Abstract: the ussr in international conferences of the second world war. What are the three conferences of the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition, the time of their holding and the main decisions taken at them?

Cooperation between the USSR, the USA and Great Britain played a great role during the Second World War. Throughout all the years of the war, J.V. Stalin, F.D. Roosevelt and US Churchill maintained constant personal correspondence on all issues of political, military and economic cooperation, met several times for personal negotiations on the most important issues three great powers who made the greatest contribution to the overall victory.

During the war years, several meetings of the leaders of the great powers were held at the highest level. In August 1942 and October 1944 Churchill visited Moscow and personally negotiated with Stalin on the coordination of hostilities and assistance to the USSR with weapons, ammunition and food. In October 1943, a working meeting of the three powers at the level of foreign ministers was held. But the most important were three conferences of the leaders of the great powers, accompanied by representative delegations from the highest military and statesmen of their countries: the Tegeran conference in November-December 1943, the Crimean (Yalta) conference in February 1945, the Berlin (Potsdam ) conference in July-August 1945

Moscow meeting in October 1943. At a meeting of the USSR People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V.M. Molotov, the US Secretary of State K. Hull and the British Foreign Minister A. Eden on October 19-30, 1943 in Moscow, the "Declaration of the Four Powers" was adopted ( In addition to the three allied powers, the document was signed by the representative of China) on the issue of "general security". The Declaration proclaimed the determination of the great powers to wage war until the complete and unconditional capitalization of the enemy, and declared their joint actions to maintain peace after the end of the world war.

Molotov (Scriabin) Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (1890-1986), state. and desks. activist. On Oct. rev-tion of the member. Petrogr. VRK. From 1919 before. Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Executive Committee, secretary Donetsk Provincial Committee of the RCP (b). In 1920 sec. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Ukraine. In 1921 - 30 sec. Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1930-41 before. SNK USSR. In 1941-57 1st deputy. prev. SNK (from 1946 - CM) of the USSR, at the same time. in 1941-45 deputy. prev. GKO. In 1939-49 and 1953-56 People's Commissar, min. in. affairs of the USSR. Ambassador to the Mongolian People's Republic since 1957. In 1960-62 post. rep. USSR at the Intern. Atomic Energy Agency. Member The Central Committee of the party in 1921-57 (candidate from 1920); member Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee in 1921-30, member. Politburo, Pres. Central Committee of the CPSU in 1926-57 (Candidate from 1921). June (1957) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee withdrew Molotov from Pres. Central Committee and Central Committee of the CPSU.

Hell Cordell (1871-1955), state. US figure. Member Democratic. party. In 1907-21 and 1923-31 - member. US House of Representatives. In 1931 he was elected to the US Senate. In 1933-44 - state. secretary. During Hull's tenure in November. 1933 Dipl. relations with the USSR. In June 1942 he signed Soviet-Amer. an agreement on principles applicable to mutual assistance in the waging of the war against aggression (agreement on lend-lease). Took part in Moscow. conf. foreign ministers cases of the USSR, USA and England in Oct. 1943, on a cut decisions about the war were developed until complete victory and cooperation in the post-war. period. He was actively preparing for the creation of the UN. In 1944 he left the post of state. secretary due to illness.

Eden Anthony, Lord Avon (1897-1977), eng. state activist, conservative. Member parliament in 1923-57. In 1934-35 - Lord Keeper of the Seal, in 1935 - min. for the League of Nations, in 1935-38 - min. in. cases. In 1939-40 - min. for the dominions. 1940-45 - min. foreign cases in Churchill avenue. In 1951-55 - min. foreign affairs and deputy. prime min. From 1955 to Jan. 1957 - prime min. Was among the Ch. organizers of the Suez adventure, after a complete failure, the cut resigned and moved away from the politician. activity.

The parties agreed to create an international organization for the maintenance of international peace and security. Declarations were adopted on the restoration of independence of Austria and Italy, on the punishment of war criminals in those countries where they committed their atrocities. To prepare recommendations for the three governments, it was decided to form a European Advisory Commission, as well as an Advisory Council for Italy.

Tehran conference took place on November 28 - December 1, 1943. During it, at the insistence of the USSR, the allies promised to land in France no later than May 1, 1944 (the landing took place on June 6), the USSR undertook to support the landing with a simultaneous offensive operation in order to prevent the enemy transfer your troops from East to West. It was decided to support the Yugoslav partisans and take measures to involve Turkey in the war on their side. The USSR promised after the final defeat of Germany to enter the war with Japan.

The question of the future of Germany was discussed sharply, but to no avail: in 1942 the USSR announced that it was not going to destroy the German state, while the Allies proposed to divide it into a number of small independent states. The parties have previously agreed that the eastern border of Poland will pass along the "Curzon Line", and the western one - along the Oder. The question of restoring diplomatic relations between the USSR and Poland, severed in connection with the "Katyn affair," was discussed, but Stalin stressed that he was separating Poland from the emigre government in London. The parties stated that they are not going to violate the sovereignty and territorial inviolability of Iran.

Crimean (Yalta) conference took place on February 4-11, 1945. In the course of it, after the defeat of the Nazi army, it was decided to establish four zones of occupation of Germany under the general management of the Allied Control Council of the commanders-in-chief of the occupation forces. An agreement was also reached on the creation of the United Nations Organization in order to prevent a new war. The Kuril Islands and the southern part of Sakhalin were promised to the Soviet Union after the victory over Japan. The question of the government and borders of Poland was sharply discussed, but full agreement on this issue was not reached.

Berlin (Potsdam) conference took place shortly after the end of hostilities against Nazi Germany - from July 17 to 25 and from July 28 to August 2, 1945. The break was announced in connection with the parliamentary elections in England, in which the Conservative Party was defeated. The heads of the delegations of the Angi-Hitler coalition who took part in its work were: from the Soviet Union - the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars I.V. Stalin, from the USA - the new president Harry Truman (F. Roosevelt died in April 1945), from Great Britain - first Prime Minister Churchill, and then the leader of the Labor Party, which won the parliamentary elections in July 1945, Clement Attlee.

