The reasons of the troubled
Troubled time was caused by a number of causes and factors. Historians allocate the following of them:
1. The termination of the Rurikovsky dynasty.
2. The struggle between the boyars and the royal power, when the first sought to preserve and multiply traditional privileges and political influence, the second - limit these privileges and influence
3. The difficult economic situation of the country. Conquering hiking Ivana
Terrible and Livonian war demanded significant tension
production forces.
4. Deep social disorder in the country.
5. Consequences of Okrichnina

Course of events

Start
After the death of Ivan the Terrible (1584) His heir Fedor I Ioannovich was not
He is able to affect the affairs of the Board, and the younger son, Tsarevich Dmitry, was in infancy. With the death of Dmitry (1591) and Fedor (1598), the ruling dynasty stopped, other boyars gods were nominated on the stage - Yuryev, Godunov. In 1598, Boris Godunov was erected on the throne. Three years, from 1601 to 1603, were lack of town ... Mass of the people
Flounced in Moscow, where the government distributed money and bread in need.
However, these measures only strengthened economic disorganization.
The appearance of the self-coaching
The beginning of the University refers to strengthening rumors, as if legitimate Tsarevich
Dmitry is alive, from which it followed that the Board of Boris Godunov illegally. Samornozhan Lhadmitryry Grishka Fravev. At the beginning of 1604, the impostor won the support of the Polish king. In 1604, the army of the impostor crossed the border. Intervention is the intervention of other states in the state policy.

In 1605, Godunov died, and Lhadmitry became the king. But in 1606 he was killed by disgruntled boyars. A brief biography of Falsmitria 1 (according to the official version) reports that it comes from the genus Bogdan Frepeva, he was a ragless Deacon Miracle of the Monastery. Having gave himself to the miraculous way, who was saved by Tsarevich, he was supported by the Polish aristocracy, as well as representatives of the Catholic clergy. In the following years, 1603 - 1604 in Poland began preparations for its "return" to the Russian throne. During this period, Lhadmitryy 1 secretly takes a Catholic faith, promises to introduce Catholicism and in Russia, to assist his Sigismund 3 in conflict with Sweden, Poland - to give Smolensk and Seversk land.

With the Polish-Lithuanian detachment, in the autumn of 1604, Lhadmitryy passed the boundaries of Russia in the Chernigov area. It should be noted that in many ways the success of the adventures contributed to the uprisings of the peasants who broke out in the southern lands. Lhadmitria 1 eventually managed to strengthen his position in Putivl. After the death of Boris Godunov and the transition of his army to the side of the impostor, during the uprising began on June 1, 1605 in Moscow, Tsar Fedor 2 Borisovich was overthrown. Falsmitry 1 joined Moscow on June 30 (according to a new style) 1605. The next day, he was Vieden to the kingdom in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

The rule of Falsmitria 1 began with attempts to conduct independent policies. In an effort to enlist the support of noble childbirth, the impostor established land and cash salaries for them. The funds were taken by the revision of the rights to the land of monasteries. Some concessions were made and peasants. So, the southern regions of the country were liberated from taxes for 10 years. However, the impostor failed to attract the remaining aristocracy and peasants to its side. The overall increase in taxes and sending promised money to Poland, led already in 1606 to the peasant-Cossack rebellion. The force for its suppression was not applied, but Lhadmitry 1 went to certain concessions, and included articles about the peasant exit to a consolidated judiciary.

These Sigizmundu 3 promises, who received the authorities of the impostor did not hurry, which led to the deterioration of the country's external policies. The crisis situation has developed in domestic politics. All this created the conditions for the boyars conspiracy, at the head of which the Shuisian stood. Lhadmitriy 1 was killed during a bunlet citizens against the impostor and Maria Mnishek who came to the celebration of the wedding. The body originally buried behind the Serpukhov gate, later burned, and the dust shot from the cannons towards Poland.

Already in the next 1607, Lhadmitriy 2 appeared, called Tushinsky thief. Supported by Poles and who declared himself a miracle to those who walked in Lhadmitria 1, he made Moscow. About the biography of Falsmitria 2 is known very little. The only reliable fact is that he was really similar to the first impostor. Falsmitry 2, who joined Russian land, supported, but his troops and the army of the rebels did not manage to connect under Tula.

In 1608, the army who moved to Moscow, breaking the shelves of Shuisky, was strengthened in Tushina. Since the autumn of the same year, hesieved to Moscow, Tushiny took up pogroms and robbery. This situation remained for 2 years. Unable to fight an impostor, Shuisky concludes an agreement with the ruler of Sweden (1609), which promises in exchange for military assistance Karelia. The commander of the Swedish troops becomes the nephew of the king Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, who turned out to be gifted by a gifted commander. This gave Poland a reason to intervene and openly act on Russian lands. Smolensk's deposited by their troops was defended for 20 months.

