The emergence of man as a biological species is the result of a long evolutionary process and is associated with the historical development of the animal world. Man combines the fundamental features of structure and life activity that characterize animals. But unlike them, he has significant features, including highly developed thinking, consciousness, creative activity, and articulate speech, which arose as a result of human labor activity and his social relationships. The anatomical and physiological characteristics of modern man distinguish him as a special biological species - Homo sapiens.
In addition to the characteristics common to animals, man has structural features unique to him:
- upright walking;
- spine with four curves;
- arched foot with a strongly developed first toe;
- very mobile skeleton of the arm, and especially the hand;
- a very mobile shoulder joint, allowing rotational movements with a range of almost 1800;
- position of the pelvis at an angle of 600 to the horizontal plane;
- highly developed muscles of the lower extremities;
- large volume of the brain skull compared to the facial part of the skull;
- powerfully developed cerebral hemispheres with a large cortex area (about 2400 cm2);
- binocular vision;
- limited fertility;
44. The relationship between biological and social factors in the development of man at various stages of anthropogenesis. The importance of human biological inheritance for social development and determining human health.
Typically, the following stages of human evolution are distinguished:
1. The most ancient stages of hominization - the origin of the genus Homo.
2. The evolution of the genus Homo before the emergence of modern humans.
3. The evolution of modern man.
The first stage of anthropogenesis is purely biological evolution. At the second stage, the action of the social factor is connected to the elementary factors of biological evolution, which is dominant at the third stage.
Stage of anthropogenesis
1. Homo habilis - Homo habilis highly developed Australopithecus or the first representative of the genus Homo.
The first creature that consciously made tools for labor and hunting: the first roughly processed stone pebbles were repeatedly found along with the remains of this creature. It was Homo Habilis who crossed the invisible border separating the genus Homo from all other biological creatures - he took the first step towards subjugating the surrounding nature. The tools that Homo Habilis made were almost all quartz, and quartz was not found in the sites of these people. They brought it from a distance of 3 to 15 km. This proved that Homo habilis really was a man. He selected stone for his tools in advance. None of the animals not only does not select raw materials for their tools, but also does not even think of splitting a stone in order to make it sharp, to turn it into a tool. However, unlike later species of Homo, they were careless with the tools they made and simply threw them away after use. Scientists conducted a series of studies and came to the conclusion that the hand of Homo habilis was capable of work. She had a power grip of greater power. No monkey has such abilities. Moreover, the most ancient of the representatives of the new genus, Australopithecus anamensis, descended directly from Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4-4.1 million years ago, and 3.6 million years ago gave rise to Australopithecus afarensis, to which the famous Lucy belongs.
2. Archanthropes (ancient people): Homo erectus - Homo erectus(pithecanthropus, synanthropus), Homo erectus differed from his predecessors in height, straight posture, and human gait. The average height of synanthropes was about 150 cm in women and 160 cm in men. The arm was more developed, and the foot acquired a slight arch. The bones of the legs changed, the hip joint moved to the center of the pelvis, the spine received some bending, which balanced the vertical position of the body. Based on these progressive changes in physique and growth, the oldest man received his name - Homo erectus.
3. Heidelberg man (lat. Homo heidelbergensis)- a fossil species of humans, a European variety of Homo erectus and the immediate predecessor of Neanderthals. Representative of the archanthropes. Bottom detected jaw (massive, without a chin protrusion, generally similar to that of a monkey) with a full set of teeth, which are close in size, shape and structure to human ones. Usually G. h. are combined with Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus and other ancient people into one species - Homo erectus.
Speech (primitive, consisting of individual shouts). The presence of speech centers, which first emerged in N. habilis, also suggests the development of a second signaling system. in these adaptations, along with the factors of biological evolution, social factors also played a significant role: the joint production of shelters, tools and the use of fire.
