Today it is not customary to talk much about the causes of the first Russian revolution, its course and the consequences it entailed. Even school history textbooks pay rather modest attention to these events. The two subsequent coups d'etat, which occurred in February and October 1917, have been studied in much more detail. However, the significance that the revolution of 1905-1907 had on the emergence and development of parliamentarism in Russia, and on the further historical fate of the country as a whole, is quite difficult to overestimate. Especially if we consider these revolutionary events impartially and taking into account the current political realities that have developed today in the Russian state. In this context, one can find many interesting analogies and allusions to the events of 110 years ago.
Causes of the first Russian revolution
Of course, revolutionary events almost never arise spontaneously, on unprepared soil and without certain conditions. The prerequisites that caused the revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia were the following reasons:
Political background:
1. The emergence of parliamentarism in Russia began much later than in most leading countries of the world of that period. If in England the parliamentary system began to take shape after 1265, and in France the date of birth of parliamentary reforms is considered to be 1302, then in the Russian Empire, even at the beginning of the twentieth century, parliamentarism was still in its infancy. This caused sharp discontent among the so-called “progressive minds” of Russian society, who paid increasingly close attention to the experience of Western countries.
2. The relatively liberal policy pursued by the tsarist government of Russia in the second half of the 19th century led to the increased influence of circles professing left-wing views and the emergence of various parties and movements that demanded greater democratic freedoms. Moreover, along with legal organizations, various associations that carried out their activities from underground began to play a significant role. Including quite a few radical organizations that did not shy away from terror, outright provocations and agitation in favor of the overthrow of the autocracy.
3. Failures in the Russo-Japanese War, which ultimately led to the defeat of Russia, dealt a significant blow to the national self-awareness of the country's population and a noticeable drop in Russia's prestige in the international arena.
All this could not but give rise to revolutionary sentiments and demands for political reforms, both in the field of foreign policy and in the sphere of internal government of the country.
Economic prerequisites:
1. The global financial crisis that broke out at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries hit the Russian Empire quite painfully. Russia's external debt, which formed during the Russian-Turkish War, has increased many times over. The fall in bread prices and the appearance of American grain on the market at dumping prices significantly reduced export cash receipts to the treasury.
2. With all this, the reorientation of agrarian Russia onto an industrial path required more and more costs. Of course, the most vulnerable segments of the population suffered the most from this, they are also the most numerous. We are talking about such categories of citizens as peasants, workers, civil servants, and townspeople.
3. The so-called “tightening of the screws” undertaken by the tsarist government at the turn of the century took away from the common population and commoners most of the few freedoms granted by the autocracy in previous years. The reactionary government has taken a fairly tough course to suppress free thought and persecute those who disagree with the current regime. The dissatisfaction of the free-thinking population was actively supported, among other things, by foreign special services, intelligence services of bourgeois countries and financial circles that were not interested in the establishment of Russia as one of the leading players in the world financial and commodity markets.
Thus, the revolution of 1905-1907 was not only the result of purely internal political problems of the Russian state, but was also caused by a whole complex of economic troubles.
Social preconditions
The social contradictions that had developed in Russia by the beginning of 1905 should not be underestimated.
1. Rapid population growth and rapid industrialization of the country led to a sharp reduction in available land plots and a very noticeable drop in the well-being of peasants, who at that time made up over 75% of the country's population.
2. In large cities, the development of industrial production caused a rapid influx of population from agricultural areas. People were ready to work 12 hours a day, almost seven days a week, and even endure constant wage cuts.
3. Widespread corruption, unjustifiably bloated bureaucracy, the sluggishness of the state system, and the indifference of officials caused natural irritation and an understanding that many things need to be changed in the most fundamental way.
Of course, the above list of reasons is far from complete, although it reflects the main prerequisites due to which the Russian Revolution of 1905-1907 broke out.
