Separate definitions and applications | Special circumstances |
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Agreed definitions (adjective, participle) | Inconsistent definitions (noun with preposition) (when the main word changes, the dependent word does not change) | Dedicated applications. Answers the questions WHO IS IT, WHAT IS IT? (expressed as a noun) (when changed, changes along with the main word) | Expressed by gerunds | Expressed by a noun with prepositions |
1. Refers to a personal pronoun Friends since childhood, They never quarreled. 2. Found after the word being defined Berries , collected by children, were delicious. 3. They are located before the word being defined and have the meaning of causality (being) Exhausted by the hard road, the guys quickly fell asleep. | 1. Refers to a proper name Lukic , without a hat, with disheveled hair, ran ahead. 2.Refers to a personal pronoun She, in a long elegant dress, she came out to the guests. | 1. Refers to a personal pronoun I , like a true friend, couldn't quit it. 2. Found after the word being defined Sergey , experienced scout, led the detachment. 3. Refers to a common noun and specifies it (can be replaced with words NAMELY) The rest of the brothers , Martyn and Prokhor, look like their mother to the smallest detail. 4.One-word clauses are attached to a noun by means of a hyphen. Several came to see Alexey off neighbors - fishermen. | 1. Regardless of location. Greeting the morning , they called to each other from all sides birds. The stream ran, sparkling and babbling. 2. The participle is not isolated as an adverb He read lying down. 3. Circumstances expressed by phraseological units are not isolated. He ran headlong. | IN VIEW OF, CONSEQUENTLY, THANKS TO, CONTRARY, DESPITE, ACCORDING TO Despite the warning, they still went to the mountains. Thanks to our efforts, we received the first prize. |
Separate additions – These are additions that are highlighted by intonation and punctuation. Additions answer questions about indirect cases.Separate additions are expressed:
nouns with prepositionsor prepositional combinations
except, instead of, besides, beyond, except for, excluding, including, along with etc.
with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, that isrestrictive or expansive meaning.
For example: Here, except a small table with a mirror, a stool and rags, there was no other furniture, and, instead of a lamp or candle , a bright fan-shaped light was burning. Mr Hopkins, along with with other people in gray helmets, stood motionless.
ALGORITHM FOR COMPLETING THE TASK:
- Read carefullyall offers.
- We analyze the placement of punctuation marks.
- We highlight all “suspicious” punctuation marks.
- Determining the nature of the complication in a sentence
1. Among sentences 14–18, find a sentence with a separate circumstance.
(14) But he didn’t even look back. (15) I saw that he recognized me, but did not want to recognize the person whom he considered his best friend, who betrayed him, leaving him to his fate. (16) This meeting was unpleasant for him...
(17) I was ashamed. (18) The whole next day I thought about Sharik, tried to convince myself that I wasn’t really to blame for what happened: where could I take him then, because I myself didn’t know where to put myself.
2. Among sentences 17–20, find a sentence with a non-isolated common agreed upon definition.
(17) Then the woman squatted down and stroked her on the head, handed her a bun, and the dog began to eat, every now and then glancing at the woman: she was afraid that she would leave. (18) The woman kept stroking the dog and said something quietly and sadly to the equally sadly shuddering animal. (19) Then she took a liver pie out of her bag, put it in front of the dog and quickly walked away without looking back.
(20) The dog, leaving the half-eaten pie, ran after the woman, whined, and she stopped in confusion.
(3) The boys hastily bent down to the ground, made snowballs and threw them at the wall of the new house: there, on the rough concrete wall, a squirrel was climbing.
(4) The boys were having fun, shooting snowballs at the wall, and the squirrel moved in bold short jerks higher and higher, to the very roof, clinging to who knows what. (5) The taiga was nearby, squirrels often ran into the village, but they easily ran back through the trees, but this one was unlucky, she was probably running across the ground, when she was noticed, rushed to the house and was now climbing the wall, defenseless from blows snowballs. (6) Snow shells, like cannonballs, exploded with a dull snort next to the squirrel, she shuddered with her whole small body, her fluffy tail pressed against the wall, as if helping herself even to them.
4. Among offers 16–24, find an offer with a separate application.
(16) So today the lesson was “Marine Coelenterates.” (17) The textbook contains polyps, coral reefs and jellyfish. (18) And Natalya also reported about echinoderms. (19) And she didn’t just throw words at her, she took chalk and drew everything on the board. (20) Of course, “A”!
(21) Teacher Klara Nilovna says:
- (22) I see that you liked your friend’s answer. (23) But who is stopping you from studying like this? (24) Why is Loskutikova interested in the life of the sea, but you, people born at sea, don’t seem to care about this life?
5. Among sentences 14–20, find a sentence with isolated circumstances.
(14) When I reached him, Ugly was severely bitten. (15) He lay curled up in a ball, his only eye closed, and a trace of a tear crossed his nose. (16) But what’s surprising: while I was carrying him home, he wheezed, gasped, but tried to lick me with his soft, rough tongue. (17) I carried him home and most of all I was afraid of harming him even more. (18) Meanwhile, he tried to lick my ear. (19) I pressed him to me. (20) He touched his head to the palm of my hand, his golden eye turned in my direction, and I heard a purr.
6. Among sentences 1–5, find sentences complicated by a separate agreed upon common definition.
(1) The fog has not yet cleared; in it the outlines of a huge ship faded, slowly turning towards the mouth of the river. (2) Its furled sails came to life, hanging in festoons, straightening out and covering the masts with powerless shields of huge folds; Voices and footsteps were heard. (3) The coastal wind, trying to blow, lazily fiddled with the sails. (4) Finally, the warmth of the sun produced the desired effect; the air pressure intensified, easily dissipated the fog and poured out along the yards into scarlet forms full of roses. (5) Pink shadows slid across the whiteness of the masts and rigging; everything was white except the outstretched, smoothly moving sails, the color of deep joy.
(29) The brothers walked for a long time across their native land. (30) And they stopped one day at a fork in three roads.
“(31) This sign from above is not accidental,” said the Elder. – (32) Time Dream
Each of us has our own, therefore, we are each destined to go our own way. (33) It is getting dark, however. (34) We’ll spend the night here, and until the morning we’ll think about who should go which way. (35) Having woken up, the brothers sat silently for a long time
by the burnt out fire. (36) Everyone thought about their own, but everyone thought about one thing
and the same. (37) Doubts tormented their souls. (38) The brothers hugged goodbye and each went their own way.
8. Among sentences 20–29, find sentences with a separate agreed definition.
(20) They quickly made up, and somehow it turned out that immediately after that they ate this ice cream, dividing it in half. (21) Then she got married and left. (22) “I can’t take you with me,” she said. - (23) Do you understand? (24) I would really like to, but I can’t.” (25) He couldn’t cry in front of her. (26) Black from the grief that suddenly fell on him, he left, deciding never to come again, but three days later he appeared again in the hope that all this horror about her departure was not true. (27) Someone else’s aunt in a warm padded jacket was cleaning the cages and shouting at the cubs. (28) Masha never shouted at anyone. (29) The cubs, who had grown up over the summer, played on the stones and did not even notice Timofey, pressed against the net.
9. Among sentences 34–37, find a sentence with a separate application.
(34) In the next house, on the first floor, a boy was sick - he was bedridden. (35) It was his dachshund - a black firebrand on four legs. (36) Zhenya stood under the window and heard the conversation between Kosta and the sick boy.
“(37) She’s waiting for you,” said the patient.
10. Among sentences 49–52, find a sentence with separate applications.
(49) Yes! (50) This was her homeland, her mountains, the songs of the horns, the sound of her sea! (51) So, that gray-haired man who helped her carry the basket home was Edvard Grieg, a true wizard and a great musician! (52) So this is the gift he promised to give her in ten years!
11.Among sentences 25–31, find a sentence with a separate agreed upon non-extended definition.
(25) And then everyone went about their business, and we went. (26) We were silent. (27) And I thought how beautiful it is when spring is outside, everyone is dressed up, cheerful, and a beautiful ball flies away from us into the blue, blue sky. (28) And I also thought what a pity it is that I can’t, I don’t know how to tell Alyonka this. (29) And even if I could, Alyonka still wouldn’t understand, she’s small. (30) Here she is walking next to her, quiet, and the tears have not yet dried on her cheeks. (31) She probably feels sorry for her ball.
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File: Exercise. .doc - Didactic material on the Russian language “Isolated definitions, common and non-common,” (grades 9-11)
Separate definitions, common and non-common,
agreed and uncoordinated
6) Captain Saburov, wounded by a shrapnel in the shoulder, did not leave the formation.
stand commas.
blankets (5) and a white couch.
went deeper into the forest.
from the manor house.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Separate definitions, common and non-common,
agreed and uncoordinated
I. Place punctuation marks, insert missing letters.
1) Tired to the last degree, the climbers (could not) continue their ascent.
2) Short and stocky, he had terrible strength in his hands.
3) He turned and left... and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe.
4) Three days later, mounds accessible to all winds appeared.
5) The last ray, yellow and heavy, froze in a bouquet of bright dahlias.
6) Wounded (n, nn) by a shrapnel in the shoulder, Captain Saburov did not leave the formation.
II. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in whose place in the sentence you should
stand commas.
1. Opening my eyes (1) I saw a light dusk (2) filled with bluish light (3) the floor (4) covered
blankets (5) and a white couch.
2. The earth (1) and the sky (2) and the white cloud (3) floating below (4) all this is familiar (5) all this is familiar to him
3. Her young face, worn out by suffering (1) (2) with a convex forehead (3) with beautiful hair (4)
laid in a braid around the head (5) it was calm (6) and dispassionate.
4. A tall man with cold (1) gray eyes (2) strict and unapproachable (3) immediately impressed
him (4) a depressing impression.
5. The road (1) turning to the right (2) went through a huge field (3) sown with spring crops (4) and
went deeper into the forest.
6. One can only bow to the genius of Marina Tsvetaeva(1) who created absolutely
a unique poetic world (2) and (3) who firmly believed in his muse.
7. The “scary world” of the city created by A.A. Blok (1) and his Stranger (2) frightening (3) and irresistible
attracting (4) suppresses the poet.
8. A pond (2) formed on a river (1) diagonally crossing the Abramtsevo estate (3) appeared
the natural boundary of a courtyard with outbuildings and a park (4) located to the southeast
from the manor house.
Answers:
I. 1) Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue the ascent. (Facing
defined by a noun single and common agreed definitions
are isolated only if they have additional adverbial meaning).
2) Short, stocky, he had terrible strength in his hands.
3) He turned and left, and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty, hot steppe.
4) After three days, the mounds accessible to all winds were already exposed.
5) The last ray, both yellow and heavy, froze in a bouquet of bright dahlias. (A. Akhmatova)
6) Wounded in the shoulder by shrapnel, Captain Saburov did not leave the battlefield.
II. 1. Opening my eyes (1), I saw a light dusk (2), filled with bluish light (3), the floor (4),
covered with blankets (5), and a white couch. 12345
2. The earth (1), and the sky (2), and the white cloud (3) floating below (4) all this is familiar (5), all this is familiar to him.