Truman Harry (1884-1972), 33rd President of the United States (1945-53), Democr. parties; vi-tse-prez. in Jan-Apr 1945. Gave the order for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Na-gasaki. One of the initiators of the Cold War policy (initiator of the so-called Truman Doctrine; the creation of NATO, etc.). Pr-in Truman unleashed the war in Korea (1950). Inside the country, the Communist Party and other Democrats were persecuted. org-tion.

Attlee Clement Richard (1883-1967), prime min. Great Britain in 1945-51, Leader of the Labor Party in 1935-55. In 1940-45 in the coalition. pr-ve. Since 1946, E. was among the initiators of the Cold War.

The German question occupied the central place in the work of the conference.

The Berlin (Potsdam) conference of the leaders of the three powers confirmed the previously agreed decisions on denazification (cleansing from fascism), demilitarization (disarmament), demonopolization (destruction of monopoly rule, development of competition and free market) and democratization (approval of the principles of democracy, development of democratic system) Germany (the so-called "four D").

Denazification - activities aimed after defeating a fascist. Germany to eradicate Nazism in the country, to destroy the National Socialist Party, its branches and controlled organizations, to prevent any Nazi, militarist activity or propaganda, and to prepare conditions for the reconstruction of Germany. polit. life for a democratic. basis.

Demilitarization - disarmament; forbidding smb. state-woo to build fortifications, have a military. prom-st and contain troops in a certain area.

Demonopolization - the abolition of the monopoly (exclusive) right to production, trade, trade, etc., belonging to one person, a certain group of persons or the state (generally the exclusive right to something).

Democratization - the introduction of democratic. began, the reorganization of any state, society, union, etc. on democratic. basics.

Thus, the three powers confirmed their intention to completely disarm Germany and eliminate all German industry, which can be used for war production. Provided for the democratic reorganization of the country's political life, the elimination of German militarism and fascism, the destruction of the National Socialist Party, the destruction of German monopoly associations, the preparation and conclusion of an agreement with Germany in accordance with the principles of Potddam.

It was also decided to jointly control Germany by members of the anti-Hitler coalition. For this, a Control Council was formed consisting of the chief commanders of the occupying forces of the four great powers.

In Berlin, taken by Soviet troops, the garrisons of the western states were allowed, and a four-sided commandant's office was formed to manage it. Allied Control Commissions operated in Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary.

Reparations (compensation) were established to countries that suffered from Hitler's aggression, due to the seizure of the property of the Nazis and their state. The USSR received the right to export from its occupation zone not only whatever it wanted, but also to take a quarter of the equipment in the western zones.

However, the United States and Great Britain expressed surprise and misunderstanding of the new, as they believed, demands of the Soviet Union: revision of the Montreux Convention on the Black Sea Straits Regime; the return of the USSR to the Kara and Ardahan districts, which bordered on Soviet Armenia and ceded to Turkey in 1921; obtaining a naval base in Dadeagach (Thrace) on the Aegean Sea.

After much debate, the western borders of Poland were agreed upon. The Polish-German border was to pass along the line of the Oder and Neisse rivers. Poland received the former Prussian provinces occupied by the Soviet army: Silesia, Pomerania, the port of Danzig (in Polish Gdansk) and half of East Prussia. The German population from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary was subject to deportation to Germany. In Poland, a Provisional Government was formed from members of the Polish Committee for National Liberation and the émigré government in London.

The city of Koenigsberg and the surrounding area were transferred to the Soviet Union. The President of the United States and the Prime Minister of England have declared that they will support this conference proposal in a final peace settlement.

The United States of America and England made an attempt to change the democratic regimes in the countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, primarily in Romania and Bulgaria. The American delegation put forward a proposal for an "immediate reorganization" of the Romanian and Bulgarian governments. This harassment was rejected by the Soviet delegation.

In Europe, a European Advisory Council was established consisting of foreign ministers of four powers - the Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM), in Germany - the Allied Control Council of 4 commanders-in-chief of the occupying forces, in Austria - the Allied Commission, in Japan - the Allied Council.

Council of Foreign Ministers (Ministerial Council), int. body, established in 1945 by the decision of the Berlin Conf. 1945 as part of min. in. cases of the USSR, USA, Great Britain, France and China for preparing. work on a peaceful settlement after the end of the 2nd peace. war. Six sessions of the Ministerial Council took place (the last one was in 1949).

The aforementioned bodies (the Council of Foreign Ministers, the Union Control Council, the Allied Commission, the Union Council) were supposed to make only agreed decisions, all of their members chaired them for one month. These collective bodies operated until the early 1950s, when the outbreak of the Cold War made it impossible for them to function.

France, not invited to the conference, joined its decisions.

The newly established Council of Foreign Ministers of the five powers (Great Britain, China, USSR, USA, France) was instructed to prepare draft peace treaties for Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Finland.

The decisions of the conferences of the leaders of the three powers laid the foundation for the post-war world, the borders of states that still exist and the future of Germany.

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Tehran conference

yalta conference reparation border

The Tehran Conference is the first conference of the Big Three in the years of World War II - the leaders of three countries: F.D. Roosevelt (USA), W. Churchill (Great Britain) and I. V. Stalin (USSR), held in Tehran 28 November - December 1, 1943.

Training

In addition to Tehran, options were considered for holding a conference in Cairo (at the suggestion of Churchill, where inter-allied conferences with the participation of Chiang Kai-shek and Ismet Inonu were held earlier and later), Istanbul or Baghdad. As usual, Stalin refused to fly an airplane anywhere. He left for the conference on November 22, 1943. His letter train No. 501 went through Stalingrad and Baku. Stalin rode in an armored, spring-loaded twelve-wheeled carriage.

In the memoirs of Air Marshal A. Golovanov, there are references to the flight of Stalin and all the Soviet representatives of this conference, prepared by him personally. Two planes flew. Golovanov personally managed the second. The first, which was controlled by Viktor Grachev, flew Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov.

Objectives of the conference

The conference was intended to develop a final strategy for the fight against Germany and its allies.