The emergence of Swedish troops provoked a flight of Falsmitria 2 in Kaluga, and his former associates were crowned at the kingdom of Sigismund 3 - Vladislav. Camp in tushino by spring 1610 g empty. At Skopina-Shuisky laid huge hopes, but the commander died in the same year with rather strange circumstances. His place was occupied by V. Shuisky and the army was defeated in June 1610. Falgestmitry 2 Again there was hope again to take the throne and he moved to Moscow. However, already in August 1610, the ruled of Falgestmitry 2 ended. He fled again in Kaluga, where he was killed.
Vasily Shuysky

Vasily Shuysky closed on the throne. Soon against the Boyarsky king, an uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov broke out. In 1607, it was suppressed, but there was an impostor of Lhadmitry II appeared. He besieged Moscow. They were besieged Smolensk (Pal in 1611), broke the Russian troops under the crush and approached Moscow. Dissatisfied noblemen overthrew Shui. Power took the boyars ("Semiboyarschina") who let Polekov in Moscow and offered the throne to the Polish Kingdom of Vladislav, but with the condition of adoption by Orthodoxy. The agreement did not take place. In 1609, Shuisky, in exchange for territorial and political concessions, concluded a contract with Sweden, according to which the king gave 2 thousand cavities and 3 thousand people of the infantry of hired troops. This allowed the Russian-Swedish tack under the command of the young (24 years), but the talented commander M.V. Skopina-Shuisky in the spring of 1610. To smash the impostor and discard Moscow. However, Poland, who was then in a state of war with Sweden, began an open intervention to Russia, besieged Smolensk in the fall of 1609. Robbery and violence, by Poles, their attempts to put Catholicism in the Orthodox country awakened the Russian people to the fight against Inoments and Inoverts. The difficult situation of Russia decided to take advantage of Sweden. She began an open intervention against our country, occupying most of the Novgorod region (in July 1611 seized Novgorod).In July 1610, the king of Vasily Shuysky was overthrown by the boyars. As a result, the country established the power of the Boyar Duma in the form of a seven-warehouse - the authorities of the seven of the most born members of the Duma, headed by Prince F. Mstislavsky.

Semiboyarschina made an act of national treason, concluding an agreement with the Polish king of Sigismund III on the calling of his son Vladislav (Catholic) into the Russian throne instead of the overthrown Orthodox king. On September 21, 1610, Polish interventories occupied Moscow. At the same time, the hired Swedish troops on July 16, 1611 seized Novgorod. King Karl IX put forward to the Russian throne of his son Prince Charles Philippe. By the spring of 1612, in the north-west of Russia, the Swedes captured holes, nuts, porchs, lady, Tikhvin.

Thus, in the third period of Troubles, the question stood not only about the earthly existence of the Russian people, but also (which was considered much more important) about turning his soul, that is, the loss of the life of the eternal. This threat has become one of the main reasons for the beginning and growth of the people's movement against the Swedish and Polish Military Catholic intervention.

The most important event of the national period of the vague time was the People's Movement against the military-Catholic intervention, the creation of two folk militia.

First militia Formed in the spring of 1611 in Ryazan land under the leadership of Ryazan Governor Prokodiya Lyapunov, his brother Zechariah and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. However, it has not yet been spiritual unity. Therefore, this militia, blocked Poles in Moscow, split from the inside.

Second militia Formed in the fall of 1611 in Nizhny Novgorod led by Kuzma Mini (? -1616), Nizhny Novgorod old-age. Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky (1578-1642) was elected the governor. The spiritual father of the second militia was the head of the Nizhny Novgorod clergy of Protopop Savva Efimyev. Patriarch Hermogen played a huge role in the communional business, called Russian people to rise to the fight against the invaders Catholics. In March 1612, the second militia went on a trip to Moscow, and already on October 26, he freed it from the interventionists, pre-(August 22-24) crushing a strong regular Polish army led by Hetman Khodkiewicz, who hurned to help the Polish garrison in the Kremlin. Currently, on November 4, the Day of Military Glory of Russia is the day of the liberation of Moscow by the forces of the national militia under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky from Polish interventories. Inspired by the liberation of Moscow, the people began to cast off the invaders everywhere. Ivan Susanin saved from the attack of the Polish-Lithuanian detachment on the young king Mikhail Romanova, headed by a detachment in the opposite direction from the village of Domnino, where there was a named king with his mother Martha.

Because of the refusal to indicate the faithful way, Ivan Susanin was subjected to terrible torture, but still he did not give out the location of the king and was cut into small pieces.
Thanks to the feat of Ivan Susanin, the title Tsar of Yong Mikhail Fedorovich and his mother Marf were saved.on March 1, 1613, the Zemsky Cathedral elected the Russian king of the 16-year-old son Metropolitan Filaret - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanova (1613-1645), the nephew of the former Tsar Fyodor John - the son of Ivan Grozny. Continuity with Rurikovichi was observed. Philaret, who returned from Polish captivity, in 1619 was elected by the Patriarch of All Russia. VO Klyuchevsky, "The end of Universion was laid by entry into the throne of Mikhail Romanova, who became the hedle of the new dynasty," which existed for 304 years.