12345
3. Her young face, worn out by suffering (1), (2), with a convex forehead (3), with beautiful hair (4),
laid in a braid around the head (5), it was calm (6) and dispassionate. 2345
4. A tall man with cold (1) gray eyes (2), strict and unapproachable (3), immediately impressed
him (4) a depressing impression. 23
5. The road (1), turning to the right (2), went through a huge field (3), sown with spring crops (4), and
went deeper into the forest. 1234
6. One can only bow to the genius of Marina Tsvetaeva (1), who created absolutely
a unique poetic world (2) and (3) who firmly believed in his muse. 1
7. The “scary world” of the city created by A.A. Blok (1) and its Stranger (2), frightening (3) and irresistible
attracting to itself (4), suppresses the poet. 24
8. A pond (2) formed on the river (1), diagonally crossing the Abramtsevo estate (3), appeared
the natural boundary of the courtyard with outbuildings and the park (4), located to the southeast
from the manor house. 234
§ 18. Separate definitions
§ 18_1 paragraph 1 - § 46 § 51 § 18_1 paragraph 2 - § 46 § 49
§ 18_1 p. 3–5 - § 50 § 18_1 p. 7 - § 48
§ 18_1 p. 8–9 - § 46 § 18_1 p. 10 - § 47
AGREED DEFINITIONS
1. Separated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence they are highlighted on both sides
commas) common definitions expressed by a participle or an adjective with dependent
from it in words (so-called attributive phrases) standing after a noun or
gardens, stretched
substantivized
creaking carts filled with black grapes (L. T.); We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous
a centuries-old forest, equal in size to the good principality (Kupr.); Those three are also standing, all gloomy (M.G.).
A separate definition at the end of a sentence, especially when listing, can
separated not by a comma, but by a dash: I have always been interested in this house in an old alley - gloomy
mysterious, noble in all its appearance, unlike any other.
dusty road leading
words: By
Notes: 1. If there are several homogeneous isolated definitions connected by a repeating
conjunction and, a comma is placed before the first conjunction: These were young talents who truly loved
music, and well versed in the secrets of its magic.
2. A attributive phrase that comes after the coordinating conjunction (and, or, but, etc.), but is not associated with it,
is separated from him by a comma according to the general rule: He did not feel an inclination towards officialdom and, gifted
outstanding talent for observation, knew his environment very well (Hertz.).
But a comma is not placed between the conjunction a and the attributive phrase if, when omitting the phrase, it is required
restructuring of the sentence: The ball is kept on the surface of the pool, and immersed in water, quickly
pops up.
2. Common definitions are not distinguished:
1) standing in front of a noun and having no additional adverbial connotations of meaning
[cm. below, paragraph 8]: Daria Alexandrovna stood among the things scattered around the room (L. T.); Behind
A bookkeeper (Sh.) who had recently arrived from the village was rummaging through books at his desk;
2) standing after a noun, if the latter in itself in a given sentence does not express
the desired meaning and needs definition: Marya Dmitrievna assumed a dignified and somewhat
offended (T.) - the combination of words has taken the form of making no sense; Chernyshevsky created the work in
highly original and extremely remarkable (D.P.); You chose the judge quite
strict (L.); Werner is a wonderful person for many reasons (L); If you are a person yourself
respectful... then you will certainly ask for curses (Ver.); Attempts to write simply
led to sad and funny results (M. G.) - without the subsequent two definitions
the noun does not express the required concept; It was an unusually kind smile, wide and
soft (Ch.); We were greeted by a slender and pleasant-looking man; Looking from the portrait
you have a smart and very expressive face (cf.: ...the face of a woman, amazingly beautiful); All of them
turned out to be good students
- reverse action
multiplication; We often do not notice things that are much more significant; An elderly man came in with
a bald skull like that of an apostle;
prepared; Division
3) connected in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, of which they are included: B
in March, the grain lay poured into the bins (S.Sh.) - the point is not that the grain was lying, but that it
was poured into bins (in these cases, the form can be used in the attributive phrase
instrumental case: lay poured into bins); The neat old man walked around armed
rain umbrella (M.G.); The linden tree stands as if surrounded at a great distance, closed
a ring of this smell (Paust.); In the evening, Ekaterina Dmitrievna came running from the Legal
club excited and joyful (A. T.) - in the role of a defining phrase, two single
definitions; The morning came, washed by rains, with blue streaks on the fields, with greasy
the well-fed shine of the wet earth (Nick.); The moon rose very crimson and gloomy (Ch.); Foliage from
under the feet comes out densely packed, gray (Prishv.); Even the birch and rowan trees stood sleepy in
the sultry languor that surrounded them (M.S.); The sea at his feet lay silent and white with clouds.
sky (Paust.); The buses were packed.
Typically, such constructions are formed with verbs of movement or state, acting as
significant link. Wed. with a verb of different semantics: Elizabeth was silent, frightened and
excited (A.T.).
If a verb with the meaning of movement or state itself serves as a predicate, then
the defining turn is isolated: Trifon Ivanovich won two rubles and a half from me
and left, very pleased with his victory (T.); The break had not yet ended, but she was already standing at
machine, pale, smoothly combed (Nick.); And she walked next to me, stocky,
confident in her strength (Vol.);
4) expressed in a complex form of comparative or superlative adjective, since
these forms do not form a revolution and act as an indivisible member of the sentence: Appeared to
nig and more popular; Worked in less suitable conditions; There is an option for more
simple; The experiments were carried out at lower temperatures; The most information received
important. Wed. (as part of the turnover): In the circle closest to the bride were her two sisters (L.T.).
But: It was possible to create a new alloy, stronger than steel - the impact is having an impact
the previous definition is new (cf.: It was possible to create an alloy stronger than steel); except
Moreover, in the form of the comparative degree there is a combination than steel, resulting in the formation
defining phrase.
Note. If after a homogeneous definition of an adjective a participial phrase is used [see § 10, paragraph.
7], then it is separated from the adjective by a comma (but not separated by commas on both sides); Its black, nothing
the uncovered head... just flashed in the bushes (T.).
But if the attributive phrase has a clarifying meaning [see. § 22, paragraph 4], then it is separated (singled out
commas on both sides): In the morning coolness, the bitter smell of wormwood is diffused, mixed with a gentle, similar
on almonds, with the aroma of dodder (Cupr.).
3. The attributive phrase that comes after an indefinite pronoun is usually not isolated,
since it forms a single whole with the preceding pronoun: Her big eyes... were searched in
mine is something like hope (L.); All desires fell asleep in him, except desire
think about something inexpressible in words (M.G.); Something similar to
grin.
But if the words are less closely connected and if there is a pause after the pronoun, the phrase becomes isolated
(set off with commas): And someone, sweating and out of breath, runs from store to store (Pan.)
- two single definitions are separated.
4. The attributive phrase, which comes after the attributive, demonstrative or possessive
pronouns, is closely adjacent to it and is not separated by a comma: Everything laughing, cheerful, marked
the stamp of humor was little accessible to him (Cor.); All those who were late for the lecture stood in
corridor; These recently published poems were written a long time ago (Gaz.); Dasha
I was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed head (A.T.); Your verified for
In practice, the method deserves attention.
But if the attributive phrase has the character of an explanation or clarification [see. § 22, paragraph 4], then he
is isolated (set off by commas): Everything related to the railway is still covered for me
poetry of travel (Paust.) - the attributive pronoun is substantivized.
The turnover taken together is always isolated: All this, taken together, convinces of the correctness
the decision made; Taken together, these collections contain hundreds of exercises.
Note. In constructions with a demonstrative pronoun, punctuation options are possible.
Wed: That tall one over there rushed forward - definition of that with the substantivized adjective tall;
That tall one over there stepped forward - the substantivized pronoun that is the subject, in which
There is a separate definition of high.
5. The attributive phrase that comes after a negative pronoun is usually not separated from
there is a comma on it: No one admitted to the third stage of the competition performed better than Ivanov;
This attraction cannot be compared to anything shown in the circus program.
But with the intonational emphasis of the phrase: ...And no one, frightened by death, was afraid
slave life (M. G.).
if the last one is preceded by one more
6. Two or more single (uncommon) definitions appearing after
(or several)
on
noun,
definition: A place surrounded by vines
covered cozy gazebo, dark and cool (L.T.); Favorite faces, dead and alive,
come to mind (T.); From a young age I was obsessed with all sorts of ailments and
hereditary, and acquired (S.Sh.) [about placing a comma before the first and see above,
clause 1, note 1]; The other shore, flat and sandy, is densely and discordantly covered with a dense heap of
huts (M.G.); And the theater was besieged by a sea of people, violent, assertive (N.O.).
Seems like
was
However, if the previous definition is expressed by a pronoun, then subsequent definitions
can
visited
again my corner is cramped and simple (P.); Wed: And once my gaze, dry and passionate, I keep in the dust
could not (Br.).
and sweet peace...
stand apart: And
dream,
Not
In the absence of a previous definition, subsequent single definitions are separated
or are not isolated depending on the degree of their intonation-semantic proximity with the defined
noun. Wed:
merciless,
And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, set out on three roads to three gates (G.); ...
I especially liked the eyes, big and sad (T.); Here
a week
the rain is pouring down, persistent,
destroying (M.S.); Above Vetluga
twilight fell, blue, warm, quiet (Cor.); In the air, sultry and dusty, a thousand voices
talk (M.G.); Mother, sad and anxious, sat
And
cried (Vol.); The country road lies along the forest - dusty, dry and straight [about setting the dash, see above,
p. 1] - in these examples the noun does not need a mandatory definition (the connection between them
weak);
impudent,
third
thick
already
node
on
Instead of
cheerful St. Petersburg life,
boredom in
side-deaf and distant (P.); Under
overcoat
heart-passionate and noble beat (L.); Sunlight and sounds said that somewhere on this
in the world there is a pure, elegant, poetic life (Ch.); He began to talk about his childhood
days with strong and heavy words (M.G.) - in these examples the noun needs
definition, without it the statement does not have a complete meaning.
expected
thick
me
gray
this
V
changes
Single definitions are isolated,
lavender, no
If they are not directly next to
noun: Color of the sky, light,
all
above, transparent
day (T.); The sky has opened
ice deposits blue (F.); With his speech, passionate and lively, Beridze captivated everyone (Azh.). [Wed. below, paragraph 9.]
In poetic speech, the isolation or non-isolation of definitions is influenced by intonation
pronunciation, rhythm of verse. Wed: In a clean field, the snow is silver, wavy and pockmarked (P.); Sits on
Nimilesginian decrepit and gray-haired (L.); Through a dense and dense forest... I was driving
stone
rider (Mike); I
experience
the secrets of the wise and simple life (Br.); In a fiery and bold outburst, he blew the call
horn (poor); Drove
violin
the old gypsy is lean and gray-haired (Marsh); The path is clean,
Not
inherited (Es.); I am trembling from acute pain, bitter and holy anger (Tv.).