Revolution of 1905-1907: course of events
The revolution of 1905 began in the very first days of 1905 with a strike that broke out in the then capital - St. Petersburg - and instantly covered all the large industrial enterprises of the city. The cause for unrest was the seemingly insignificant fact that four workers of the Kirov plant were fired for their political views. By January 7, the strike had become widespread, and one of the ideological inspirers, a priest named Gapon, called on the common people to organize a procession to the Winter Palace in order to deliver the compiled “Petition of Rights” into the hands of the Tsar himself. The procession, which according to some estimates was attended by about 150,000 people, was dispersed by force, resulting in more than 100 demonstrators being killed and about 500 injured.
The brutal suppression of a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg caused a real storm of protests throughout the country. In May, in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, far from St. Petersburg, for example, the first workers' council in the history of Russia was formed. As summer approached, the country was rocked by a series of peasant uprisings, riots and acts of disobedience. Individual units of the army and navy began to join the rebels (the uprising on the battleship Potemkin, for example), and the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 reached its peak in the fall, when the All-Russian political strike was held. At the same time, the terrorist activities of the Socialist Revolutionaries and other radicals were repeatedly activated. All these events posed such a real threat to the very existence of Russian statehood that on October 17, Nicholas II was forced to sign a special Manifesto, providing certain categories of the lower strata of society with a number of concessions, freedoms and privileges.
Despite the fact that after the signing of the Manifesto, the most organized participants in the events - liberal-minded circles - preferred to enter into dialogue with the authorities, the authorities were forced to suppress peasant and worker unrest already in 1906. The official date for the end of the First Russian Revolution is considered to be June 3, 1907. Thus, unrest in the country occurred for 2.5 years - an unprecedented period for Russia!
Results and results of the First Russian Revolution
Despite the fact that the revolution of 1905-1907 did not achieve one of its main goals - the overthrow of the autocracy in Russia - it had a decisive influence on the further historical fate of the state. The old Russia no longer existed!
The reorganization of the State Duma, which previously performed mainly formal and sometimes simply decorative functions, allowed this body to become, in fact, the first parliament in the history of the country.
Tsarist manifestos and decrees granted many categories of citizens (excluding women, military personnel, students, landless peasants and some other groups) not only the right to elect members of state or local authorities, but also freedom of speech, conscience and assembly.
The social situation of the peasantry and the working conditions of employees of industrial enterprises have improved significantly.
The overwhelming majority of laws issued would henceforth receive the approval of the State Duma.
Even though the revolution of 1905-1907 did not lead to such radical changes as happened in 1917, it became a forerunner and a kind of “trial balloon” before the grandiose events that happened in the next decade!
Causes of the first Russian revolution of 1905
- The difficult situation of workers: 12-14 hour working days, lack of housing, arbitrariness of employers, etc.
- Unresolved agrarian issue: communal land ownership, decrease in the average allotment per family due to rising birth rates, extortions from the state
- Lack of civil liberties
- Defeat in
- The desire for autonomy of the national outskirts
- Inciting activities of revolutionary parties
- Incompetent internal policy of the authorities
The beginning of the first Russian revolution is considered to be the shooting on January 9, 1905 by troops of a demonstration of workers going to the Tsar with a petition
In December 1904, the management of the St. Petersburg Putilov plant unfairly fired four workers, which led to a strike first of the entire plant, and then of workers throughout St. Petersburg. 625 enterprises shut down and 125,000 people did not go to work. The workers drew up a petition to Tsar Nicholas II, which, in addition to economic ones, contained political demands: civil liberties. universal suffrage, an 8-hour working day... On January 9, 1905, columns of workers rushed to the Winter Palace from all over St. Petersburg, but were stopped by troops. About 200 people died. 800 were injured.
