As a child he attended school and was then apprenticed to a carpenter.
Stepan Khalturin was born in Vyatka into a family of poor townspeople. In the early 1870s he came to St. Petersburg, where he entered the factory. It is unknown exactly when and under what circumstances he became interested in revolutionary ideas. In 1875-1876 he was already an active propagandist... “He was one of those people whose appearance does not give even an approximately correct idea of their character... It was possible to get close to him only in practice... Stepan Khalturin began to get carried away terror. Already in the autumn of 1879, he entered into business relations with the Narodnaya Volya members.”
“Alexander II should be killed by a worker,” Khalturin believed, “let the Russian tsars not think that the workers are idiots who do not understand their true importance for the people.”
It was about the explosion of the entire royal family in the Winter Palace. The Executive Committee agreed to his proposal; Khalturin entered the palace as a carpenter. He conducted relations with the Executive Committee mainly through Zhelyabov; in addition, he was helped by Kibalchich, Kvyatkovsky and Isaev. From October 1879 until the explosion on February 5, 1880, Khalturin was engaged in mining the Winter Palace.
On February 5, the Winter Palace was rocked by a terrible explosion: a mine exploded. The lights in the palace went out. The black Admiralty Square seemed to become even darker. But what was hiding behind that darkness there - at the other end of the square? Neither Zhelyabov nor Khalturin could wait for clarification, despite their burning curiosity. People converged on the palace, firefighters came running. From there they carried out the corpses and wounded. There seemed to be an awful lot of them. But what about the culprit of this massacre, Alexander II?
“Zhelyabov and Khalturin quickly left. For the latter, a sure refuge was already ready, as far as, of course, they generally exist in Russia. And only upon arrival there did Khalturin’s nerves immediately soften. Tired, sick, he could barely stand and only immediately inquired whether there were enough weapons in the apartment. “I won’t give myself up alive!” - he said. They reassured him: the apartment was protected with the same dynamite bombs.”
“The news that the king had escaped had a most depressing effect on Khalturin. He fell completely ill and only stories about the enormous impression made on February 5 on all of Russia could console him somewhat, although he could never come to terms with his failure and did not forgive Zhelyabov for calling him a mistake.”
Depressed by his failure, Khalturin left for the south of Russia, where for about two years he was engaged in propaganda among the workers, but the state of emergency imposed in Odessa, and especially the activities of Strelnikov, appointed by Alexander III to carry out investigations into political affairs throughout the south of Russia and provided with special powers, Soon it began to greatly disturb Stepan. He notified the “Executive Committee” about this, which instructed him to organize the murder of the all-powerful and hated prosecutor. This order was successfully completed on March 18, 1882 by Khalturin and his comrade Zhelvakov.
Details about this murder are described in correspondence from Odessa, published in No. 3 “At Homeland,” in 1883.
“On March 18, Mr. Strelnikov, having had lunch as usual at a French restaurant, went out onto the boulevard for his usual afternoon walk and, having walked several times along the middle alley, sat down on a bench near the passage from the outer alley to the middle one, from which it is separated by a fence surrounding a row of trees. Next to him sat a suspicious person who, at Novorossiysk University, posed as either a student of Engelhard or a volunteer Smirnov. When Zhelvakov, who had been watching Strelnikov all the time, approached the bench, groping for the revolver in his pocket, Strelnikov stood up and moved to the next bench, looking halfway around the middle alleys. Zhelvakov stopped at the end of the fence, behind which Strelnikov was sitting, took out a revolver and, aiming at the right side of the back of his head, pulled the trigger. Strelnikov's head instantly bent to the right side and leaned against the back of the bench. The audience froze in place: no one moved even when a moment later a man with a revolver in his hand appeared on the outer alley and, jumping over the fence, set off down the steep descent to Havannaya Street. He had already reached the Duma building when Smirnov, running to the edge of the alley and waving his arms, began shouting down: “Catch! Hold it!.. They killed you in broad daylight!..” Then the public on the boulevard came to life; voices were heard: “get the doctor!”... One lady even decided to go up to Strelnikov and apply a handkerchief to the wound, but her worries were in vain: he was already dead. A few minutes later, Gurko appeared (the fatal bench stands just opposite his palace) and exclaimed: “What a riot!” He ordered Strelnikov’s still warm corpse to be taken to the nearest hospital. Finally, the police appeared, beginning their activities by taking away the addresses of those present.”
“Meanwhile, Zhelvakov ran down, firing back at those who were catching up with him or trying to block his path. All who saw this run and this extraordinary defense on a narrow and steep descent could not speak calmly about the strength, dexterity and self-control of the young hero. Having fired all the charges from two revolvers, he grabbed a dagger and, continuing to fight back, approached more and more towards a white horse harnessed to a carriage, on which Khalturin was waiting for him at the end of the narrow slope overlooking Gavannaya Street. Meanwhile, a group of passers-by had already gathered below before the descent. They did not know, of course, what had happened up there, but they looked in amazement at the armed man rushing towards them, who had already injured many who tried to detain him. The purpose of this desperate flight soon became apparent to them; many rushed to the exit of the descent in order to detain the fleeing people in this narrow place, and surrounded the carriage. At this critical moment, Khalturin, making sure that it was impossible for Zhelvakov to get through to the carriage, jumped off it and, snatching a revolver, wanted to rush to the aid of his comrade, but at the very first steps he stumbled. A Jew, a clerk from the coal depot, a police officer and several quarantine workers rushed to detain him. “Leave it alone! I'm a socialist! I'm for you! - Khalturin shouted. The workers instinctively stopped. “So that you live as you do for us!” - answered the clerk, a hefty scoundrel, who, together with the policeman, leaned all his weight on Khalturin. “Of course, not for scoundrels like you, but for the unfortunate working people!” - he said, barely catching his breath. The police arrived in time and helped them tie up Khalturin and brutally twist his hands with ropes dug deep into his body.