I went smoothly
with a bow
between
in
Want
By
7. A single (non-widespread) definition is isolated:
1) if it carries a significant semantic load and can be equated to a subordinate clause
parts of a complex sentence: It is impossible for a young man, in love, not
spill the beans (T.) - cf.: To a young man, if (when) he is in love...; In the sky, deep blue, melted
silver moon (M.G.);
2) if it has an additional circumstantial meaning: Lyubochka’s veil clings again,
and two young ladies, excited, run up to her (Ch.) - to a purely defining meaning (what
young ladies?) a causal meaning is added (why are they running up?) or with another adverbial
(V
condition
shade
stones (M.G.); Mironov, surprised, for a long time,
sky(M.G.); The boy, embarrassed, blushed;
which
run up?); The people, amazed, began
before
eyes
pain
watched
V
3) if separated from a noun in the text: Eyes closed and half-closed, too
smiled (T.); On the bench, scattered, lay pistons and a gun (L.T.); Nastasya Petrovna again
hugged Yegorushka, called him an angel and, tearful, began to prepare for the table (Ch.);
4) if it has a clarifying meaning: Five minutes later it was raining heavily, heavy (Ch.).
Note. A separate definition may refer to a noun that is not present in a given
sentence, but perceived from the context: Look - there, dark, running through the steppe (M. G.) [cf. § 19, paragraph.
9].
8. Common or single adjective, standing immediately before the noun,
is isolated,
if it has an additional circumstantial meaning (causal, conditional,
concessional, etc.): Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their
ascent - to a determinative value (what climbers?; cf. without isolation: Tired to
climbers of the last degree...) a causal meaning is layered (why couldn’t they continue their
ascension?); Left to their own devices, children will find themselves in difficult situations - here
What is important is not so much the defining meaning (which children?; cf. without separation: Provided
children to themselves...), how much is circumstantial - conditional (under what conditions will they find themselves in difficult
position?); Usually calm, the speaker was very worried this time - here not only is it given
characteristic of a person (what kind of speaker?; cf. without isolation: Usually a calm speaker...), but also
a concessive shade of meaning is introduced (‘despite the fact that he is usually calm...’). In all such
In cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by the subordinate part of the complex
sentences: causal (...because they are extremely tired), conditional (...the children will
left to their own devices), accommodating (... although he is usually calm), etc.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, the replacement of the attributive phrase is used
in turn with the word being (being tired to the last degree; being given
to ourselves; being usually calm): if such a replacement is acceptable, we can talk about the presence
circumstantial meaning, which gives grounds for separation. Wed: Accompanied
officer, the commandant entered
‘being
accompany'; Confused, Mironov bowed
him (M. G.); Cheerful and
cheerful, Radik was generally a favorite (F.);
with a premonition, Korchagin quickly got dressed and left the
home (N.O.); Disheveled,
unwashed, Nezhdanov had
mom's
cleanliness, the guys learned
free, alley into the distance
attracts (Br.); Tall, Lelya and in quilted clothes was too thin (Koch.); Stunned
with a heavy hum, Tyorkin bows his head (TV).
strange (T.); Tired
to be cunning (Pan.); wide,
looks wild and
house (P.)
back
-
V
V
9.
came the sound of a bell,
A common or single definition is isolated,
if it is separated from
noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is
before or after the word being defined): Towards me, clean and clear, as if washed in the morning
and suddenly passed me, chased by acquaintances
coolness,
boys, a rested herd rushed by (T.); Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry,
gloomy, walked around the room (Ch.); The arrows shot at him fell, pathetic, back to
land (M.G.); And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry (Sh.) lay down on a bare slope; Behind
Because of the noise, they did not immediately hear the knocking on the window - persistent, solid (Fed.); Some
once, mysterious and lonely, the mutinous battleship Potemkin appeared
on
horizon (Cat.); Fringed with flying foam, the pier breathes day and night (Bl.); Spread out on
on the grass, well-deserved shirts and trousers were drying (Pan.).
10. The definition relating to the personal pronoun is isolated regardless of its degree
prevalence and location: Lulled by sweet hopes, he firmly
was sleeping (Ch.); Short, stocky, he had terrible strength in his hands (M. G.); He turned and
gone,
empty roast
steppes (Paust.); Wounded, they crawled onto the stones again,
dragging along with difficulty
machine guns (Sob.); From him, the jealous one, locked in the room, you, the lazy one, with a kind word
remember (Sim.).
and I, confused, stayed next to the girl
V
Note. The definition for the personal pronoun is not isolated:
1) if the definition is connected not only with the subject pronoun, but also with the predicate [see. above, p.
2]: I sat immersed in deep thought (P.); We left satisfied with our
in the evening (L.); He leaves the back room completely upset (Gonch.); I come to
in the evening tired, hungry (M. G.); We reached the hut soaked through (Paust.);
2) if the definition is in the accusative case (such a construction, with a touch of obsolescence, can
be replaced by a modern construction with the instrumental case form): I found him ready to embark on
road (P.) (cf.: ...found ready...); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in the house
poor neighbor (L);
3) if the definition is not consistent with the pronoun in case: I see him bending over the drawing board
board (connection with the predicate verb - I see bowed, and with the pronoun - agreement in gender and
number);
4) in exclamatory sentences like: Oh, you’re stupid!; Oh wretched me!
These rules are in the RAS reference book:
§ 18_2 p. 1 - § 53 § 55 § 56 § 57 § 18_2 p. 2 - § 58
§ 18_2 clause 3 - § 60
DISAGREED DEFINITIONS
1. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by forms of oblique cases of nouns (usually with
prepositions), are isolated to highlight any attribute or to enhance what they express
meaning: A serf, in shiny attire, with folded-back sleeves, immediately carried various
drinks and edibles (G.); Officers in new frock coats,
white gloves and shiny
epaulettes, flaunted along the streets and boulevard (L. T.); The sea splashed and rustled, all in white lace
shavings (M. G.); In a white tie, in a smart coat wide open, with a string of stars and
crosses on a gold chain in the loop of a tailcoat, the general was returning from lunch (T.); For many
Russian rivers, like the Volga, one bank is mountainous, the other is meadow (T.).
Usually, inconsistent definitions are isolated that complement or clarify the idea of
a person or object that in itself (without definition) is quite specific and already known. In this
roles are played by proper names (they distinguish a person-object from a number of similar ones), names of persons by
degree of relationship, by position, profession, position, as well as pronouns (indicate
to a person already known from the context). Some syntactic conditions are also taken into account [see below].
Thus, inconsistent definitions expressed by oblique case forms
nouns are distinguished:
1) if they refer to the person’s own name: SamaBerezhkova, in a silk dress, in a cap on
in the back of her head and in a shawl, she was sitting on the sofa (Gonch.); Shabashkin, with a cap on his head, stood with his arms akimbo and
proudly looked around him (P.); Kolya, in his new jacket with gold buttons, was a hero
day (T.); Daria Alexandrovna, in a blouse and with sparse braids pinned to the back of her head,
once thick and beautiful hair, stood among the things scattered around the room (L.T.); Fair-haired, with
with his curly head, no hat and his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and
extraordinary (Ch.); Elizaveta Kievna, with red hands, in men's clothes, never left my memory.
dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes (A.T.);
2) if they refer to the names of persons by degree of relationship, position, profession
etc.: The mother came out majestically, in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls
on the neck (M G.); Grandfather, in grandma's jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints at something
smiles (M. G.); Sotsky, with a healthy stick in his hand, stood behind him (M. G.); Headman, in
boots and a saddle-backed coat, with tags in hand, noticing dad from afar, he took off his red coat
hat (L.T.);
ahh
3) if they refer to a personal pronoun: I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel
this (L.T.); ...Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young (M. G.);
4) if separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence (regardless of
whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper noun or a common noun): After dessert, everything
with black mesh on
let's move
head, sat Caroline (Gonch.); His rouged face, with a straight, large nose, shone sternly
bluish eyes (M.G.);
where, in a black dress,
to the buffet,
5) if they form a series of homogeneous members of a sentence with preceding/following
separate agreed definitions (regardless of what part of speech it is expressed
defined word): I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long beard (T.); This
a trotting man, skinny, with a stick in his hand, sparkled and smoked, blazing with an insatiable greed for
game by deed (M. G.); An old shepherd, ragged and barefoot, in a warm hat, with a dirty bag at his hip.
and with a hook on a long stick, calmed the dogs (H); With bony shoulder blades, with a bump under
with his eyes, bent over and clearly afraid of the water, he presented himself as a funny figure (Ch.);
6) if there is a deliberate separation of the attributive phrase from the neighboring predicate, to
to which it could be attributed in meaning and syntactically, and its attribution to the subject: Baba, with
long rakes in their hands, wandering into the field (T.); The painter, drunk, drank beer instead
tea glass laku (M.G.).
2.
Inconsistent
turnover
with the comparative form of the adjective (often
noun
precedes an agreed definition), stands apart: A force stronger than his will threw him off
from there (T.); Short beard, a little darker
lips and
chin (A.K.T.); Another room, almost twice as large, was called the hall (Ch.).
hair, slightly shaded
determined
expressed
definition,
But with a close connection with a noun, such a definition is not isolated: But at other times it does not
there was a man more active than him (T.); I have seen a lot of picturesque and remote places in Russia, but it’s unlikely
someday I will see a river more virgin and mysterious than Pra (Paust.).
With
3. Inconsistent definition, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive), before
which can be used to put words, namely, is separated by a dash: ... I came to you with clean
beautiful
motives,
this lot is to shine
obsessed
with one passion - to resist (Ketl.); An order was received from the battery - do not take the handset away from
ear and check the line every five minutes (Cat.); With her helplessness she evoked in him
knightly feelings - to overshadow,
have taken
to judge for yourself? Such definitions are explanatory in nature [see. § 23, paragraph 1].
die (Br.); …We
the only desire is to do
good! (Ch.); But
protect; Where
you're right
protect,
All
And
In the middle of a sentence, such an inconsistent definition is highlighted on both sides using
dash: ...Each of them decided this question - to leave or stay - for themselves, for their
loved ones (Ketl.). If, according to the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash
usually omitted: Since there was only one choice left - to lose the army and Moscow or one
Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the latter (L. T.).
These rules are in the RAS reference book:
§ 19 paragraph 1 - § 61 § 19 paragraph 2 - § 63
§ 19 clause 2 note - § 120 (orf) § 19 clause 3 - § 126 (orf)
§ 19 paragraph 4 - § 122 (orf) § 19 paragraph 5–6 - § 63
§ 19 paragraph 7 - § 64 § 19 paragraph 8 - § 62
§ 19 paragraph 10 - § 61 § 65
§ 19. Separate applications
1. A common application expressed by a common noun with
dependent words and relating to a common noun (usually such an application
stands after the word being defined, less often - in front of it): The old woman, Trishka’s mother, died,
but the old people, father and father-in-law, were
alive (S.Shch); Good-natured old man, sick leave
the watchman immediately let him in (L.T.); Heir to the brilliant nobility and rude
plebeianism, the bourgeoisie combined in himself the most severe shortcomings of both, having lost the dignity
them (Hertz.); From centuries past, giants, guardians of legend, stand the Cossack mounds (Marmot.).
more
Constructions of the type are also distinguished: The director of the film spoke, who is also the performer
one of the roles, Eldar Ryazanov (Gaz.).
2. A single (uncommon) application, standing after a common noun, is isolated
noun, if the word being defined has an explanation: He stopped the horse, raised
head
behind
I have one girl, Polish (M. G.).
saw his correspondent, deacon (T.); Courted
And
With a single noun, the unextended application is isolated in order to strengthen it
semantic role, to prevent it from intonationally merging with the word being defined: Father, a drunkard, fed with
small years, and herself (M. G.); The girl, a smart girl, immediately guessed where the book was hidden.
workers innovators;
frost breeder;
Notes: 1. A single clause is usually attached to a common noun
by means of a hyphen: city hero; guardsmen, mortarmen; teenage girls; winter sorceress; engineer
constructor;
father is deceased (but: father is archpriest); gentlemen
nobles (but: pan hetman); bomber plane; neighbor musician; old watchman (but: old man
watchman); excellent student (but: students are excellent students... - heterogeneous applications; see § 11, p.