With the coming to power of the Romanov, the restoration of the Russian state begins on the religious and moral, spiritual traditions and the socio-political foundations of the orthodox civilization.
Reversal results:
pros
1. Gave the impetus to the reforms of the XVII century.
2. The government began to manage the society in a new way, taking into account the requirements of the estates.
3. Cohesion of the nobility and the growth of political activity.
4. Society for the first time acted in itself. It took 4 unsuccessful attempts to establish a new dynasty: Lhadmitry I, Lhadmitry II, Shuisky, Vladislav.
5. Russia defended national independence, fixed self-awareness.

Minuses
1. Confusion and cruelty.
2. Decline of agriculture.
3. Loss of territories.
4. Economic devastation, undermining trade and crafts.
5. The idea of \u200b\u200bunity was formed on a conservative basis.

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A summary of the events of the Russian vague time of the XVII century may look like this. After the death of Tsar Fyodor John and the termination of the Rurikovsky dynasty was February 21, 1598 was elected to the throne Boris Godunov. The limitations of the power of the new king are expected expected by the boyars. The deaf ropot of this class caused a secret police officer supervision of the boyars, in which the chores served the main tool, who informed on their Lords. Next followed torture and execution. The overall statement of state order could not be established by the king, despite all the energy that manifested them. The hungry years, which began with 1601, strengthened the overall discontent with Godunov. The struggle for the throne in the tops of the Boyars, gradually complemented by fermentation from the bottom, and laid the beginning of a vague time. In this regard, all the reign of Boris Godunov can be considered the first period.

Soon there were rumors about salvation that was previously killed in Uglich Tsarevich Dmitry and about his stay in Poland. The first news about it began to penetrate Moscow at the very beginning of 1604. The first Lhadmitry was created by Moscow boyars using the Poles. His impostor was not a secret for the boyars, and Boris rightly said that they were confused by an impostor. In the fall of 1604, Lhadmitry, with a detachment collected in Poland and in Ukraine, a detachment entered the limits of the Moscow state through Severshchina - the South-Western border region, which was quickly embraced by folk turmoys. On April 13, 1605, Boris Godunov died, and the impostor easily approached Moscow, where he drove on June 20. During the 11-month rule, Feltmitry did not stop conspiracy of the boyars against him. He did not satisfy neither a boyars (due to independence and independence of his character), nor the people (as a result of them unusual for Muscovites "Western" politicians). On May 17, 1606 conspirators, at the head of which they stood the princes V. I. Shuisky, V. V. Golitsyn and others, Lfoldgli's impostor and killed him.

Time of Troubles. Lhadmitry. (Body of Falsitria on Red Square) Sketch for Painting S. Kirillova, 2013

After that, the king of Vasily Shuisky was elected, but without the participation of the Zemsky Cathedral, but only a boyars party and a crowded Muscovites, "crushing" the Shuisian, followed by the death of Falsitria. His government was limited to the boyars of the oligarchy, which rushes him the power of the oath with the king. This reign covers 4 years and 2 months; All the time, this confusion continued and grew. Seversk Ukraine, headed by the Putivist Voi, Prince Shakhovsky, in the name of the allegedly saved Lhadmitria I. The head of the rebels was spurred by a raid coast of Bolotniks, which was like an agent sent by an impostor from Poland. The initial successes of the rebels were forced to close many to meer. Ryazan land outraged Sunbulov and brothers Lyapunov, Tula and the surrounding cities raised the Eastom of Pashkov. The troubled penetrated into other places: Nizhny Novgorod besieged the crowd of holsters and foreigners who were led by two Mordvinov; In Perm and Vyatka, closed rudeness and confusion. Astrakhan outraged the Voivod himself Prince Twigsinin; According to the Volga, the chayka raged, putting his impostor, a certain Muromet Ileik, who was called Peter - the unprecedented son of King Fyodor John. Bolotniks approached Moscow and on October 12, 1606 broke the Moscow army under the village of Troitsky Kolomensky County, but soon he was smashed by M. V. Skopin-Shuisky near Kolomensky and went to Kaluga, which I tried to precipitate the brother of the king, Dmitry. In Seversk Earth, the self-serrated Pyotr appeared, which in Tula connected with the groomed from the Moscow troops from Kaluga Bolotnikov. The King Vasily himself moved to Tula, which hesitated from June 30 to October 1, 1607. During the siege of the city, a new Grozny Samumnitri II appeared in Stroodube II.

Battle of Troops Bolotnikov with the royal army. Picture E. Lisner

The death of the Tula, the Bolotnikov surrendered in Tula did not stop the troubled time. Lhadmitry II, supported by Poles and Cossacks, found himself near Moscow and was located in the so-called Tushinsky camp. A significant part of cities (up to 22) was submitted to the North-East. Only Trinity-Sergiyev Lavaered withstood a long siege of his detachments from September 1608 to January 1610. In difficult circumstances, Shuisky appealed to the Swedes. Then Poland in September 1609 declared Moscow to the war under the pretext that Moscow concluded a contract with hostile Poles to Sweden. So the inner confusion was supplemented by the intervention of foreigners. Polish king Sigismund III went to Smolensk. Smeted for negotiations with the Swedes in Novgorod in the spring of 1609 Skopin-Shuisky, together with Swedish auxiliary detachment, Dugadi moved to Moscow. Moscow was liberated from Tushinsky's thief, which fled to Kaluga in February 1610. Tushinsky camp broke up. The former Poles in it went to their king near Smolensk.