Zhelvakov saw what was happening near the carriage and, almost at the very passage, turned to the side towards Quarantine Square, still continuing to run, although his strength must have already begun to leave him. Faced with the official Ignatovich, who also rushed to block his path, he paused a little; then the chase instantly surrounded him and disarmed him, knocked him down and tied him up. Both arrested were immediately taken to the police. And the crowd that remained in place, breaking into groups, talked about the incident. “What happened here?” - asked the newcomers. “Yes, they killed a girl on the boulevard,” they answered in one place; “One killed some old man,” they said in another; “One young man killed his bride,” reported the third. No one yet knew the true meaning of the incident.
But gradually spreading from the boulevard, the news reached the lower streets. At first, contradictory: “Strelnikov has been killed!” - “The mayor was shot!” - “Gurko himself.” But by nightfall it was already known everywhere that the murder was “political” and it was Strelnikov who was killed. The attitude immediately changed: “If they had known, they would have fought them off,” said the quarantine workers. They say that even Ignatovich himself fell ill from remorse for helping to detain Strelnikov’s killer. There was a noticeable excitement in the city. Some hurried to the boulevard to see the scene of the incident, the blood, the bench; others crowded near the police, where the arrested were brought. Sympathetic attitude towards the event could be seen everywhere. Not to mention the exclamations: “It’s a dog’s death for a dog!” - “That’s what the son of a bitch needs!” - I happened to come across such scenes: on the boulevard, at the very descent, a group of the public surrounds an eyewitness to the incident. He eagerly and waving his arms tells how Zhelvakov fought back, how he ran, and in delight constantly interrupts his speech with exclamations: “What a hero! Well done!" The audience listens sympathetically, holding their breath.
At the kvass shop, opposite the police, I noticed a small circle consisting of a shopkeeper, several apprentice shoemakers and a gray peasant whispering something to the others. As I approach, the conversation stops. "What's happened?" - I ask. - “The general was killed.” - "Who?" - “Yes, two of them... young.” - “Did you catch it?” “They caught the poor,” the peasant replies and, immediately catching himself, adds, changing his tone: “Well, they caught it... they’ve already brought it.” - “Why did they kill him?” - I ask. The little man looked at me intently and quietly said: “Yes, you know... it’s impossible to talk today,” and he mysteriously fell silent. Everyone has sad faces...
The police are all on their feet. Foot and horse patrols are encountered at every turn. It is prohibited to walk on the sidewalk in front of the police building; People holding power come here every now and then: the governor-general, the mayor and others. And interrogations are taking place in the building itself. Zhelvakov refused to answer until he was told whether Strelnikov had been killed. “Killed,” they answered him. - “Now do with me what you want.” The interrogations led nowhere. They found out where the horse was bought, and they also found out the apartments of those arrested, since they had passports with them, but neither their identities nor their real names were established. Late at night, under heavy escort, they were transferred to the prison and placed in the basement. The interrogations went on continuously, and until the execution the prisoners were not given a single hour of rest. There were rumors around the city that they were being tortured, but we have no actual evidence of this.
On the night of the 20th to the 21st, we held a court unprecedented even in Russia. Imagine the dead of night, the court site unknown to the public, and in the hearing there was no one except Gurko, the judges himself elected, and the defendants. Even the highest ranks of the military and judicial departments were not allowed. And yet we know in general terms what happened at the trial, what the defendants said. Khalturin stated that he came to Odessa with the goal of organizing workers, but encountered strong obstacles in Strelnikov’s activities. He reported this to the Executive Committee and received instructions from it to organize the murder of Strelnikov, which he carried out.
Zhelvakov is said to have said: “They will hang me, but there will be others. You can't outweigh everyone. Nothing can save you from the end that awaits you!”
An order was received from Gatchina to immediately hang Strelnikov’s murderers, and in view of such haste, Gurko decided, without disturbing Frolov, to choose an executioner from the prisoners sentenced to hard labor held in the Odessa prison. The details of this choice are interesting.
The news that Strelnikov was killed and the arrested murderers were brought to prison quickly spread among the criminal prisoners. The fact of the murder was met with universal approval, and those arrested aroused the warmest sympathy, especially Zhelvakov with his daring and youth. Therefore, the proposal to hang Strelnikov’s killers for a certain reward was met with a decisive refusal by the prisoners. Some expressed it in the harshest form: “I won’t leave this place, I’ll die completely if I touch them even that much.” - “I’d sooner strangle all the generals than touch their throne with my little finger!” - was heard in response to the shameful proposal.
Finally they attacked one, who apparently began to hesitate, seduced by promises of benefits and gifts. “I just don’t know how to hang,” he also made an excuse. “Well, this is nothing,” they objected to him, “the doctor (prison doctor Rosen) will teach you how to hang.”
Society was not supposed to know about the trial, the verdict, or the execution itself until it was all over, but nevertheless, the presence of its representatives was required during the hanging. This dilemma was resolved as follows: two or three trustworthy members of the Duma and the famous editor of the Novorossiysk Telegraph, Ozmidov, were sent a laconic order: to appear at 5 o’clock in the morning before the mayor. The unfortunate representatives of glasnost spent a very anxious night and at dawn they came to Marazli (the mayor), who took them straight to prison.
At 6 o'clock Khalturin and Zhelvakov were taken out. The latter quickly climbed the steps of the scaffold and counted them: “Fourteen, oh, how high!” - he said. He put the noose around his neck and hung. The consumptive, sick Khalturin had to be supported. The executioner, who had drunk too much to be cheerful, fumbled for a long time, putting the noose on him, and adjusted it several times. Thanks to his ineptitude, Khalturin suffered for a terribly long time before being finally strangled. The police chief, who was present at the execution, turned away so as not to see his convulsions, and the officer in charge of the procedure became ill.”
