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A periodical work dedicated to the friendly union of the Russian and Polish peoples, compiled in the city of Orel and published in Moscow in 1817-1818. Editor and publisher Ferdinand Orlya Oshmenets. A total of 3 books were published. Contents: notes,... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
The Year Without Summer is a nickname for 1816, which saw unusually cold weather in Western Europe and North America. To this day, it remains the coldest year since meteorological records began. In the USA it is also... ... Wikipedia
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Books
- , . Report of the Committee for the Charity of the Young Poor for 1817. MK XIX/8 -K: St. Petersburg, 1818: Reproduced in the original author's spelling. IN…
- Report of the Committee for the Charity of the Young Poor for 1817. Report of the Committee for the Charity of the Young Poor for 1817. MK XIX/8°-K: [St. Petersburg], : Reproduced in the original author’s spelling...
THE YEAR OF THE BUFFALO They say that those born this year were characterized by solidity, patience, and contemplation.
KRYLOV NO LONGER PERFORMING
On January 2, the last time there was a ceremonial meeting in the Imperial Public Library. The official reason for their cessation is the reference to the fact that “employees cannot be distracted from intensive cataloging work in fulfillment of the highest will.”
On January 5, a brochure with three fables by I. A. KRYLOV was released from the printing house. It was not censored, and on the back of the title page there is a stamp: “Printed with the permission of the main authorities of the Imperial Public Library,” which is ALEXEY NIKOLAEVICH OLENIN.
CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECTURE
The restoration of the Moscow University building by architect Domenico Gilardi has begun. Auguste Ricard de Montferrand received an order for the construction of St. Isaac's Collection in St. Petersburg. The Manege in Moscow was built on the instructions of Alexander I. Opened on November 30
PETERSBURG – CITY OF SOCIETIES
The Mineralogical Society was opened in St. Petersburg.
THE BALTICS ARE EVER FREEER
Peasant reform in Courland.
THIS IS SOMETHING NEW
A state commercial bank was established.
GRADUATION FROM TSARSKOSELSKOYE LYCEUM
June 9 – graduation from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Few of the graduates will remain in obscurity afterwards. Statemen came out, such as Baron KORF, poets, like Baron Delvig, military scientists, like WALCHOWSKY, political criminals, like KUCHELBECKER. Members of "Arzamas" looked at the graduation of young PUSHKIN as if it were a celebration.
Emperor ALEXANDER came with the Minister of Public Education, Prince GOLITSYN. ENGELHARDT read a short report on the entire six-year course, after which Conference Secretary KUNITSYN announced the highest approved resolution of the conference on graduation. Following this, all graduates were presented to the emperor, with the announcement of ranks and awards. The Emperor concluded the act with a brief fatherly instruction. The lyceum farewell song was sung in chorus.
FIGHTING INFLATION
Banknotes worth 38 million rubles were burned. There were 800 million rubles worth of banknotes left, the number of government interest-bearing debts was more than 200 million.
WHO SHOULD GET VODKA?
Wine farms were destroyed and replaced by a state monopoly.
ODESSA IS THRIVING
In Odessa, the porto-franco was retained and the Richelieu Lyceum was founded.
NOVY NOVGOROD
On July 25, the Makaryevskaya Fair moved to Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod Fair began to operate. It will flourish for almost a hundred years.
MILITARY EDUCATION
The Alexander School was renamed the Tula Military School. Now it is designed for 50 students from the Tula province and 50 self-paid (maintained at their own expense) students from other provinces. It accepts children from 8 to 11 years old. Graduates are transferred to the 1st Cadet Corps, and those incapable of military service enter the civil service with the rank of fourteenth class.
The Smolensk Cadet Corps opened.
MONOPOLIST
The Berda plant in St. Petersburg was given the privilege to construct steamships in Russia.
NEW TRENDS
We began the construction of highways for the first time. They will be built especially rapidly from 1836 to 1856. By 1825, 390 km of them will be built, by 1850 - 3300 km.
In July-September there was an uprising of the Bug Cossacks, dissatisfied with their transfer to military settlements. The uprising was suppressed by government troops.
THE DESTINY OF MYSTICISM – WHO WILL WIN?
Alexander I showed a sharp turn towards mysticism. A branch of the British Bible Society then arose in Russia; a kind of “universal Christianity” began to be implanted from above, and criticism of Western confessions was officially prohibited. In the entire spiritual atmosphere of this time one could feel the triumph of “churchless Christianity,” clearly represented by the Quakers, who then had great success both with Alexander I and in the entire religious movement of that time. The magazine “Zion Messenger” began to be published again with the dedication “to the Lord Jesus Christ” and immediately gained significant distribution. GOLITSYN freed the magazine from ordinary censorship, declaring that he would be the censor himself. But many also stand against the mystics, including Archimandrite PHOTius, who is beginning to come into power; even the thought of the unreliability of mysticism appears.