S. Ivanov. Lhadmitria II camp in Tushino

The Russian adherents of Falsitriya II from Boyar and the nobles led by Mikhail Saltykov, remaining alone, also decided to send the Commissioners to the Polish camp near Smolensk and recognize the son of the son of Vladislav's king of the Sigismund. But they recognized it on the well-known conditions that were set forth in the contract with the king of February 4, 1610. In this contract, the political aspirations of the average boyars and the highest metropolitan nobility were expressed. First of all, it was approved by the inviolability of the Orthodox faith; Everyone had to sue the law and punish only the court, to rise in merit, all have the right to depart into other states for education. Government power is divided with two institutions: the Zemstvo Cathedral and the Boyar Duma. The Zemsky Cathedral, consisting of the state elected from all ranks, has a constituent authority; The sovereign only with it establishes basic laws and changes the old ones. Boyarskaya Duma has authority legislative; She, together with the sovereign, solves the issues of current legislation, for example, questions about taxes, about the objective and military land tenure, etc. Boyarskaya Duma there is a higher court institution, which, together with the state truck, solves the most important court cases. The sovereign does nothing without the Duma and sentence of the boyars. But so far, there were negotiations with Sigismund, two important events were accomplished, which strongly influenced the progress of the troubled time: In April, 1610 the nephew of the king, the popular liberator of Moscow M. V. Skopin-Shuisky died, and in June, Hetman Zolkevsky inflicted the cruel defeat by the Moscow troops under the club. These events decided the fate of Tsar Vasily: Muscovites, headed by Zakhar Lyapunov Lfwegly Shuisky on July 17, 1610 and forced to knear.

The last period of troubled time has come. Under Moscow, the Polish hetman Zolkevsky was located with the army, who demanded the election of Vladislav, and again who came there Lhadmitriy II, to which Moscow Mobile was located. The head of the board was the Boyarskaya Duma, headed by F. I. Mstislavsky, V. V. Golitsyn and others (the so-called sevenboyar). She tied up negotiations with Zholkevsky about the recognition by the Russian king Vladislav. Zholkevsky on September 19 introduced Polish troops to Moscow and drove from the capital of Falseedmitri II. At the same time, the Embassy to Sigizmund III, which was sent to Sigizmund III, who came out of the most significant Moscow boyars, but the king delayed them and announced that he himself personally intends to be a king in Moscow.

1611 was marked by a rapid rise in the midst of the Turka of the Russian National Sense. At the head of the patriotic movement against the Poles, the Patriarch of Hermogen and Prokoki Lyapunov were located. Sigismund's claims to combine Russia with Poland as a subordinate state and murder of the leader of Flasmithri II, whose danger forced many to believe in Vladislav, conducive to the growth of movement. The uprising quickly covered Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Kostroma, Vologda, Ustyug, Novgorod and other cities. Everywhere was going to militia and tightened to Moscow. Cossacks were joined by the serviceful people of Lyapunov under the head of the Don Ataman Zarutsky and Prince Trubetsky. In early March, 1611, the militia approached Moscow, where, when a rebellion of the Poles broke out about it. The Poles burned the whole Moscow Posad (March 19), but with the approach of Lyapunov's detachments and other leaders were forced together with their supporters from Muscovites to blame in the Kremlin and China City. The case of the first patriotic militia of the troubled time ended in failure, thanks to the complete disunity of the interests of individual groups included in its composition. July 25 killed was the Cossacks of Lyapunov. Even earlier, on June 3, the King of Sigismund finally mastered Smolensky, and on July 8, 1611 Duchadi took the attack of Novgorod and made the Soviet of the Swedish Koriycha Filippa there. In Pskov, there was a new leader of Bosyakov Lhadmitriy III.

K. Makovsky. The appeal of minina on the square of Nizhny Novgorod

In early April, the second patriotic militia of the troubled time arrived in Yaroslavl and, slowly moving, gradually strengthening his detachments, on August 20 approached Moscow. Zarutsky went to the south-eastern regions with his gangs, and Trubetskaya joined the Pozharsky. On August 24-28, the warriors of the Pozharskiy and the Cossacks of Trubetsky was removed from Moscow Hetman Khodkiewicz, who arrived with the deposit for the rescue deposited in the Kremlin. On October 22, China City was busy, and on October 26, he was cleared of Poles and the Kremlin. Attempting Sigismund III move to Moscow was unsuccessful: the king turned back from the Volokolamsk.