2), scientist biologist; French teacher
2. It is possible to add a hyphen to the application if there is an explanatory word (definition), which according to
meaning may include:
1) to the whole combination: famous experimental inventor; a dexterous acrobat-juggler;
2) only to the defined word: demobilized missile officer; original self-taught artist;
my neighbor is a teacher;
3) only for the application: a female doctor with extensive experience.
In these cases, double punctuation is usually possible; Wed: Lecture will be given by a famous professor
chemist. - The lecture will be given by a famous professor, a chemist.
3. A hyphen is written after a proper name (most often a geographical name, which acts as
applications for generic names): Moskvareka, Ilmenozero, Kazbekgora, Astrakhangorod (but with
reverse word order: Moscow River, Lake Ilmen, Mount Kazbek, Astrakhan city; expressions like mother
Rus', mother earth have the character of stable combinations).
After a person’s own name, a hyphen is placed only in the case of a merger of the defined noun and
applications into one complex intonation-semantic whole: Ivantsarevich, Ivanushka the fool, Anikavoin,
Father of Dumas, Rockefeller Sr. (but: Cato the Elder - nickname of a historical figure, Marcus Porcius Cato
Junior, or Utic - translation of the nickname from Latin).
4. The hyphen is not written:
1) if the preceding one-word application can be equated in meaning to the definition
adjective: handsome man (cf.: handsome man), old father, giant plant (but: giant plant),
a poor shoemaker, a strong horseman, a little orphan, a predatory wolf, a skilled cook.
It should be noted, however, that the application of the noun may differ in meaning from the definition
adjective; So, in the proposal, Tatyana, at the behest of the lady, was married to a drunkard shoemaker (T.)
the combination drunken shoemaker (permanent sign) is not the same as drunken shoemaker (temporary sign);
2) if in a combination of two common nouns the first denotes a generic concept, and the second
- species: chrysanthemum flower, eucalyptus tree, boletus mushroom, finch bird, cockatoo parrot, monkey
macaque, silver paint, carbon gas, floss threads, nylon fabric, montpensier lollipops, kharcho soup.
But if such a combination forms a complex scientific term (the second part does not always serve as an independent
species designation), name of specialty, etc., then the hyphen is written: brown hare, bird's eye hawk
goshawk, beetle, rhinoceros beetle, swimming beetle, mantis crab, hermit crab, vole,
butterfly, cowgirl, therapist, toolmaker, teacher, mathematician, chemist
organic, landscape artist, Dominican monk;
3) if the defined noun or application itself is written with a hyphen: women, surgeons,
construction engineer, designer, boiler fitter, installer, technical and mechanical designer, Volga
Mother River, hero fighter pilot.
But in certain terms there are two hyphens: captain-lieutenant engineer, rear admiral engineer;
4) if with the defined noun there are two uncommon applications connected
Union and: students of philology and journalists; Conservative and Liberal MPs; the same if for two
defined nouns have a general application: students and graduate students of philology.
In terminological combinations, the so-called hanging hyphen is used in these cases: agronomists and
cotton growers (i.e. agronomists, cotton growers and cotton growers; the application is
the second component of a compound noun, a hyphen is written after the first component); mechanical engineer,
metallurgist, electrician (common component - the first part of the addition, the hyphen is written before the second part);
5) if the first element of the combination is the words citizen, master, our brother, your brother, comrade (in
meanings ‘I and those like me’, ‘you and those like you’): citizen judge, Mr. Envoy, our brother student.
5. The appendix after the proper name is separated: The suitcase was brought in by the short coachman Selifan
a man in a sheepskin coat, and a footman Petrushka, a young man of about thirty in a second-hand frock coat (G.); Sergey
Nikanorych, the bartender, poured five glasses of tea (Ch.); Markush's rootless man, a janitor, sitting on the floor,
whittled sticks and slats for birdcages (M.G.).
Application,
if it has
additional adverbial meaning: Stubborn in everything, Ilya Matveevich remained stubborn in
teaching (Koch.) - cf.: Being stubborn in everything... (with causal meaning); Illustrious
scout, Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man as he was at their first meeting (Kaz.) -
cf.: Although he was a famous intelligence officer... (with a concessionary meaning).
standing before a proper name is isolated only if
additional
circumstantial
But
army Vasily Danilovich Dibich made his way from German captivity to his homeland (Fed.).
6. The person’s own name or the name of the animal acts as a separate application if it explains
or clarifies a common noun (before such an application you can insert
words namely, that is, and his name is): Daria Mikhailovna’s daughter, Natalya Alekseevna, at first sight
might not like it (T.); My father, Klim Torsuev, a famous soap maker, was a man of difficult
character (J.G.); And brothers Ani, Petya and Andryusha, high school students,
behind
tailcoat (Ch.); The fourth son is still just a boy, Vasya (Paust.); At the door, in the sun, with my eyes closed,
lay my father’s beloved greyhound dog, Milka (L.T.) [see. § 23, paragraph 1].
meaning: Lieutenant
royal
pulled
behind
father
Note. In many cases, double punctuation is possible, depending on the presence/absence
explanatory shade of meaning and corresponding intonation when reading. Wed:
Only one Cossack, Maxim Golodukha, escaped from the Tatar hands on the way (G.); Elizaveta Alekseevna
went to visit my brother, Arkady Alekseevich; He reminded my son, Borka (there is only
one brother, one son; if there were several, then when expressing the same thought, the proper name would not
should be separated);
Entered
The leader of the group, Kolya Petrov, spoke; On the way we met the chief engineer Zhukov.
my friend Seryozha we are leaving
her sister Mary; Today I
south;
on
And
7. A separate application can be joined by a union like (with an additional meaning of causality), and
also words by name, surname, nickname, family, etc. (regardless of what part of speech
the defined word is expressed): Ilyusha sometimes, like a frisky boy, just wants to rush and
redo everything yourself (Gonch.); Like an old artilleryman, I despise this kind of cold
decorations (Sh.); Leontyev was carried away by this idea, but, as a cautious person, so far he hasn’t told anyone about it.
told (Paust.); This student, named Mikhalevich, an enthusiast and poet, sincerely fell in love
Lavretsky (T.); ...A little dark-haired lieutenant named Zhuk led the battalion to the backyards
that street (Sim.); Yermolai had a pointer dog, nicknamed Valetka (T.); The owner, originally from Yaik
Cossack, seemed to be a man of about sixty (P.).
But (without the intonation of isolation): He got himself a bear cub named Yasha (Paust.); A doctor was invited
surname Medvedev.
personal pronoun: Should he, the dwarf, compete?
Note. If the conjunction as has the meaning ‘in quality’, then the turnover it joins is not
is isolated: The response received is considered as consent (Azh.) [see. § 42, paragraph 4].
The application with the conjunction as, which characterizes an object with any one
sides: The reading public has managed to get used to Chekhov as a humorist (Fed.).
The application is always separated when
8.
With
giant? (P.); A doctrinaire and somewhat pedant, he loved to instruct instructively (Hertz.); I like my face
it is not appropriate for a high-ranking person to ride a horse-drawn horse (Ch.); Just yesterday the fugitives; they became today
exiles (Fed.); Here it is, the explanation (L.T.).
Depending on the nature of intonation, the presence/absence of a pause after the 3rd person pronoun (in the index
functions) with a preceding particle, double punctuation is possible; compare:
Here they are, a bunny's dreams! (S.Sh.); Here they are, the workers! (Triple);
This is reality (S.K); This is pride (Humpback); Votono is a triumph of virtue and
truth (Ch.).
When following a demonstrative particle with a pronoun, a comma is not placed after the noun: Spring
then here she is, in the yard (Pol.).
9. The application that relates to the missing word in this sentence is isolated, if this word
is suggested by the context: You hold him, hold him, otherwise he will leave, anathema (Ch.; meaning
burbot); “They bury a madman.” - “Ah! He’s also outlived his time, my dear” (Fed.); That's how it should be. Next time
Let him not be fiscal, you rascal (Kupr.). The missing pronoun may be suggested by the personal form
predicate verb: Never, sinner, do I drink, but through such an occasion I will drink (Ch.). [Cm. also § 18, paragraph 7.]
10. When separating applications, a dash is used instead of a comma:
1) if you can insert words before the application, namely (without changing the meaning): There was a light in the far corner
the yellow spot is the fire of Seraphima’s apartment (Zh. G.); She sketched ancient lamps with the coat of arms of the city
Olbia - an eagle soaring over dolphins (Paust.); On Nechaev’s dry face, with a soft boyish
forehead, traces of burns remained - two white non-tanning spots (N. Chuk.);
2) before a common or single application at the end of a sentence, if underlined
independence of the application or an explanation is given: I don’t like this tree too much - aspen (T.); In the corner
in the living room there was a pot-bellied bureau on the most absurd four legs - a perfect bear (G.); My path went
past the Berdskaya settlement - the refuge of Pugachevsky (P.); We drove around some old dam that had sunk
in nettles, and a long-dried pond - a deep ravine overgrown with weeds (Bun.); In the storerooms they gaped in two rows
wide round pits - wooden vats,
deeply dug into the ground (M. G.); Helped out
his bicycle is the only wealth accumulated over the last three years of work (Fel); At the lighthouse
my
to highlight
jewel (Ch.); IN
Only the watchman lived - an old deaf Swede (Paust.); It was a wonderful April day - the best time in
Arctic (Hump.); She first went to the loan office and pawned a ring with
turquoise - the only one
soil
contains hydrogen peroxide - poison for living things; Each Olympics not only names champions, but also
nominates sports heroes - right-wingers of world sports (Gaz.);
3)
of an explanatory nature: Some kind of
unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields with a liquid network and
fields (G.); Mild cramps are a sign
wide
lips (T.); The caretaker of the shelter - a retired soldier from Skobelev's times - followed
owner (Fed.); Memory of Avicenna - an outstanding scientist and polymath, a fighter for reason and
progress is the road for all mankind (Gas); They caught fish with a dragnet - a small seine - yes
vershamitraps; They took out a depth gauge - a weight on a long string - and measured the depth; He
- disabled - continued to work and help others.
feelings - ran away
(both sides)
applications,
Martian
strong
his
V
participation
sailing
athletes for
Note. One dash (first or second) is omitted:
1) if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma is placed after a separate application: If it involved
solving the problem with your instrument - scales, then you would understand the source of the error;
Using
a special device for human breathing under water - scuba gear, you can dive on
depth of tens of meters; Among the actors of Sergei Eisenstein's traveling troupe were young men
who later became famous film directors - Grigory Alexandrov, Ivan Pyryev, and
also actor Maxim Shtraukh (Gaz.);
2) if the application expresses a specific meaning, and the preceding defined word has a general
or figurative meaning: At a meeting of foreign ministers of member countries of the Organization
American states were addressed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Cuba (Gaz.); Arrived
here the first swallows are ours
racing;
The highest award of the French Institute of Oceanography for outstanding oceanographic research
works - a medal in memory of Albert I, Prince of Monaco, was awarded to a prominent scientist
L. A. Zenkevich (Gaz.);
3) if the application comes before the word being defined: One of the outsiders of the championship
countries - athletes of the Fili club won their third victory in a row (Gaz.); Herald
forests - the cuckoo notified everyone about the event;
4) for clarity, if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the proposal: B
magnolias, camellias - flowers of Japan, orchids and cyclamens were bred in the greenhouse; At the table
the mistress of the house was sitting, her sister was my wife’s friend, two strangers, my wife and I; I
began to talk about conditions, about inequality, about people - victims of life and about people - rulers
her (M.G.).