Plan:
- Introduction
- 1 Start of activity. Workers' organizations
- 2 Explosion in the Winter Palace
- 3 Murder of Strelnikov in Odessa. Execution of Khalturin
- 4 Monuments
- 5 Films about Stepan Khalturin
- 6 Toponymy
- 6.1 Russia
- 6.2 Ukraine
- 6.3 Belarus
- 7 Addresses in St. Petersburg Notes
Literature
Introduction
Stepan Nikolaevich Khalturin(December 21, 1856 (January 2, 1857) - March 22 (April 3), 1882) - Russian revolutionary who carried out a terrorist attack in the Winter Palace (1880). Organizer of the Northern Russian Workers' Union.
1. Start of activity. Workers' organizations
Stepan Khalturin was born on December 21, 1856 (January 2, 1857) in the village of Khalevinskaya (later Verkhniye Zhuravli) in the Oryol district of the Vyatka province into a family of wealthy peasants. In 1871 he graduated from the Oryol district school, during his studies he read a lot and became interested in populist literature. In 1874-1875 he studied at the Vyatka Technical School and acquired the profession of cabinetmaker.
At the beginning of 1875, with a group of like-minded people, he planned to go to America and found a commune there. On the way to Moscow, fellow travelers tricked him into taking possession of his passport and went abroad through St. Petersburg. Khalturin tried to catch up with them in St. Petersburg, but did not have time. He was forced to take on different jobs in order to feed himself and provide himself with a place to sleep. Soon he accidentally met Kotelnikov, a teacher at the Zemstvo School, who had moved to St. Petersburg. Kotelnikov helped him get a job as a carpenter in railway workshops and recommended Stepan to St. Petersburg political circles. Very soon, the provincial worker not only became comfortable among the circle members, but moved to the forefront as a talented propagandist. He took part in the creation of the first political organization of workers in Russia - the Northern Workers' Union.
Having worked at the Admiralty Shipyards already under the name of Stepan Batyshkov, he was hired to work on board the imperial yacht Livadia. An official of the palace department liked the young, diligent carpenter, and in September 1879 he was hired for carpentry work in the palace, settling him in the basement.
2. Explosion in the Winter Palace
According to G.V. Plekhanov, Khalturin came to the idea that “The Tsar will fall, tsarism will fall, and a new era will come, the era of freedom. The death of Alexander II will bring with it political freedom, and with political freedom the labor movement in our country will not continue as before. Then we won’t have such unions, and we won’t have to hide with workers’ newspapers.” The main goal was, after the death of the emperor, to raise the peasants to revolt and, with their help, destroy the autocracy.
Dining room of the Winter Palace after the assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander II
On February 5, 1880, he carried out an explosion in the Winter Palace to assassinate Alexander II. The explosion in the Winter Palace did not bring the results desired by the terrorists - Alexander II was not injured, but instead, 11 soldiers serving in the palace were killed. All the dead were heroes of the recently ended Russian-Turkish war, who were enlisted for service in the imperial palace for their distinction.
3. Murder of Strelnikov in Odessa. Execution of Khalturin
After the explosion, Khalturin was sent by the People's Will to Moscow. After March 1, 1881 (the assassination of Alexander II), Khalturin was elected a member of the executive committee of Narodnaya Volya.
On March 18, 1882, in Odessa, together with N.A. Zhelvakov, Khalturin participated in the murder of prosecutor V.S. Strelnikov. Zhelvakov inflicted a mortal wound on Strelnikov, and Khalturin, disguised as a cab driver, was supposed to help Zhelvakov escape (modeled on the murder of Mezentsev by Stepnyak-Kravchinsky in 1878), but both were detained by passers-by. Zhelvakov and Khalturin gave false names to the investigation, were, by order of Alexander III, court-martialed and hanged on March 22, 1882, unidentified.
4. Monuments
During Soviet times, Stepan Khalturin was introduced into the pantheon of the most revered figures of the revolutionary movement; Khalturin’s participation in the creation of workers’ organizations and Lenin’s positive review of him played a role here.
Monument to Stepan Khalturin in Kirov. Sculptor - N. I. Shilnikov, architect - I. A. Charushin, 1923.
Bust of Stepan Khalturin in his homeland, the village of Zhuravli, Oryol district, Kirov region
Measures to preserve the memory of the terrorist in sculpture are as follows:
- monument to Stepan Khalturin in Kirov, 1923 (sculptor - N. I. Shilnikov)
- monument-bust to Stepan Khalturin in Orlov, st. Lenin, square near house No. 73
- bust of Stepan Khalturin in the village of Zhuravli, Oryol district, Kirov region, in front of the museum “Peasant Life” (demolished in 2010)
monument-bust to Stepan Khalturin in the Village of Zaton named after Stepan Khalturin in the Kirov region, Kotelnichsky district
5. Movies about Stepan Khalturin
- “Stepan Khalturin” (1925, USSR, Sevzapkino). Director - Alexander Ivanovsky. Historical and biographical film.
6. Toponymy
6.1. Russia
Until 1992, the city of Orlov, Kirov Region, was named in his honor. Streets in many cities of the former Soviet Union were also named after him.