The first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. Briefly
- 1904, January 3-5 - a congress of the Liberation Union, a liberal organization of intelligentsia that demanded constitutional freedoms, took place in St. Petersburg
- 1904, November 6-9 - the Zemsky Congress was held in St. Petersburg: a gathering of representatives of all classes of Russia who demanded a constitution, freedoms and parliament from the tsar
- 1905, January 12-14 - unrest of workers in Riga and Warsaw demanding an investigation into the actions of the authorities on January 9
- 1905, January - the beginning of mass uprisings of workers and peasants throughout Russia, Ukraine, and Georgia
- 1905, January 29 - Nicholas II created a commission to investigate the events of Bloody Sunday
- 1905, February 4 - Moscow Governor-General Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was killed by the Socialist-Revolutionary Kalyaev
The beginning of mass terror against officials: from February 1905 to May 1906, the following were killed: eight governors-general, governors and mayors, five vice-governors and advisers to provincial boards, twenty-one police chiefs, a district chief and police officer, eight gendarmerie officers, four generals, seven officers
- 1905, February 6 - the beginning of the bloody confrontation between Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Baku, Kutaisi, Erivan and other settlements of Transcaucasia
The newspaper “Russkoe Slovo” reported on February 10: “Baku, 9, II. — Government and private institutions are closed due to the Armenian-Tatar massacre. Murders and robberies are committed openly. The corpses lie uncollected. In the afternoon the warring parties made peace. Calm has been restored"
- 1905, February 18 - decree of the tsar on the possibility of involving people's representatives in the development of laws and a decree giving the right to file petitions
- 1905, February 20 - due to the failure of its actions, the commission investigating the events of January 9 was dissolved
- 1905, February 25 - defeat of Russian troops near Mukden in the Russo-Japanese War
- 1905, February - throughout Russia, arson of noble estates by peasants, peasant riots demanding the redistribution of land at the expense of landowners' plots, sporadic strikes on the railways, mob attacks on students and high school students. intelligentsia
Reasons for peasant uprisings
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The tsar's policy of actively promoting grain exports (exporting grain at any cost even in conditions of crop failure), which caused famine in the villages of 1891-1892 and a general crisis in agriculture
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Low motivation of peasants to increase labor productivity
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Lack of private ownership of land (the peasant community could take the land from the peasant through the so-called land redistribution)
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Lack of clear laws on inheritance of land and distribution of income from it
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Unresolved issue of tax payment (mutual responsibility)
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Dependence in the issuance of passports on the decision of the community
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Malozemelye
- 1905, April 17 - law on religious tolerance. Legislative restrictions on Old Believers and sectarians have been abolished. Lamaists were henceforth forbidden to officially be called idolaters and pagans, and apostasy from Orthodoxy to other confessions was allowed
- 1905, April 18 - strike, riots in Lodz, Warsaw
- 1905, April 22-26 - First congress of zemstvo representatives in Moscow
- 1905, May 12 - strike of workers of Ivanovo-Voznesensk
- 1905, May 15 - the first council of workers' deputies was formed in Ivanovo
- 1905, May 15 - a Russian squadron was destroyed in the Tsushima Strait
- 1905, June 14 - mutiny of the battleship Potemkin
- 1905, June - a new wave of unrest in the villages
- 1905, August 6 - “Regulations on the establishment of a Duma of an advisory nature”
- 1905, August 23 - A peace treaty between Russia and Japan was signed in Portsmouth.
- 1905, August 27 - universities were granted broad autonomy
- 1905, September 19 - strike of printing workers in Moscow
- 1905, October 8 - the beginning of a general strike, which grew into a general political strike. In Russia, more than one and a half million people took part in the strike
- 1905, October 13 - the St. Petersburg Union of Workers' Deputies was created, demanding an 8-hour working day
- 1905, October 17 - the Tsar’s manifesto on granting civil liberties to the people. His first point read: “To grant the population the unshakable foundations of civil freedom on the basis of actual personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and association.” Transition from autocracy to constitutional monarchy
- 1905, October 18 - assassination of revolutionary Nikolai Bauman by monarchists
- 1905, October 18 - the beginning of numerous Jewish pogroms, until October 29 there were 690 of them
- 1905, October 20 - funeral of Bauman by a crowd of thousands
- 1905, October 21 - amnesty for political prisoners
- 1905, November 3 - the Tsar’s manifesto on reducing redemption payments for land by peasants
- 1905, November 8 - creation of the monarchical organization "Union of the Russian People"
- 1905, November 11 - uprising of the sailors of the Black Sea Fleet under the leadership of Lieutenant Schmidt
- 1905, November 22 - formation of the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies
- 1905, December 3 - arrest of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies, general strike of St. Petersburg workers
- 1905, December 7 - the beginning of an armed uprising in Moscow
On the evening of December 7, the first clashes between strikers and the army and police took place - in Leontyevsky Lane, on Tverskaya, at the Kamenny Bridge, in the area of Solyanka and Strastnaya Square. That same evening, the first issue of Izvestia was published, where it was stated that the Moscow Soviet had decided to “declare a general strike in Moscow in order to transform it into an armed uprising”... On December 18, the uprising was suppressed. The number of those killed in battles and as a result of executions that followed the suppression of resistance was about 5 thousand
- 1905, December - the beginning of the pacification of Poland, the Baltic states, the Caucasus, Siberia, Ukraine
- 1906, March 4 - permission to organize political and trade unions
- 1906, March 26 - the beginning of elections to the First State Duma
- 1906, April 27 - first meeting of the First State Duma
- 1906, May 5 - The Duma appeals to the Tsar demanding the introduction of a truly constitutional order: the abolition of the death penalty, guarantees of civil liberties, etc.