FIRST PANCAKE
IVAN IVANOVICH LAZHECHNIKOV published “First Experiments in Prose and Poetry,” which he later bought up and destroyed.
MOSCOW. BACKGROUND OF THE TEMPLE OF CHRIST THE SAVIOR
In September the court arrived in Moscow. The Moscow Governor General is Count TORMASOV, who entered after Count Rostopchin, the bishop is the Right Reverend AUGUSTIN.
On October 12, the foundation stone of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior on Vorobyovy Gory took place. All the residents of Moscow whispered that the temple would not be there - the sand was loose, and in the autumn and spring it was impossible to walk or drive through the Devichye Pole. But it was ordered to build there because the last enemy picket stood there in 1812. The plan was drawn by ALEXANDER (BEFORE KARL'S BAPTISM) LAVRENTIEVICH VITBERG, a Swede by birth. He became an architect precisely because he was inspired by the idea of creating this temple, without having any practical construction skills. From the numerous projects presented, Alexander chose Vitberg's project and appointed him head of the commission in charge of the construction of the temple. Subsequently, Vitberg would make enemies among the architects, would be put under investigation, tried and exiled to the Vyatka province.
October 12 was very cold. They set up a tent with fireplaces and an extensive platform for the highest persons, a road was laid from the church to it, covered with boards and strewn with sand, and a wide staircase was laid up to the top of the mountain. On a platform covered with red cloth, an oblong pulpit was prepared, and on it were: a stone cube, water in a silver holy bowl, places for placing miraculous icons from the Assumption Cathedral. At eight in the morning the church service began in Luzhniki. The arrival of the clergy and secular authorities and all noble persons is scheduled for nine-thirty. The troops are positioned from the Kremlin along Mokhovaya, Prechistenka, Devichye Pole to Vorobyovy Gory along one side in four rows. The artillery was commanded by Major General PAVEL NIKOLAEVICH MERLIN. At eleven in the morning, the ringing of bells throughout Moscow and regimental music announced that the highest train was leaving the Kremlin. Emperor Alexander Pavlovich, Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich and Prince Wilhelm of Prussia rode on horseback, and the Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna and Maria Feodorovna and Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna rode in a ceremonial carriage of eight horses.
A liturgy was celebrated in the church, then a religious procession followed - more than 30 archpriests, 300 priests and about 200 deacons took part in it. The icons were placed in the prepared places, a prayer service was performed with the blessing of water, the Archbishop of Dmitrov sprinkled holy water on the place where the first stone should be placed, and Witberg brought the emperor a gilded copper cross-shaped plaque with an inscription. The sovereign placed this board into the recess of the granite stone. Witberg brought dishes with marble and lime and silver hammers and spatulas to the sovereign and empresses. The stones were placed into the foundation of the temple. Then the Reverend Augustine made a speech. At the end of the celebration, the procession moved back across the bridge to the Tikhvin Church.
In the evening of the same day, Vitberg was awarded the rank of collegiate assessor and the Vladimir Cross around his neck.
MOSCOW RUMORS, OR WHAT THE ATTEMPT TO BUILD CAPITALISM IN THE BALTIC REGIONS MAKES YOU THINK ABOUT
In Moscow, a letter from Prince S. N. TRUBETSKY was received about alarming rumors. They say that Alexander is going to leave Russia, move to Warsaw, annex the Lithuanian provinces to Poland, rule Russia from there and issue a decree on the liberation of the peasants from there.
MOSCOW ENTERTAINMENT
Among nobles and rich gentlemen there are also jesters and fools, and there are people who find their jokes and insolence amusing. Countess ELIZAVETA FYODOROVNA ORLOVA has a fool, Matryoshka, who, all painted and rouged, sits by the lattice fence and pesters passers-by. If she likes someone, she grabs her by the sleeve and pulls her in for a kiss, but if she doesn’t like her, she might pinch or hit her. Prince KHOVANSKY has a fool, Ivan Savelich. A special carriage was arranged for him; he used this carriage and went on holidays. The horse is all in bows, in blinkers, with feathers, and Savelich himself is in a French caftan, in stockings and shoes, powdered, with a bun and a pink wreath. He rides between the rows of carriages and sings Russian songs. NASTASIA IVANOVNA KHITROVA has a dwarf and a dwarf.
They also love carriage parties. From Novinsky, carriages travel in two rows on both sides along Povarskaya, Arbat, Prechistenka, from Znamenka and along Zubovsky and Smolensky boulevards the party goes out again.
NEW MINISTRY
On October 24, according to the project of Prince A. N. GOLITSYN, the Ministry of Education was transformed into the Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education and set out to introduce religious tasks into education. The new ministry combines the management of public education with the management of affairs of all, including the Orthodox confession. It included a department of public education and a department of spiritual affairs with four departments (for affairs of the Orthodox faith, for affairs of the Roman Catholic, Uniate and Armenian confessions, for matters of Protestant confessions and for matters of non-Christian confessions). A. N. Golitsyn became minister.