- Khalturina Street(now Millionnaya) in St. Petersburg (a street parallel to Dvortsovaya Embankment, which turns into Palace Square, on the continuation of which stands the Winter Palace, where the assassination attempt actually took place), Khalturina street in Peterhof
- Stepan Khalturin Street in Kirov
- Lane Khalturinsky in Rostov-on-Don
- Khalturinskaya street in Moscow
- Khalturina Street in Gelendzhik, Maloyaroslavets, Yekaterinburg, Ivanovo, Izhevsk, Yoshkar-Ola, Kemerovo, Kurgan, Kursk, Murmansk, Novosibirsk, Perm, Petrodvorets, Petrozavodsk, Ryazan, Saransk, Samara, Spassk-Dalniy, Sudogda, Taganrog, Tver, Tula, Ulyanovsk , Khabarovsk, Cheboksary, Engels, Yakutsk, Yaroslavl-Gavrilov-Yama, Yaroslavl region,
- Stepan Khalturin Street in Yegoryevsk, Moscow region, in Pushkino (Zavety Ilyich microdistrict) in the Moscow region, Kazan, Omsk, Slobodsky, Sterlitamak, Tyumen, Ufa
- Directions Khalturina in Tambov
And also the Khalturino district in Volkhovstroy (now Volkhov) Leningrad region
6.2. Ukraine
- Khalturina Street in Kyiv (now Pankovskaya Street), Odessa (now Gavannaya Street again), Evpatoria, Poltava, Kharkov, Yalta, Sumy, Zaporozhye
- Khalturin Descent in Kharkov (now Soborny)
- Khalturina street in Kharkov
6.3. Belarus
- Khalturina street in Brest
- Khalturina Street in Minsk
- Furniture factory named after S. N. Khalturin in Bobruisk
7. Addresses in St. Petersburg
04. - 06.1879 - dormitory house of the Higher Women's (Bestuzhev) Courses - 10th line, 39.
Notes
- Information about the film “Stepan Khalturin” - www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/movie/9449/annot/
Literature
- Prokofiev V. A. Stepan Khalturin. - M.: Young Guard, 1958. (Life of wonderful people).
- Nagaev G. D. Executed by an unidentified...: The Tale of Stepan Khalturin. - M.: Politizdat, 1970. (Fiery revolutionaries). - 367 p., ill.
- Stepnyak-Kravchinsky S. M. Collected Works. Part 5: Sketches and silhouettes. Olga Lyubatovich. N 39. Life in a small town. Stepan Khalturin. To the wizard. Garibaldi / Stepnyak-Kravchinsky S. M. - St. Petersburg: b. i., 1907.
- Boldness/ D. Valovaya, M. Valovaya, G. Lapshina. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1989. - 314 p., ill. P.264-272.
- Nevsky V.I. History of the RCP(b). Brief essay. - Reprint of the 2nd edition of 1926 “Surf”. - St. Petersburg: New Prometheus, 2009. - 752 p. - 1,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-9901606-1-3
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Stepan Nikolaevich Khalturin(December 21, 1856 [January 2] - March 22 [April 3]) - Russian worker, revolutionary who carried out a terrorist attack in the Winter Palace (1880). Organizer of the North Russian Workers' Union.
Start of activity. Workers' organizations
Stepan Khalturin was born on December 21, 1856 (January 2) in the village of Khalevinskaya (now the village of Zhuravli, Oryol district, Kirov region), Oryol district, Vyatka province, into a family of wealthy peasants. In 1871 he graduated from the Oryol district school, during his studies he read a lot and became interested in populist literature. In 1874-1875 he studied at the Vyatka Zemstvo Teachers' Seminary; was expelled for poor academic performance on August 14, 1875.
At the beginning of 1875, with a group of like-minded people, he planned to go to America and found a commune there. On the way to Moscow, fellow travelers tricked him into taking possession of his passport and went abroad through St. Petersburg. Khalturin tried to catch up with them in St. Petersburg, but did not have time. He was forced to take on different jobs in order to feed himself and provide himself with a place to sleep. Working in St. Petersburg since the fall of 1875, he established connections with revolutionary populists (G.V. Plekhanov and others), and soon accidentally met a teacher at the Zemstvo School, Kotelnikov, who moved to St. Petersburg, who helped him get a job as a carpenter in the railway workshops and recommended Stepan to the St. Petersburg political circles.
Very soon, the provincial worker not only got comfortable among the circle members, but moved to the forefront as a talented propagandist. He took part in the creation of the first political organization of workers in Russia - the Northern Workers' Union. Later, V. G. Korolenko, in his memoirs, recounted from the words of worker Alexander Pavlov that Khalturin “convinced, with tears in the eyes of his student workers, to continue propaganda, but under no circumstances take the path of terror. “There is no turning back from this path,” he said.”
Having worked at the Admiralty Shipyards already under the name of Stepan Batyshkov, he was hired to work on board the imperial yacht Livadia. An official of the palace department liked the young, diligent carpenter, and in September 1879 he was hired for carpentry work in the palace, settling him in the basement.
Explosion in the Winter Palace
The memory of Stepan Khalturin was immortalized in the name of the steamship "Stepan Khalturin" and in a sculpture:
- monument to Stepan Khalturin in Kirov, 1923 (sculptor - N. I. Shilnikov)
- monument-bust to Stepan Khalturin in Orlov, st. Lenin, square near house No. 73
- bust of Stepan Khalturin in the village of Zhuravli, Oryol district, Kirov region, in front of the museum “Peasant Life” (demolished in 2010)
- monument-bust to Stepan Khalturin in the village of Zaton named after Stepan Khalturin, Kotelnichsky district, Kirov region
Films about Stepan Khalturin
Toponymy
Streets in many cities of the former Soviet Union were named after him.
Russia
In his honor, from 1923 to 1992, the city of Orlov, Kirov Region, was named, near which he was born.