- 1906, July 8 - Stolypin became chairman of the government
- 1906, July 9 - The First State Duma was dissolved
- 1906, August 19 - establishment of military courts
- 1906, November 9 - agrarian reform, a decree allowing peasants to leave the peasant community with land
- 1906, November - the working day was reduced to 10 hours
m1907, February 20 - opening of the first meeting of the second State Duma - 1907, June 3 - dissolution of the Second State Duma and the Election Regulations, which contradicted the manifesto of October 17
The electoral law was changed in such a way that the circle of voters was significantly narrowed, and voters with high property qualifications received a significant advantage in elections for the majority of parliamentary seats
Results of the first Russian war of 1905-1907
- The proletariat felt its strength and capabilities
- For the first time, the autocracy was shaken and was forced to make concessions to the people
- Russia tasted the fruits of democracy and parliamentarism for the first time
- Political parties and trade unions were formed
- The situation of the peasantry and proletarians has improved
- The people received some democratic freedoms
Russia entered the 20th century under the sign of disappointment and general dissatisfaction with the rule of Nicholas II. Until recently, all segments of the population of a huge country pinned hopes for fundamental changes on him. Students were worried, industrial workers staged strikes and street marches, and the peasantry was rioting everywhere. Russian bourgeois liberal movements strongly supported the anti-government activity of the masses. By all direct and indirect signs, it was brewing in Russia social revolution.
Revolution- this is a cardinal revolution in the social development of the subject of the historical process, accompanied by a change in the basic foundations of the socio-economic formation. I Russian revolution, for all its uniqueness, was not an exception to the global revolutionary process, but had its own special characteristics:
- In its scope the revolution was truly folk.
- Partially changed the socio-political system of the Russian Empire.
- The main thing is that the revolution was not completed.
Background and reasons
The prerequisites for the revolution can be called:
The causes of the revolution are determined by:
The nature of the revolution
Revolution 1905–1907 had well-defined characteristic features:
Bourgeois, expressed in the desire to eliminate the remnants of feudalism and establish a capitalist social system.
Democratic, since the broad masses of the people took part in the struggle for democratic rights and freedoms.
Agrarian, is connected with the fundamental aspirations of the Russian peasantry about the land. The agrarian problem was the main danger for the authorities.
The purpose and objectives of the revolution
The rapid development of capitalism in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century was restrained by the medieval autocracy and required radical changes. Therefore, the goal of the revolution was to change feudal socio-political formation on capitalist.
To achieve the identified goal, it was necessary to solve a number of problems:
- Change to democratic.
- Achieve equal rights for citizens before the law.
- Introduce civil rights and freedoms.
- Resolve the agrarian question.
- Solve the problems of the working class.
- Establish the principles of equal coexistence of all peoples of Russia, create conditions for their free development and self-determination.
Participants (driving forces) of the revolution
The implementation of goals and objectives was in the interests of almost all (except for part of the ruling elite) layers of Russian society. The driving forces of the revolution were the petty-bourgeois strata of cities and villages. This one was essentially folk" The petty bourgeoisie, workers and peasants were in the same revolutionary camp.