The conference became an important stage in the development of international and inter-allied relations, at which a number of issues of war and peace were considered and resolved:

· The exact date for the opening of the second front in France by the allies was set (and the "Balkan strategy" proposed by Great Britain was rejected),

· Issues of granting independence to Iran were discussed ("Declaration on Iran")

The beginning of the solution of the Polish question

· About the beginning of the war with Japan by the USSR after the defeat of Nazi Germany.

The contours of the post-war world order were outlined

Achieved unity of views on international security and lasting peace

Opening of the "second front"

The main issue was the opening of a second front in Western Europe.

After much debate, the Overlord problem was at an impasse. Then Stalin got up from his chair and, turning to Voroshilov and Molotov, said with irritation: “We have too many things to do at home to waste time here. Nothing good, as I see it, is turning out. This is a critical moment. Churchill understood this and, fearing that the conference might be disrupted, made a compromise.

Polish question

W. Churchill's proposal was accepted that Poland's claims to the lands of Western Belarus and Western Ukraine would be satisfied at the expense of Germany, and the Curzon Line should be the border in the east. On November 30, a reception was held at the British Embassy to mark Churchill's birthday.

Post-war world structure

De facto, the Soviet Union was granted the right to annex a part of East Prussia after the victory as an indemnity

· On the issue of the inclusion of the Baltic republics in the Soviet Union at the appropriate time, a plebiscite should be held, but not under any form of international control

· Also, F. Roosevelt proposed to divide Germany into 5 states.

During JV Stalin's conversation with F. Roosevelt on December 1, Roosevelt believed that world public opinion would consider it desirable that at some time in the future the opinion of the peoples of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia on the question of including the Baltic republics in the Soviet Union be expressed. Stalin noted that this does not mean that the plebiscite in these republics should be held under any form of international control. According to the Russian historian Zolotarev, at the Tehran Conference in 1943, the United States and Great Britain actually approved the entry of the Baltic states into the USSR. Estonian historian Myalksoo notes that the United States and Great Britain have never officially recognized this entry. As M. Yu. Myagkov writes:

As for the further American position in relation to the entry of the Baltic States into the USSR, Washington did not officially recognize this fait accompli, although it did not openly oppose it.

Security issues in the post-war world

US President Roosevelt set out at the conference the American point of view regarding the creation of an international security organization in the future, which he had already spoken in general terms to the USSR People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V.M. Molotov during his stay in Washington in the summer of 1942 and what was the subject of discussion between Roosevelt and British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden in March 1943.

According to the scheme outlined by the president in his conversation with Stalin on November 29, 1943, after the end of the war, it was proposed to create a world organization on the principles of the United Nations, and its occupations did not include military issues, that is, it should not be like the League of Nations. The structure of the organization, according to Roosevelt, should have included three bodies:

· A common body consisting of all (35 or 50) members of the United Nations, which will only make recommendations and will meet in different places where each country can express its opinion.

· An executive committee composed of the USSR, USA, Great Britain, China, two European countries, one Latin American country, one Middle East country and one of the British dominions; the committee will deal with non-military matters.

· A police committee composed of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and China, which will monitor the preservation of peace in order to prevent new aggression from Germany and Japan.

Stalin called the scheme outlined by Roosevelt good, but expressed his fear that small European states might be dissatisfied with such an organization, and therefore expressed the opinion that it might be better to create two organizations (one for Europe, the other for the Far Eastern or world ). Roosevelt pointed out that Stalin's point of view partially coincides with the opinion of Churchill, who proposes to create three organizations - European, Far Eastern and American. However, Roosevelt noted that the United States would not be able to be a member of a European organization and that only a shock comparable to the current war could force the Americans to send their troops overseas.

On December 1, 1943, Stalin, in a conversation with Roosevelt, said that he had considered the issue and believed that it was better to create one world organization, but at this conference no special decision was made to create an international organization.

Assassination attempt on the leaders of the Big Three

For security reasons in the Iranian capital, the US president stopped not at his own embassy, \u200b\u200bbut in the Soviet one, which was located opposite the British one (the American embassy was located much further, on the outskirts of the city in a questionable area). A tarpaulin corridor was created between the embassies so that the movements of the leaders were not visible from the outside. The diplomatic complex thus created was surrounded by three rings of infantry and tanks. For three days of the conference, the city was completely blocked by troops and special services. In Tehran, the activities of all media were suspended, the telephone, telegraph and radio communications were turned off. Even the families of Soviet diplomats were temporarily "evacuated" from the area of \u200b\u200bthe upcoming negotiations.

The leadership of the Third Reich instructed the Abwehr to organize an assassination attempt on the leaders of the USSR, USA and Great Britain in Tehran. The secret operation, codenamed "Long Jump", was developed by the famous Nazi saboteur No. 1, the head of the SS secret service in the VI department of the main directorate of imperial security, Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny, who since 1943 was Hitler's special agent for special assignments (he was called "the man with the scar ", At one time he rescued Mussolini from captivity, made a number of high-profile operations, such as the assassination in 1934 of Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss and the arrest in 1938 of Austrian President Miklas and Chancellor Schuschnigg, followed by the invasion of the Wehrmacht and the occupation of Austria). Later, in 1966, Otto Skorzeny confirmed that he had an order to kill Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt, or steal them in Tehran, infiltrating the British Embassy from the side of the Armenian cemetery, from which the spring began.

On the Soviet side, a group of professional intelligence officers took part in disclosing the assassination attempt on the leaders of the Big Three. Information about the impending terrorist attack was reported to Moscow from the Volyn forests by the scout Nikolai Kuznetsov, and in the spring of 1943 a radiogram came from the center, which said that the Germans were planning to sabotage in Tehran during a conference with the participation of the leaders of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, with the aim of sabotage is the physical elimination of conference participants. All members of the group of Soviet intelligence officers led by Gevork Vartanyan were mobilized to prevent a terrorist attack.