4. Paleoanthropes (ancient people) Neanderthal Man – Homo neanderthalensis
Considered as a subspecies of Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis)
Speech (advanced forms such as babbling). Complex forms of collective activity (driven hunting), caring for others. Making fire. They were characterized by a dense muscular build with a small stature (160-163 cm in men), a massive skeleton, a voluminous chest, and an extremely high ratio of body mass to its surface, which reduced the relative heat transfer surface. These characteristics could be the result of selection acting in the direction of energetically more favorable heat exchange and an increase in physical strength. Neanderthals had a large, although still primitive brain (1400-1600 cm3 and above), a long massive skull with a developed supraorbital ridge, a sloping forehead and an elongated “chignon-shaped” nape; a very peculiar “Neanderthal face” - with sloping cheekbones, a strongly protruding nose and a cut off chin.
5. Neoanthropes (new people) Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon)
Real speech, thinking, art. Development of agriculture, crafts, religion. Fossil humans had somewhat more massive skeletons than modern humans. Ancient people created a rich culture (a variety of tools made of stone, bone and horn, dwellings, sewn clothing, polychrome painting on cave walls, sculpture, engraving on bone and horn). The unusually rapid process of settlement of modern humans, which may be evidence of the “explosive”, spasmodic nature of anthropogenesis during this period, both in the biological and social sense. With the emergence of man of the modern physical type, the role of biological factors in his evolution was reduced to a minimum, giving way to social evolution.
Homo sapiens is a unique life form that combines biological and social entities. The life activity of the human body is based on fundamental biological mechanisms, patterns of metabolism and energy, determined by the morphofunctional characteristics of the organism, which ensure adaptation to the environment.
At the same time, the biological essence manifests itself under the conditions of the action of the laws of a higher, social form of movement of matter. In the process of anthropogenesis, it was formed social essence human as a system of material and spiritual factors, interhuman and psycho-emotional relationships that arise in joint work activities. The social factor has a significant impact on a person’s life and health.
The process of individual human development is based on two types of information:
First view represents biologically appropriate information that was selected and preserved during the evolution of ancestral forms and recorded in the form of genetic information in DNA (a mechanism for encoding, storing, implementing and transmitting information from generation to generation, universal for all living organisms). Thanks to this, a unique set of structural and functional characteristics develops in the individual development of a person, distinguishing him from other living organisms.
Second type information is represented by the sum of knowledge and skills that are acquired, preserved and used by generations of people during the development of human society. The assimilation of this information by an individual occurs in the process of his upbringing, training and life in society. This human feature is determined by the concept of social heredity, inherent exclusively in human society.
Distinguish individual health(person) and collective health(family, professional group, social class, population). Human health has long become not only a personal problem, but also a criterion for life in various countries of the world.
The main indicators of the convenience and prosperity of human life are:
♦ the state of the healthcare system;
♦ sanitary conditions and environment;
♦ percentage of malnourished young children;
♦ attitude towards women in society;
♦ level of literacy of the population;
♦ organization of obstetric care.
Population health is also determined by social factors:
♦ protection of the population (political, legal, juridical);
♦ realization of the rights to work, education, healthcare, recreation, information, etc.;
♦ nature of nutrition (its sufficiency and completeness);
♦ real wages and working conditions;
♦ living conditions, etc.
The place of man in the system of the organic world
Man is a social being, the distinctive feature of which is consciousness, formed on the basis of social and labor activity.
Man appeared on Earth as a result of a long process of development (anthropogenesis).
All living representatives of humanity belong to the same species - Homo sapiens , which belongs to phylum chordata,vertebrate subphylum, class of mammals, order of primates And hominid family .
The distinctive features of a person are:
- a very large (absolutely and relatively) brain with developed areas responsible for articulate speech and thinking;
- change in the proportions of the limbs - lengthening of the legs compared to the arms;
- S-shaped spinal column with pronounced cervical and lumbar curves;
- expanded pelvic shape;
- chest flattened in the anteroposterior direction;
- arched foot with a massive and adducted big toe and relative reduction (underdevelopment) of the rest;
- complete opposition of the thumb to the rest;
- reduction (underdevelopment) of hair;
- strong development of papillary patterns on the skin of the fingertips;
- increasing period of childhood.
Chordata- This is a type of deuterostome animal.
The following characteristics are characteristic of chordates:
- the axial skeleton in the form of a notochord lying above the gut, which in higher chordates (vertebrates) is replaced by a spine;
- the dorsal neural tube, which lies above the notochord (tubular central nervous system), from which the brain and spinal cord develop;
- paired metameric (segmental) gill slits in the wall of the pharynx, present throughout life (in proto-aquatic chordates) or at a certain stage of development (in terrestrial chordates).