However, if a double interpretation of the phrase is possible, a second dash is also added: We worked on the project
designer, engineer - communications specialist - and radio operator (in the absence of the second dash it will turn out,
that the engineer was also a radio operator);
5) when separating homogeneous applications standing before the defined word from the defined one
words: Our greatest poet, the founder of the Russian literary language, the largest
representative of national literature - Pushkin rightfully occupies one of the first places in
history of the cultural development of Russia (when reading, a pause is made after homogeneous applications);
6)
teachers and parents must take into account age characteristics when communicating with children;
7) if the application refers to two or more preceding nouns and when reading
separated from them by a pause: A delegation of poets, prose writers and playwrights arrived - Muscovites (with
in the absence of a pause, the dash may be omitted; see above, paragraph 4);
8) if the application is widely distributed and has commas inside: Comprehensive study
Georgian folk architecture - a multifaceted art that developed under the influence
unique natural conditions, bearing the stamp of different eras and economic
formations with their social contradictions - will help identify the best, progressive features
folk art (Gaz.) [cf. above, paragraph 10];
9) in constructions like: Ernani - Gorev is as bad as a shoemaker (Ch.); Chatsky - Kachalov was
inimitable.
if the application explains another application: All of us, educators -
- Exercise 237. Rewrite using the necessary prefixes -
knowledge.
I. 1. Sciences alien to music were hateful to me (Ya.).
2. There were several harnessed carts standing at the porch
single file (Ax.). 3. Slender, thin figure and wide shoulders
Pechorin's chi proved a strong build capable
endure all the difficulties of nomadic life (L.). 4. Slightly
what a new army jacket, put on saddle-sidedly, barely holding on
on the boy’s narrow shoulders (T.). 5 The sun shines brightly
they kicked the snow-covered huts (Grig.). 6. Even be-
Zy and rowan trees stood sleepy in the sultry surrounding them
languor (M.-Sib.). 7. It was an extraordinary smile
kind, wide and soft, like that of an awakened child
(Ch.). 8. The whisper of the branches was heard clearly and close to
than not distant and not covered (Cor.). 9. Foliage from-
densely packed gray comes out under your feet (Prishv.).
10. The poems stand as heavy as lead, ready for death and
to immortal glory (Mayak.). 11. And instantly somewhere behind
anti-aircraft guns standing in the forest begin to fire at the enemy
cue plane (Vs. Iv.). 12. The road wound along wet roads
sogors, densely overgrown with oak and maple still preserved
who took away the crimson leaves (Fad.). 13. Many trees
stood already naked and black, like in late autumn
(Laust.). 14. I remember something preserved in pa-
crumpled since childhood. 15. All selected for the exhibition
These paintings will soon be exhibited.
.P. 1. The surroundings disappeared into a cloudy and yellowish haze.
that (P.). 2. The place surrounded by vineyards looked like
to the covered cozy gazebo, dark and cool
(L.T.). 3. This life of a beggar and boring oppresses me (M. G.).
4, A lean and lean old gypsy moved his bow across the violin
gray-haired (Marsh.). 5. I walked along a clean, smooth path
did not inherit (Her.). 6. The voice of copper labor bubbles in
autumn afternoon is gloomy and hazy (Crimson). 7. Sky
transparent icy and blue opened up in the heights
(Fad.).
III. 1. The sleepy caretaker (T.) came to his cry.
2. Two excited young ladies run up to her [Lu-
barrel] (Ch,). 3. The astonished people became like stones
(M.G.). 4. Sophia, dressed, was lying on the bed in her room.
here in a state of terrible never experienced with
such power of confusion (Mark).
Reference.
1. As a rule, common definitions are isolated
expressions expressed by a participle or an adjective with dependent
words derived from them and standing after the defined entity
for example: Poplars covered with dew filled the
perfume with a delicate aroma (Ch.); Pale light, similar to a slightly once-
blue-tinted water flooded the eastern part of the horizon (Pa-
oral). Common definitions worth
before the defined noun and without additional
special circumstantial shades of meaning, for example: For a hundred
An accountant who had recently arrived from the village was rummaging through the books (Shol.).
Participles or adjectives, single or dependent
in our words, standing after the indefinite, the determinant
demonstrative and possessive pronouns, not demonstrative
are combined, since they form one semantic whole with place-
property, for example: Her big eyes... were looking for something in mine
similar to hope (L.); Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this
submissively bowed head (A.N.T.); All patients who came to the doctor
the ents were helped; Your handwritten statement with
it was difficult to read.
Common definitions that cost
after the qualified noun, if it is itself
in this sentence does not express the necessary concept and need-
is in the definition, for example: Chernyshevsky created a work
highly original and extremely remarkable
(Pisarev) (the combination created the work is not complete -
meaning).
Common definitions are also not distinguished if
in meaning they are connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate
termed, being part of the latter, for example: The moon rose strongly
purple and gloomy, as if sick (Ch.). The sea lay at his feet without
silent and white from the cloudy sky (Paust.). This usually happens
with verbs of movement and state, protruding
as a significant connection. If a verb of this type itself
expresses the predicate to itself, then the definition is isolated, for example
Mer: Trifon Ivanovich won $1 ruble from me and left, very
happy with his victory (T.).
2. Often two or more single definitions are isolated
nouns appearing after the noun being defined,
for example: The night has come, moonlit, clear (T.). However, separate
The understanding of two uncommon definitions is only necessary
when the defined noun is preceded by another
one definition, for example: I am very offended to hear these ros-
tales, dirty and deceitful (M.G.). In the absence of a previous
general definition two subsequent single definitions
may not be isolated, for example: Under this thick gray sh-
a passionate and noble heart beat uncontrollably (L.).
3. A single definition is isolated, standing after the op-
defined noun, if it has an additional form
significant meaning, for example: To a young man, in love
lover, it is impossible not to spill the beans (T.) (that is, “if he is in love-
flax" or "when he is in love").
Exercise 238. Rewrite using the necessary prefixes
knowledge.
I. 1. Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered
house (Ya.). 2. Confused, Mironov bowed to his
Well, him (M.G.). 3. Radik was cheerful and cheerful
generally a favorite (Fad.). 4. Captivated by some non-
With a clear premonition, Korchagin quickly got dressed and
walked out of the house (Ya. O.). 5. Tired of mom’s cleanliness
density, the guys learned to be cunning (Pan.). 6. Oglu-
overwhelmed by the heavy roar, Terkin bows his head (Tvard.).
II. 1. Bordered with flying foam, breathes day and night
they say (Bl.). 2. And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, she lay down
infantry on the bare slope (Shol.). 3. Broken by sleep add-
Grigory ran to the stables and led the horse out into the alley
(Shol.). 4. Spread out on the grass, they deservedly dried
new shirts and pants (Pan.).
III. 1. I found him ready to hit the road (Ya.).
2. Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly (Ch.).
3. I come in the evening tired and hungry (M.G.).A. She
came home upset but not discouraged
(/. Nick.). 5. He turned and left, and I was upset.
stayed next to the girl in the empty hot steppe (Pa-
oral). 6. Oh, you're cute!
Reference. *
1. Common or single definitions worth
immediately before the noun being defined,
are isolated if they have an additional adverbial sign -
term (temporary, causal, conditional, concessive), assignment
example: Stunned by the blow of a cargo fist, Bulanin first
la staggered in place, not understanding anything (Kupr.) (that is, “bu-
Duchi is stunned"); Tall, Lelya and in quilted clothes was from-
too thin (Koc.) (that is, “because she was tall”).
2. Common or single definition of isolation
exists if it is torn off from the defined noun
other members of the proposal, regardless of whether
whether the definition comes before or after the word being defined,
example: The arrows shot at him fell, pathetic, back to the ground
Liu (M. G.); Filled with the sun, buckwheat and wheat lay across the river.
field fields (Shol.).
3. The definition relating to personal space is isolated
noun, regardless of the degree of prevalence and place-
topographical definitions, for example: Struck by fear, I
I follow my mother into the bedroom (P.); Me, wet to the last thread -
ki, taken off the horse almost without memory (Ax.). Not isolated
definitions for personal pronoun:
a) if the meaning of the definition is closely related not only to
subject, but also with the predicate (cf. paragraph 1 of the explanations for the exercise
237, for example: He leaves the back rooms already finished
thoroughly upset (Gonch.); We reached the hut wet
through and through (Paust.);
b) if the definition is in the accusative case,
which can be replaced by the instrumental case, for example-
Mer: And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in the house
poor neighbor (L.), (cf.: saw him lying).
Exercise 239. Rewrite using the necessary punctuation marks.
1. Sasha Berezhnova in a silk dress with a cap on
with the back of her head and wearing a shawl, she was sitting on the sofa (Gonch.). 2. Strength is strong
She threw him out of there without his will (T.). 3. Officers in no-
white frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulets
paraded through the streets and boulevard (L. T.). 4. Some kind of half-
woman with rolled up sleeves and raised
stood with an apron in the middle of the yard (Ch.). 5. Today she is in no-
in the blue hood was especially young and impressive
really beautiful (M.G.). 6. Grandfather in grandmother's katsaveyka
in an old cap without a visor, he squints and smiles at something -
Xia (M.G.). 7. On his ruddy face with a straight large
his bluish eyes shone sternly through his nose (M.G.). 8. Suddenly out of
from the depths of the soul, as if from the bottom of the sea, a new thought emerges
leave it all (New.-Pr.). 9. The servant is also in white
accepted the overcoat from the hands of Gregory (Shol.). 10. We are all over-
pressing with one passion to resist (Ketl.).
For reference: Inconsistent definitions, expressed
indirect cases of nouns (usually with a preposition)
mi), are isolated if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express.
meaning, for example: Serf, in shiny decoration, with folding
back with his sleeves, he immediately served various drinks and food (G)
Usually such inconsistent definitions are isolated.
leniya if they include:
a) to your own name, for example: Didn’t leave my memory
Elizaveta Kievna, with red hands, in a man's dress, with
pitiful smile and meek eyes (A.N.T.);
b) to a personal pronoun, for example: I am surprised that you,
with your kindness, you don’t feel it (L.T.).
c) to the names of persons according to degree of relationship, according to occupation
position, profession, etc., for example: Mother came out, dressed in lilac
dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around the neck (M. G.).
Inconsistent definitions are separated if the formation
there are a number of homogeneous members with previous or subsequent
general separate agreed upon definitions, for example
Mer: I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long beard
doi... (T.).
Often an inconsistent definition is isolated in order to
to tear it away from the nearest member of the sentence (usually
predicate), to which it could be attributed in meaning
and syntactically, for example: The painter, drunk, drank in
one hundred beer a glass of laku (M.G.).