E. Lissener. Way of Poles from the Kremlin

In December, the diplomas were sent everywhere about sending the best and reasonable people to Moscow for the election of the sovereign. They gathered at the beginning of next year. On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Cathedral was elected to the Russian kings Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, walked in Moscow on July 11 of the same year and founding a new, 300-year-old dynasty. The main events of troubled time ended with this, however

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Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

First St. Petersburg State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlova

Department of Story of Fatherland

People and impostors in troubled time

saint Petersburg

Table of contents

Introduction
The reasons of the troubled
End of the Rurikovsky Dynasty
Safety
LhadmitryI.
Civil uprising
List of used literature

Introduction

In the history of Russia there was a period of Liphethey, transfers - a period of troubled time. The troubled time is one of the critical periods in Russian history, the beginning of which was laid by the cessation of the Moscow dynasty. Time Liphethet touched all directions of Russian life - economy, power, internal and foreign policy, ideology and morality. The aggravation of social, estate, dynastic and international relations at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. And discontent of various layers and estates of Russian society by the living conditions, which were created in Russia, served as the soil for the Troubles. The Moscow State has experienced a terrible shock, the outstanding the deepest foundations. It gave the first and very painful impetus to the movement of new concepts that did not give up state order built by the fussing dynasty. This shock was accomplished in the early years of the XVII century. And it is known in our historiography under the name of the troubled or troubled times. Russian people who have experienced this difficult time called him, and it is the last years "the Great Destruction of the Moscow State". Signs of the Troubles began to be discovered immediately after the death of the last king of the old dynasty, Fyodor Ivanovich. Unhuty ceases from the time when the Zemstvo gathered in Moscow in early 1613 was elected to the throne of the new dynasty, Tsar Mikhail. So, a vague time in our history can be called 14-15 years of "confusion" of the Russian Earth from 1598 to 1613 by the end of the XVI century. The Moscow State settled, acquired ordinary forms and instruments of public life, had the supreme power, legislation, central and regional administration, a significant order of order, increasingly multiplying, public division, increasingly dismembered, army, even a vague thought of popular representation. But the institutions themselves are only forms: for successful their actions, it is necessary to still content, norms and morals are needed that guide their activities. All this is not given immediately in the finished form, but is produced by a tense thought, difficult, sometimes painful experience. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe people has not yet merged in the then understanding with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe state. The state understood not as an union of people, managed by the supreme power, but as a state economy, which was part of which was included with the importance of economic articles and classes of the population inhabited in the territory of sovereign behavior. Because the national benefit, the goal of the state, subordinate to the dynastic interest of the land owner, and the very law wore the nature of the economic order, which emanated from Moskvoretsky Kremlin estate and establishing the procedure for the activities of the subordinate, mainly regional administration, and everything is easier - the order of serving various state-owls by the averages. In Moscow law until the XVII century. There are no decrees that could be recognized by the basic laws defining the system and the rights of the supreme power, the basic rights and obligations of citizens. Thus, the basic elements of state order have not yet been supported by their respective nature with the concepts. The meaning of the people, as a historical person, is its historical calling, and this vocation of the people is expressed in the world regime, which he creates its efforts, and in that idea what he seeks to carry out its activities in this position. He performs its role in the world scene by those forces, which managed to develop their historical education in themselves. The people have always been a means of achieving goals. The troubled was the era of impostors, rebels, "balamuts" and "rebar". In the events of the beginning of the XVII century, all class participated, and each nominated his "heroes". From the waters of the Boyar, there were such bright figures like Fedor Filaret Romanov and Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky. The nobility gave the country of Dmitry Pozharsky and the procopia of Lyapunov, free Cossacks - Ivan Bolotnikov and Ivan Zarutsky, Poskovy people - Kuzmu minina, clergy - Patriarch of Hermogen and a number of impostors. Troubled time shocked the consciousness of Russian people. In this work, I had such tasks: show the state of the era, political crisis, mood in society, prerequisites for dissatisfaction, as well as the importance of the role of the impostor, the people and all changes in society, which occurred during the time of the Troubles, their meaning.

The troubled time was the hardest period in the history of Russia, many problems were: boyars and intrigue, Polish intervention, adverse climatic conditions almost put an end to the history of the Russian state. For me, the result of the Polish-Swedish intervention at the stage of completion of the troubled time is very important. The war for the liberation of the Russian land acquired a national character. For century-old efforts and victims, Russia formed a state. But the people who created this state in their spiritual and material means is not yet in the first row.