- Khalturina Street(now again Millionnaya) in St. Petersburg, overlooking Palace Square, where the Winter Palace is located, in which the attempt on the life of the emperor was actually made)
- Khalturinskaya street in Moscow
- Stepan Khalturin Street(now again Pyatnitskaya) in Kirov
- Khalturina Street in settlements: Armavir (Krasnodar Territory), Astrakhan (from 1922 to 2008), Labinsk (Krasnodar Territory), Berezniki, Solikamsk (Perm Territory), Bryansk, town. Vakhrushi (Kirov region), Volgograd, Voronezh, Nikolaevsk (Volgograd region), Gavrilov-Yam (Yaroslavl region), Gelendzhik, Evpatoria, Yegoryevsk (Moscow region), Ekaterinburg, Ivanovo, Izhevsk, Irkutsk, Yoshkar-Ola, Kazan, Kaliningrad, Kemerovo, Kurgan (Ryabkovo district), Kursk, Maloyaroslavets, Murashi (Kirov region), Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, Morozovsk (Rostov region), Murmansk, Novosibirsk, Oktyabrsky (Bashkortostan), Omsk, Orenburg, Perm, Peterhof, Petrozavodsk, Pushkino (Moscow region) region, microdistrict Zavety Ilyich), Rybinsk, Ryazan, Samara, Saransk, Slobodskoy, Spassk-Dalniy, Sterlitamak, Sudogda, Taganrog, Tver, Tula, Tuapse, Ulyanovsk, Tyumen, Ufa, Khabarovsk, Cheboksary, Chelyabinsk, Shakhty, Engels, Ya Kutsk , Yaroslavl, Yartsevo (Smolensk region), Shumerlya (Chuvash Republic), Volzhsk (Republic of Mari El),
- Lane Khalturinsky in Rostov-on-Don
- Passage of Stepan Khalturin in Tambov and Tver.
Ukraine
- Khalturin streets in settlements: Berdyansk, Zaporozhye, Krivoy Rog, Makeevka (Donetsk region), Pokrovsk (Donetsk region), Mariupol, Poltava, Sverdlovsk (Lugansk region), Kharkov, Chernivtsi, Nizhyn, Uman (Cherkassy region).
- Khalturina Lane in Sumy, Izyum (Kharkiv region), Znamenka (Kirovograd region), Uman (Cherkasy region).
Renamed:
- Khalturina Street in Kyiv (now Pankovskaya Street), Odessa (now Gavannaya Street again);
- Khalturin descent in Kharkov (now Soborny).
In Crimea
Belarus
- Khalturina street in Minsk, Brest, Rogachev, Gomel region.
- Furniture factory named after S. N. Khalturin in Bobruisk
Kazakhstan
- Khalturin Street in Shymkent (now Omirbek Zholdasbekov Street)
- Khalturina Street in Semey
- Khalturina Street in Petropavlovsk
Addresses in St. Petersburg
04. - 06.1879 - dormitory house of the Higher Women's (Bestuzhev) Courses - 10th line, 39.
see also
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Notes
- His brother, Pyotr Khalturin, successfully graduated from the same school.
- Valentin Sergeev. Truth and myth about Stepan Khalturin. 2005. - P. 62 - 63. - .
- A. G. Latyshev. Declassified Lenin. - 1st. - M.: March, 1996. - P. 115. - 336 p. - 15,000 copies. - ISBN 5-88505-011-2.
- This facility is located on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula, most of which is the subject of territorial disputes between Russia, which controls the disputed territory, and Ukraine. According to Russia, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Crimea, and the federal city of Sevastopol are located on the peninsula. According to the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city with a special status of Sevastopol, which are part of Ukraine, are located on the territory of Crimea.
Literature
- Prokofiev V. A. Stepan Khalturin. - M.: Young Guard, 1958. - (Life of wonderful people).
- Nagaev G. D. Executed by an unidentified...: The Tale of Stepan Khalturin. - M.: Politizdat, 1970. - (Fiery revolutionaries). - 367 p., ill.
- Stepnyak-Kravchinsky S. M. Collected works. Part 5: Sketches and silhouettes. Olga Lyubatovich. No. 39. Life in a small town. Stepan Khalturin. To the wizard. Garibaldi / Stepnyak-Kravchinsky S. M. - St. Petersburg: b. i., 1907.
- D. Valovaya, M. Valovaya, G. Lapshina. Boldness. - M.: Young Guard, 1989. - 314 p., ill. - pp. 264-272.
- Nevsky V.I. History of the RCP(b). Brief essay. - Reprint of the 2nd edition of 1926 “Surf”. - St. Petersburg. : New Prometheus, 2009. - 752 p. - 1,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-9901606-1-3.
Links
- // Prokofiev V. A. Stepan Khalturin. M.: Publishing house of the Central Committee of the Komsomol "Young Guard", 1958. (Life of remarkable people).
An excerpt characterizing Khalturin, Stepan Nikolaevich
– No, I didn’t say... I just asked you to read it to all of you. – Simon said indignantly. – If she hadn’t died, would it really seem strange!? And is it my fault that I was there? If I hadn’t found THEM, perhaps even now you wouldn’t know that this happened to them!..It was very difficult to condemn him without knowing the truth. All of them were Knights of Radomir. The closest fighting friends, who had gone through a dangerous and long journey together... But no matter how hard the Templars tried to think positively, what happened was alarming - everything coincided in a very unusual way...
I stood shocked, not wanting to believe that the most wonderful Empire on Earth was destroyed so simply!.. Again, it was a different time. And it was difficult for me to judge how strong people were then. But the Cathars had the purest, never giving up, proud hearts, which allowed them to go, without breaking, to the terrible human fires. How could they believe that the Golden Mary would allow this?..
The idea of the church was, indeed, devilishly brilliant... At first glance, it even seemed that it brought only goodness and love to the “new” Cathars, not allowing them to take someone’s life. But this is only at first glance... In reality, this “bloodless” teaching completely disarmed Qatar, making them helpless against the cruel and bloodthirsty army of the Pope. After all, as far as I understood, the church did not attack while the Cathars remained warriors. But after the death of the Golden Mary and the brilliant plan of the “holiest” fathers, the churchmen only needed to wait a little while until the Cathars became helpless at will. And then - to attack... When there is no one left to resist. When only a small handful of Knights Templar remain. And when it will be very easy to defeat Qatar. Without even staining your tender, sleek hands with their blood.