This camp was opposed by the landowners and the big bourgeoisie, the highest bureaucrats and the clergy. The liberal opposition was mainly represented by the middle bourgeoisie and intelligentsia. They advocated peaceful transformation through parliamentary democratic struggle.
Progress of the revolution
Revolutionary events of 1905–1907 divided into three main stages:
Map: Revolution 1905-1907
The first stage is the beginning and development of the revolution
The beginning of the strike of workers in St. Petersburg. |
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The shooting by soldiers of a peaceful procession of workers in St. Petersburg (“Bloody Sunday”). |
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Large-scale popular unrest in different regions of Russia under political slogans. |
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Rescript (written appeal to the people) of Nicholas II with assurances of reform. |
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In Ivanovo-Voznesensk, a 72-day strike of textile workers led by the first ever Council of Workers' Deputies. |
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May June | The All-Russian Congress of Peasants and congresses of zemstvo representatives demanded socio-political reforms. |
Polish workers raise an armed rebellion in Lodz. |
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The revolt of the sailors of the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky". |
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Summer 1905 | Many peasant unrest turned into full-fledged uprisings. |
Adoption of the provision on the legislative advisory State Duma, as amended by the Minister of Internal Affairs A.G. Bulygin (“Bulyginskaya Duma”). |
The second stage - culmination - the highest intensity of the revolution
October political strike: the work of enterprises and institutions was stopped. |
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The St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies was created under the chairmanship of G. S. Khrustalev-Nosar. |
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A manifesto “On Improving State Order” was published. |
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October November | Autumn upsurge of peasant unrest in half of the counties of European Russia. The rebels created “peasant republics” where they established their own government. |
Uprising in Sevastopol (Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt). |
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Moscow Soviets of Workers' Deputies were formed. |
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The beginning of the strike of Moscow workers. |
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The peak of the revolution is an armed uprising in Moscow. |
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A new law has been adopted regulating the elections to the First State Duma. |
The third stage is the decline and defeat of the revolution
Decree on regulating the work of the State Duma and repurposing the State Council into the upper house of parliament. |
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"Temporary Rules" were issued to allow trade unions. |
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The First State Duma begins its work. |
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The Duma demands that the emperor introduce a Constitution. |
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June 1906 | A surge of peasant protests. |
Minister of Internal Affairs P. A. Stolypin took the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers. |
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Dissolution of the First State Duma. |
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182 Duma deputies called on the Russian population to disobey the authorities as a protest against the dispersal of the Duma. |
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Mutinies of soldiers and sailors in Kronstadt and Sveaborg. |
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Terrorist attack against P. A. Stolypin. |
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Military courts were created. Repressions against participants in the revolutionary movement are intensifying everywhere. |
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P. A. Stolypin begins his. |
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The period of work of the Second State Duma. |
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Coup d'etat. The Second State Duma was dissolved and a new electoral law was introduced. The revolution has come to its logical conclusion. |
Political parties in the first Russian revolution
For the first time in Russian history, the revolution of 1905–1907 became an arena of political struggle in which political parties took part.
Party name | Year of commencement of activity | Software settings |
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Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) | V. I. Lenin (Bolsheviks), L. O. Martov (Mensheviks) | The coming to power of the proletariat through social revolution. |
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Socialist Revolutionary Party (AKP, “Socialist Revolutionaries”) | V. M. Chernov, N. D. Avksentiev | Overthrow of autocracy, construction of socialism. |
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Party of Russian Constitutional Democrats (cadets) | P. N. Milyukov, S. A. Muromtsev, P. D. Dolgorukov | Change from absolute monarchy to parliamentary democracy. |
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A. I. Guchkov, D. N. Shilov | Introduction of a constitutional regime of government. |
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Russian monarchist party | V. A. Gringmut | Preservation of autocracy and class structure of society. |
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Union of the Russian People and the Union of Michael the Archangel (“Black Hundreds”) | V. M. Purishkevich, A. I. Dubrovin | Strengthening autocracy while maintaining fundamental foundations. |
Consequences of the revolution
The defeated revolution had not only reactionary consequences. There have been noticeable positive changes in the country:
In the state system, autocracy was limited by the emergence of legislative power.