safety Troubles Dynasty

The reasons of the troubled

To explain the reasons for the troubles - it means to indicate the circumstances, it caused, and the conditions that support it so long. Circumstances that caused troubles are already known to us: it was a violent and mysterious suppression of the old dynasty, and then artificial restoration of her in the face of impostors. But both of these reasons for troubled and deep internal causes of its reasons only because they arose on a favorable soil, cultivated thorough, albeit uninhabited, efforts of Tsar Ivan and the ruler of Boris Godunov to the reign of Fyodor. It was a painful, executed stupid bewilderment of the sentiment of society, which was created by the wrong disgraces of Okrichnin and Dark Godun intrigues. During the troubles, its reasons are revealed. The troubled was caused by events random - suppression of the dynasty. Familizing families, surnames, violent or natural, - phenomenon, almost every day observed, but in privacy it is noticeable. Another thing when the whole dynasty ends. In Russia at the end of the XVI century. Such an event led to the struggle of political and social, first to political for the image of the board, then to the social - to the gravestory of public classes. The collision of political ideas was accompanied by the struggle of economic states. The forces standing behind the kings who were so often replaced, and for applicants who fought for the kingdom were various layers of the Moscow society. Every class was looking for his king or put his candidate for the kingdom; These kings and candidates were only banners under which various political aspirations were among each other, and then different classes of Russian society. University began with aristocratic misconceptions, restored by new kings against unlimited power. It continued its political aspirations of the Metropolitan Guards Nobility, armed against the oligarchic intentions of the first-historical nobility, in the name of officer political freedom. For the metropolitan nobles, a private provincial nobility rose, wishing to be the ruler of the country; It became fascinated by non-community classes, rising against any state order, in the name of personal benefits, i.e. In the name of the anarchy. Each of these moments of the Troubles accompanied the intervention of Cossack and Polish Shakes, the Don, Dnieper and Vistula garboffs of the Moscow and Polish state society, who were ease of robbery in a stimulous country. At first, the boyars tried to connect the classes of ready to break the society in the name of the new state order; But this order did not meet the concepts of other classes of society. Then an attempt was attempted to prevent trouble in the name of the person, artificially resurrected only that the deceased dynasty, which one constrained the hostility and agreed to the irreconcilable interests of different classes of society. The impostation was coming out of the struggle of these irreconcilable interests. When this attempt failed, there was no political connection, interest, in the name of which could be prevented by the disintegration of the Company. But the society did not complain: only the state order loosened. When political complications of public order were adopted, still strong national and religious remained: they saved society. Cossack and Polish detachments slowly, but gradually the people's delayed population forced them, finally, the warring classes of society are not in the name of any state order, but in the name of national, religious and simple civil security, which the Cossacks and Lyhai threatened. Thus, the troubled rosy of the classes of the Zemstvo society ceased to struggle the wrestling of the entire Zemstvo society with a third-party forces interfering in the inner gravestory, opposing and alienated.

End of the Rurikovsky Dynasty

At the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries, the Russian state fell into a state-political and socio-economic crisis. Contemporaries vinyl in all damned impostors. In the impostors, they saw Polish stales sent to the seizure of the Russian throne. But the soil for impostations was not prepared by Poles, but a deep internal crisis, struck Russian society than they tried to use neighboring states for their mercenary purposes.

The collision of the interests of the state, nobility and fixed peasants, landing people, hobs and other dependent became the source of the University. The prerequisite for the civil war was the crisis of the feudal class, which was crushed by the land of landowners. The number of feudalists increased when, as the size of the land remained the same. The lower local nobility began to socially degrade.

XVI in. He was an era of external wars, ending with the acquisition of enormous spaces in the east, southeast and west. To conquer them and to consolidate new acquisitions, it took a huge number of military forces, which the government gained from everywhere, in difficult cases using the services of the Khopov. The service class received the land as payment to the land in the estate, and the land without workers did not have any value. The land far defined from the borders of military defense, also did not matter, since the servant person could not serve it. Therefore, the government was forced to transfer a huge amount of land in the serviced hands in the central and southern parts of the state. Palace and black peasant volosts lost their independence and moved under the management of serve people. Mass evictions brought ruins to people. The mass relocation of the peasantry on the outskirts begins. At the same time, the peasantry opens to the resettlement of the huge area of \u200b\u200bthe chernozem in the territory behind the Okoy. The government itself, caring for strengthening newly acquired borders, supported the relocation to the outskirts. As a result, by the end of the reign of the formidable eviction, the nature of the overall escape, increased injustful, epidemics, Tatar raids. Most of the serval land remains empty; There is a sharp economic crisis. In this crisis there is a struggle for working hands. Win stronger - boyars and church. The serviceful class and the peasantry suffer from this, which not only lost the right to free land use, but due to the branch record, the loans begins to lose personal freedom, approaching the fastened state. This struggle grows a hostility between major boyars, a church and serve class.

With Tsar Ivan IV Russia led continuous wars. With the onset of peaceful years in Boris Godunov, and especially in the years of hunger, at the beginning of the 17th century, landowners tried to get rid of military horses, refused to feed them and drove away from the yard without vacation.

The peasants who ruined Posad people and runaways hated the depressing classes, and were ready for an uprising; They run to the Volga, Don, Yak and Terek to the Cossacks, who have long separated their interests from the interests of the state. And Boris still sought to include their lands in Russia. Cossacks strongly resisted the onslaught of a serfdom. And such a situation favored the spread of impostations.

In addition, with the death of Ivan Grozny (March 18, 1584), all the possibilities for Discharge appeared. First, he brought the country to an Ochrichny terror, a long and unsuccessful Livonian war, and a complete economic ruin.

Secondly, after the death of Grozny, there was no such force that could keep power, as John Iv did. His heir, Fyodor John, was not capable of the Board; Tsarevich Dmitry was still in infancy. The Board had to get into the hands of the boyar. The main applicants for the throne were: Brother Tsaritsa Irina Boris Godunov, relatives of Tsar Fyodor Boyar Romanov, the most noble princes Shui and Mstislavsky.

