What are isolated members of a sentence? What are they? When are members of a sentence generally isolated, and when not? In this article we will understand what isolated members of a sentence are, what categories they are divided into, as well as what rules of isolation exist.
The concept of isolated members of a sentence
So, let's start, as we should in such cases, with a definition. Isolated members of a sentence are those minor members that are distinguished by intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire “independence” within the entire phrase.
How are individual members of a sentence identified?
Emphasis during oral conversation occurs through intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation is somewhat different. To highlight isolated members of a sentence in the text, commas are used.
Comparison of detached members with non-detached members
It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of isolated members is much greater than that of their opposites. Consequently, stylistic expressiveness also increases. One cannot fail to mention logical selection.
What can be distinguished in the Russian language?
Of all the members of a sentence, only minor ones can be isolated. The main members in the proposal have never been isolated, and this is not expected in the near future.
Why is separation necessary?
It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, the fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated secondary members of a sentence have greater weight and greater independence. Let us immediately note that the separations can be very different. These are additions, circumstances, and definitions. Next we will try to understand each of these categories and give specific examples for each group.
Separating clarifications
First of all, let's figure out what separate clarifying members of a sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such minor members of the sentence serve to specify and clarify. They are inextricably linked by a syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.
When are clarifying members of a sentence isolated?
1. Isolated clarifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark around, even very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world had simply turned off all the lights.” In this case, the phrase “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is separated by commas on both sides.
It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted when written using a dash. Example: “There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal ones and those that clearly did not belong to him.”
2. Circumstances of relevant significance are identified. They can be expressed by nouns with prepositions, as well as adverbs. For example:
- “Only a second passed - and an explosion thundered somewhere nearby, right behind him.”
- “Once upon a time, life flowed here, in a quiet, unfamiliar village.” Third example: “This happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago.”
Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of place. The third is the nature of time. Often the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the passage.
3. Specifications added using the words “or”, “that is”, “namely” are distinguished. For example:
- “Whatever his name was. There were rumors that he was either a wizard, a magician, or a superman.”
- “It was a balanced, individual decision, that is, not imposed on him by anyone.”
- “A lot spoke about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and scraps of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shell casings.”
4. Clarifying members of the sentence are isolated, which are added using words such as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:
- “Everyone remembers that no one was able to defeat the magician, even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
- “The victory was a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this.”
- “Another second - the squad went for a breakthrough, including him.”
- “Many countries welcome Russian tourists with great joy, in particular Turkey is doing this now.”
Separating add-ons
Types of isolated members of a sentence include a group of additions. These are nothing more than case forms applied to nouns. They are used with such combinations as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “besides”. Thus, it can be noted that phrases in such use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.
Separation occurs depending on what semantic load is present, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:
- “He already felt more or less stable, except that his leg still hurt a little.”
- “In addition to the rain promised the day before, the sky lit up with branches of violet lightning, momentarily leaving their bright mark on the retina.”
- “Along with the issues that were waiting to be resolved at work, it was necessary to do something about household matters.”
- “Besides all this, there was one more significant flaw in the product, which decisively deterred the purchase.”
- “And everything was fine, except, of course, for some points.”
Note that if the preposition “instead” is used in the meaning “instead”, then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money he thought was promised by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing more.”
Isolation of circumstances
Isolated members of a sentence are, as we found out earlier, secondary members that are distinguished by intonation and with the help of punctuation marks. When do circumstances become isolated? This is what we will talk about next.
- The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by an adverbial phrase. Example: “The two of them, holding their breath and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further past them.” Explanation: here “hidden and holding your breath” are homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by the adverbial phrase. There is an exception to this rule. An adverbial phrase is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
- The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single type gerund. Example: “He left without turning around, although he understood what he had just done.” Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single gerund. There is also an exception here. A single gerund is not isolated if it merges with an adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was telling me something, I stood thoughtful.”
- Usually two participle phrases connected by the conjunction “and” (as well as two single participles) are isolated as one phrase. Example: “Despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, I continued to persistently trample my path.” Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “without listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbial phrases. Moreover, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, there is no comma between them.
- A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative phrase. Usually in comparative phrases words like “exactly”, “as if”, “as” are used. There are some exceptions to the isolation of comparative turns; they are not isolated in all cases. In general, the isolation of comparisons and comparative phrases refers to the isolation of secondary members of sentences only sometimes, so we will not talk much about this in this article. Example: “My head hurt, as if something massive had been walked on it.”