Usually, inconsistent definitions are isolated,
affected by the comparative degree of the adjective, especially
if the defined noun is preceded by a consonant
bathroom definition, for example: Short beard, slightly dark
her hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin (A.K.T.).
Inconsistent definitions expressed
indefinite form of the verb, before which you can without damage
ba for the meaning to put the words, namely, for example: I was coming to you
with pure motives, with the only desire - to do
good (Ch.); There was still one last hope - with nightfall
break into the steppe (Fad.). In these cases, a dash is placed.
Exercise 240 (repetitive). Rewrite, putting where
necessary, punctuation marks. Explain their setting.
I. 1. How can I not grieve as a poor thing! (Kr.). 2. Touched
With the devotion of the old coachman, Dubrovsky fell silent and
indulged in his thoughts (P.). 3. Confident in the purpose
Troekurov could never understand his daughter’s bondage
fight from her power of attorney (P.). 4. My Cossack was very
surprised when, upon waking up, he saw me completely dressed
that (L.). 5. Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and
circled around the lanterns (Ax.). 6. Tightly attached
to the young oak trees our good horses endured fear
torture from an attack by a gadfly (Ax.). 7. Disheveled
Unwashed Nezhdanov looked wild and strange (T.).
8. In front of me in a long blue overcoat stood an old man
Rick is of average height with white hair and an amiable smile
Coy and beautiful blue eyes (T.). 9. Ostrodumov
looked concentrated and efficient (T.). 10. Eyes
fell and the half-closed ones also smiled (71) - And - Alienated -
separated by his misfortune from the community of people, he
grew dumb and mighty, like a tree growing in fertile
earth (T.). 12. Usually appears around noon
many round high clouds of golden gray with
delicate white edges (T.). 13. You walk along the edge of the forest,
you look after the dog and meanwhile your favorite faces are dead
and the living come to the memory of those who fell asleep long ago
impressions suddenly awaken (T.). 14. Alyosha for-
thoughtfully went to his father (Ven.). 15. On dusty days
the horn of the leading gardens stretched creaking carts on horseback
superimposed with black grapes (L.T.). 16. Harnessed
in the plows and harrows the horses were well-fed and large (L.T.).
17. Olenin was a young man who never completed a course anywhere
who did not serve and squandered half his fortune
and until the age of twenty-four, having not yet chosen a nickname for himself,
what career and never did anything (L. T.). 18. I
I often found short and alarming notes in my possession (Ch.).
19. Evening leisure time not occupied with writing papers and solving
He devoted his time to reading (Cor.). 20. Over Vetluga descend-
It was a blue, warm, quiet twilight (Cor.).
P. 1. It was a pale tiny creature reminiscent of
a flower that has grown without the rays of the sun (Cor.). 2. Eye-
lying on him was a small knapsack and a scythe without a handle,
wrapped in a bundle of neatly twisted straw
with a rope (M.G.). 3. Then spring came, bright sunshine
nechnaya (M.G.). 4. Illuminated by the moon and blocked by the country-
dark shadows falling on him from the rags of his hat
from the eyebrows and beard this is a face with a convulsive movement
mouth and wide-open eyes glowing
with some hidden delight it was terribly pitiful
(M.G.). 5. Always mocking, often harsh Varavka
knew how to speak insinuatingly with friendly persuasiveness
Tew (M.G.). 6. The month is no longer yellow but silver,
ran to the very top of the poplar (Kupr.). 7. Healthy mo-
young strong they almost lifted Antipas
into the air and thrown onto the deck (Seraph.). 8. Another hour ago
back strong and angry now he moaned weakly and often
(A.N.T.). 9. You could see a lot of red Streltsy caftans
ny green cranberries (A.N.T.). 10. The voice bubbles
copper labor over Asia sandy and dry over Africa
which is hot and flinty (Bagr.). 11. Elderberry is raw and
the nightingale struck the pipe with a resounding sound (Bagr.). 12. Cut off from
all over the world, the Urals withstood the Cossack siege with honor
(Furm.). 13. If he wrote about all this, he would
the book would be fascinating and unlike anything else
in literature (Paust.). 14. Insulted and Shocked
Taras walked through the city (Hump.). 15. Horses stretched out
black heads, and horsemen bending over them
appeared for a moment against the white background of the sky (Fad.).
16. Several times mysterious and lonely, appears -
The rebel battleship Potemkin is on the horizon in
view of the Bessarabian coast (Cat.). 17. In the kitchen a young woman
The girl in a headscarf and galoshes stood on her bare feet
horseman and washed the window (Pan.). 18. And the theater was besieged by people -
The sea is violent and assertive (N.O.). 19. By the end of January
covered in the first thaw, cherry trees smell good
gardens (Shol.). 20. The flame ran onto the pine needles and fanned
the wind flared up with groans and whistles (Polev.).
Exercise 1.
Read the sentences using correct intonation. Describe the definitions:
a) agreed - inconsistent;
b) widespread - not widespread;
c) isolated - not isolated.
1) The mirror hanging in the wall also survived. 2) Masha, pale and trembling, approached Ivan Kuzmich, knelt down and bowed to the ground. 3) And, gloomier than the black night, he lowered his menacing eyes and began to twirl his gray mustache. 4) The surroundings disappeared into darkness, cloudy and yellowish. 5) I sailed into the distance, full of hope, with a crowd of fearless fellow countrymen. 6) Shabashkin, with a cap on his head, stood with his arms akimbo and proudly looked around him. 7) The quiet valley was dozing, covered in night fog. 8) Vasilisa Egorovna, subdued under the bullets, looked at the steppe, where a lot of movement was noticeable.
(A.S. Pushkin)
Exercise 2.
Write down, Then read these sentences expressively with separate applications. Describe the semantic, grammatical, intonation and punctuation features of isolated applications.
1) My neighbor, a little nervous man, told me a strange story. 2) They, the loons, (are) inaccessible to us l., the day of the battle of life; the thunder of the blows frightens them. 3) It was difficult for me, a man in a tramp’s costume, to call him, a dandy, into a conversation. 4) Memory... this scourge of the (un)dangerous, even revives the stones of the past,
(M. Gorky.)
Exercise 3.
Copy using missing punctuation and underlining definitions and applications. What general condition of isolation does these examples have in common?
1) Short and stocky, he had terrible strength in his hands. 2) Absorbed by his words, I (could not) think about this riddle. 3) (Un)bewildered, puzzled by my companion’s antics, I looked at him and remained silent. 4) It’s nice to look at her calm and strong, like a big deep river. 5) Today she was especially young and impressively beautiful in her new blue sweatshirt.
(M. Gorky)
Exercise 4.
Read it. Establish in which cases common definitions are participial phrases, and in which they are adjectives with dependent words. Compose and write sentences with these definitions so that in one case they are isolated, and in the other - not isolated.
Driven by a strong wind. Full of ripe berries. Joyfully amazed at her discovery. Passionate about reading. Similar to giants. Overgrown with weeds. Dotted with millions of stars. Moonlit.
Exercise 5.
Copy by inserting missing letters and punctuation marks. Graphically indicate defined words and common definitions.
1) A blue calm lake in a deep frame of mountains covered with eternal snow, the dark lace of gardens descends in lush folds towards the water. 2) From the door.. of a white house crowded with.. hillsides, an ancient old man comes out (to) meet the sun. 3) In the sacred silence..the sun does not rise and from the..mine of the island a bluish fog, saturated with the sweet..smell..of golden flowers, rises into the sky. 4) The sky, torn apart by lightning, trembled, stung and the steppe was then all flaring up with blue fire, then plunging into the cold, heavy and cramped darkness that terribly narrowed it. 5) The waves of the sea are chained (n, nn) in the gr..nit, suppressed (n, nn) by the enormous weights..sl..mi..mi along its ridges..b there. 6) On both sides of the fireplace there are ficus trees with meager leaves. 7) A stream of smoke wafted into the night air, full of moisture and freshening, of the sea. 8) The boat swayed on the waves..swimmingly..slipping against its sides. It barely moved through the dark sea, but it played more and more quickly. 9) The silence was interrupted by the sounds of the song that came from the river. 10) The grass, bent by the blows of the wind and rain, lay on the ground.
(M. Gorky)
Exercise 6.
Correct errors in the use of separate definitions.
1) The trees that grow in the alley and decorate the park were very young. 2) The guys rush to the river, having arrived at the dacha. 3) I was very happy with the Eton five, which I received for the first time in my life. 4) The person who entered was dressed in a wolf sheepskin coat, overgrown with a beard. 5) If a person knows the area well, he will never get lost. 6) A ray of sunshine illuminated the falling leaves from the trees. 7) Ivy, which climbs along the wall, decorates the room and pleases the eye.
Exercise 7.
Copy by inserting missing punctuation marks. Underline isolated inconsistent definitions and defined words. Read each sentence, using correct intonation.
1) An argument and chatter is heard, a child screams furiously, the train knocks and rumbles, and a soldier in a new cotton shirt and black tie sits above the sleeping people on his chest. 2) Wonderful butterflies in chintz motley dresses and in Japanese outfits and in black and purple velvet shawls flew into the living room, 3) This room with windows to the west and north occupied almost half of the entire house, 4) The mirror reflection of the sea played in you In the tires of the pine trees, dry and hard resin flowed along the bark, more transparent than glass.
(I. Bunin)
Exercise 8.
First write down sentences with isolated non-common applications, and then sentences with isolated common applications. Explain the conditions of separation.
1) One of the coachmen, a very tall man, got out of the sleigh and silently untied his troika. (L.N. Tolstoy) 3) And there, on a pillow of bright sand under the shadow of thick reeds, sleeps the knight, the prey of a jealous wave. (M. Lermontov) 3) The mighty lion, the threat of the forests, has lost its strength. (I. Krylov) 4) My owner, the doctor, was an always busy, silent man. (Yu. Kazakov) 5) It’s good that he, Terkin, ended up in our company. (A. Tvardovsky)
Exercise 9.
Transform sentences so that predicates become common applications. Indicate the grammatical basis of the sentences and. specify applications.
Sample.
Moscow- capital of Russia . Moscow, the capital of Russia, celebrates City Day.
1) Circumstance - minor member, sentences. 2) The forest is our wealth. 3) Greed is one of the human vices. 4) The face is the mirror of the soul. 5) The river is a source of energy. 6) Reading is the best learning. 7) My sister is a lawyer. 8) Russian language is one of the richest languages in the world. 9) Fiction is the art of words. 10) Children are the future of the country.
Exercise 10.
Make sentences with these words using them as:
a) a separate application;
b) non-separate application;
c) the nominal part of the predicate;
d) subject;
d) appeal.
Write down the sentences, explain their semantic, intonation and punctuation differences.
1) A wonderful Russian artist. 2) Favorite children's writer. 3) A reliable friend. 4) An interesting conversationalist, 5) President of a joint venture.
Exercise 11.
Who is better? Copy by inserting two common definitions after the words being defined. Explain punctuation marks.
1) Acacia, ____ and ____, cast a transparent shadow on the fountain. The acacia cast a transparent shadow on the fountain, ___ and ___. 2) The lights, ___ and ___, burned brightly in the night sky. The lights burned brightly in the night sky, ___ and ___3) The wind, ___ and ___, moved the young leaves. The wind moved the young leaves, ___ and ___. 4) The grass, ___ and ___, was covered with large drops of dew. The grass was covered with large drops of dew, ___ and ___.