Already the Board of Fedor began with Moscow uprising 1584 and 1586. Related to the struggle for power and political influence of various groups at the court. They ended with the victory of Shurin Tsar Boris Godunov and his supporters. In fact, Boris became a co-gerior of Fedor and focused in his hands almost all the completeness of power. But the Boris Godunov elected to the throne in 1598, Boris Godunov remained in the eyes of the boyars in a honey junction, partly, so the new king immediately appeared many enemies and disagree with his rule. But be that as it may, for the first time in Russia, the king appeared, who received power not on the "legitimate" inheritance, but on election, which was also not satisfied.

Another event, mainly the emergence of impostors, was death in Uglich in 1591 the last Son of Ivan the Terrible from the seventh wife, Tsarevich Dmitry. It was officially said that Tsarevich died as a result of an accident: he fell on the knife during the seizure of epilepsy. However, then V. Shuisky stated that the conclusion of the commission was written under the influence of B. Godunov, who were trying to hide his involvement in the murder of Dmitry.

From the point of view of management, Boris was a worthy ruler, he tried to strengthen the international prestige of the state with the help of dynastic marriages and much more. But he had too many enemies, and hunger 1601-1603, which caused a huge damage to the country's economy caused by protracted indigestive, played not in his favor.

In 1601, the pouring rains first walked 10 weeks, then, at the end of summer, frost damaged bread. For the next year, again cropped up. Although the king did a lot to alleviate the position of the hungry: distributed money and bread, knocked the price for him, satisfied public works, etc., the consequences were heavy. "In Moscow and within the limits of her, he wrote the chronicler Varlaam, they were ate conine, dogs, and cats, and people ate, but the royal alms still strongly wisely."

Only from diseases after hunger in one Moscow, about 130 thousand people died. Many of the hunger gave themselves to the slaves, often gentlemen, unable to feed the servants, kicked them out. There were breaking and excitement of runaway people who acted under Moscow and in battle with royal troops even killed the Basmanov Verov. The riot was supplied, and his participants fled to the south, where they joined the troops of the Samozvian, Bolotnikov and others.

Undended hunger, people from hopelessness rose to the rebellion of rising hunger. Many believed that all those comprehended by their troubles are nothing but a heavenly punishment for the fact that they ruled by "illegal" king. The fact is that the consciousness of the people of that time the king was as if the governor of God himself on Earth, because the basis of the culture of those people, their lifestyle, the worldview was the Christian tradition. All the hopes for the improvement of people's lives, on their happiness in general were facing the activities of the "good father of the king". The king for a simple people was his father, the mercy of the king was happiness, the people hoped for her. The sacralism of power and its legitimacy were mutually connected. Power in Russia has traditionally been inherited, and with her, as it were, her divine origin. Therefore, the retreat from the traditional method of transferring the throne was sin. Thus, hunger 1601-1603 became in the minds of the people of the Divine Punishment. And now the debt of people to redeem the sin, returning the old order. And a simple, thorough, a hungry peasant who is even more fixed, there was nothing to lose, except for its own shackles. In addition, there was also a possible legal king (Dmitry), and, consequently, the ability to correct the situation. Therefore, it was so easy to raise people to the uprising. Of course, many understood that this adventure is no good to end, but even death for them would be only deliverance from endless suffering.

This was the economic crisis in the country, which led to the migration of the population from the state burden from the central regions to the periphery, where the huge organization of the Cossacks focused. The operation of the remaining peasants intensified. Attempts to finalize the peasants led to conflicts. With Boris Godunov, several more decrees were published, strengthening the serfdom: in 1597 - about the five-year search term for advanced, in 1601-1602. - On the restriction of the transition from one landowner to another. But public tensions from this only grew. One of the first protests was the uprising of cotton in 1603

Cossacks, consisting of fugitive peasants and other free people, was a great strength in society: first, many had blood insults to the state and boyars-nois, secondly, these were people, whose main occupation was war and robbery. For the Cossacks, at all times, the main value was will, therefore disagreements with the Moscow authorities turned so seriously and tragic.