NEW CHIEF PROSECUTOR
Prince P. S. MESHCHERSKY was appointed chief prosecutor of the Synod.
NEW BAN
By a decree to the Synod of October 27, Alexander I forbade the Orthodox clergy “to give him praise.”
NEW BISHOP
FILARET became a bishop in Reval and vicar of the St. Petersburg diocese.
PETERSBURG ENTERTAINMENT
This year, future Decembrists - M. F. ORLOV, N. I. TURGENEV, N. M. MURAVYEV - joined the Arzamas society. From that time on, political problems were also discussed at the meetings. Pushkin joined there after moving to St. Petersburg and received the nickname “Cricket”. He was present at the most stormy meetings of society where politics was discussed.
The young officer VASI SHEREMETEV has an affair with the ballerina ISTOMINA. One day, after a quarrel with him, Istomina came with GRIBOEDOV to A.P. ZAVADOVSKY, who was unsuccessfully courting her. Sheremetev challenged Zavadovsky to a duel, but was mortally wounded. YAKUBOVICH immediately challenged Griboyedov to a duel as a participant in the intrigue, but an investigation into the case began, and this duel will take place later.
In the St. Petersburg Mikhailovsky Castle, which later bore the name of the engineering castle, a Khlyst sect was discovered, meeting in the private apartment of Lieutenant Colonel TATARINOVA. These Khlysts, numbering up to forty, belonging to different strata of society, mainly high society, gathered on Sundays for “zeal” and, after joint prayers and prophecies, began to spin around frantically. In a few years, a similar sect will appear in the Kolomna part of St. Petersburg, whose members, after spinning, will jump on one leg, which is why they will be nicknamed “jumpers.”
ON THE WORLD ARENA...
WARS. England began the liquidation of the Maratha Confederation in India.
GERMANY. German students oppose the despotism of Frederick William III.
USA. The New York Stock Exchange is open.
RUSSIANS ABROAD. From this year, PETER ANDREEVICH VYAZEMSKY will serve in Warsaw under the imperial commissar.
V. M. GOLOVNIN led a round-the-world expedition on the sloop “Kamchatka”. F. P. LITKE, F. P. WRANGEL AND F. F. MATYUSHKIN participated as officers in this voyage. The sloop left Kronstadt on August 25. MATYUSHKIN F. F. was born in 1799 in Stuttgart, where his father served as an adviser at the Russian embassy. The father died in Germany. Mother, ANNA BOGDANOVNA, moved to Moscow and received the position of class lady at the Catherine Institute of Noble Maidens. Fedor studied for some time at a boarding school at the university, and then was assigned to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. His nicknames at the Lyceum were “Federnelke” and “I want to swim.”
KOTZEBUE devoted the winter to exploring the southern part of the ocean. After visiting the Hawaiian Islands, he discovered New Year Island (January 1) and the Rumyantsev group of islands. In March, the islands of Chichagov, Traverse and Krusenstern were opened. On March 12, Kotzebue decided to return north. On April 13, the Rurik almost died during a storm, and Kotzebue himself received severe bruises in the chest, which would later affect his health. After stopping at Unalaska Island, the ship headed north, but Kotzebue's poor health forced her to turn back and return to the island. On August 18, “Rurik” headed for Honolulu, then to the Marshall Islands and the island of Guam. On December 17, the ship arrived in Manila, where repairs were made.
MEANWHILE......
GISE F.I. isolated the active principle from the bark of the cinchona tree. In three years, the French will show P. Peletier and J. Covent. something. what he highlighted consists of two parts, one of which is ballast. The second one will be called quinine.
DUROVA NADEZHDA ANDREEVNA, born in 1783, retired with the rank of headquarters captain and settled in Sarapul. Having fled from her parents' house under the guise of a man, she went on campaigns in 1807 and 1811-1812, took part in the Battle of Borodino, was wounded, received the Cross of St. George and permission from Alexander I to continue serving under the name Alexandrov.
POLTORATSKAYA ANNA PETROVNA was married to fifty-two-year-old General YERMOLAI FEDOROVICH KERN. According to her, he is rude, extremely jealous and is jealous of her even towards her own father.
KUNITSYN ALEXANDER PETROVICH was appointed professor in the department of general sciences at the main pedagogical institute. This department included natural law, private, public, state and popular, in the sense of the general theory or philosophy of law.