Mammals, or animals, are a class of animals belonging to the subphylum of vertebrates of the chordate type. Man, being a representative of mammals, has all the main features characteristic of this class:
- mammary gland;
- hairline;
- skin glands(greasy and sweaty);
- four-chambered heart with left aortic arch;
- seven cervical vertebrae with modified first (atlas) and second (epistrophic) vertebrae;
- heterodont(different in structure) teeth, among which are incisors, canines and molars;
- three auditory ossicles in the middle ear cavity And developed outer ear;
- lips, in the thickness of which muscles are located;
- saliva containing enzymes;
- aperture, separating the chest and abdominal cavities;
- lungs, built from the alveoli;
- red blood cells without nuclei;
- larynx with vocal cords;
- eyelids with eyelashes.
Primates is an order of higher placental mammals. Humans have a number of common characteristics in common with most primates:
The five-fingered limb is the principle of the structure of the limbs of terrestrial vertebrates, including the general plan of the structure of the limbs of mammals and humans. During the process of evolution, individual details of the structure of the limbs may change, but the general principle remains unchanged.
- flat nails on the fingers and toes;
- presence of papillary patterns on the palms and soles;
- poor development of the olfactory organs, good development of the hearing and vision organs;
- DNA similarity(humans and chimpanzees have about 90% similar genes);
- structure of facial muscles.
- low fertility, compensated by developed care for offspring;
Apes (hominoids, anthropoids)- This superfamily of monkeys , which includes the families gibbons (gibbons), pongids (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees) and hominids (representatives of the genus Homo and the only living species Homo sapiens).
Apes have a number of common characteristics that make it possible to classify humans as members of this superfamily. These are the following signs:
- large body size;
- lack of a long tail;
- similar shape of the auricle;
- large brain with developed grooves and convolutions;
- similar structure of the teeth, especially the chewing surface (“Dryopithecus pattern”);
- structure of internal organs;
- the presence of an appendix;
- similar blood types;
- similarities in the course of diseases, especially infectious ones.
Representatives of the pongid family, especially chimpanzees, show the greatest similarity with humans (the percentage of similar genes in humans and chimpanzees reaches 91).
Rudiments(lat. rudimentum- germ, first principle), or vestigial organs, are relatively simplified and underdeveloped structures that have lost their basic significance in the process of historical development (phylogeny).
In humans, rudiments include:
- caudal vertebrae;
- appendix as a digestive organ;
- muscles of the auricle;
- hairline of the body; The appendix is a rudiment only as a part of the intestine that has lost its digestive function, although it plays an important role in the body - it is part of the immune system
- third eyelid.
Rudiments are laid down during embryonic development, but do not fully develop. Unlike atavisms, rudiments are found in all individuals of the species.
Atavisms(lat. atavus- ancestor) - characteristics that appear in individual organisms of a given species, which existed in distant ancestors, but disappeared in the process of evolution.
In humans, atavisms include:
- presence of a tail;
- excessive hair growth on the body and face (hypertrichosis);
- multi-nipple;
- highly developed fangs.
Question 1. Describe the systematic position of man in the animal world.
Man belongs to the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrates, class Mammals, subclass Placentals, order Primates, suborder Anthropoid (anthropoids - Great Apes) primates, superfamily Greater apes, family Hominids (Humans), the only genus Homo with the only species Homo sapiens (Homo Sapiens).
In addition to the anthropoid suborder, primates also include lemurs and tarsiers.
Question 2. Indicate the characteristics of humans as a representative of the class of mammals.
Humans can be classified as Mammals based on the following characteristics:
seven cervical vertebrae;
hair, sweat and sebaceous glands of the skin;
well developed lips and muscular cheeks;
diaphragm and alveolar lungs;
the auricle and three auditory ossicles of the middle ear;
one aortic arch (left) and anucleate red blood cells;
warm-blooded;
mammary glands, care of offspring;
similarities in embryo development.
Question 3. What characteristics are common to humans and apes?