At the end of the summer of 1943, the Germans dropped a team of six radio operators into the area of \u200b\u200bLake Kumskoye near the city of Qom (70 km from Tehran). After 10 days, they were already near Tehran, where they got on a truck and got to the city. From a villa specially prepared for this by local agents, a group of radio operators established radio contact with Berlin in order to prepare a springboard for the landing of saboteurs led by Otto Skorzeny. However, these ambitious plans were not destined to come true - Vartanyan's agents, together with the British from MI6, took bearings and deciphered all their messages. Soon, after a lengthy search for a radio transmitter, the entire group was captured and forced to work with Berlin "under the hood." At the same time, in order to prevent the landing of the second group, during the interception of which it was impossible to avoid losses on both sides, they were given the opportunity to convey that they had been discovered. Upon learning of the failure, Berlin abandoned its plans.

Several days before the conference, arrests were made in Tehran, resulting in the arrest of over 400 German agents. The last to be taken was Franz Mayer, who went deep underground: he was found in the Armenian cemetery, where he, having painted and let go of his beard, worked as a gravedigger. Of the large number of agents discovered, some were arrested, and most were recruited. Some were transferred to the British, others were deported to the Soviet Union.

Yalta (Crimean) conference

Yalta (Crimean) the conference of the allied powers (February 4-11, 1945) - the second multilateral meeting of the leaders of the three countries of the anti-Hitler coalition - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain - during the Second World War, dedicated to the establishment of the post-war world order. The conference was held in the Livadia (White) Palace in Yalta, Crimea and became the last conference of the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition "Big Three" in the pre-nuclear era.

In 1943, at the Tehran Conference, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill discussed mainly the problem of achieving victory over the Third Reich, at Potsdam in July-August 1945, the Allies resolved issues of peaceful settlement and partition of Germany, and in Yalta, the main decisions on the future partition were made. peace between the victorious countries.

By that time, the victory over Germany was only a matter of time and the war entered its final stage. The fate of Japan was also not in doubt, since the United States already controlled almost the entire Pacific Ocean. The Allies understood that they had a unique chance to dispose of the history of Europe in their own way, since for the first time in history almost all of Europe was in the hands of only three states.

Solutions

All decisions of Yalta, in general, concerned two problems.

Firstly, it was required to draw new state borders in the territory that had recently been occupied by the Third Reich. At the same time, it was necessary to establish unofficial, but generally recognized by all parties, demarcation lines between the spheres of influence of the allies - a business that was started back at the Tehran conference.

Secondly, the allies realized that after the disappearance of the common enemy, the forced unification of the West and the USSR would lose any meaning, and therefore it was necessary to create procedures to guarantee the immutability of the dividing lines drawn on the world map.

Redistribution of borders

On this issue, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, making mutual concessions, came to an agreement on almost all points. As a result, the configuration of the political map of the world has undergone significant territorial changes.

Poland

The "Polish question" at the conference was one of the most difficult and debatable. 10,000 words were spent on its discussion, which is 24% of all words spoken in Yalta. But the results of this discussion were not very satisfactory. This is due to the following aspects of the Polish problem.

Poland, which was the largest country in Central Europe before the war, shrank sharply and shifted to the west and north. Until 1939, its eastern border was located almost near Kiev and Minsk, and besides, the Poles owned the Vilna region, which is now part of Lithuania. The western border with Germany was located east of the Oder, while most of the Baltic coastline also belonged to Germany. In the east of the pre-war historical territory of Poland, Poles were a national minority among Ukrainians and Belarusians, while part of the territories in the west and north inhabited by Poles was under German jurisdiction.

The USSR received the western border with Poland along the "Curzon Line", established back in 1920, with a retreat from it in some areas from 5 to 8 km in favor of Poland. In fact, the border returned to the position at the time of the division of Poland between Germany and the USSR in 1939 under the Treaty of Friendship and the Border between the USSR and Germany, the main difference from which was the transfer of the Bialystok region to Poland.

Although Poland by the beginning of February 1945, as a result of the Soviet offensive, was already under the rule of the interim government in Warsaw, recognized by the governments of the USSR and Czechoslovakia (Edward Beneš), in London there was a Polish government in exile (Prime Minister Tomasz Archiszewski), which did not recognize the decision The Tehran conference on the Curzon line and therefore could not, in the opinion of the USSR, the USA and the UK, claim power in the country after the end of the war. The instructions of the government in exile for the Home Army, developed on October 1, 1943, contained the following instructions in the event of an unauthorized entry of Soviet troops into the pre-war territory of Poland by the Polish government: The Polish government sends a protest to the United Nations against the violation of Polish sovereignty -- due to the entry of the Soviets into the territory of Poland without the consent of the Polish government -- while declaring that the country will not interact with the Soviets. At the same time, the government warns that in case of arrest of representatives of the underground movement and any reprisals against Polish citizens, underground organizations will switch to self-defense. "

The allies in Crimea realized that “ A new situation was created in Poland as a result of its complete liberation by the Red Army". Stalin in Crimea managed to get the allies to agree to create a new government in Poland itself - the "Provisional Government of National Unity", based on the Provisional Government of the Polish Republic "with the inclusion of democratic leaders from Poland itself and Poles from abroad." This decision, implemented in the presence of Soviet troops, allowed the USSR to subsequently form a political regime that suited it in Warsaw, as a result of which the clashes between pro-Western and pro-communist formations in this country were resolved in favor of the latter.

Germany

A fundamental decision was made on the occupation and division of Germany into occupation zones and on the allocation of France's own zone (March 1945).

A specific settlement of the issue regarding the zones of occupation of Germany was reached even before the Crimean conference and was fixed in "Protocol of the Agreement between the Governments of the USSR, the USA and the United Kingdom on the zones of occupation of Germany and on the administration "Greater Berlin" " dated September 12, 1944.

This decision predetermined the division of the country for many decades. On May 23, 1949, the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany, previously signed by representatives of the three Western powers, was put into effect. On September 7, 1949, the first session of the West German parliament proclaimed the creation of a new state (except for Alsace and Lorraine, which became part of France). In response, on October 7, 1949, the German Democratic Republic was formed on the territory of the Soviet occupation zone. There was also talk about the secession of East Prussia (later, after Potsdam, the present Kaliningrad region was created on 1/3 of this territory).