MOROZOV GERASIM NIKITICH, born in 1764, a serf peasant who did not engage in arable farming, was an ofenei - a peddling and delivery merchant. Then he became a member of the “Morshansky caravan”. In the winter months, with other merchants, he bought grain goods in the Tambov region and took them to Morshansk. Having his own barges, he drove them from the south to the Kholui pier on the Klyazma and sold them during the spring fair in the village of Kholui on the Teza River. In addition to bread, he sold priest's beaver hats. He was married to serf peasant woman TATYANA LEONTIEVA, with whom he had five children: Alexei, Vasily, Maria, Fedor and Yakov. By this year, he had saved up money and bought himself and his family free from his landowner, Lieutenant A.I. TATARINTSEV. Having received his freedom, he will be assigned to the merchants of Gavrilovsky Posad, Vladimir province, and then open a permanent manufacturing trade in Morshansk.
NIKOLAI PAVLOVICH, brother of reigning Alexander, married the daughter of the Prussian king Frederick William, Princess Charlotte. Together with the Orthodox faith, his wife accepted the name of Grand Duchess ALEXANDRA FYODOROVNA. V. A. ZHUKOVSKY was invited to be her Russian language teacher.
PUSHKIN A.S., for his small successes in science, was not awarded the rank of titular adviser upon graduation from the Lyceum, he became a collegiate secretary, or an official of the 10th class with an annual remuneration of 700 rubles and can be called “your honor.” In August, as a translator for a foreign board, he settled in the capital. He wears a wide-brimmed hat, a Spanish cloak and a wide black tailcoat with unmown tails, loves arguments and willingly enters into them. He has published few poems yet, but there are about one hundred and fifty poems in his desk, and many know about Derzhavin’s enthusiastic praise at the Lyceum exam. Pushkin attends weekly evenings at the house of the President of the Academy of Arts, visits the salon of the beautiful Princess GOLITSYNA, nicknamed the “Night Princess,” and is a regular at the theater. Guards officers pass from mouth to mouth his poems that “despised the press.” The reputation of leaving the Lyceum is bad in the official world, but it evokes sympathy among opposition people.
RIKORD PETER IVANOVICH became the head of the Kamchatka region. He would remain such until 1822.
SMIRDIN A.F. moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg at the invitation of VASILY ANDREEVICH PLAVILSHIKOV, a famous publisher, bookseller and owner of a reading library, brother and heir of the artist and writer PETER PLAVILSHIKOV.
KHITROVA NASTASYA NIKOLAEVNA, nee KAKOVINSKAYA, the daughter of the Moscow chief commandant Nikolai Nikitich of very short stature. She is not particularly rich, noble or official, but the house is open and hospitable. She dresses in her own way, in a special style, is very suspicious and at the slightest ill health goes to bed (then receives guests in the bedroom). In the evening she goes into the living room and likes to play cards. She loves things - she loves when they bring her some little thing or trinket and puts them all in several special cabinets in the second living room - both expensive and penniless ones mixed in.
THIS YEAR WILL BE BORN:
IVAN KONSTANTINOVICH AIVAZOVSKY, future artist. He would die in 1900;
AKSAKOV KONSTANTIN SERGEEVICH, son of S. T. Aksakov, future publicist, historian, linguist and poet, ideologist of Slavophilism. He would die in 1860;
KOSTOMAROV NIKOLAY IVANOVICH, future writer. He would die in 1885;
SUKHOVO-KOBYLIN ALEXANDER VASILIEVICH, future playwright. He would die in 1903;
LAZAREVSKY VASILY MATVEEVICH, future statesman. He would die in 1890;
SAMARIN IVAN VASILIEVICH, future actor. He would die in 1885;
TOLSTOY ALEXEY KONSTANTINOVICH in St. Petersburg, future writer and poet, count. He will spend his childhood in Ukraine on the estate of his uncle A. Perovsky, a famous fiction writer of the 20s, who appeared in print under the pseudonym Antony Pogorelsky. Tolstoy would die in 1875;
SCHUMACHER PETER VASILIEVICH, in Orsha, future poet. Here he will spend his youth, study at the Jesuit school, and then in St. Petersburg at a commercial school.
WHO WILL DIE THIS YEAR:
ZABOROVSKY I. A., born in 1735 During the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1764, the only Russian military leader. penetrated far beyond the Balkans.
STROGANOV PAVEL ALEXANDROVICH, born in 1774, Russian general, participant in the campaigns of 1805-1807, 1808-1810, in 1812 he commanded the grenadier division;
SHEREMETEV VASILY VASILIEVICH, born in 1794;
YAKOVLEV ALEXEY SEMENOVICH, born in 1773, St. Petersburg actor who played many roles in the tragedies of Racine, Voltaire, Knyazhnin, as well as Shakespeare and Schiller. Richly gifted by nature, he did not work enough to develop his talent, and his passion for wine led to the fact that at the end of his life his glory began to fade.