There is such a concept in Russian syntax - optional. This means “at the discretion of the author.” So, circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:
- If the circumstance is presented in the form of a noun. In this case, there may or may not be a pretext. But most of all there are cases when circumstances are isolated that are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks to”, “despite”, “contrary to”, “in accordance with”, “depending on”, “to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:
“Thanks to the availability of free time, he was able to solve almost all his problems.”
- “Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic.”
“Despite the threats, he has not changed his policy one bit.”
- “In accordance with the plan, all tasks were completed within the specified time frame.”
“Depending on what decision was made, a different fate awaited him.”
- “To avoid a fight, the people nearby separated them into different corners.”
“Due to unforeseen circumstances, something had to be decided quickly, but thoughtfully.” - If there is clarification of place and time. Example: “And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this room forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and flourished.”
How can you find isolated circumstances in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it is really separated by punctuation marks. After this, you can begin to analyze the question of how the isolated circumstance is expressed. The easiest way to start your search is with participial phrases, as well as single gerunds. Comparative phrases are no less visible, which, as you remember, are also separate circumstances along with clarifications of place and time, the manner of action of a person. There is a questionnaire called “Test “Isolated members of a sentence”. It usually gives tasks to search for isolations. There is a task in which you need to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by an adverbial phrase. It is logical that there will be not just one gerund, but a certain set of dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in indirect cases. Next to them there should be adverbs and prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances, expressed by clarifications of place and time.
Signs of isolation
According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of a sentence can be divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammatical. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and emphasizing intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation signs. As mentioned earlier, most often punctuation marks such as commas act as punctuation marks. But it is possible that the separation will be done using a dash. Author's punctuation marks are still a rather complicated thing.
The role of isolation in the Russian language
Isolation often makes it possible to endow a particular fragment of text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a peculiar emphasis is placed on certain facts. During a conversation, we often, when talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to draw attention to these fragments; they play some special role in a given situation. This may introduce some clarifications as well. Thus, to summarize, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.
Test “Isolated members of a sentence”
Before moving on to the final part of the article, where we will summarize its results, I would like to write my own unique test with sentences to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of minor members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this type of task that is used to identify the knowledge of students in secondary educational institutions. Next there will be a task to which you need to answer, then answer options, and after that an explanation for those who answered the task incorrectly and the correct answer.
1. Which numbers correctly indicate ALL commas that should appear in the text? “He approached a lake (1) which shimmered in the sunlight (2) and went somewhere further.”
Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.
Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial phrases. The participial phrase is one example of a separate definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. This means there is no comma between them.
Correct answer: a.
2. In all the following cases, a sentence will be immediately written in which you need to place the commas correctly. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that on the horizon there was already looming (3) a group of clouds gathered into one whole (4) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and heavy rain.”
Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.
Explanation: “except” is an example of a separate object. It is not at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, so it is isolated on both sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered into one whole” is a common definition, which is expressed by a participial phrase. There will be no separation at the pass location (3). But between “clouds” and “predicting” there is a necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “rain” are two equal additions that refer to the same word. Therefore, there is no need for a comma between them.
Correct answer: Mr.
3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminated by the branches of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) peals of thunder (6) were heard, foreshadowing bad weather.”
Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.
Explanation: gaps 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Occasionally illuminated by the ramifications of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase. It will be separated on both sides. “Foretelling bad weather” is a participial phrase at the end of a sentence. It is isolated on one side.
Correct answer: c.
Conclusion
So, what did we find out during this article?
- Firstly, the use of isolated members of a sentence is done with the aim of giving the isolated fragment independence and increased information load.
- Secondly, for isolation, commas and dashes are used in punctuation, and intonation is used in conversation.
- Thirdly, isolated members of a sentence can only be secondary.
Isolated members of a sentence, a table for which will be presented below, may have the purpose of clarifying the time and manner of action, place. They are often also expressed by gerunds, participles and phrases. Cases with comparisons are not excluded at all.
One of the sections of syntax is the isolated members of a sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.
26. Proposals with isolated members. The concept of isolation. Basic conditions for the isolation of minor members of a sentence.