The participants in the Yalta Conference stated that their unyielding goal is to destroy German militarism and Nazism and to create guarantees that "Germany will never again be able to disturb the peace", “Disarm and disband all German armed forces and destroy the German General Staff for good”, “withdraw or destroy all German military equipment, liquidate or take control of all German industry that could be used for war production; to subject all criminals of war to a just and swift punishment; to wipe out the Nazi Party, Nazi laws, organizations and institutions; to eliminate all Nazi and militaristic influence from public institutions, from the cultural and economic life of the German people. " At the same time, the conference communique emphasized that after the eradication of Nazism and militarism, the German people will be able to take a worthy place in the community of nations.

Balkans

The perennial Balkan issue was also discussed - in particular, the situation in Yugoslavia and Greece. It is believed that back in October 1944, Stalin allowed Great Britain to decide the fate of the Greeks (see the interest agreement), as a result of which later clashes between the communist and pro-Western formations in this country were resolved in favor of the latter. On the other hand, it was actually recognized that the power in Yugoslavia will receive the NOAU of Josip Broz Tito, who was recommended to take the "democrats" into the government.

Declaration on a Liberated Europe

In Yalta, the Declaration on a Liberated Europe was also signed, which determined the principles of the policy of the victors in the territories conquered from the enemy. It assumed, in particular, the restoration of the sovereign rights of the peoples of these territories, as well as the right of the allies to jointly "help" these peoples to "improve conditions" for the exercise of these very rights. The declaration said: "The establishment of order in Europe and the restructuring of national and economic life must be achieved in such a way that will allow the liberated peoples to destroy the last traces of Nazism and fascism and create democratic institutions of their own choice."

The idea of \u200b\u200bjoint assistance never became a reality: each victorious power had power only in those territories where its troops were stationed. As a result, each of the former allies in the war began to diligently support their own ideological allies at the end of the war. Within a few years Europe was divided into a socialist camp and Western Europe, where Washington, London and Paris tried to resist communist sentiments.

Reparations

Once again, the issue of reparations was raised. However, the allies were never able to finally determine the amount of compensation. It was only decided that the United States and Great Britain would give Moscow 50 percent of all reparations.

Far East

Agreement on the entry of the USSR into the war against Japan

The fate of the Far East was fundamentally decided in a separate document. In exchange for entering the war with Japan, 2-3 months after the end of the war in Europe, the USSR received the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin, which had been lost in the Russo-Japanese war; Mongolia was recognized as an independent state. The Soviet side was also promised to lease Port Arthur and the Chinese-Eastern Railway (CER).

UN

In Yalta, the implementation of the idea of \u200b\u200ba new League of Nations was started. The allies needed an intergovernmental organization capable of preventing attempts to change the established boundaries of spheres of influence. It was at the conferences of the winners in Tehran and Yalta and at the interim negotiations in Dumbarton Oaks that the ideology of the United Nations was formed.

It was agreed that the principle of the unanimity of the great powers - the permanent members of the Security Council with the right of veto - will be placed in the basis of the UN's activities in solving the cardinal issues of ensuring peace.

Stalin achieved the consent of his partners that among the founders and members of the UN was not only the USSR, but also the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR as the most affected by the war. And it was in the Yalta documents that the date "April 25, 1945" appeared - the date of the beginning of the San Francisco Conference, which was intended to develop the UN Charter.

The UN has become a symbol and formal guarantor of the post-war world order, an authoritative and sometimes even quite effective organization in resolving interstate problems. At the same time, the winning countries continued to prefer to resolve really serious issues of their relations through bilateral negotiations, and not within the framework of the UN. The UN also failed to prevent the wars that both the United States and the USSR fought in the following decades.

Yalta's legacy

The Yalta Conference of the leaders of the USA, USSR and Great Britain was of great historical importance. It was one of the largest international wartime conferences, an important milestone in cooperation between the powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in waging a war against a common enemy. The adoption of agreed decisions at the conference again showed the possibility of cooperation between states with different social systems. It was one of the last conferences in the pre-atomic era.

The bipolar world created in Yalta and the division of Europe into east and west survived for more than 40 years, until the late 1980s.

The Yalta system began to collapse at the turn of the 1980-1990s with the collapse of the USSR, and finally ceased to exist after September 11, 2001. The countries of Central and Eastern Europe have survived the disappearance of the old demarcation lines and were able to integrate into the new map of Europe. Separate mechanisms of the Yalta-Potsdam system are still functioning: this is the UN, the preservation of the overall invariability of borders in Europe (with the exception of the Balkan Peninsula countries) and in the Far East (borders between the USSR and Japan, the independence of the DPRK and the Republic of Korea, the territorial integrity of the PRC.

Currently, the Yalta-Potsdam peace system is a field of active ideological clashes. Having ceased to exist in the form of state institutions and deprived of the legal field, the Yalta Agreements retain their status of "political bombs" and publicistic sensations.

Displaced Persons Agreement

During the conference, another agreement was concluded, which was very important for the Soviet side, namely, an agreement on the repatriation of military and civilians, that is, displaced persons - persons released (captured) in territories captured by the allies.

Subsequently, in fulfilling this agreement, the British transferred to the Soviet side not only Soviet citizens, but also emigrants who had never had Soviet citizenship. Including the forced extradition of the Cossacks was committed.

By some estimates, more than 2,500,000 people were affected by this agreement.

· The conference participants were accommodated in three palaces:

· Delegation of the USSR, headed by JV Stalin in the Yusupov Palace;

· The US delegation led by F.D. Roosevelt at the Livadia Palace;

· The British delegation led by W. Churchill at the Vorontsov Palace.

· The admission of representatives of the press was strictly limited and the list of journalists was agreed in advance by the conference participants.

Potsdam conference

Potsdam conference took place in Potsdam at the Cecilienhof Palace from July 17 to August 2, 1945 with the participation of the leadership of the three largest powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II in order to determine further steps for the post-war structure of Europe. The meeting in Potsdam was the last for the leaders of the Big Three, Stalin, Truman and Churchill (who was replaced in recent days by K. Attlee).