As a result of two successful wars with Iran (1804-1813) and Turkey (1806-1812), the Russian Empire acquired the Karabakh, Ganja, Sheki, Derbent, and Cuban khanates, and sought recognition of its rights to Guria and Megrelia. New territories mean new subjects, and with them new problems. The Russian military and civil administrations very soon learned what the mountain mentality and Caucasian socio-economic relations were.
Having familiarized himself with Ermolov’s plan, Emperor Alexander gave the order: “Conquer the mountain peoples gradually, but urgently, occupy only what you can keep for yourself, do not distribute otherwise than by standing firm and ensuring the occupied space from the attacks of hostiles.”
100 great commanders
HISTORICAL REFERENCE
The inclusion of Georgia, Eastern Armenia and Northern Azerbaijan into Russia raised the question of the annexation of the North Caucasus, which had an important strategic position. The Russian government could not achieve its foreign policy goals in Transcaucasia without gaining a foothold in the North Caucasus. The Russian government was able to deal closely with this problem only after the end of the wars with Napoleon.
In 1816, general, hero of the war of 1812 A.P., was appointed commander of a separate Georgian (from 1820 - Caucasian) corps. Ermolov. Since 1817, he began a systematic attack on the regions of Chechnya and Dagestan, accompanied by the construction of fortified points and the arrangement of safe roads. Thanks to his activities, the ring of economic and political blockade around this region was shrinking ever tighter. This further aggravated the situation, especially since the advance of the Russian army was accompanied by the destruction of rebellious villages.
In the 20s of the 19th century, a broad anti-Russian movement of the Caucasus mountaineers began. Under these conditions, on the basis of Islam, the ideology of muridism began to take shape, which was based on the postulates of strict observance of Muslim rituals and unconditional submission to leaders and mentors. His followers proclaimed the impossibility of subordinating a legitimate Muslim to a foreign monarch. At the end of the 20s, on the territory of Chechnya and Dagestan, on the basis of this ideology, a military-theocratic state formation of the Imamate was formed, the first imam of which was Gazi-Magomet, who called on the mountaineers to wage a holy war against the Russian troops (Gazavat).
The Russian government decided to decisively suppress this movement. Ermolov's successor I.F. Paskevich in 1830 addressed a “Proclamation to the population of Dagestan and the Caucasus Mountains,” in which he declared Gazi-Magomed a troublemaker and declared a retaliatory war on him. Soon the first imam died. The second imam was Gamzat-Bek, who died from blood feud.
Russia was firmly drawn into the Caucasian War. The hopes of the Russian ruling circles for a quick victory did not materialize. The unusual conditions of mountain warfare, the resistance of the local population, and the lack of a unified strategy and tactics for conducting military operations stretched out this war for more than thirty years.
In 1834, Shamil (1797-1871), the son of an Avar peasant, the most brilliant and talented personality among the leaders of the mountaineers, was proclaimed the new imam. He was distinguished by his wide education, courage, talent as a military leader, as well as religious fanaticism. He managed to concentrate all power in his hands, thereby strengthening statehood and accumulating military forces. The 40s of the 19th century were the time of his greatest successes. Shamil managed to inflict a number of sensitive defeats on the Russian army. In 1843, he launched military operations in Northern Dagestan, which greatly alarmed the Russian government.
In 1845, M.S. was appointed governor of Transcaucasia. Vorontsov, who received emergency powers. However, his punitive expedition ended in failure. In 1846, Shamil invaded Ossetia and Kabarda, intending to push the borders of his state to the West. But Shamil’s global plans did not correspond to the economic and military potential of the Imamate. Since the late 40s of the 19th century, this state began to decline. During the Crimean War, he failed to provide effective assistance to the Turkish army in the Caucasus. The capture of Tsinandali in 1854 was his last major success.
After the Crimean War, the Russian government launched a decisive offensive against Shamil. The size of the Russian army increased significantly. In August 1856, Alexander II appointed Prince A.I. as governor of the Caucasus and the new commander-in-chief of the Caucasian army. Baryatinsky. In 1857-1859 he managed to conquer all of Chechnya and lead an offensive against Dagestan.
In August 1859, after a fierce battle in the village of Gunib, Shamil was captured. The Imamat ceased to exist. The last major center of resistance of the mountaineers - the Kbaade tract - was taken by Russian troops in 1864. The long-term Caucasian war has ended.
"PROCONSUL OF THE CAUCASUS"
In September 1816, Ermolov arrived at the border of the Caucasus province. In October he arrived on the Caucasus Line in the city of Georgievsk. From there he immediately went to Tiflis, where the former Commander-in-Chief, Infantry General Nikolai Rtishchev, was waiting for him. On October 12, 1816, by the highest order, Rtishchev was expelled from the army.
After surveying the border with Persia, he went in 1817 as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the court of the Persian Shah Feth-Ali. Peace was approved, and for the first time consent was expressed to allow the presence of the Russian charge d'affaires and the mission with him. Upon his return from Persia, he was most mercifully awarded the rank of infantry general.
Having familiarized himself with the situation on the Caucasian line, Ermolov outlined a plan of action, which he then adhered to unswervingly. Considering the fanaticism of the mountain tribes, their unbridled willfulness and hostile attitude towards the Russians, as well as the peculiarities of their psychology, the new commander-in-chief decided that it was completely impossible to establish peaceful relations under existing conditions. Ermolov drew up a consistent and systematic plan of offensive action. Ermolov did not leave a single robbery or raid of the mountaineers unpunished. He did not begin decisive actions without first equipping bases and creating offensive bridgeheads. Among the components of Ermolov’s plan were the construction of roads, the creation of clearings, the construction of fortifications, the colonization of the region by Cossacks, the formation of “layers” between tribes hostile to Russia by relocating pro-Russian tribes there.
“The Caucasus,” said Ermolov, “is a huge fortress, defended by a garrison of half a million. We must either storm it or take possession of the trenches. The assault will be expensive. So let’s wage a siege!”
Ermolov moved the left flank of the Caucasian line from the Terek to the Sunzha, where he strengthened the Nazran redoubt and founded the fortification of Pregradny Stan in its middle reaches in October 1817.
In the fall of 1817, the Caucasian troops were reinforced by the occupation corps of Count Vorontsov, who arrived from France. With the arrival of these forces, Ermolov had a total of about 4 divisions, and he could move on to decisive action.
On the Caucasian line, the state of affairs was as follows: the right flank of the line was threatened by the Trans-Kuban Circassians, the center by the Kabardians, and against the left flank across the Sunzha River lived the Chechens, who enjoyed a high reputation and authority among the mountain tribes. At the same time, the Circassians were weakened by internal strife, the Kabardians were decimated by the plague - the danger threatened primarily from the Chechens. “Now I’ll tell you about the peoples living opposite the Caucasian line. From the tops of the Kuban on the left bank live the peoples subject to the Ottoman Porte under the general name of the Trans-Kubans, famous, warlike, rarely calm... Opposite the center of the line lies Kabarda, once populous, whose inhabitants, revered as the bravest among the mountaineers, often, due to their large numbers, desperately resisted the Russians in bloody battles ... The pestilence was our ally against the Kabardians; for, having completely destroyed the entire population of Little Kabarda and wreaked havoc in Big Kabarda, it weakened them so much that they could no longer gather in large forces as before, but made raids in small parties; otherwise our troops, scattered in weak parts over a large area, could be in danger. Quite a few expeditions were undertaken to Kabarda, sometimes they were forced to return or pay for the abductions made.
...Downstream the Terek live the Chechens, the worst of the robbers who attack the line. Their society is very sparsely populated, but has increased enormously in the last few years, for the villains of all other nations who leave their land due to some kind of crime were received in a friendly manner. Here they found accomplices, immediately ready to either avenge them or participate in robberies, and they served as their faithful guides in lands unknown to them. Chechnya can rightly be called the nest of all robbers...” (From the notes of A.P. Ermolov during the administration of Georgia).
“Sovereign!.. The mountain peoples, by example of their independence, give rise to a rebellious spirit and a love of independence in the very subjects of your Imperial Majesty.” (From the report of A. Ermolov to Emperor Alexander I on February 12, 1819). In the spring of 1818, Ermolov turned to Chechnya. In 1818, the Grozny fortress was founded in the lower reaches of the river. It was believed that this measure put an end to the uprisings of the Chechens living between Sunzha and Terek, but in fact it was the beginning of a new war with Chechnya.
“It is just as impossible to conquer the Chechens as it is to smooth out the Caucasus. Who, besides us, can boast that they have seen the Eternal War? General Mikhail Orlov, 1826.
Ermolov moved from individual punitive expeditions to a systematic advance deep into Chechnya and Mountainous Dagestan by surrounding mountainous areas with a continuous ring of fortifications, cutting clearings in difficult forests, laying roads and destroying rebellious villages.
In Dagestan, the highlanders who threatened Tarkovsky’s Shamkhalate annexed to the empire were pacified. In 1819, the Vnezapnaya fortress was built to keep the mountaineers submissive. An attempt to attack her by the Avar Khan ended in complete failure.
In Chechnya, Russian forces drove detachments of armed Chechens further into the mountains and resettled the population on the plain under the protection of Russian garrisons. A clearing was cut in the dense forest to the village of Germenchuk, which served as one of the main bases of the Chechens.
In 1820, the Black Sea Cossack Army (up to 40 thousand people) was included in the Separate Georgian Corps, renamed the Separate Caucasian Corps and reinforced. In 1821, on the top of a steep mountain, on the slopes of which the city of Tarki, the capital of the Tarkov Shamkhalate, was located, the Burnaya fortress was built. Moreover, during construction, the troops of the Avar Khan Akhmet, who tried to interfere with the work, were defeated. The possessions of the Dagestan princes, who suffered a series of defeats in 1819-1821, were either transferred to Russian vassals and subordinated to Russian commandants, or liquidated.