Exercise 12.
Read the sentences out loud, watching the intonation of isolation. Explain what these sentences have in common. Write them down, commenting on the placement of punctuation marks.
1) The owner of the dacha was sitting on the porch, wearing an untucked shirt, smoking. (V. Inber) 2) Anisim, in a black frock coat with a red cord instead of a tie, thought, looking at one point. (A. Chekhov)3) Alena, with cheeks red from the heat, ran into the garden, then into the house, then into the cellar. (A. Chekhov)4) Next to the woman stood a blond and very serious boy, barefoot and without a hat. (K. Paustovsky) 5) Square, broad-chested, with a huge curly head, he appeared in the evening. (M. Gorky)
Exercise 13.
Read, indicate separate applications. Explain the conditions for their isolation.
1) And at night the winds, heralds of the coming cold, walk across the heights of the starry sky, stealthily rummaging through the gardens (Sholokhov). 2) She was preparing for a test in general therapy - the subject she loved most (Bondarev). 3) We, teachers, were afraid of Belikov (Chekhov). 4) The remaining brothers, Martyn and Prokhor, are similar to Alexei (Sholokhov) to the smallest detail. 5) Of course, as a kind person, he loved people more than he did not love (L. Tolstoy). 6) The owner of the workshop was a German, named Förster (N. Ostrovsky). 7) It seemed to him that he was in love with Shumikhina’s cousin and guest, Anna Fedorovna (Chekhov).
Exercise 14.
Rewrite using missing punctuation marks. Provide applications and defined words.
1) People, men and women, carried out the remains of property through the main doors (Fadeev). 2) My flow is not straight like six centuries ago (Starshinov). 3) It was beautiful in the open steppe this dawn (Fadeev). 4) One of the myths of Ancient Greece tells about Laocoon, a Trojan priest who violated the will of the gods. 5) The reading public has managed to get used to Chekhov as a humorist (Fedin). 6) It was Alexander Timofeevich or simply Sasha, a guest who arrived from Moscow ten days ago (Chekhov). 7) Sometimes Ilyusha, like a playful boy, just wants to rush in and redo everything himself (Goncharov). 8) Ermolai had a pointer dog named Valetka (Turgenev). 9) As a true artist, Pushkin did not need to choose poetic objects for his works, but for him all objects were equally filled with poetry (Belinsky).
Test on the topic “Separate definitions and applications”
1. Isolated members of a sentence are called:
1) members of the sentence related to the same member of the sentence, answering the same question, performing the same syntactic function;
2) members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning and intonation;
3) all members of the sentence, except the subject and predicate.
2. The definition expressed by the participial phrase is isolated when it is found:
1) before the word being defined;
2) after the word being defined;
3) anywhere in the sentence.
3. Definitions and applications related to the personal pronoun are separated if they are found:
1) before a pronoun;
2) anywhere in a sentence;
3) after the pronoun.
4. Definitions and applications preceding the word being defined are separated if:
1) they are common;
2) they have additional circumstantial meaning;
3) they are consistent.
5. Applications with HOW are separated if:
1) how can you replace “as”;
2) how can I replace it?
3) always.
6. Indicate a sentence with a separate definition:
1) Birds are either sleeping or dozing.
2) The road winds between two tracks overgrown with green grass.
7. Explain the placement of commas in the sentence: There was a field all around, lifeless, dull.
1) the definition comes after the word being defined;
2) the definition is always isolated.
8. Explain the placement of a comma in a sentence: Captivated by the excitement of the hunt, I ran through the dense bush.
1) the definition refers to a personal pronoun;
2) the definition comes before the word being defined.
9. Explain the placement of a comma in a sentence: Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern.
1) the definition comes before the word being defined;
2) the definition has an additional circumstantial meaning.
10. Specify an offer with a separate application:
1) Zhelna, this black bird with a fiery head, squeaked pitifully somewhere.
2) Soft and silvery, it merged with the blue southern sky.
11. Indicate a sentence that requires a comma before HOW:
1) He now works (1) as a technician.
2) Of course (1) as a kind person, he loved people more than he did not love.
12. Indicate the sentence where the highlighted words are separated by commas:
1) Full of thought, I once walked along the high road.
2) Stems of dried grass ringing in the wind cover the wild steppe.
13. Indicate where commas should be placed:
The steppe (1) that is (2) a treeless and endless plain (3) surrounded us on all sides.
1) 1, 3. 2) 2, 3. 3) 1, 2.
14. Indicate the way to express the definition in a sentence:
Fountains like sugar loaves splashed on the water. (V. Trenev)
with dependent words
15. Indicate the way to express the definition in a sentence:
The farewell sounds of a waltz could be heard from the loudspeaker installed above the captain's bridge. (I. Grebenyuk)
1) Separate non-widespread definition
2) A separate definition expressed by an adjective
4) A separate definition expressed by a participial phrase
16. Indicate the type of definition in the sentence:
The forester’s grandson Vanya Malyavin, a boy of about fifteen, loved to listen to our conversations. (K. Paustovsky)
1) Separate common definition
2) Standalone distributed application
3) A separate definition expressed by an adjective
4) Non-separated non-distributed application
17. Indicate the way to express the definition in a sentence:
The grass, juicy, fresh, was full of large golden-yellow flowers. (Z. Sorokin)
1) Separate definition
2) Separate definitions expressed by participles
3) Isolated non-common definitions expressed by adjectives
4) Dedicated applications
18. Indicate the type of definition in the sentence:
A lodger from the second floor, engineer Gusev, an avid hunter and fisherman, approached the guys. (E. Kokovin)
1) Non-separated applications
2) Separate definition
3) Isolated definitions expressed by adjectives
4) Dedicated applications
19. Indicate the type of definition in the sentence:
Amazed, Uvarov could not tear his surprised gaze away from Akim. (M. Alekseev)
2) Separate undistributed application
3) Separate non-widespread definition
4) Separate common definition
20. Indicate the way to express the definition in a sentence:
The young willow tree, with green overhanging branches, trembled from the blows of the swell. (V. Korolenko)
1) A separate definition expressed by a participial phrase
2) A separate agreed definition expressed by an adjective with dependent words
3) A separate definition expressed by an adjective
4) Separate inconsistent definition
21. Indicate the type of definition in the sentence:
Vityuten, a common visitor to our central forests, is twice the size of an ordinary pigeon. (E. Dubrovsky)
1) Standalone distributed application
2) Separate inconsistent definition
3) A separate definition expressed by an adjective
4) A separate agreed definition expressed by an adjective with dependent words
22. Indicate the way to express definitions in a sentence:
They dug a trench on the densely forested slopes of the hills stretching along the valley of the Svetlaya River. (L. Knyazev)
1) Non-standalone application
2) Non-separate definition
3) Separate definitions expressed by participial phrases
4) Separate and non-separate definitions, expressed by participial phrases
The concept of an isolated member of a sentence
A sentence may contain separate members: definitions, circumstances or additions.
An isolated member is a member of a sentence, the meaning of which is especially emphasized by the speaker with the help of intonation and emphatic pauses. In writing, an isolated member of a sentence on both sides is separated by commas. For example:
1. Vanya turned his face to him, pale in the light of the moon (Fad.). - the common agreed-upon definition of pale in the light of the moon (with the addition of a face) is isolated.
2. The fire burned all day without going out (Shishk.). - the circumstance of the manner of action without dying out is isolated (with the predicate burned).
Separating agreed definitions
Agreed definitions are isolated if: 1) a common agreed definition, expressed
participle or adjective with related words,
comes after the term being defined. For example:
1. The birches surrounding the site immediately moved forward (Kupr.). - the common definition of “surrounding the site” is expressed by a participle with a word related to it and comes after the defined member of the birch (what kind of birches? surrounding the site). 2. Suddenly a quiet groan, similar to a call, reached Uli (Fad.). - a common definition similar to a call is expressed by an adjective with a word related to it and comes after the defined member - a groan (what kind of moan? similar to a call);
2) two or more homogeneous agreed definitions appear after the member being defined. For example: From him came a feeling of strength, calm, beautiful (Fad.). - two homogeneous agreed upon definitions of calm, beautiful stand after the term being defined (what strength? calm, beautiful);
3) the agreed definition refers to the personal pronoun. For example: Invisible, he stood in the darkness of the room by the window (Fad.). - the agreed definition invisible refers to the personal pronoun he (what is he? invisible);
4) an agreed definition standing before the member being defined can be isolated if this definition has a connotation of circumstantial meaning (causal, concessive, etc.). For example: Satisfied with the festive dinner, the neighbor sniffles in front of the neighbor's house (P.). - agreed upon definition, satisfied with the festive dinner, although the neighbor stands in front of the member being defined, separately, since it has a connotation of adverbial (causal) meaning (sniffles why? happy with the festive dinner).
Exercise 536. Write down the sentences. Indicate separate and non-separate common agreed upon definitions and the members they define. Explain punctuation. Read each sentence expressively, paying attention to the presence or absence of intonation of isolation.
Exercise 542. Copy it using the missing punctuation marks. Explain all cases of separation of agreed definitions.
Segregation of applications
Applications, as a type of agreed definitions, are distinguished according to the following rules:
1) a common application is always isolated if it comes after the defined member. For example: 1) There is a duck near the shore, a cautious bird, it does not hold on (T.). 2) Alexey, a lazy, rude guy, helped him trade (M. G.);
2) a common application placed before the defined member is isolated only if it gives the subject a figurative-expressive assessment. For example: Apostate of stormy pleasures, Onegin locked himself at home... (P.);
3) an uncommon application - a common noun - is isolated in the position after the defined member. For example: Father - a priest - abandoned me! (M.G.);
4) an uncommon application - a proper name - in the position after the defined member is isolated only if it expresses a clarification. For example: The third brother, Ivan, studied at a teachers' institute (M. G.);
5) the application is always isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun. For example: 1) Tell me, father, honestly. 2) Coming from the Oryol province, they once served as farm laborers for rich peasants (Fad.).
Separate attachments are usually separated on the letter by commas on both sides. Applications with evaluative and explanatory meaning can also be highlighted with a dash. For example: How could these bush thickets be compared with the forests of Belarus or Bryansk - the birthplace of partisan glory! (Fad.).
Exercise 545. Read, emphasizing the applications. Explain each case of application segregation. Write it down using punctuation marks.
1. A junior reserve artillery officer, he considered himself a student of Philip Petrovich. 2. Olya and Nina’s fathers and siblings, miners, were now at the front. 3. These sounds again reminded him of happy evenings. 4. Polina Georgievna Sokolova, an activist working among women, remained indestructibly at her post. 5. Valko recognized Shevtsov’s wife Efrosinya Mironovna. 6. A brave, independent woman, she had a good understanding of people. 7. The little girl has already walked all over Poland and all over Ukraine, a grain of sand in an innumerable stream of people. 8. We are Bolsheviks. No enemy can defeat us Bolsheviks. 9. Viktor Bystrinov, a young engineer, colleague of Nikolai Nikolaevich and his friend, greeted them with extraordinary news. (According to A. Fadeev. “Young Guard.”)
Exercise 546. Write it down using punctuation marks for applications. Explain all cases of application segregation.