History

This was the third and last meeting of the "big three" of the anti-Hitler coalition. The first two took place at the end of 1943 in Tehran (Iran) and at the beginning of 1945 in Yalta (USSR). The purpose of the conference was to determine the political and economic future of defeated Germany, in solving post-war problems: the treatment of defeated citizens, the prosecution of war criminals, as well as the reform of the education and training system and the judicial system.

The conference was attended by:

Heads of government of three states - US President Harry Truman (presided over all meetings), Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and Chairman of the State Defense Committee of the USSR I.V. Stalin and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (Since in Great Britain at that time parliamentary elections, in case of a change of power, along with Churchill, his competitor, Clement Attlee, was present at the conference).

· Foreign Ministers Burns (USA), Molotov (USSR), Eden (until July 25) / Bevin (since July 28) (UK), as well as their deputies and other representatives of the Foreign Ministries.

· Representatives of the military departments.

Delegations from the United States and Great Britain arrived on July 15, and on the eve of the conference, Churchill and Truman visited Berlin separately and examined its ruins. The delegation of the USSR, headed by Stalin, arrived in Berlin by train on July 16, where she was met by the commander-in-chief of the group of Soviet occupation forces in Germany, Marshal Zhukov.

On July 17, at 12 o'clock, Stalin and Molotov met with US President Truman and US Secretary of State Byrnes. The expert-consultant of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR Golunsky was present as an interpreter. During the conversation, Truman told Stalin that he was “glad to meet” Stalin and would like to establish with him “the same friendly relations that Generalissimo Stalin had with President Roosevelt. He, Truman, is convinced of the need for this, since he believes that the fate of the world is in the hands of three powers. He wants to be a friend of Generalissimo Stalin. " Stalin replied that "on the part of the Soviet government there is full readiness to go along with the United States."

On July 26, the results of the elections were announced in Great Britain, in which the Laborites won, and from July 28 the British delegation was led by Attlee, while Churchill left the conference.

Accommodation of delegations

36 of 176 rooms of the Cecilienhof Palace were allocated for the conference. The delegations were accommodated in villas in the Potsdam district of Babelsberg - the Soviet delegation was accommodated in a villa that previously belonged to General Ludendorff. The former salon of the crown prince served as the working room of the Americans; the former office of the crown prince served as the working room of the Soviet delegation.

The Cecilienhof is now home to the Potsdam Conference Memorial Museum, which showcases most of the furnishings used during the conference.

Solutions

The goals of the occupation of Germany by the allies were proclaimed its denazification, demilitarization, democratization, decentralization and decartelization. The goal of preserving the unity of Germany was also proclaimed.

According to the decision of the Potsdam Conference, the eastern borders of Germany were moved west to the Oder-Neisse line, which reduced its territory by 25% compared to 1937. The territories east of the new border consisted of East Prussia, Silesia, West Prussia, and two-thirds of Pomerania. These are mainly agricultural areas, with the exception of Upper Silesia, which was the second largest center of German heavy industry. Most of the territories torn away from Germany became part of Poland. The Soviet Union, together with the capital Königsberg (which was renamed Kaliningrad the following year), included one third of East Prussia, on whose territory the Königsberg (from March 1946 - Kaliningrad) region of the RSFSR was created.

On July 22-23, Stalin and Molotov presented at the conference the territorial claims of the USSR against Turkey and the demand for a favorable regime for the USSR in the Black Sea Straits. These claims were not supported by the British and American sides (although the final protocol of the conference mentions the revision of the Montreux Convention, taking into account the views of the Turkish side).

Reparation payments were ordered.

At the Potsdam Conference, Stalin reaffirmed his commitment to declare war on Japan no later than three months after Germany's surrender (the date of which Stalin considered only May 8). The United States, Great Britain and China, at war with Japan, also signed the Potsdam Declaration (published on July 26), which demanded unconditional surrender from Japan. On August 8 (after the conference) the USSR joined the declaration and declared war on Japan.

By preliminary agreement, Korea was divided into the Soviet and American zones of occupation, although the Korean issue was not officially raised at the meetings.

The acute issue discussed during the conference was the problem of partitioning the remaining German fleet.

On the final day of the conference, the heads of delegations made fundamental decisions on the settlement of post-war issues, approved on August 7, 1945 with certain reservations by France, which was not invited to the conference.

In Potsdam, many contradictions between the allies emerged, which soon led to the Cold War.

Atomic weapon

On the eve of the conference, the first nuclear test in the United States took place. On July 24, 1945, in Potsdam, Truman, as it were, "incidentally" informed Stalin that the United States "now has weapons of extraordinary destructive power." According to Churchill's recollections, Stalin smiled, but did not become interested in the details. From this Truman and Churchill concluded that Stalin did not understand anything and was not aware of events. Some modern researchers believe that this was Stalin's subtle game. That same evening, Stalin ordered Molotov to talk to Kurchatov about speeding up work on the atomic project. According to legend, Stalin personally called Kurchatov: “Comrade Kurchatov! I ask you to speed up your work. "

· The special train of the USSR delegation was delivered to the Potsdam conference not by a steam locomotive, but by diesel traction.

· The British delegation arrived by plane, and the US delegation crossed the Atlantic Ocean on the cruiser Quincy to the coast of France, and from there reached Berlin on the plane of the US President “Sacred Cow”.

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International conferences during the Second World War

Background

During the first years of the war, Germany was able to capture most of Europe, but in 1942 a radical turning point came in the war. The battle of Stalingrad became a turning point in the European zone (on November 19, 1942, the Soviet offensive began). In the Pacific Ocean - the Battle of Midway Atoll in July 1942 ().

Diplomacy played an important role in bringing about a radical change in the war. In 1941-1942. As a result of the signing of a number of agreements, an anti-Hitler coalition was formed.

Events

March 1941 - The American Congress adopted the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the American president to provide material assistance to any country whose defense was of strategic importance to the United States.

12 July 1941 - the Anglo-Soviet agreement on joint actions against Germany was signed.

August 14, 1941 - The Atlantic Charter was signed by US President F. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill. The document formulated the meaning and goals of the confrontation between democratic regimes and Nazi Germany. The charter played a fundamental role in building the coalition.