Humans and apes (ponids) are similar in their large body size, the absence of a tail and cheek pouches, good development of facial muscles, and a similar structure of the skull and skeleton in general. In addition, what humans and apes have in common are blood types and the Rh factor, similarity of chromosomes (out of 23 chromosomes, 13 are similar to chimpanzees), various diseases, a long gestation period and a long prepubertal (pre-reproductive) period. They are also united by a high level of development of higher nervous activity, the ability to learn quickly, the ability to use tools, good memory, and rich emotions. An example is experiments on teaching apes the language of deaf-mutes, during which gorillas and chimpanzees learned up to 200-300 sign words. The human and chimpanzee genomes are 98.5% identical.
Question 4. List the structural features inherent only to humans.
There are differences between humans and animals.
Man is a social being who produces tools and uses them to influence nature. A person has a highly developed brain, possesses consciousness, thinking, articulate speech and a number of anatomical features that have arisen in connection with labor activity, which is unique to humans. The differences are related to the direction of evolution. Man and apes are two branches of the order of primates, which in relatively recent times separated from the common genealogical trunk.
It is typical for a person to:
1. Adaptation to upright walking. The spine has acquired an S-shaped curvature, the foot has a dome shape. These are the main devices that provide shock absorption and shock absorption when walking and jumping, which is important for protecting the brain. The big toe functions as a support. The pelvis is wider, it takes on the pressure of the organs in an upright position. The chest is flat, compressed laterally, due to the pressure that the internal organs exert on the ribs, due to the horizontal position of the body when walking. The brain part of the skull has increased and dominates the facial part. There are no brow ridges. The jaws and chewing muscles are less developed. In the lower part of the body, the gluteal, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles are especially developed. The consequences of upright walking are associated with limited speed of movement, hypertension, immobile sacrum, dilated veins in the legs, and osteochondrosis.
2. The presence of a flexible hand - an organ of labor adapted to complex movements. The human hand is specialized as a grasping organ; the thumb is well mobile. A person's arms are shorter than his legs.
3. The brain is well developed. In humans, the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes are highly developed, where the main centers of higher nervous activity are located. The surface of the brain is 1250 cm2. The surface area of the cortex in the frontal region is twice that of great apes. The appearance of speech, abstract thinking, and consciousness is characteristic.
4. Hairless skin has become a giant receptor field capable of bringing additional information to the brain. This was a factor in the intensive development of the brain. "Balding" of the skin is the last biological prerequisite for the development of man as a creative social being.
Question 5. Which
The increase in the size and complexity of the structure of the brain provided a person with the opportunity to develop many functions, such as highly organized nervous activity, the ability to learn, the presence of a large amount of memory and complex emotions, speech. They also contributed to the emergence of abstract thinking and the ability to work. The centers associated with the senses provide the finest analysis of visual and auditory information, which allows us to perceive and understand facial expressions and speech. The motor centers of the brain exercise extremely precise and operational control of the muscles of the fingers, vocal cords, etc. In many ways, it was the development of the brain that allowed man to reach the high stage of evolutionary development that he now occupies.
In this lesson you will learn about the relationship between humans and other animal species. Find out the systematic position of the species Homo sapiens in the modern classification of living beings, get acquainted with the features that unite us with other mammals. The structural features of our body will also be considered, which distinguish humans from other animals and make our biological species unique and inimitable among other unique species.
Man, as a living being, is part of the animal world. Our species belongs to the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrates, class Mammals, subclass Placental mammals, order Primates, family Hominids, genus Homo sapiens (Diagram 1).
Scheme 1. The place of man in the system of living organisms
The fact that our species belongs to the kingdom Animalia is convincingly proven by our morphology, cytology and physiology.
Belonging to the phylum Chordata is visible at the stage of intrauterine development. The human embryo has a notochord, a neural tube located above the notochord, and a heart located on the ventral side under the digestive tract.
Human belonging to the Vertebrate subtype is determined by the replacement of the notochord with a spine, a developed skull and jaw apparatus, as well as two pairs of limbs (Fig. 1) and a brain consisting of five sections.
Rice. 1. The skeletons of humans and frogs have similar features that are characteristic of all vertebrates
The presence of hair on the surface of the body, five sections of the spine, a four-chambered heart, a highly developed brain, sweat, sebaceous, mammary glands, as well as warm-bloodedness allows us to classify a person as a mammal.