These thoughts made me feel sick... Everything was too easy and simple. And very scary. Therefore, in order to escape from sad thoughts at least for a minute, I asked:
– Have you ever seen the Key of the Gods, Sever?
- No, my friend, I saw him only through Magdalene, as you saw him now. But I can tell you, Isidora, he cannot fall into “dark” hands, no matter how many human sacrifices it may cost. Otherwise, there will be no such name anywhere else - Midgard... This is too great a force. And if it falls into the hands of the Thinking Dark Ones, nothing will stop their victorious march across the remaining Lands... I know how hard it is to understand this with your heart, Isidora. But sometimes we have to think clearly. We are obliged to think for everyone who comes... and make sure that they certainly have somewhere to come...
– Where is the Key of the Gods now? Does anyone know this, North? – Anna, who had been silent until now, suddenly asked seriously.
“Yes, Annushka, partly, I know.” But I can’t tell you about this, unfortunately... One thing I am sure of is that the day will come when people will finally prove worthy, and the Key of the Gods will sparkle again at the top of the Northern Country. But it will be another long hundred years before this happens...
- But we will die soon, so why should you be afraid, Sever? – Anna asked sternly. – Tell us, please!
He looked at her in surprise and, after waiting a little, slowly answered.
- You're right, honey. I think you deserve to know this... After the brutal death of Golden Maria, Radan took the Key of the Gods to Spain to hand it over to Svetodar. He believed that, even being so young, Svetodar would preserve the treasure entrusted to him. If necessary, even at the cost of your precious life. Much later, as an adult, going in search of the Wanderer, Svetodar took with him a wondrous treasure. And then, after sixty long and difficult years, already leaving home, he decided that it would be safer and more correct to leave the Key of the Gods there, in the Northern Country, in order to avoid possible trouble in his native Occitania. He did not know what news awaited him at home. And he didn’t want to risk the Key of the Gods.
– So, the Key of the Gods was in the Northern Country all this time? – Anna asked seriously, as if confirming what she had heard.
“Unfortunately, I don’t know that, my dear.” Since then I have had no more news.
“Tell me, wouldn’t you like to see a new future, North?.. Wouldn’t you like to see the new Earth with your own eyes?..” I couldn’t resist.
– It’s not my right, Isidora. I have already outlived my time here and must go Home. And it's about time. I saw too much grief here, there were too many losses. But I'll wait for you, my friend. As I already told you, my distant world is also yours. I'll help you get home...
I stood lost, not understanding what was happening... Unable to understand my beloved Earth, nor the people living on it. They were given wonderful KNOWLEDGE, and instead of cognizing it, they fought for power, destroyed each other, and died... They died in the thousands, not having time to live their precious lives... And taking the lives of other good people.
– Tell me, Sever, the Knights of the Temple didn’t all die, did they? Otherwise, how could their Order have grown so widely later?
– No, my friend, some of them had to stay alive in order to preserve the Order of the Templars of Radomir. When the church attacked Occitania, they went to their friends in neighboring castles, taking with them the head of John and the Templar treasure, with which they were going to create a real army, thinking and acting independently, regardless of the wishes of kings and popes. They again hoped to recreate the world that Radomir dreamed of. But create him this time free, powerful and strong.
(You can read about the remaining Occitan Cathar Warriors (Templars) in the book “Children of the Sun”, which will include excerpts from the original letters of Count Miropoix, the Perfect Warrior who defended the Montsegur fortress in 1244, a surviving witness to the death of the Montsegur Cathars .And also excerpts from real records of the Carcassonne Inquisition and the secret archives of the Vatican).
– So, after the death of Golden Maria, the Cathars seemed to split up? On the “new” Cathars and the old warriors of Magdalene?
- You're right, Isidora. Only the “new” ones, unfortunately, all died at the terrible Papal bonfires... Which is what the “holy” church sought.
– Why didn’t the Templars return? Why didn't they recapture Occitania? – I exclaimed bitterly.
“Because there was no one to conquer, Isidora,” Sever whispered quietly, “there were very few Templars who left.” The rest died defending the “new” Qatar. Remember, I told you - each castle and town was defended by about a hundred Knights. Against tens of thousands of the Pope's Crusaders. This was too much even for the strongest...
The new “Perfects” did not defend themselves, giving themselves and others up for destruction. Although, if they had helped, the Empire of Light would probably still be blooming, and you could still meet living Qatar... After all, the Perfects burned in the hundreds (400 of them burned in Beziers alone!) - together they would have defeated any army! .. But they didn’t want to. And the Templars died for them. Who, even realizing that they would lose, could not calmly watch how old people, women and children died... How the best burned... Burned because of the stupidest lies.
“Tell me, North, did Golden Maria ever come to the Northern country?” I asked again, wanting to change the direction of the conversation.
Sever carefully peered into my face for a long time, as if wanting to penetrate my very soul. Then he smiled sadly and said quietly:
– You are very quick-witted, Isidora... But I can’t tell you this. I can only answer - yes. She visited the sacred Land of her ancestors... The Land of Radomir. She succeeded with the help of the Wanderer. But I have no right to say anything more, even to you... Forgive me.
It was unexpected and strange. Telling me about events that, in my understanding, were much more serious and important, the North suddenly categorically refused to tell us such a “trifle”!.. Of course, this interested me even more, making me hope that somehow, before I’ll die, I’ll still have time to find out. Somehow I'll still have time....
Suddenly, the door to the room swung open and Caraffa appeared on the threshold. He looked surprisingly fresh and happy.