September - October 1941 - a meeting of the foreign ministers of three countries (England, USA, USSR) in Moscow. Decisions were made to supply the United States with weapons, transport and foodstuffs for the Soviet Union and to provide a loan of $ 1 billion.

January 1, 1942 - the Washington Declaration (United Nations Declaration) was adopted, which was signed by 26 states. Until 1945, 19 more states declared their solidarity with it.

January 21, 1943 - the meeting of Roosevelt and Churchill in Casablanca. It was decided to continue the war until Germany's unconditional surrender.

August 1944 - Conference in Dumbarton Oaks (USA), at which the structure of the main bodies of the UN (United Nations) was approved.

1944 g. - Bretton Woods Conference. Creation of the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Formation of a new world monetary system.

April 25, 1945 - The founding conference of the UN, which was attended by 42 states. This conference defined the post-war world order and the role of the UN.

July 17, 1945 - the beginning of the Potsdam Conference of the heads of Great Britain, the USSR, the USA (Churchill, Stalin and Truman). She laid the foundations of the post-war world order (see the lesson "The end of World War II. Post-war settlement").

Participants

Winston Churchill - Prime Minister of Great Britain (1940-1945; 1951-1955). One of the initiators of the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition with the participation of the USA and the USSR. In post-war Europe, he advocated limiting the influence of the USSR in the world. His Fulton speech was a step towards the Cold War.

F. Roosevelt - President of the United States (1933-1945). Contributed to the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition; advocated assistance to Great Britain, France and the USSR in the fight against Germany.

Conclusion

At international conferences, spheres of influence were divided between the three largest powers - Great Britain, the USA and the USSR. Towards the end of the war, what united the countries (the fight against fascism) gradually faded away; contradictions are growing between countries, which will lead after the end of the war to a cold war and an arms race ().

The Potsdam conference summed up the results of the war and played an important role in shaping the post-war world order (see the lesson "The end of World War II. Post-war settlement").

Abstract

As soon as Germany attacked the USSR, British Prime Minister and implacable enemy of the Soviet Union Winston Churchill was the first politician to openly support the USSR in its fight against the enemy. Discarding all ideological contradictions, the Soviet Union and Great Britain began to cooperate against the enemy - Nazi Germany. A little later, after the Japanese attack on the American naval base Pearl Harbor, the United States joined the coalition.

During the second half of 1941 - 1942. the leaders' meetings were in the nature of bilateral meetings. American President Roosevelt "met" with the leader of the USSR I.V. Stalin through his ambassador, Harriman. A number of agreements were concluded between the parties, including with the Americans on the issue of Lend-Lease - the supply of food and equipment and weapons to the USSR.

Finally, in november 1943 the leaders of the leading world powers, whose armies fought against Hitler's Germany, Stalin (USSR), Churchill (Great Britain) and Roosevelt (USA), decided to gather to discuss their further actions in the Iranian city of Tehran. This meeting went down in history as “ Tehran conference"(Fig. 1). The main issue of the conference was the question of opening a second front in Europe. The allies of the USSR constantly delayed this discovery, citing the lack of forces and means, therefore the Soviet Union assumed the main burden of waging the war with Germany.

Figure: 1. Tehran conference. W. Churchill's birthday ()

British leader Winston Churchill proposed opening a second front in Europe in the Balkans, but then it would be easier for the Germans to defend themselves. Stalin suggested that the Allies open a second front in northern France and move towards the Red Army. In this he was supported by Roosevelt, who was interested in the fastest defeat of Germany. he needed help in the war with Japan.

The Tehran conference was the first international conference at which not only the question of opening a Second Front was raised, but also the question of the future of the world order.

IN february 1945 The heads of the allied countries met in the Crimean city of Yalta (Fig. 2). confirmed the following points of agreements:

1. After the defeat of Germany, the USSR will enter the war with Japan

2. Allies recognize the eastern borders of the USSR

3. The Powers establish the successor to the League of Nations - the United Nations Organization (UN).

Figure: 2. Yalta conference ()

After signing the German Surrender Act, summer 1945, in Potsdam the leaders of the victorious countries gathered - from the USSR I.V. Stalin, US President-elect Truman and UK new Prime Minister Attlee (Fig. 3). The allies have developed common principles for conducting a new world politics and have defined new borders in Europe and the world.

So, the countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe - Romania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, Czechoslovakia - fell into the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union. Poland was re-created, which was also included in the Soviet orbit.

As territorial increments, East Prussia with the city of Königsberg was included in the USSR.

By decision of the Potsdam Conference Germany was divided into 4 zones of occupation, and had to pay reparations to the winners in the amount of 20 billion dollars, half of which the USSR was to receive.

In the Far East, Japan was also obliged to pay a large sum and give up part of the land. So, the Kuriles, South Sakhalin, Port Arthur returned to the USSR.

Figure: 3. Potsdam conference ()

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - early XXI century. - M .: Mnemosina, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M .: Russian word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya T.P., Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

2. Livadia Palace Museum ().

1. Why did the rapprochement of previously irreconcilable ideological enemies - Great Britain and the USSR become possible? Explain.

2. Describe the decisions of 3 conferences of the "Big Three".

3. Which of the Big Three conferences was the most significant? Explain your choice.

Yalta (Crimean) conference. Participants - Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt. The conference was held in the Livadia (White) Palace in Yalta, Crimea and became the last conference of the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition "Big Three" in the pre-nuclear era. Questions were raised: about the post-war borders of Germany and Poland, about the preservation of Germany as a single state, about reparations, about the timing of the entry of the USSR into the war with Japan (three months after the end of the war in Europe), about the demilitarization and denazification of Germany and the implementation of democratic elections. In exchange for entering the war with Japan, 2-3 months after the end of the war in Europe, the USSR received the Kuriles and Southern Sakhalin, which had been lost in the Russo-Japanese war; Mongolia was recognized as an independent state. The Soviet side was also promised to lease Port Arthur and the Chinese-Eastern Railway (CER).