The government of the country was forced to take measures to improve the living standards of the peasants and proletariat.
A multi-party system has become a reality, there has been a slight movement towards a state of law, and the people have become aware of their social significance.
Causes of defeat
The revolution did not achieve its goal and did not solve the main problems for the following reasons:
- Worker protests and spontaneous peasant riots were not coordinated.
- There was no unified political leadership of the revolution.
- The bourgeoisie was afraid to even try to take full responsibility for the country.
- The armed forces, for the most part, still remained loyal to the tsarist government.
Historical results of the revolution
The main results of the revolution are contradictory. It forced the authorities to carry out a number of reforms necessary for the country:
- a body of the legislative branch of power was created - the State Duma;
- basic civil rights and freedoms are declared;
- some “Basic Laws of the Empire” were revised;
- various political parties and media outlets are allowed to operate legally, as well as to create trade unions;
- long-term redemption payments for land have been cancelled;
- working hours have been reduced, etc.
However, the most fundamental question is agricultural, remained unresolved. The authorities were faced with the need to take into account public sentiment, but continued to perceive them as a whim of simpletons. The society, represented by the opposition parties, treated the authorities with caution and dissatisfaction. The ruling elite and the opposition were unable to establish the optimal dialogue that emerged during the dramatic revolutionary events.
The first Russian revolution failed to realize the chance to transform the Russian autocracy into a constitutional monarchy. Further events led to February and October 1917.
Revolution 1905-1907
The character of the first Russian revolution was bourgeois-democratic. In terms of the number of participants, it was nationwide.
Goals of the revolution:
Overthrow of the autocracy
Establishment of a Democratic Republic
Introduction of democratic freedoms
Elimination of landownership and allotment of land to peasants
Reducing the working day to 8 hours
Recognition of workers' rights to strike and the creation of trade unions
Stages of the Revolution 1905-1907
The contradiction between the needs of the country's socio-economic development and the remnants of serfdom
The contradiction between modern industry and semi-serf agriculture
The contradiction between the economic capabilities of the bourgeoisie and its political role in society
Social and political crisis in the country
Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
reasons for the revolution: 1. Economic crisis. 2. Low authority of Nikolai2 and his entourage. 3. Labor issue (low wages, long working hours, ban on trade unions, etc.). 4. The peasant question (the agrarian question - the best land from the landowners, redemption payments). 5. Political issue (lack of rights, ban on the creation of political parties or organizations, even those supporting the tsar). 6. National question (35% Russians, bad attitude towards Jews). 7. Defeat in the Russian-Japanese War (overconfidence, inept command, war at sea). The war occurred due to the imperialist aspirations of Russia and Japan for spheres of influence. The first defeat of the Russian fleet. Events: 1. January 9 – October 1905 – growth of the revolution: - “Bloody Sunday”. The workers walked to the Winter Palace, carried a petition, and cavalry troops were already drawn up to the palace, the workers were shot. 1200 killed, 5000 wounded. - uprising on the battleship Potemkin (the uprising of the army is the worst indicator). If the army goes over to the side of the people, the government will be overthrown. The officers were brutally killed, the sailors joined the people, the conclusion is that something needs to be changed. 2. October 1905 - summer 1906 - the peak of the revolution. All-Russian October political strike. December armed uprising in Moscow. October 17, 1905 – Nicholas 2 signed a manifesto - the creation of parliament. 1906 – state elections. Duma, not universal (women did not vote), multi-stage, unfair. 3. autumn 1906 - June 3, 1907 - subsidence of the revolution. Work of the first and second state. Duma. The significance of the revolution: 1) the main result of the revolution was the emergence of a legislative representative body of power - parliament; 2) the economic demands of the workers were satisfied; 3) redemption payments under the reform of 1861 were cancelled; 4) freedom of the press and assembly; 5) the establishment of a multi-party system in Russia (“Union of October 17”, Cadets, Progressives, Trudoviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, RSDLP); 6) the government began to develop agrarian reform (Stolypin’s reforms).