The development of the fetus inside the mother’s body in the uterus and its nutrition through the placenta belongs to the subclass of Placental mammals.
The presence of forelimbs of the grasping type, in which the first finger is positioned opposite to the other fingers, nails, well-developed clavicles, as well as the change of milk teeth in the process of ontogenesis and bearing, mainly, one baby allows us to classify a person as a member of the Primate order. At the order level, the similarity between humans and other animals ends.
The characteristics that allow us to separate the Human family from other primates are unique to humans. In the family Humans there is only one genus, Homo, in which there is only one modern species, Homo sapiens.
Let's look at the characteristics that distinguish humans from other animals.
First of all, this is higher nervous activity. A person has a developed second signaling system (see 8th grade lesson Higher Nervous Activity), which is responsible for the perception of speech, and also well-developed logical thinking, memory, and abstract thinking. These abilities arise due to the developed cerebral cortex. Humans have the largest ratio of brain mass to body mass of all animals.
The second difference is the skeletal features responsible for true upright posture. Our spine has 4 curves that optimally transfer the weight of our vertical body to our legs (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. The human spine is adapted to true upright posture
And the legs have arched feet that can withstand the load when running and jumping (see video).
A flexible hand, in principle, is characteristic of many primates, but only in humans has it achieved such flexibility that it allows you to easily manipulate both small and heavy objects.
Moreover, the movements can be both powerful and very subtle, allowing, for example, embroidery or writing (see video).
Upright posture, developed hands and a powerful brain allowed man to produce tools - from a pointed stick to a space satellite (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Artifacts of ancient (spears - on the left) and modern (space satellite - on the right) people
Some birds and other primates are able to use found tools, such as stones and sticks. But none of them is able to make a special weapon for themselves.
The second signaling system made it possible to create a very highly organized society. No pack of animals is capable of such subtle and effective interaction as human society (see video).
Thus, from a biological systematics point of view, man is an animal from the order Primates. It has all the tissues and organ systems characteristic of other primates.
The human genotype differs from the genotype of the closest apes, such as bonobo pygmy chimpanzees, by one percent. At the same time, man, unlike animals, has developed abstract thinking and is capable of producing and using tools. He exists in a society in which there is a division of labor and which is governed by speech.
Bibliography
- A.A. Kamensky, E.A. Kriksunov, V.V. Beekeeper. General biology, grades 10-11. - M.: Bustard, 2005. Download the textbook from the link: ( )
- D.K. Belyaev. Biology 10-11 grade. General biology. A basic level of. - 11th edition, stereotypical. - M.: Education, 2012. - 304 p. (
Man is a biological species:
Kingdom Animals
Type Chordata
Subtype Vertebrates (cranial)
Class Mammals
Squad Primates
Family Hominids (People)
Genus Human
View Homo sapiens sapiens
General signs person and chordates animals:
The presence of a notochord in the embryo;
Internal skeleton;
The tubular structure of the central nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord and nerves;
The circulatory system is closed and has a heart.
General signs person and mammals:
Carrying a fetus in a special organ - the uterus;
Live birth and milk feeding;
Presence of mammary glands with nipples;
The circulatory system has two circulation circles and a four-chambered heart;
Constant body temperature;
The body has hair;
There are 7 vertebrae in the cervical region;
Two generations of differentiated teeth;
Presence of ears, etc.
Similarities with ape:
Five-fingered limb with flat nails;
The thumb is opposed to the rest;
Binocular volumetric color vision;
Well-developed facial expressions;
Same blood types;
Unique human characteristics:
More developed brain (1200-2000 cm³, in monkeys 500-550 cm³): speech, logical and abstract thinking;
Vertical skeleton: 4 curves of the spine, arch of the foot;
Movable finger joints capable of complex movements;
Ability to make and use complex tools.
Evidence of the common origin of humans and animals:
Rudiments– organs that have lost their significance: the third eyelid, coccygeal vertebrae, ear muscles, body hair.
Atavisms– characteristic signs of animals that sometimes appear in humans: multiple nipples, a tail, strong hair.
Cellular structure of the human body.
The human body, like any other, consists of cells.