On the right flank of the line, the Trans-Kuban Circassians, with the help of the Turks, began to further disturb the border. Their army invaded the lands of the Black Sea Army in October 1821, but was defeated.
In Abkhazia, Major General Prince Gorchakov defeated the rebels near Cape Kodor and brought Prince Dmitry Shervashidze into possession of the country.
To completely pacify Kabarda, in 1822 a series of fortifications were built at the foot of the mountains from Vladikavkaz to the upper reaches of the Kuban. Among other things, the Nalchik fortress was founded (1818 or 1822).
In 1823-1824. A number of punitive expeditions were carried out against the Trans-Kuban highlanders. In 1824, the Black Sea Abkhazians, who rebelled against the successor of Prince, were forced to submit. Dmitry Shervashidze, book. Mikhail Shervashidze.
In Dagestan in the 1820s. A new Islamic movement began to spread - muridism. Yermolov, having visited Cuba in 1824, ordered Aslankhan of Kazikumukh to stop the unrest excited by the followers of the new teaching, but, distracted by other matters, could not monitor the execution of this order, as a result of which the main preachers of Muridism, Mulla-Mohammed, and then Kazi-Mulla, continued to inflame the minds of the mountaineers in Dagestan and Chechnya and herald the proximity of Gazavat, the holy war against the infidels. The movement of the mountain people under the flag of Muridism was the impetus for the expansion of the Caucasian War, although some mountain peoples (Kumyks, Ossetians, Ingush, Kabardians) did not join it.
In 1825, a general uprising began in Chechnya. On July 8, the highlanders captured the Amiradzhiyurt post and tried to take the Gerzel fortification. On July 15, Lieutenant General Lisanevich rescued him. The next day, Lisanevich and General Grekov were killed by the Chechen mullah Ochar-Khadzhi during negotiations with the elders. Ochar-Khadzhi attacked General Grekov with a dagger, and also mortally wounded General Lisanevich, who tried to help Grekov. In response to the murder of the two generals, the troops killed all the Chechen and Kumyk elders invited to the negotiations. The uprising was suppressed only in 1826.
The Kuban coast began again to be raided by large parties of Shapsugs and Abadzekhs. The Kabardians became worried. In 1826, a series of campaigns were carried out in Chechnya, with the cutting down of forests, the construction of clearings and the pacification of villages free from Russian troops. This ended the activities of Ermolov, who was recalled by Nicholas I in 1827 and sent into retirement due to suspicion of connections with the Decembrists.
Its result was the consolidation of Russian power in Kabarda and the Kumyk lands, in the foothills and plains. The Russians advanced gradually, methodically cutting down the forests in which the mountaineers were hiding.
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965 - Defeat of the Khazar Khaganate by the army of the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Igorevich.
988 - Baptism of Rus'. Kievan Rus accepts Orthodox Christianity.
1223 - Battle of Kalka- the first battle between the Russians and the Mughals.
1240 - Battle of Neva- military conflict between the Russians, led by Prince Alexander of Novgorod, and the Swedes.
1242 - Battle of Lake Peipsi- a battle between the Russians led by Alexander Nevsky and the knights of the Livonian Order. This battle went down in history as the “Battle of the Ice.”
1380 - Battle of Kulikovo- a battle between the united army of the Russian principalities led by Dmitry Donskoy and the army of the Golden Horde led by Mamai.
1466 - 1472 - travel of Afanasy Nikitin to Persia, India and Turkey.
1480 - The final deliverance of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
1552 - Capture of Kazan Russian troops of Ivan the Terrible, the termination of the existence of the Kazan Khanate and its inclusion in Muscovite Rus'.
1556 - Annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Muscovite Rus'.
1558 - 1583 - Livonian War. The war of the Russian Kingdom against the Livonian Order and the subsequent conflict of the Russian Kingdom with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland and Sweden.
1581 (or 1582) - 1585 - Ermak's campaigns in Siberia and battles with the Tatars.
1589 - Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia.
1604 - Invasion of False Dmitry I into Russia. The beginning of the Time of Troubles.
1606 - 1607 - Bolotnikov's uprising.
1612 - Liberation of Moscow from the Poles by the people's militia of Minin and Pozharsky The end of the Time of Troubles.
1613 - The rise to power of the Romanov dynasty in Russia.
1654 - Pereyaslav Rada decided to reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
1667 - Truce of Andrusovo between Russia and Poland. Left Bank Ukraine and Smolensk went to Russia.
1686 - "Eternal peace" with Poland. Russia's entry into the anti-Turkish coalition.
1700 - 1721 - North War- fighting between Russia and Sweden.
1783 - Annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire.