Stage I January-September 1905
Reaction of the supreme power; Promises and half measures:
August 6, 1905 Decree of Nicholas II on the establishment of the State Duma, a legislative advisory body under the Tsar (“Bulyginskaya Duma” named after the Minister of Internal Affairs)
January 9, 1905 - shooting of a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg (a crowd of 140 thousand led by the priest Gapon. Gapon proposed going with a petition to the Winter Palace; 1200 were killed, > 2000 were wounded)
May-June 1905 workers' strike in Ivanovo-Voznesensk and the emergence of the first Councils of Workers' Representatives - the creation of a workers' militia, fighting squads (summer - the emergence of the All-Russian Peasant Union - was influenced by the Socialist Revolutionaries)
June 1905 - mutiny on the battleship Potemkin
May-June 1905 congresses of zemstvo representatives and the All-Russian Peasant Congress - demand for constitutional reforms
Stage II of the revolution October-December 1905 (the highest rise of the revolution) - the center of events moves to Moscow
Formation of political parties: Cadets, Octobrists; Black Hundred organizations
Revolutionary events:
The All-Russian political strike (September-October 1905) covered 2 million. Person A purely workers' means of struggle - a strike - was taken up by other segments of the population
Formation of Soviets of Workers' Deputies in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities (November-December 1905)
December 1905 - armed uprising in Moscow (at the initiative of the Bolsheviks, the Moscow Council announced the start of a new political strike)
Uprising in the fleet, about 90 performances (the largest in Sevastopol on the cruiser "Ochakov" under the leadership of Lieutenant Schmidt) - October - November 1905
Actions of the supreme power on October 17, 1905 - the royal manifesto “On the improvement of state order” under the leadership of S.Yu. Witte; publication of a new law on elections to the 1st State Duma (December 11, 1905); suppression of the uprising with the help of troops (December 15-18, 1905)
Stage III Decline of the revolution January 1906 - June 1907
Revolutionary performances:
Massive peasant unrest - June 1906
Revolt of soldiers and sailors of the Baltic Fleet (Sveaborg, Kronstadt, Revel - July 1906)
Attempt on P.A. Stolypin (08/12/1906)
Parliamentary struggle:
Elections to the 1st State Duma (26.03 and 20.04.1906) according to the law, the State Duma was convened for 5 years, had the right to discuss bills, the budget, and make requests to ministers appointed by the tsar; outside the control of the Duma - military affairs and foreign policy; meetings are irregular (the duration of Duma sessions and breaks between them was determined by the tsar)
Start of work of the 1st State Duma (04/27/1906) Chairman Muromtsev (cadet)
Duma address to the emperor demanding the introduction of constitutional government (05/05/1906)
Vyborg uprising of 128 deputies in protest against the dissolution of the 1st State Duma (07/10/1906)
Activity 2 State. Duma (02/20/1907) Chairman Golovin (cadet)
Dissolution of the 2nd State Duma and the introduction of a new electoral law (06/03/1907) - June 3rd monarchy - coup d'etat6 the tsar did not have the right to independently dissolve the Duma, but did so
Actions of the supreme power:
Transformation of the State Council into the supreme house of parliament (02/26/1906)
Publication of the “Basic Laws of the Russian Federation”, defining the powers of the State Council and the State Duma (04/23/1906)
Publication of the “Temporary Rules”, which allowed the creation of trade unions (03/04/1906)
Creation of military courts (08/19/1906)
The beginning of Stolypin's agrarian reform. Issuance of a royal decree granting the peasant the right to leave the community with his land plot (09.11.1906)
Results of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907.
