoretical issues are established, and the first results are achieved, which can subsequently be used to create standard product samples.
The final stage is considered OCD.
This is a transition from experimental to industrial production of a product. Here the production of completely new goods, materials or devices, technical processes or improvement of equipment is carried out.
Organization of scientific research
The study of research and development work is carried out within the framework of the course “Innovation Management” with two fundamental objectives.
Firstly, it shows the competitiveness of the enterprise, allows you to complete the preparation of all necessary documentation, as well as inform the organizers about the features of specific products and their implementation on the market.
Secondly, when organizing scientific research, the development of modern equipment with the introduction of new functions can be carried out.
There are five intersectoral documentation systems on which the organization of research and development work is based:
- State standards in production.
- Unified system of design documentation.
- Uniform rules and regulations that must be followed when drawing up documentation for technical developments.
- Unified system of technological training.
- State product quality standards.
These are the standards that are used when drawing up R&D documents.
However, it is worth noting that the results obtained are compiled in accordance with unified design documentation. During the development, safety requirements, production regulations, as well as positive experience in the preparation of documents for products under development were taken into account.
Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of July 3, 2008 N 305n
"On approval of professional qualification groups of positions for workers in the field of scientific research and development"
With changes and additions from:
Professional qualification group of positions of scientists and heads of structural divisions
|
Qualification levels |
Positions assigned to qualification levels |
|
|
scientists |
heads of structural divisions |
|
|
1 qualification level |
State expert on intellectual property, state expert on intellectual property II category, junior researcher, researcher |
Manager (chief): technical archive, drawing and copying bureau, laboratory (computer and photo-film equipment, office equipment, communications) |
|
2 qualification level |
State expert on intellectual property, category I, senior researcher |
Head (chief): graduate school, department of scientific and technical information, other structural unit |
|
3 qualification level |
Leading state expert on intellectual property, leading researcher |
Head (chief) of the research sector (laboratory), which is part of the research department (laboratory, department); chief (team leader) |
|
4 qualification level |
Chief state expert on intellectual property, chief researcher |
Head (chief) of research (design), expert department (laboratory, department, sector); Scientific Secretary |
|
5 qualification level |
Head (manager) of a separate division |
|
_____________________________
* With the exception of positions of heads of structural divisions classified as qualification levels 3 - 5
In order to differentiate wage conditions, positions of workers in the field of scientific research and development are divided into 3 professional qualification groups: professional qualification group of positions of second-level scientific and technical workers; professional qualification group of positions of scientific and technical workers of the third level; professional qualification group of positions of scientists and heads of structural divisions.
In particular, the professional qualification group of positions for second-level scientific and technical workers includes the positions of design technician, draftsman, and research laboratory assistant. The positions of scientific workers are included in the professional qualification group of positions of scientific workers and heads of structural divisions.
Within each qualification group, positions are grouped by qualification level.
Professional qualification groups are formed based on the level of professional training and qualifications necessary to carry out the relevant professional activity. Taking into account professional qualification groups, the Government of the Russian Federation establishes basic salaries (basic official salaries) and basic wage rates for employees of state and municipal institutions.
Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated July 3, 2008 N 305n “On approval of professional qualification groups of positions for workers in the field of scientific research and development”
Registration N 12001
This order comes into force 10 days after the day of its official publication
This document is amended by the following documents:
Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2008 N 740n
The changes come into force 10 days after the official publication of the said order.