Serious controversy raised questions about the fate of Poland and reparations. The USSR received the western border with Poland along the "Curzon Line", established back in 1920, with a retreat from it in some areas from 5 to 8 km in favor of Poland. In fact, the border returned to the position at the time of the division of Poland between Germany and the USSR in 1939 under the Treaty of Friendship and the Border between the USSR and Germany, the main difference from which was the transfer of the Bialystok region to Poland. Stalin in Crimea managed to get the allies to agree to create a new government in Poland itself - the "Provisional Government of National Unity", based on the Provisional Government of the Polish Republic "with the inclusion of democratic leaders from Poland itself and Poles from abroad." The USSR was to receive half of all reparation payments. The configuration of the political map of the world has undergone significant territorial changes.

The allies agreed to create the UN. Stalin achieved the consent of his partners that among the founders and members of the UN was not only the USSR, but also the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR as the most affected by the war. And it was in the Yalta documents that the date "April 25, 1945" appeared - the date of the beginning of the San Francisco conference, which was intended to develop the UN Charter. Declaration on a Liberated Europe. It assumed, in particular, the restoration of the sovereign rights of the peoples of these territories, as well as the right of the allies to jointly "help" these peoples to "improve conditions" for the exercise of these very rights.

During the conference, an agreement was signed on the repatriation of military and civilians, that is, displaced persons - persons released (captured) in the territories captured by the allies. Subsequently, in fulfilling this agreement, the British transferred to the Soviet side not only Soviet citizens, but also emigrants who had never had Soviet citizenship. Including a violent extradition of the Cossacks.

International conferences during the Second World War

Background

Diplomacy played an important role in bringing about a radical change in the war. In 1941-1942. As a result of the signing of a number of agreements, an anti-Hitler coalition was formed.

Events

12 July 1941 - the Anglo-Soviet agreement on joint actions against Germany was signed.

January 1, 1942 - the Washington Declaration (United Nations Declaration) was adopted, which was signed by 26 states. Until 1945, 19 more states declared their solidarity with it.

January 21, 1943 - the meeting of Roosevelt and Churchill in Casablanca. It was decided to continue the war until Germany's unconditional surrender.

August 1944 - Conference in Dumbarton Oaks (USA), at which the structure of the main bodies of the UN (United Nations) was approved.

1944 g. - Bretton Woods Conference. Creation of the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Formation of a new world monetary system.

April 25, 1945 - The founding conference of the UN, which was attended by 42 states. This conference defined the post-war world order and the role of the UN.

Participants

Conclusion

The Potsdam conference summed up the results of the war and played an important role in shaping the post-war world order (see the lesson "The end of World War II. Post-war settlement").

Abstract

Figure: 1. Tehran conference. W. Churchill's birthday ()

The Tehran conference was the first international conference at which not only the question of opening a Second Front was raised, but also the question of the future of the world order.

IN february 1945 The heads of the allied countries met in the Crimean city of Yalta (Fig. 2). confirmed the following points of agreements:

1. After the defeat of Germany, the USSR will enter the war with Japan

2. Allies recognize the eastern borders of the USSR

3. The Powers establish the successor to the League of Nations - the United Nations Organization (UN).

Figure: 2. Yalta conference ()

As territorial increments, East Prussia with the city of Königsberg was included in the USSR.

In the Far East, Japan was also obliged to pay a large sum and give up part of the land. So, the Kuriles, South Sakhalin, Port Arthur returned to the USSR.

Figure: 3. Potsdam conference ()

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - early XXI century. - M .: Mnemosina, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M .: Russian word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya T.P., Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

2. Livadia Palace Museum ().

1. Why did the rapprochement of previously irreconcilable ideological enemies - Great Britain and the USSR become possible? Explain.

2. Describe the decisions of 3 conferences of the "Big Three".

3. Which of the Big Three conferences was the most significant? Explain your choice.

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Solutions

Redistribution of borders

Poland

Germany

Balkans

Declaration on a Liberated Europe

Reparations

Far East

UN

Yalta's legacy

Displaced Persons Agreement

· The conference participants were accommodated in three palaces:

· Delegation of the USSR, headed by JV Stalin in the Yusupov Palace;

· The US delegation led by F.D. Roosevelt at the Livadia Palace;

· The British delegation led by W. Churchill at the Vorontsov Palace.

· The admission of representatives of the press was strictly limited and the list of journalists was agreed in advance by the conference participants.

Potsdam conference

History

The conference was attended by:

· Foreign Ministers Burns (USA), Molotov (USSR), Eden (until July 25) / Bevin (since July 28) (UK), as well as their deputies and other representatives of the Foreign Ministries.

· Representatives of the military departments.

On July 26, the results of the elections were announced in Great Britain, in which the Laborites won, and from July 28 the British delegation was led by Attlee, while Churchill left the conference.

Accommodation of delegations

The Cecilienhof is now home to the Potsdam Conference Memorial Museum, which showcases most of the furnishings used during the conference.

Solutions

The goals of the occupation of Germany by the allies were proclaimed its denazification, demilitarization, democratization, decentralization and decartelization. The goal of preserving the unity of Germany was also proclaimed.

Reparation payments were ordered.

By preliminary agreement, Korea was divided into the Soviet and American zones of occupation, although the Korean issue was not officially raised at the meetings.

The acute issue discussed during the conference was the problem of partitioning the remaining German fleet.

On the final day of the conference, the heads of delegations made fundamental decisions on the settlement of post-war issues, approved on August 7, 1945 with certain reservations by France, which was not invited to the conference.

In Potsdam, many contradictions between the allies emerged, which soon led to the Cold War.

Atomic weapon

· The special train of the USSR delegation was delivered to the Potsdam conference not by a steam locomotive, but by diesel traction.

· The British delegation arrived by plane, and the US delegation crossed the Atlantic Ocean on the cruiser Quincy to the coast of France, and from there reached Berlin on the plane of the US President “Sacred Cow”.

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Similar documents

International conferences during the Second World War

Background

Events

Participants

Conclusion

Abstract

International conferences during the Second World War

Background

Events

Participants

Conclusion

Abstract