– Well, well, well... Madonna Isidora has guests!.. Very funny. From Meteora itself, if I'm not mistaken? The Great North in person!.. Would you introduce me, Isidora? I think this will be very useful for all of us!
And laughing contentedly, Karaffa calmly sat down in a chair...
Thanks to the comic book and then the film “V for Vendetta”, the hero of which was a fighter against the system in a mask Guy Fawkes, outside England, interest arose in the history of the so-called Gunpowder Plot, the main character of which was Guy Fawkes.
The conspirators planned to blow up the English parliament building during the king's speech from the throne, thereby destroying both the monarch and the entire political elite of the country. In one of the rooms of the building, 2.5 tons of gunpowder were prepared for this purpose, which would be enough to level the building to the ground.
The English Gunpowder Plot was discovered and its participants executed. But not everyone knows that in the 19th century history practically repeated itself in Russia.
The Russian "Guy Fawkes" was called Stepan Khalturin, and in implementing his plans he went further than his English predecessor.
Stepan Khalturin was born on January 2 (new style) 1857 in the village of Khalevinskaya, Oryol district, Vyatka province, into a peasant family.
Stepan's family was wealthy, but he himself did not feel any desire for peasant labor. Having entered the district school, he became addicted to reading. Later historians will write that already in adolescence he became interested in the ideas of populism, but this seems rather doubtful.
The home of Stepan Khalturin in the village of Khalevinskaya, Oryol district, Vyatka province. Source: Public Domain
Revolution instead of a trip to America
In 1874, Stepan entered the Vyatka Zemstvo School to disseminate agricultural and technical knowledge and train teachers. During this period, Khalturin was a regular visitor to the local library, where he borrowed books Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Hugo. Stepan also read a lot of historical literature.
Among students at that time, the ideas of creating a fair society, where everyone’s rights would be guaranteed, became popular. The talk, however, was not about revolution - Khalturin and his like-minded people dreamed of leaving for America to found a commune there. Khalturin had the funds to travel to America - it was during this period that he received his part of the inheritance after the death of his father.
Vyatka district school. Source: Public Domain
After leaving school, Stepan set off on the road in 1875, but did not reach America. According to one version, he was simply robbed by fellow travelers. The proud 18-year-old boy did not want to return to Vyatka in shame. He settled in St. Petersburg, where he took on any job in order to get money for food and housing. While still in Vyatka, he mastered the profession of a carpenter, and was soon able to find a good job in this specialty in the capital. His acquaintances introduced him to one of the underground revolutionary circles, and Khalturin became fired up with the ideas of building not just a small commune, but a fair society as a whole.
Khalturin turned out to be a very capable propagandist who took part in the creation of the Northern Workers' Union, the first Russian political organization of workers.
A propagandist becomes a terrorist
According to contemporaries, at that time Khalturin was a categorical opponent of terror, believing that “there is no return from this path.”
In revolutionary circles of that time there was a furious discussion about whether terror was permissible in the revolution. As a result, the movement split, and, to the surprise of many, Khalturin found himself on the side of the “terrorists.”
Georgy Plekhanov, one of the theorists of the socialist movement in Russia, who knew Khalturin well, believed that he eventually came to the idea that the death of the tsar would lead to a mass uprising and the liquidation of the autocracy.
He may have taken this path out of disappointment that the agitation was not producing impressive results, and that his attempt to create a workers' newspaper had failed.
Khalturin believed that if the Tsar was killed by a worker, this would prove the maturity of the working class in Russia. He was ready to take on the role of a regicide.
30 kilograms of dynamite
Under the name Stepan Batyshkova Khalturin worked as a carpenter at the Admiralty Shipyards. He was a truly excellent specialist, as a result of which he was allowed to work on board the imperial yacht “Livadia”. And from there he was hired to work in the Winter Palace, where Khalturin was given a small semi-basement room.
To the Narodnaya Volya Committee, Khalturin proposed his own assassination plan, which involved killing not only Alexandra II, but also the entire royal family. His plan was approved.At the end of 1879, the Narodnaya Volya explosive laboratory was busy working for Khalturin. He was given dynamite, which he carried into the palace in small portions. Thus, by February 17, 1880, about 30 kilograms of dynamite had accumulated in Khalturin’s room.
Above Khalturin's premises there was a guard room, and even higher - a dining room where the imperial family dined.
The bomb was supposed to be detonated using a fuse, so that the explosion would occur just during lunch.
Explosion in the Winter Palace. Painting by an unknown artist. Source: Public Domain
Soldiers died instead of the emperor
Khalturin calculated everything correctly, except for one thing - even at that time, and even with royalty, trains tended to be late.
Alexander II invited to dinner Prince of Hesse, brother Empress Maria Alexandrovna. The train on which the prince was traveling was half an hour late, and therefore at the moment when the ignition fuse burned out, the emperor met the guest in the Small Field Marshal's Hall, which is quite far from the dining room.
The explosion destroyed the ceiling between the ground and first floors. The floors of the palace guardhouse collapsed. No one was injured in the mezzanine, but the explosion lifted the floors, knocked out many window panes, and the lights went out. Here and there the walls cracked, chandeliers fell, and plaster fell off.Members of the imperial family were not harmed. The victims of the terrorist attack were 11 soldiers of the Life Guards of the Finnish Regiment, who were on guard duty in the palace, and another 56 people were injured.
The terrorist attack directly in the palace was an incredible audacity, a challenge to the authorities. Khalturin managed to escape, but he was in a depressed state. At the safe house, he was always waiting for arrest, but the police and political investigation failed to get on his trail.
He went to the south of Russia, where he again took up revolutionary propaganda.
Consequences of the explosion in the Winter Palace.
Stepan Khalturin, whose brief biography will be presented below, is known for his participation in organizing the explosion in the Winter Palace in 1880. In addition, he was one of the leaders of the Northern Russian Workers' Union movement.