1803 - Decree on free cultivators. Peasants received the right to redeem themselves with the land.
1812 - Battle of Borodino- a battle between the Russian army led by Kutuzov and French troops under the command of Napoleon.
1814 - Capture of Paris by Russian and Allied forces.
1817 - 1864 - Caucasian War.
1825 - Decembrist revolt- armed anti-government mutiny of Russian army officers.
1825 - built first railway in Russia.
1853 - 1856 - Crimean War. In this military conflict, the Russian Empire was opposed by England, France and the Ottoman Empire.
1861 - Abolition of serfdom in Russia.
1877 - 1878 - Russo-Turkish War
1914 - Beginning of the First World War and the entry of the Russian Empire into it.
1917 - Revolution in Russia(February and October). In February, after the fall of the monarchy, power passed to the Provisional Government. In October, the Bolsheviks came to power through a coup.
1918 - 1922 - Russian Civil War. It ended with the victory of the Reds (Bolsheviks) and the creation of the Soviet state.
* Individual outbreaks of the civil war began already in the fall of 1917.
1941 - 1945 - War between the USSR and Germany. The confrontation took place within the framework of the Second World War.
1949 - Creation and testing of the first atomic bomb in the USSR.
1961 - The first manned flight into space. It was Yuri Gagarin from the USSR.
1991 - The collapse of the USSR and the fall of socialism.
1993 - Adoption of the Constitution by the Russian Federation.
2008 - Armed conflict between Russia and Georgia.
2014 - Holding the Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.
2014 - Return of Crimea to Russia.
2018 - Holding the World Cup in Russia.
After the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire, Russia's authority grew sharply and it stood at the head of the Holy Alliance of all the monarchies of Europe (except the English and Ottoman). The purpose of the Union was to support European monarchies in their fight against revolutionary and national liberation movements. Russia becomes the “gendarme of Europe” for a forty-year period.
1801-1825 - reign of Alexander I (son of Paul I).
1801-1803 - activities of the Secret Committee (Alexander I, V.P. Kochubey, N.N. Novosiltsev, A.S. Stroganov, A-Yu. Czartorysky).
1801 - annexation of Eastern Georgia (Kratli and Kakheti) to Russia.
1802 - formation instead of boards of 8 ministries: internal affairs, foreign affairs, military, naval, justice, commerce, finance, public education.
1803 - decree on free cultivators, which gave landowners the right to release serfs with land for ransom.
1803-1806 - the first Russian trip around the world (I. F. Kruzenshtern).
1804 - university charter.
1804 - Cossacks founded the 3rd Khoper Regiment of Cherkessk (now the capital of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic).
1804-1813 - Russian-Iranian war.
1805-1807 - Russian participation in the 3rd and 4th anti-French coalitions.
1805, November - a crushing defeat of the Russian-Austrian troops from Napoleon I near Austerlitz.
1807, June 25 - Peace of Tilsit with France. Russia's recognition of all Napoleonic conquests and joining the continental blockade of England.
1808-1809 - Russian-Swedish war, annexation of Finland.
1809 - plan of state reforms by M. M. Speransky (“Introduction to the Code of State Laws”).
1809 - Peace of Friedrichsham with Sweden. Annexation of Finland to Russia.
1810 - creation of the State Council - the highest legislative body under the Tsar.
1811 - reform of the ministerial system. Abolition of the Ministry of Commerce, creation of the Ministry of Police, Department of Communications and State Control.
1812 - Treaty of Bucharest with Turkey. Annexation of Bessarabia to Russia.
1812, end of July - beginning of August - Battle of Smolensk.
1813-1814 - foreign campaigns of the Russian army. Liberation of Europe from French domination.
1813 - Gulistan peace treaty with Iran. Transfer of part of Azerbaijan to Russia.
1815 - creation of the Holy Alliance.
1815 - granting of a constitution to the Kingdom of Poland.
1816-1817 - activities of the Union of Salvation (S. Trubetskoy, N. Muravyov, I. Yakushin, M. and S. Muravyov-Apostles and others).
1817-1864 - Caucasian War.
1818 - the Grozny fortress was founded, later the city of Grozny (now the capital of Chechnya).
1818-1821 - activity of the Union of Welfare.
1818 - publication of the first 8 volumes of “History of the Russian State” by N. M. Karamzin.
1818 - foundation of the Nalchik fortress on the site of the Toglan village, known since 1743 (now the city of Nalchik - the capital of Kabardino-Balkaria).
1819 - Russian expedition to Antarctica (F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev).
1819 - uprising of the Chuguev and Taganrog settled regiments.
1820 - uprising of the Semenovsky regiment.
1821-1822 - creation of the Southern and Northern societies.
1824 - founding by Russian settlers of the village of Ulala on the site of the modern city of Gorno-Altaisk (now the administrative center of the Altai Republic).