Separation - this is the semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members of a sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with other members. That is, the members of a sentence are isolated, distinguished by meaning and intonation. In the literal sense of this word, only minor members of a sentence can be isolated, since the main ones are the bearers of the main message, and they cannot be excluded from the composition of the sentence without violating its predicative basis.
The additional nature of the message conveyed with the help of isolated members is formalized through semi-predicative relations that arise in the sentence in addition to the predicative ones conveyed by the main members. In a sentence My father, a tractor driver, is working in the field today in meaning and therefore the word is highlighted intonationally tractor driver, which carries an additional communicative meaning. The main message is conveyed by the predicative stem My father is working in the field today, but this basic message is complicated by another: My father is a tractor driver. When both messages are combined into one within a simple sentence, it is natural that one of them becomes the main, leading one (predicative relations are born), and the second becomes additional, complicating the main one (semi-predicative relations are born).
Any members of a sentence can be isolated.
Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent, common and non-common: This person,skinny, with a stick in his hand , was unpleasant to me.
The most common are isolated definitions expressed by participial phrases, adjectives with dependent words and nouns in indirect cases.
Special circumstances More often they are expressed by gerunds and participial phrases: Waving your arms , he was saying something quickly.
Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition can also be isolated despite: Despite all efforts , I couldn't sleep.
The isolation of other circumstances depends on the intention of the author: they are usually isolated if they are given special significance or, conversely, are considered as a passing remark. Circumstances with prepositions are especially often isolated thanks to, as a result of, in view of, for lack of, according to, on occasion, by virtue of, in spite of:
Contrary to forecast , the weather was sunny.
From the number additions Very few are isolated, namely additions with prepositions besides, besides, excluding, over, besides, including:
except him , five more people came.
Some separate members may have a clarifying, explanatory or connecting nature.
Conditions of separation - these are the factors that favor the semantic and intonation emphasis of sentence members.
Segregation is influenced by syntactic, morphological and semantic conditions.
Syntactic conditions:
1. Word order: 1) inversion (reverse word order). There is normal (direct) and unusual (reverse) word order. If secondary a member of a sentence is placed in an unusual place for it in the sentence, thereby it stands out, is especially emphasized - its semantic significance is enhanced. Wed: He ran without stopping And He ran without stopping.
2. Distant position secondary member sentence in relation to the main word (separation of the secondary member of the sentence from the main word): And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on the bare slope.
3. The volume of the isolated member(common members of a sentence are isolated more often than non-common ones) or the presence of two or more homogeneous minor members: Compare: I brought a bucket full of dew from the forest And I spared no effort to fill the bucket full.
4. , unusual for this minor member of the sentence, when the minor member. explains not only the word to which it is directly subordinate, but also any other member of the sentence: Absorbed in his thoughts, the boy did not notice anything around him(the participial phrase standing before the word being defined is isolated here because it also has a circumstantial (causal) meaning).
Morphological conditions of isolation:
Participles, short forms of adjectives and participles that act as a definition, combinations with comparative conjunctions (comparative phrases), some combinations of nouns with prepositions, the presence of introductory words usually form separate secondary members. For example: When the letter was ready and I was about to seal it, the headman came in, apparently angry.. In this sentence, a single (non-extended) agreed definition angry, standing before the defined noun, is isolated, because it refers to the introductory word apparently(which, by the way, is not separated by a comma from the definition).
Almost always (except for certain special cases) circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases are isolated.
The comparative conjunction, as a rule, requires intonation highlighting of the phrase: The stuffy air is still, like the water of a forest lake(M. Gorky).
Semantic conditions of isolation:
The more specific and definite the meaning of a word, the less it needs to be disseminated, the weaker are the connections with it of secondary members, which are therefore easily isolated.
For example, personal pronouns “do not recognize” the usual definitions; one cannot say: I am attentive, he is angry (cf.: attentive student, angry person). Therefore, definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated: And he, the rebellious one, asks for a storm...(M. Lermontov).
If the word being defined is a proper noun or refers to terms of kinship (mother, father, grandfather, grandmother, etc.), then this can also contribute to the isolation of the definition: Grandfather, in grandma's jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiling at something.
With nouns that are too general in meaning (person, thing, expression, matter, etc.), definitions form a single whole, because a being without a definition cannot participate in the formation of a statement: This delusion is common even to smart and educated people; Funny, touching and tragic things happened- definitions in these sentences are necessary to express the main (and not additional) message.
Separation – This is the intonation and semantic highlighting of the members of a sentence in order to give them relative independence, special significance in the statement.
The isolated members of the proposal are divided into the following groups:
1. Isolated minor members with an additional message value:
· separate definitions and applications;
· special circumstances;
· separate additions;
· separate comparative turnovers.
2. Separate clarifying members of the sentence
The most common expressions are secondary members with the meaning of an additional message that complements the main message expressed by the main members. Separate minor members with the value of an additional message have:
1)semantic features: they introduce additional meaning into the sentence and, in terms of their semantic role in the sentence, approach the predicate, the subordinate clause;
2) grammatical features: are only minor members of the sentence (separate definitions, circumstances or additions);
3) intonation features: pronounced with a special emphatic intonation (intonation of isolation);
4) punctuation marks: on the letter they are highlighted on both sides with commas.
PUNCTUATION RULE!
Definitions and applications are separated in the following cases:
| Conditions of separation | Examples |
| 1. If they refer to a personal pronoun (in all cases) | But, betrayed and abandoned, almost unarmed, he was still scary(D.S. Merezhkovsky) |
| 2. If agreed common definitions and applications (as well as two or more agreed non-common definitions) are post-declared by the noun | The Petrel, like black lightning, soars proudly between the clouds and the sea.(M. Gorky); The sun, which has not yet entered its power, warms carefully and tenderly(V. Soloukhin); Along the winter, boring road, a troika of greyhounds runs(A.S. Pushkin) |
| 3. If the agreed definitions or applications have additional circumstantial meaning; they can be replaced by a clause of reason (since, because...) or concessive (although, despite the fact that...) | Exhausted by efforts and hardships, the old man took to his bed (A.I. Herzen). Wed: The old man went to bed, as he was exhausted from his efforts. Wounded in the shoulder by shrapnel, Captain Saburov did not leave the formation (K. M. Simonov) Compare: Although captain Saburov was wounded in the shoulder, he did not leave the formation |
| 4. If the application (common and not common) comes after the proper name and specifies it (application with a clarifying meaning) | Olenka, the daughter of a retired collegiate assessor Plemyannikov, was sitting on the porch in her yard(A.P. Chekhov). |
| 5. If the application is with a union How reasons matter (since, because...) | Gerasim, as an excellent worker, was immediately given a scythe in his hand(I. S. Turgenev) |
A hyphen is often placed between the single application and the word being defined: mechanical engineer, hero-storyteller, medical student, Moscow River, Ilmen Lake(cf.: Moscow River, Lake Ilmen).
Single and common applications are distinguished, standing after the word being defined, which is expressed by a proper noun:
The important thing is that Igor , son, was brave from birth(V. Panova); Lev Ivanovich Popov , a nervous person, unhappy at work and in family life, pulled the abacus towards him and began to count again(A.P. Chekhov).
Thus, to determine whether a definition or application is standalone, you need to find out:
1) the way of expressing the word being defined (personal pronoun, noun);
2) the composition of the definition and application (common or non-common);
3) place (position) relative to the word being defined (stands before or after the word being defined);
4) clarifying meaning of one member of the sentence in relation to another.
PUNCTUATION RULE!
Separate circumstances can be expressed:
· single gerunds;
· participial phrases;
· nouns in indirect cases with prepositions;
· adverbs.
Circumstances are isolated in the following cases:
1. if they are expressed by participial phrases and single gerunds (with the exception of gerunds used in speech as adverbs of manner of action).
Trembling with agony,a lightning flashed across the world...(N.A. Zabolotsky); The rain was pouring down , evenly and monotonously rustling through the grass and trees (A.S. Pushkin); Little steam locomotive puffing, dragged the long-awaited second echelon onto the siding(K. M. Simonov).
But: Tatiana loves not joking (= seriously) (A.S. Pushkin);
2. if they are expressed by nouns with prepositions despite, according to, thanks to, in spite of, in the presence, in the absence, for lack of, because of, in view of, as a result of:
From early morning , despite the prohibition to approach the chain, the boss could fight off the curious(L.N. Tolstoy).
Single gerunds are isolated if they retain the meaning of verbality, indicating the time of the action, its reason, condition: An owl hooted nearby, and Laska , shuddering, started listening(L.N. Tolstoy).
If a single gerund is close in meaning to adverbs of manner of action (how? in what way?), then, as a rule, it is not isolated: Classes were supposed to last until two o'clock. without interruption (=continuously) (L.N. Tolstoy).
Not separated:
single circumstances expressed by adverbs: standing, sitting, lying, silently, reluctantly, jokingly, without looking and etc.;
· phraseological combinations that include gerunds: listen with your mouth open, work with your sleeves rolled up and so on.
PUNCTUATION RULE!
Comparative turnover with unions as if, exactly, as if are separated by commas, for example: Trees , exactly in the picture, stood motionless and quiet(M. Volkonsky).
Comparative turnover with union How The letter is highlighted with commas if:
1) union How correlates in a sentence with demonstrative words that one, that one, that one And etc.: I've never seen a forest so beautiful like this night (A. Green);
2) the construction conveys the meaning of similarity (similarity): The air still smoked with light, thick like limestone dust(A. Green);
3) union How acts in combination as a rule, as usual, as always, as now, as and etc.: Burn, like the willow tree, ended, giving way to lush thickets of the banks(A. Green);
4) union How used in combinations nothing more than; none other than The letter is marked with a comma: My challenge to the marquis was nothing more than as a joke(A. Tolstoy).
Comparative turnover with the union How are not separated by commas, If:
1) the comparative phrase is part of the predicate: Our yard is like a garden. He became like a child;
2) the comparative phrase is included in the phraseological combination: red like a lobster, runs like mad, looks like two drops of water, needed like air, cunning like a fox, jumped up like he was scalded and etc.;
3) turnover has the meaning “in quality”: I'm taking you with me as a witness(N. Smirnov);
4) the phrase has the meaning of a manner of action and is easily replaced by an adverb or noun in the instrumental case: Like a shadow you stand in front of me now(Yu. Verkhovsky) = You are now standing in front of me as a shadow;
5) the comparative phrase is preceded by words like, exactly, almost, completely etc. or negative particle Not, For example: They looked at him exactly as a person obliged to cure(A. Green).
PUNCTUATION RULE!
Separate additions conventionally called verbal constructions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution. What they have in common with additions is the use of a noun in the indirect case of a verb. Prepositions help convey restrictive or expansive meaning except, instead of, apart from, excluding, excluding, including, along with, besides, over, in contrast to, compared to etc. As a rule, phrases with these prepositions are isolated, for example: Besides the paintings, there were many flowers in the room (K.G. Paustovsky).
If the pretext instead of is used in the meaning “instead”, then usually this construction is not isolated: Instead of a suitcase, it is better to take a travel bag.
Clarifying isolated members of a sentence specify or explain the meanings of different members of the sentence - main and secondary.
Most often, clarification is required by the circumstances of place and time, since they can be indicated in a sentence in very general and vague terms there, there, from there, in front, behind, everywhere, everywhere, then, then, now it. n. It is precisely such general indications of space and time that usually need to be specified: Now , after the flood, it was six fathoms(A.P. Chekhov); There , below , skinny moss, gray bush(A.S. Pushkin).
An additional question can be posed to the clarifying isolated member: where exactly? when exactly? how exactly? Who exactly? where exactly? and so on.
Clarifying members of the proposal can be:
1) circumstances of place (g d e?) and time (k o g d a?): And today , after a year, the closet was opened to empty it(A. Bitov);
2) members of the sentence (main and secondary), attached using words that is, or(= that is), including, for example, in particular, mainly, by name, by nickname, especially, namely: At that time , exactly a year ago, I also collaborated with the magazine(F. M. Dostoevsky).
Sometimes connecting words are missing, but they can be mentally substituted: Even the king's favorites , preobrazhentsy, felt as if abandoned by their sovereign leader(D. Mordovtsev) = Even the king's favorites namely the Preobrazhentsy, felt as if abandoned by their sovereign leader(The subject is specified).
Task 1. Rewrite the sentences, add the missing punctuation marks, explain the reason for their placement
1. A fire was burning ahead, near the road.
2. The other brothers, Martyn and Prokhor, are every detail similar to Alexei.
3. Frightened by my father’s despair, my mother did not dare cry in front of him.
4. Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally reached the shore.
5. The remaining bread on the root burned and spilled out.
6. Common sense, firmness and freedom, ardent participation in other people’s troubles and joys, in a word, all her virtues seemed to be related to her.
7. Only the three of us, my father and Evseich, were not sad to look at the gray sky.
8. Levinson stood for a while listening into the darkness and, smiling to himself, walked even faster.
9. Two people were dreaming while rocking in a boat on the water and looking around them thoughtfully.
10. The chaise runs and Yegorushka sees the same sky, plain and hills.
11. The wind threw handfuls of leaves on the table on the bed on the floor on the books.
12. Silence reigned everywhere in the field, in the grove on the river.
13. He rushed at the enemy like a lion.
14. It seems to me that he is an interesting and independent person.
15. As a man of action, he immediately approached the machine.
Introductory phrases
Introductory phrases – These are introductory words, combinations of words, sentences with the help of which the speaker (writer) expresses his attitude to what he is communicating.
They, like addresses, are not members of the sentence and have no grammatical connection with any member of the sentence.
Several groups of introductory words are identified based on the meanings they express in the sentence.
1. Degree of message reliability: greater degree of confidence (certainly, of course, without a doubt, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, indeed, of course) less certainty, guess (probably, it seems, maybe, maybe, perhaps, probably, possibly, perhaps, should be, I think, we must assume, obviously, apparently, apparently, visible).
2. Different feelings: joy, pleasure (fortunately, to joy, to general joy, to joy, to pleasure), regret, grief (to great chagrin, to regret, unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, as if on purpose, to great chagrin, as luck would have it) astonishment (to surprise, to amazement, strange thing), fear, apprehension (horror, what good, the hour is uneven).
3. Source of message: the speaker himself ( With from my point of view, in my opinion, I think, I see, I remember, it is known, in my opinion, in my opinion), other people (according to you, they say, according to rumors, according to legend, heard, according to observation,.., according to expression..., according to opinion..., according to words..., from the point of view...).
4. Address to the interlocutor: to attract attention (permit, have mercy, understand, listen, agree, understand, know, see, see, imagine, note (to yourself), remember), expression of politeness (sorry, forgive me, please be kind, thank you, be kind).
5. Formatting thoughts: connection of thoughts, order (listing: for example, firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, further; opposition: on the contrary, on the contrary, however, on the one hand, on the other hand; consequence, conclusion: means, therefore, therefore, in general, thus, therefore), way of organizing thoughts (in other words, in other words, in short, in short, by the way, by the way, it’s better to say, between us, so to speak, in one word, simply put, I emphasize).
Unlike introductory words, phrases, sentences, plug-in structures(sentences, phrases) convey additional, optional information, explain the described speech situation, make amendments to the main text, for example: Almost every day these people read their writings to each other (they didn’t stop working hard even then) discussed them noisily(K.I. Chukovsky).
PUNCTUATION RULE!
Introductory constructions are highlighted in writing using punctuation marks (most often commas): Perhaps, the task is not that difficult. Task, perhaps, not that complicated. The task is not that difficult, perhaps.
Many words in the Russian language can serve both as introductory words and as members of a sentence. In this case, you need to be especially careful when writing sentences and placing punctuation marks:
Was must be it's already late. - Letter there must be urgently delivered to the addressee.
Chess game it seemed it could no longer be saved. – The traveler’s face seemed very tired.
It was already dawn, the sky , however, remained gray.– The measures are tough, but necessary(Union however between homogeneous members of a sentence).
The following words are never introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, after all, hardly, even, as if, just, simply, only, supposedly, therefore, usually, necessarily, and, as if and etc.
Inserted structures in writing are highlighted with dashes or brackets: And you, dear Nightingale (you know how your voice seduces everyone), you could lull them to sleep with your song(I. A. Krylov).
Plug-in structures can be:
A) word or phrase: But it turned out that the unfortunate (or happy?) It is impossible to erase the passion for poetry from me.(Yu. Drunina);
b) offers of various types:The rain continued until the very mli completely silent (rain makes no noise at altitude) (K. G. Paustovsky);
V) part (subordinate clause) of a complex sentence:We will follow him there and take a last look at his father’s life. (so that the lips of poets do not praise the world!) (A. A. Blok);
G) separate independent sentence-statement:Griboedov involuntarily looked at his shot hand (Yakubovich shot this hand in a duel) (Yu. N. Tynyanov).
Appeal
Appeal – this is a word or phrase that denotes the one to whom or what the speech is addressed (addressed). Addresses are not members of the sentence and are pronounced with a special, vocative, intonation.
In terms of its composition, the appeal can be undistributed(consists of one word) and widespread(has dependent words): Oh you , rye, sing well! What are you singing about? , golden rye? (A. Alien); Blessed time of hope! Yes! You have already become past(N.A. Nekrasov).
The address has grammatical, intonation and punctuation features.
PUNCTUATION RULE!
Addresses in letters are distinguished by punctuation marks, most often by commas. An emotionally charged appeal at the beginning of a sentence is highlighted with an exclamation mark.
In poetic texts, an intensifying particle is often used to add solemnity before the address O, and colloquial speech is characterized by repeated use of the particle A before the second one: So this is the fate of your sons , O Rome, O great power! (A.S. Pushkin); Death, and death, Will you let me say one more word there?(A. T. Tvardovsky).
Task 2. Rewrite the sentences, add punctuation where necessary. Graphically explain the presence or absence of punctuation.
1. Unfortunately, heavy rains continued to flood the field.
2. Unfortunately, no one remained indifferent to him.
3. That day I was already at Nikitin’s son-in-law’s last name.
4. Are you still alive, my old lady?
5. Friends rejoice in their successes.
6. Friends, I rejoice at your successes.
7. My young friends, I rejoice at your successes.
8. One evening it was at the beginning of 1773, I was sitting at home alone, listening to the howl of the autumn wind and looking out the window at the clouds running past the moon.
9. I think the weather will clear up soon.
10. Frightened by the cry of an owl, the boys ran headlong.
Isolated are those parts of the sentence that stand out in meaning and intonation. The following minor members of the sentence can be isolated:
1) additions;
2) definitions;
3) circumstances;
4) applications.
In addition, clarifying members of the sentence are separated.
Standalone Add-ons
Supplements with prepositions are distinguished, not counting, except, instead of, besides, including, excluding, over, along with, unlike, etc. For example:
It was the weekend for everyone, including my brother.
Natalya, unlike her sister, knew how to sew and knit.
Separate definitions
The most common type of separate definition is the participial phrase, which will be discussed below.
The following types of definitions are distinguished.
1. Two uncommon definitions, if they come after the word being defined:
It was his sister, beautiful and charming.
2. Any definition, if it refers to a personal pronoun (since a pronoun does not mean anything, but only points to an object, it cannot have attributes):
And he, the rebellious one, asks for a storm. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
3. Any definition separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence:
Finally the children returned from a long walk, tired but happy.
4. Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in the indirect case with a preposition, if they come after the word being defined:
Walking nearby was a young man wearing pince-nez, kid gloves and an umbrella.
It should be remembered that such definitions are not always isolated.
5. Uncoordinated definitions that are on a par with agreed upon ones:
A man, tall and slender, with a pale face and a bushy mustache, stood next to the lady.
6. An agreed definition that has additional circumstantial meaning (can be replaced by a phrase with being, regardless of its position relative to the word being defined:
The boy, out of breath (= being out of breath), sat down on the bench.
7. Inconsistent definitions expressed by adjectives in the form of a comparative degree with dependent words:
We brought white fluffy kittens, much more beautiful than our neighbors, from abroad.
Special circumstances
The most common type of isolated circumstance is the participial phrase, which will be discussed below.
Circumstances expressed by phrases with prepositions despite, despite:
The curtains, despite the late hour, were not yet drawn.
In addition, circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions due to, in spite of, according to, due to, etc. can sometimes be isolated. For example:
This month, according to the order, some employees of our enterprise will be awarded.
Circumstances preceding the predicate can also be isolated if they are common.
For example:
She, for lack of the necessary material, did not submit the article for publication on time.
Dedicated Applications
The following types of applications are separate.
1. If applications contain words by name, nickname, gender, etc.
For example:
Following him was his brother Ivan, nicknamed Barefoot.
2. Any application relating to a personal pronoun:
People of different nationalities, we want to live in a free country.
3. A common application, which is expressed by a common noun with dependent words:
The mother and her daughter, a girl of three or four years old, left in an unknown direction.
4. A common application that has an additional adverbial connotation:
A contemporary of Gorky, Bunin did not accept the revolution.
5. Clarifying applications with the words that is, or, namely, for example, even, such as, in particular, etc.
For example:
Black gold, or oil, is becoming more expensive every day.