1. John Stuart Mill, the Englishman, also said something about this. 2. Someone introduced me to Andrei Derenkov, the owner of a small grocery store. 3. The real owners of Derenkov’s apartment were students, a noisy gathering of people who lived in constant anxiety about the future of Russia. 4. Her son, a musician, shot himself in Moscow. 5. I am a sociable person, I could tell stories vividly. 6. The Jewish mother and two sons lived on a meager pension. 7. The artel leader, a poisonous old man, shouted in a high woman’s voice... 8. One of the professors of the academy, Gusev, is a fierce enemy of Leo Tolstoy. (According to M. Gorky. “My Universities.”)
Separating inconsistent definitions
Cases of isolating inconsistent definitions are not common. The main ones are the following:
1) the inconsistent definition relating to a proper name is isolated. For example: Shabashkin, with a cap on his head, stood with his arms akimbo and proudly looked around him (P.);
2) an inconsistent definition with a shade of circumstantial meaning is isolated. For example: And the mother, with her character, will undoubtedly take up arms (Fad.);
3) the inconsistent definition, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, is isolated. For example: Another room, almost twice as large, was called the hall... (Ch.);
4) the inconsistent definition for the personal pronoun is isolated. For example: All of him, with wide dry shoulders and arms, was full of hidden fire (Fad.);
5) an inconsistent definition included in a homogeneous series with separate agreed definitions is isolated. For example: The barracks, tall, with a pitched roof, loomed black in front of them (Fad.).
Exercise 548. Highlight isolated inconsistent definitions and read the sentences with the correct intonation. Write down the examples, using the necessary punctuation marks, and explain all cases of isolating inconsistent definitions.
1. Oleg, with widened childish eyes, still sat at the open door. 2. And the very first truck on the flight through Krasnodon picked up a daring blond girl. 3. Lyubka in a cheap blouse and short skirt stood up from the bed to meet him. 4. Maybe you still have, Efrosinya Mironovna, some simpler men's clothing... 5. Her whole face with dusty eyebrows and eyelashes has somehow shifted asymmetrically. 6. With her blond hair and kind, kind, cheerful eyes, she was always so white, clean, soft, round... 7. Father, wearing a long jacket over a washed-out shirt, stood in the middle of the room. (According to A. Fadeev. “Young Guard.”)
Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases
Circumstances of the manner of action, time, reason, etc. can be expressed by participle phrases (gerunds with related words) and single participles. Such circumstances are distinguished according to the following rules:
1) a circumstance expressed by a participial phrase or a single participle is usually isolated and highlighted in writing with commas, regardless of its location. For example? 1) The girls left, hugging each other, into the depths of the garden. 2) Without loving, it is impossible to understand life. 3) The wind rushed, driving dry leaves (M.G.).
If the participial phrase stands between homogeneous predicates after a coordinating conjunction, then the first comma highlighting it is placed after this conjunction. For example: A gray-haired old woman stands in the middle of the street and, shaking her fist, screams piercingly (M. G.);
2) several homogeneous circumstances, expressed by participle phrases or single participles, are also always isolated. For example: The men screamed, climbing on top of each other, swearing, growling... (M. G.);
3) a participle phrase or a single participle can be close in meaning to an adverb or turn into an adverb. In this case, the circumstance is not isolated. For example: 1. They stood doing nothing... (M. G.) 2. Andrei Efimych reluctantly went to Warsaw. 3. The policeman slowly walked past the windows. 4. At home, Gromov always read lying down (Ch.).
Exercise 549. Indicate the circumstances expressed by participial phrases and determine their meanings. Write it down, highlighting these circumstances with commas.
1. People were silent, thoughtfully lowering their heads. 2. I sat down on the floor with my fists tucked under me and ordered to put the money in the cash register. 3. On the bow of the boardwalk, Pankov’s farmhand, Kukushkin, stands with his legs spread out with a hook in his hands. 4. The Little Russian sat on the porch, smoking a pipe at the door of the shop, silently listening to the conversation of the men. 5. A red stream of fire flowed past the window, looking into it. 6. She hummed something almost continuously without opening her mouth and fanned her pinkish, melting face with a handkerchief. (According to M. Gorky. “My Universities.”)
Isolation of circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases
Usually, common circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases with prepositions despite..., in spite of, thanks to, in view of, as a result of, for lack of, in the case of, etc. are isolated. For example:
1. Despite my dislike for Arkady Pavlovich, I once had to spend the night with him (T.) - the circumstance of the concession is isolated with the pretext despite....
2. Thanks to a lot of new impressions, the day passed unnoticed for Kashtanka (Ch.). - the circumstance Reason is isolated with the preposition thanks.
3. In the event of an attack, lock the gate and withdraw the soldiers (P.) - the circumstance of the condition is isolated with the pretext in case.
Exercise 556. Write down, highlighting individual circumstances expressed by case forms of nouns with commas. Indicate the meanings of the circumstances and the prepositions introducing them.
1. Despite the difference in character, the brothers loved each other deeply (Ostr.). 2. On the occasion of the arrival of his sons, Bulba ordered to convene all the centurions (G.). 3. Fortunately, due to the unsuccessful hunt, our horses were not exhausted (L.). 4. Despite the holiday, the garden was deserted (Fad.). 5. In the absence of other game for now, I listened to my hunter and went to Lgov (T.). 6. Contrary to the predictions of my companion, the weather cleared (L.). 7. Despite the pallor of her face, Valeria was in bloom with health (T.). 9. When choosing a place to live, our great-grandfathers certainly set aside two tithes of good land for an orchard (T.). 9. So be it for the sake of the dear guest, I will forgive the fool (T.).
Exercise 557. Make up sentences including the following special circumstances.
Due to the unprecedented drought, due to heavy rains, due to a serious backlog, thanks to the good climate; despite the lack of experience, contrary to the advice of friends and family; subject to compliance with technical safety rules, in the event of the first signs of an epidemic; for the sake of saving the lives of tens of thousands of people, in order to achieve the highest labor productivity.
Separating add-ons
Additions with derived prepositions except, besides, instead of, apart from, over, etc., indicating the inclusion or exclusion of an object from a given series or its replacement, are usually isolated. For example: I. In addition to Valya and Styopa Safonov, there was a boy unfamiliar to Oleg in the kindergarten (inclusion). 2. Instead of printing ink, Zhora’s father prepared an original mixture (substitution). - (Fad.)
Exercise 558. Write it down, highlighting individual additions with commas. Indicate their meanings.
1. In addition to the military train, two more trains were awaiting departure at the station (Ostr.). 2. Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me in a deaf and distant side (P.). 3. Besides Alexey and me, there were girls from a neighboring construction team at the evening. 4. I looked in all directions, expecting to see formidable bastions, towers and ramparts, but I saw nothing except a village surrounded by a log fence (P.). 5. Accompanied by my chilled dog, I went up to the porch, into the hallway, opened the door, but instead of the usual utensils of the hut I saw several tables littered with papers... (T.). 6. With the exception of a few and minor shortcomings, Polutykin was an excellent person (T.). 7. It seems that no one except Andrei knew his name (M. G.). 8. When the division leaders gathered in Krasny Yar, it was necessary to take into account, in addition to the equipment and number of fighters, their quality (Furm.). 9. In addition to Sadovaya Street, Seryozhka saw other streets (Fad.).
Isolation of clarifying and explanatory members of the sentence
Members of a sentence that clarify or explain the meaning of the previous member of the same name are usually separated and separated in writing by commas. For example:
1. In the first war winter, after the death of his father, Volodya Osmukhin worked as a mechanic in a mechanical shop (Fad.) - the circumstance of the time in the first war winter is clarified by the circumstance of the time after the death of his father.
2. In the living room, on the middle sofa, an old lady was sitting... (T.) - the circumstance of the place in the living room is clarified by the circumstance of the place on the middle sofa.
3. The inn, or, in local language, the inn, was located aside (P.) - appendix or ability - an explanatory member in relation to the subject inn,
4. After fierce battles, a lot of weapons were lying around throughout the district, even in the steppe (Fad.) - explanatory member - circumstance of the place even in the steppe, explanatory - circumstance throughout the entire district.
Explanatory members are usually attached to those explained with the help of conjunctions, that is, or, as well as words especially, even, by name, by nickname, etc.
Note.One should not confuse a dividing conjunction with either an explanatory conjunction or a conjunction that is equal in meaning to the conjunction that is (cf.: victory or death - inn, or house).
Exercise 559. Write it down, highlighting the clarifying and explanatory parts of the sentence with commas. Indicate which members are clarifying and which are explanatory.
I. 1. Never in all sixteen and a half years of his life has anyone’s hand, either out of passion or for the sake of punishment, touched Oleg. 2. A small queue of several dozen people stood at the entrance to the building. 3. Vanya’s father looked at the guys with painfully white eyes. 4. Lyutikov, out of necessity, especially not out of cowardice, returned to work in the workshops. 5. And suddenly a bright flash somewhere up there on the other side of the crossing near the park lit up the sky for a moment. 6. From there, screaming and running could be heard from the street. (A. Fadeev “Young Guard.”)
II.1. As soon as the snow melts and the rags, that is, last year’s grass, begin to dry out, “burns” or steppe fires begin (Aks). 2. The master's house stood on the south, that is, on a hill open to all the winds (G.). 3. Ermolai had a pointer dog named Valetka (T.). 4. More than once I have heard rumors about Yashka the Turk as the best singer in the area (T.). 5. Sometimes on stuffy nights these people crossed the Kazanka River (M.G.).
Exercise 560. Using combinations, make sentences with clarifying and explanatory members. Write down the sentences with the correct punctuation.
Lapwings, or lapwings; jerboa, or ground hare; all kinds of fish, especially crucian carp; a horse named Burun; sometimes, extremely rarely; in the evenings, already at dusk; on the right, about twenty paces; in a spacious room, near an open window.
Repetitive exercises
Exercise 561. Copy it using missing punctuation marks. You divide separate members. Indicate which members are segregated and by what rules they are segregated.
1. On the far edge of the wasteland, diagonally from their house, two white stone buildings stood separately (Fad.). 2. Due to the lack of a room for those traveling at the station, we were given overnight accommodation in a smoky hut (L.). 3. Savelich, in agreement with the coachman’s opinion, advised to turn back (P.). 4. Ivan Ivanovich, a tall, thin old man with a long mustache, sat outside at the entrance and smoked a pipe (Ch.). 5. The ferret sat down on the bench and calmly smoothing his curly beard began to talk with me (T.). 6. Andrei Razmetnov, who loved all kinds of celebrations and who led the awards ceremony this time, calmed the noise and calmed the excited meeting (Shol.). 7. A thin, dark man with bulging crab-like eyes, Sasha Yakovov, spoke hurriedly and quietly (“L1. G.”). 8. There was no way to return home, especially at night (T.). 9. Philip Petrovich had no right to send to these apartments of none of the contacts of the district committee, especially Polina Georgievna (Fad.). 10. Hadji Murat, perplexed, shook his head, undressed and began to pray. Having finished it, he ordered to bring himself a silver dagger and, having dressed and girded himself, sat down with his legs on the ottoman, waiting for what would happen (L.T.).
Exercise 562.Write a short story on one of the following topics: “Crossing”, “Incident”, “Rescued”, “Man overboard”. In the story, use various cases of isolation.