Stepan Khalturin: biography
The future revolutionary was born in the village of Khalevinskaya in 1856, on December 21, into the family of a wealthy peasant. In 1871, Khalturin Stepan Nikolaevich graduated from the district school in the Oryol region. In 1874, he entered the zemstvo teachers' seminary, but the following year, 1875, he was expelled for poor academic performance.
First job
In 1875, together with several like-minded people, Stepan Khalturin wanted to go to America to create his own commune there. However, on the way to Moscow, his fellow travelers stole his passport and went abroad through St. Petersburg. Khalturin tried to catch up with them, but could not. Arriving in St. Petersburg, he did a variety of jobs in order to feed himself and get comfortable at least for the night. In the fall of 1875, he managed to establish contacts with the populist revolutionaries, among whom was G. V. Plekhanov. Some time later, Stepan Khalturin met by chance with Kotelnikov, a teacher at the zemstvo school. The latter moved to St. Petersburg and participated in underground organizations. He helped Khalturin get a job as a carpenter in the railway workshops. Subsequently, Kotelnikov recommended him to political circles in St. Petersburg.
Revolutionary activities
Having joined the underground political movement, Stepan Khalturin quickly gained popularity among the circle members. This is where his propaganda talents showed. He participated in the formation of the first workers' organization in Russia. Later, V. G. Korolenko said in his memoirs (according to Alexander Pavlov) that Khalturin “with tears in his eyes convinced his followers not to take the path of terror,” saying that there was no return from this road. In the last quarter of the 19th century, many capitalist industrial enterprises were concentrated in St. Petersburg. The number of proletarian population in the city increased rapidly. The literature of Russian emigrant revolutionaries penetrated into the city through the port. In December 1878, the charter and program of the Northern Russian Workers' Union were adopted. The organizers of the movement were A. E. Gorodnichiy, S. I. Volkov, V. I. Savelyev. The society gathered on the 15th line of Vasilyevsky Island, 20. After some time, Khalturin Stepan Nikolaevich and Obnorsky Viktor Pavlovich began to lead the movement. In 1879, the approved program and charter were published in the form of a leaflet with the slogan “To the Russian workers!” It is worth noting that the organization of the "Union" was quite archaic - it was not a party, but rather a secret society. Nevertheless, his education is a significant step forward for socialist propaganda among the working people.
Structure and operation of the organization
The Union began to expand rapidly. Soon its branches began to form in working-class areas of St. Petersburg. Each of them was led by a worker who was a member of the “Central Circle”. The association had its own illegal library, which worked in February 1880. Members of the “Union” managed to design and launch it and began to use it for the production of leaflets. It was also where the first issue of Rabochaya Zarya (a revolutionary newspaper) was printed. In total, there were about 200 people in the Soyuz. They sought to create an all-Russian organization and tried to lead political strikes. Branches of the organization operated in Helsingfors and Moscow. In 1880 the movement was crushed by the authorities. Some of its members managed to escape.
Khalturin Stepan Nikolaevich: popular reprisal against tsarism
In September 1879, the revolutionary, using forged documents, got a job as a carpenter in the Winter Palace. They put him in the basement. By the beginning of February of the following year, he was able to transfer dynamite made in an underground laboratory to the premises where he lived. The guardhouse was located directly above the room where Stepan Khalturin settled. The terrorist hoped that the force of the explosion would reach the dining room where Alexander II and the Prince of Hesse were planning to have lunch. It was located on the second floor, above the guardhouse. However, the prince's train was 30 minutes late. The explosion occurred when the emperor was greeting a guest in the Field Marshal's Hall, far from the dining room. The shock wave destroyed the floors between the first and basement floors. The floors of the guardhouse (modern Hermitage Hall No. 26) collapsed. There were double brick vaults between the second and first floors. They survived the explosion. The people in the mezzanine were not injured, but the floors were lifted and the glass in the windows was broken. In the dining room (Hall 160 of the Hermitage today) a crack appeared along the wall.
As a result of the explosion, 11 soldiers who were on guard duty in the palace that day were killed, and 56 people were injured. The surviving sentries, despite their injuries and wounds, continued to remain at their posts. They did not give up their places even after the arrival of a replacement of the Life Guards until they were relieved by the breeding corporal, who was also wounded in the explosion. All the servicemen who died that day were heroes of the Russian-Turkish war, which ended quite recently. The sentries were buried in a mass grave in St. Petersburg, at the Smolensk cemetery. A monument to the Finnish Heroes was erected on a granite-lined platform. By decree of the emperor, all those who died were presented with cash payments, awards and other incentives. The families of those killed were transferred by the same order “to eternal boarding school.” Despite the cold and the threat of a new terrorist attack, on February 7, Alexander I went to the funeral. 5 days later, the Supreme Administrative Commission was established - an emergency government body to combat revolutionary aggression. After the explosion in the Winter Palace, Stepan Khalturin was sent by the People's Will to Moscow.
Murder of prosecutor Strelnikov
In 1882, on March 18, Stepan Khalturin, together with N.A. Zhelvakov, was in Odessa. Here he participated in the murder of the prosecutor. Zhelvakov inflicted a fatal wound on Strelnikov with a pistol shot. Khalturin was supposed to take him away from the crime scene, disguised as a cab driver. However, they were unable to escape: they were detained by passers-by. Having given other names to the investigation, Khalturin and Zhelvakov, by order of Alexander III, were put on trial and hanged unidentified in 1882, March 22.
Conclusion
During the years of Soviet power, Khalturin was ranked among the most revered revolutionaries. Lenin spoke very highly of him and his work in creating underground organizations. In 1923, a monument to Stepan Khalturin was erected in Kirov. In addition, sculptures of the revolutionary are present in the city of Orlov, Zaton village (Kirov region). The ship is also named after Stepan Khalturin.