The beginning of Russia's movement towards a constitutional monarchy and the rule of law
Creation of the State Duma; Reform of the State Council - transforming it into the supreme house of parliament; approval of the “Basic Laws of the Russian Empire”
Proclamation of freedom of speech. Permission to form trade unions. Partial political amnesty
Stolypin reforms (the essence is to solve the agrarian issue without affecting the lands of landowners, decree of 1905 - abolishing redemption payments, October 1906 - the poll tax and mutual responsibility were abolished, the power of zemstvo chiefs and county authorities was limited, the rights of peasants in zemstvo elections were increased, freedom of movement was expanded ; November 9, 1906 - peasants were given the right to freely exit the community; individual plots of land could be consolidated into cuts. Resettlement of peasants to free lands of Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. A peasant bank was created - selling part of appanage and state-owned lands to peasants, buying up landowners' landholdings for resale to peasants, issuing loans for the purchase of land. lands. Result: the reform lasted approx. 7 years old. 35% (3.4 million) expressed a desire to leave the community; 26% (2.5 million) left and moved to the Urals approx. 3.3 mil.) Cancellation of redemption payments for peasants
Revolution in 1905 - 1907: causes, stages, significance of the revolution
At the beginning of the twentieth century. Social and political contradictions in Russia sharply worsened, which led to the first revolution in its history of 1905 - 1907. Causes of the revolution: indecision of agrarian-peasant, labor and national issues, autocratic system, complete political lack of rights and lack of democratic freedoms, deterioration of the financial situation of workers due to the economic crisis of 1900 - 1903. and the shameful defeat for tsarism in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 - 1905.
Tasks of the revolution- the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic system, the elimination of class inequality, the destruction of landownership and the distribution of land to the peasants, the introduction of an 8-hour working day, the achievement of equality of rights for the peoples of Russia.
Workers and peasants, soldiers and sailors, and intelligentsia took part in the revolution. Therefore, in terms of the goals and composition of the participants, it was nationwide and had a bourgeois-democratic character.
There are several stages in the history of the revolution.
The reason for the revolution was Bloody Sunday. On January 9, 1905, in St. Petersburg, workers were shot who went to the Tsar with a petition containing a request to improve their financial situation and political demands. 1,200 people were killed and about 5 thousand were wounded. In response, the workers took up arms.
The first stage (January 9 - end of September 1905) - the beginning and development of the revolution along an ascending line. The main events of this stage were: the spring-summer action of workers in Moscow, Odessa, Warsaw, Baku (about 800 thousand people); the creation in Ivanovo-Voznesensk of a new body of workers' power - the Council of Authorized Deputies; uprising of sailors on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky"; mass movement of peasants.
The second stage (October - December 1905) is the highest rise of the revolution. Main events: the general All-Russian October political strike (more than 2 million participants) and as a result the publication of the Manifesto on October 17 “On the Improvement of State Order,” in which the Tsar promised to introduce some political freedoms and convene the State Duma; December strikes and uprisings in Moscow, Kharkov, Chita and other cities.
The government suppressed all armed uprisings. The bourgeois-liberal strata, frightened by the scale of the movement, moved away from the revolution and began to create their own political parties: Constitutional Democratic (Cadets), "Union of October 17" (Octobrists).
The third stage (January 1906 - June 3, 1907) - the decline and retreat of the revolution. Main events: political strikes of workers; new scope of the peasant movement; uprisings of sailors in Kronstadt and Sveaborg.
The center of gravity in the social movement has shifted to polling stations and the State Duma.
The First State Duma, which tried to radically solve the agrarian question, was dissolved 72 days after its opening by the Tsar, who accused it of “inciting unrest.”
The Second State Duma lasted 102 days. In June 1907 it was dissolved. The pretext for dissolution was the accusation of deputies of the Social Democratic faction of preparing a coup d'etat.
Revolution 1905 - 1907 was defeated for a number of reasons - the army did not completely go over to the side of the revolution; there was no unity in the working class party; there was no alliance between the working class and the peasantry; The revolutionary forces were insufficiently experienced, organized and conscious.
Despite the defeat, the revolution of 1905 - 1907 was of great importance. The supreme power was forced to change the political system of Russia. The creation of the State Duma indicated the beginning of the development of parliamentarism. The socio-political situation of Russian citizens has changed:
- democratic freedoms were introduced, trade unions and legal political parties were allowed;
- the financial situation of workers has improved: wages have increased and a 10-hour working day has been introduced;
- the peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments.