Ending -s/-es added to nouns to form the plural.
Ending -s/-es added to verbs for education 3 persons singular in form (Present Indefinite).
Addition rules -s/-es to nouns and verbs are almost the same.
1. Standard case of adding an ending -s to a noun or verb.
Examples: book – book s– book – books;
to look – (he/she/it) look s– look – (he/she/it) looks;
2. If a noun or verb infinitive ends in -o or –sh, -ch, -x, -ss, -tch, then the ending is added to the word –es.
Examples: addre ss– address es– address – addresses;
bru sh– brush es– brush – brushes;
carg o– cargo es– cargo – cargo;
ta x– tax es– tax – taxes;
chur ch– church es– church – churches;
to pa ss– pass es– pass – (he/she/it) passes;
to sma sh– smash es– break – (he/she/it) breaks;
to d o– do es– do – (he/she/it) does;
to rela x– relax es– relax – (he/she/it) relaxes;
to ca tch– catch es– catch – (he/she/it) catches;
to tea ch– teach es– teach – (he/she/it) teaches;
note that nouns borrowed from other languages and ending with –o, add ending -s.
Examples: phot o– photo s– photography – photographs;
pian o– 2 piano s– piano – 2 pianos;
3. If a noun or verb infinitive ends in -y with a preceding consonant, then the ending is added –es, and replacement occurs –y on -i.
Examples: bab y–bab ies– baby – babies;
to fl y– fl ies– fly – (he/she/it) flies;
Please note that if before -y costs vowel, That -y is saved and the ending is added –s.
Examples: ke y– key s– key – keys;
to sta y– stay s– stop – (he/she/it) stops;
4. If the noun ends in -f, -fe, then when forming the plural there is a replacement -f, -fe on –v and the ending is added -es.
Examples: wi fe-wi ves– wife – wives;
li fe-li ves– life – life;
wol f– wol ves– wolf – wolves;
However, some nouns ending in -f, -fe, when forming plural replacements –f on –v not happening. The plural is formed only by adding the ending –s.
Examples: chie f– chief s– boss – bosses;
hoo f– hoof s– hoof – hooves;
ree f– reef s– reef – reefs;
roo f– roof s– roof – roofs;
sa fe– safe s– safe – safes;
handkerchie f– handkerchief s– scarf – scarves;
Rules for pronunciation of nouns and verbs ending in –s/-es. Rules for –s/-es pronunciation
1. If the word ends in voiceless consonant, then we pronounce [s].
book – books
to like – likes
2. If the word ends in vowel or voiced consonant, then we pronounce [z].
key - keys
to fly – flies
to seem – seems
3. If the word ends with a letter or letter combination –sh, -ch, -x, -ss, -tch (hissing, whistling sounds), then we pronounce .
address – addresses [əˈdresiz]
to relax – relaxes
English belongs to the category of analytical languages: grammatical connections in it are expressed not by changing the word and adding various morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, endings), but with the help of various function words - prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs. And so the endings in English language not so many - just three: -s (-es), -ed And -ing. For comparison, Russian is a synthetic language, and it is morphemes that carry the grammatical load in it.
So, let's look at the most common cases of using English endings.
Ending -s (-es)
The ending -s (-es) can be found in the following cases:
Plural nouns
Almost all nouns form their plural by adding -s (-es). For example:
dog - dog s
book - book s
When a word ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh or -o, the ending takes the form -es. For example:
Church - church es
box - box es
Endings -es and -s are quite common in English. Every English learner needs to understand the rules for using the above endings.
This article will help you quickly and easily understand the essence of this grammatical material. So, the ending -s can serve:
1) indicator 3 l. units part of the verb in;
2) sign;
3) an indicator of the possessive case in nouns;
4) reduction.
Rules for using endings -s/-es have their own specifics. In the affirmative form of the third person singular, the ending is most often added to the verb -s, BUT after root bases on -sh, -ss, -o etc. (see rule below) we use the ending - es. For example,
Pass – passes;
Kiss – kisses;
Finish – finishes;
Wash – washes;
Do – does;
Go – goes.
Ending -s in Present Simple
We use the present simple to express regular actions or constant situations. Ending -s in third person singular h. (he, she, it) in time English verb Present Simple should be added in cases where the subject matches the pronouns "he", "she" or "it".
Rules for writing verbs in the third person singular in the Present Simple
If the verb ends in –ss, sh, ch, x, o– then the ending is added -es .
I always wash up at home.
He always wash es up at home.
If the word has an ending to the consonant and the following one -y, then -y changes to -i plus is added -es .
I sometimes cry.
Baby sometimes cr ies.
If the last letter of the verb is a vowel -y, then it will only follow -s .
I often play with this toy ship in the afternoon.
Alla often play s with this toy ship in the afternoon.
Reading verb endings in the third person singular
Remember: In negative and interrogative forms where an auxiliary verb is used does(not), the main verb has no endings -s, -es .
Does she sing every day?
Ann doesn't go to that college.
Don't forget about the spelling of the verbs to have and . If these verbs are in the third person singular, then they change dramatically. This can be seen in the following examples:
Daddy has much money.
Jane is tired of doing numerous exercises.
Ending -s in nouns
Ending -s occurs not only in verbs, but also in nouns. In the case of nouns, similar endings, as a rule, are found in plural, or in the possessive case. If we are talking about people and animals in the possessive case, then we use ’ s in the case of one actor.
This is the girl’ s doll. – This is a girl’s doll.
The cat' s tail is long. - The cat's tail is long.
But should be used s' in case two or more are involved characters, people or animals.
These are the boys s' boots. - These are boys' boots.
In English there are exception nouns that create the possessive case in the following way:
Those are the men 's hats. - Those are men's hats.
For a complete list of such exceptions, see.
Abbreviations with 's
And finally 's can be not only an indicator of the possessive case, but also an abbreviation. For example:
it is = it's
that is = that's
let us = let's
How long has it been? = How long has it been?
Other abbreviations can be studied in more detail and.