Cells vary according to form ;sizes: egg - the largest cell in our body - 0.2 mm, leukocyte - several micrometers; P life expectancy: intestinal epithelial cells - 1-2 days, erythrocytes - 3-4 months, bone cells - 10-30 years, nerve cells throughout life.
Structure of a human cell:
Cytoplasmic membrane (plasmalemma)– the most important property is semi-permeability.
Separates the contents of the cell from the environment,
Regulates the supply of substances
Receives irritations
Communicates with other cells.
Core– carries hereditary information, regulates the vital processes of the cell.
Structure: nuclear envelope of two membranes, chromosomes (46) - the hereditary material of the cell, which is based on DNA molecules - deoxyribonucleic acid, nucleolus - the place of formation of ribosomes, karyoplasm - the internal environment of the nucleus.
Cytoplasm- the internal contents of a cell without a nucleus. Consists of hyaloplasm (liquid medium), organelles and inclusions.
Organelles are permanent cellular structures that perform specific functions.
Membrane cell organelles: mitochondria, ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes.
Endoplasmic reticulum– a system of membrane tubules and cisterns. Rough The ER carries ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. IN smooth fats and carbohydrates are formed.
Mitochondria- energy stations of the cell.
Function: oxidation of organic substances and storage of energy in ATP molecules.
Golgi complex system of membrane tubules, cisterns, tubes.
Function: synthesis of carbohydrates, accumulation and transportation of substances formed in other organelles.
Lysosomes- small round bodies with one membrane. Contains enzymes.
Functions: destruction of organelles, cell parts and even organs that have lost their significance, intracellular digestion.
Non-membrane cell organelles: ribosomes, cell center (2 centrioles), cytoskeleton, cellular inclusions (granules), flagella, cilia.
Ribosomes- the smallest organelles.
Function: protein synthesis.
Cell center– 2 centrioles with outgoing microtubules.
Function: participate in cell division.
Tissues and organs
Textile- a group of similar cells and intercellular substance that perform a specific function in the body.
Epithelial tissue– cells fit tightly to each other, forming 1 or several layers; the intercellular substance is poorly developed.
Functions: protective - integumentary epithelium (surface layers of skin, mucous membranes of internal organs, vessels, ducts); excretory, regulatory - glandular epithelium (sweat glands, endocrine and exocrine glands).
Connective tissue– has a well-developed intercellular substance (cartilage, bone, fat, blood and lymph). The functions are different: support, mechanical, transport, protective.
Muscle– capable of contracting and shortening.
Smooth muscle tissue - mononuclear spindle-shaped cells capable of automatic but slow contraction. They form the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and gland ducts.
Cross-striped muscle tissue is a multinuclear fiber from 1 mm to 12 cm. Capable of rapid contraction, subject to human consciousness.
Heart muscle– striated with a special structure, 1-2-nuclear cells forming complexes. The work of the heart is not controlled by human consciousness.
Nervous tissue– cells (neurons) are able to perceive irritation and transmit nerve impulses.
Structure cells: body , short shoots – dendrites , long shoot - axon .
Neuroglia– intercellular substance and auxiliary cells that perform protective, nutritional, and support functions.
Synapse– the place of contact of neuron processes through which nerve impulses are transmitted.
Organ- a part of the body of a certain shape and structure that performs a specific function.
Different tissues participate in the formation of an organ, but one is the leading one: the brain - nervous tissue, the heart - muscle tissue, etc.
Organs are united into organ systems . A system is a group of organs that perform a common function.
The following systems are distinguished: skeletal, muscular, urinary, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, endocrine, nervous.
Humoral regulation
Humoral regulation – a form of regulation with the help of biologically active substances – hormones , which are produced endocrine glands (internal secretion). Hormones are very active, act selectively and are quickly destroyed.
All glands of the body are divided into 3 groups:
1. Exocrine glands - have ducts. Substances released secrets, through the ducts they enter the external environment (sweat, sebaceous, milk) or into an organ (tear, salivary, liver).
2. Endocrine glands - have no ducts. Substances released hormones, are released into the blood and lymph. The endocrine glands, or endocrine glands, include: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, thymus gland.
3. Glands of mixed secretion – produce both secretions (have ducts) and hormones (released directly into the blood) - pancreas, gonads.
Related information.