Isolation of clarifying members of a sentence
Clarifying members of a sentence specify other members of a sentence, answering the same question with them. In addition, you can ask them a question namely?
Any minor members of the proposal can be specified.
1. Circumstances: Yesterday, Tuesday, there was a meeting of members of the cooperative.
2. Definitions: Throughout the fourth and last quarter, Anya studied with excellent marks.
3. Additions: Unbeknownst to myself, I became attached to all the residents of the apartment, even to the old man.
3) What are the rules of punctuation when separating definitions and applications?
4) what are the rules of punctuation when isolating circumstances?
5) which parts of the sentence are called clarifying?
6) with what intonation are the isolated parts of the sentence pronounced?
1) Which parts of the sentence are called homogeneous?2) With what intonation are they pronounced?
3) Which members of a sentence can be homogeneous?
4) How can homogeneous members of a sentence be combined? Show with the help of diagrams.
5) With the help of what punctuation marks are homogeneous members - emphatic or divisive - drawn up in writing?
6) In what cases are homogeneous members of a sentence separated by a comma? Show with the help of diagrams.
7) What words with homogeneous members of a sentence are called generalizing?
8) Show with the help of diagrams how sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members are drawn up in writing.
Predicates?
Give examples of uncommon sentences with expressed subjects:
1) noun
2) personal pronoun
Give examples of uncommon sentences with predicates, expressed:
1) verb
2) noun
What proposals are called common?
Name the minor part of the sentence.
What minor part of a sentence is called an object? Definition? Circumstance?
sentences that consist of two or more simple clauses; c) sentences that contain only a predicate or a subject.
2. One-part sentences are divided into the following types: a) nominative, indefinitely personal, complete, impersonal, generalized personal; b) definitely personal, nominative, narrative, generalized personal; c) nominal, indefinitely personal, definitely personal, impersonal, generalized personal.
3. What are the names of one-part sentences in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a definite person: a) generalized-personal, b) indefinite-personal, c) definite-personal, d) denominative, e) impersonal.
4. Which of the sentences is impersonal: a) Don’t rush with your tongue, drive with your deeds. b) I can’t write today. c) The puddles were covered with blue ice.
5. What are the names of one-part sentences in which there is a predicate, but there is not and cannot be a subject: a) definitely personal; b) impersonal, c) indefinitely personal, d) nominal. 6. Which of the sentences is indefinitely personal: a) There is a small bathhouse in the garden.
b) The bathhouse was recently heated. c) Wake me up early tomorrow.
7. What are the names of sentences in which the actor is not named and is thought of as an indefinite person: a) impersonal, b) indefinitely personal, c) definitely personal, d) denominative.
8. Which of the sentences is generalized-personal: a) The patient could not sleep at night. b) You get tired of hard work quickly. c) There is a serial street number on the gate.
9. What are the names of sentences in which there is only a subject: a) impersonal, b) definitely personal, c) nominative, d) indefinitely personal; e) generalized-personal.
10. Which of these sentences is denominative: a) The first snow fell on the ponds. b) The snow creaks under the sleigh. c) White music under the runners. 11. Which of these sentences is definitely personal: a) The empty old house immediately became noisy. b) Well, brothers, let’s play my favorite song to bedtime! c) Remember those who did not return from the war.
12. In which sentences is the predicate expressed in the form of 1st or 2nd person singular? and many more will reveal the numbers. and imperative mood: a) impersonal, b) indefinite-personal, c) definite-personal, d) nominative, e) generalized-personal.
13. In which sentences is the predicate expressed in the past tense plural form? numbers and 3 persons plural: a) impersonal, b) indefinite-personal, c) definite-personal, d) nominative.
14. In which sentences is the predicate expressed by an impersonal verb or a personal verb in an impersonal form: a) nominative; .b) definitely personal, c) indefinitely personal, d) impersonal.
15. What are the names of sentences that contain all the main and minor members necessary to understand their meaning: a) impersonal, b) complete; c) indefinitely personal, d) nominative; d) incomplete.
16. Parse the sentence. The old village tablecloth smelled of rye bread and milk.
1) Which parts of the sentence are called isolated? 2) In what cases are definitions separated? 3) When are applications separated? 4) What are the conditions?contribute to the isolation of circumstances? 5) In what styles of speech are participial and adverbial phrases used? 6) What are the clarifying members of a sentence used for?