Before death, Ivan Grozny brings to despair, almost destroyed the country, and then the dynasty, killing Ivan's son. The throne he will make a weak and chilome son Fedor, in which the Government Committee is appointed led by Boris Godunov (Brother of Fyodor Irina's wife), which is clever and gently leads all public affairs, acquiring the enormous experience of the country's management. There is a resting time from fear and oprichnin. The younger son of the Terrible Tsarevich Dmitry is a weak painful boy, suffering from cruel epilepsy. He together with Mother Maria Nagya sent to the specific principality with the capital in Uglich. In the boy, the cruel character is emerging, which is a lot of boyars who are afraid of repetition of the same rule, as with Dmitry's father. To control the young royal sibling, Boris Godunov sent to Uglich Deca Mikhail Bityagovsky, endowed with great powers. In fact, Tsarevich Dmitry and his mother lost almost all the privileges with which they possessed as a specific Lord. The Dyack controlled all incomes entering the specific treasury. At noon on May 15, 1591 Tsarevich Dmitry died in residence in Uglich. Dmitry's death was accompanied by stormy events. In Uglich, a popular uprising occurred. The death of Dmitry caused numerous senses in the people. A commission was established to investigate Dmitry's death led by a boyarian Vasily Shui. The investigation passed turmoil for 10 days. There are two versions of the death of Dmitry: violent and the one that he himself shall be a knife in the attack of epilepsy when he played in the twist. The current studies suggest that Boris was not involved in the death of Tsarevich. Nevertheless, until now, the death of Tsarevich Dmitry remains under the cover of the mystery. Much of the famous causes doubts from historians. However, in Moscow, the rules of the lawful king and the dynastic question did not occupy anyone. But on January 6, 1598, Tsar Fedor and Dynasty Kalita stopped. Dmitry's name again appeared on the lips, and at the time of the death of Dmitry, none of the contemporaries suspected that ten years later, the "killed infant" would be destined to become the hero of folk utopia. In the spring of 1601, tent weeks in a row went torrential rains, and at the end of the summer frost damaged bread and the rest of the landing. The next year, the fields sat down with rotten bread, which did not climb. Russia struck hunger, such as never happened. The disasters that fell on the country at Godunov gave a special charm of memories of the prosperity of Russia with the "good" king Ivan Vasilyevich. The government tried to fight hunger. Boris's ill-wishers believed that the distribution of alms only strengthened hunger in Moscow, where people from all over the county reached. Contemporaries had the basis to reproach the rich landowners in the fact that they speculated bread and enriched at the expense of the starving people. But not speculation was the cause of disaster. Stern climate, poor soil, the feudal agriculture system was impossible to create such grain reserves that could provide the country with food in a three-year crawling conditions.

On May 31, 1584 on the day of the coronation of the king, Boris Godunov was molded by Milosts: he received the chin keen, the title of the near great boyar and the governor of the Kazan and Astrakhan kingdoms. However, this did not mean that Godunov had the sole power - at the court there was a stubborn struggle of the boyars of Godunov, Romanov, Shui, Mstislavsky. In 1584, he was accused of treason and Soslated B. Belsky; Neikita Yuriev, Nikita Yuryev, passed away, and the old-year prince Mstislavsky was forcibly tonsured to the monks. Subsequently subjected to opal and hero of defense Pskov I.P. Shui. In fact, from 1585, 13 out of 14 years of the Board of Fedor Johnovich, Russia of the rules of Boris Godunov.

The activities of the Board of Godunov was aimed at the comprehensive strengthening of statehood. Thanks to his efforts, in 1589 the first Russian patriarch was elected, who became the Moscow Metropolitan of Job. The establishment of the patriarchate indicated the increased prestige of Russia. In the internal policy of the Government of Godunov prevailed, common sense and calculation. Unprecedented construction of cities, fortress structures.

In the foreign policy, Godunov showed itself as a talented diplomat. On May 18, 1595, a peace treaty was concluded in Tankin (near Ivangorod), which completed the Russian-Swedish war 1590-1593. Godunov managed to take advantage of the complex domestic political situation in Sweden, and Russia, according to the Treaty, received Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye and Karelu. Thus, Russia returned all the land transferred to Sweden on the basis of the unsuccessful Livonian war.

After the attempts to appoint Irina's deceased king, the sister of Boris, on February 17, 1598, the Zemsky Cathedral (taking into account, including the "Recommendation" of Irina) elected the king of Shurin Fedor, Boris Godunov, and brought him an oath to loyalty. On September 1, 1598, Boris was married to the kingdom. A close property, which was characteristic of that time, has translated the long-range kinship of possible contenders for the throne. No less important was the fact that Godunov had long been actually the rules of the country on behalf of Fedor and was not going to produce power out of his hands after his death.

The first king is not from Rurikovychy Godunov could not not feel the sharpness of his position. In his suspicion, he was a little inferior to Grozny. Going to the throne, he began to reduce personal accounts with boyars.

The reign of Boris began successfully, however, the operation of Opal gave rise to despondency, and a real catastrophe soon broke out. In 1602, the fault was repeated. Hunger began in the country, which lasted three years. The price of bread grew 100 times. Feeling that faith in him as in the sovereign disappears, Boris forbade bread more than a certain limit, even resorting to the persecution of those who had inflicted prices, but did not achieve success. In an effort to help the starving, he did not regret funds, widely distributing the poor money. But bread is a reason, and the money lost the price. Boris ordered to open for starving royal barns. However, even their stocks lacked all hungry, especially since, having learned about the distribution, people from all over the country reached into Moscow, throwing those scarce reserves that they still had at home. People began to think that this is Kara God, that the reign of Boris Godunov is illegal and not blessed by God. The activities of the Board of Godunov was aimed at the comprehensive strengthening of statehood. Thanks to his efforts, in 1589 the first Russian patriarch was elected, who became the Moscow Metropolitan of Job. The establishment of the patriarchate indicated the increased prestige of Russia. In the internal policy of the Government of Godunov prevailed, common sense and calculation. Unprecedented construction of cities, fortress structures.

The trouble gave the release of the long ripe folk anger. Hungry chops, with whom the Lords refused to feed, made up armed detachments and attacked landlords, robbed passages on the roads. They were joined by peasants and other hungry people. Mass hunger and dissatisfaction with the establishment of "urgeous years" was the cause of a major uprising, in which the peasants, chores and the Cossacks participated. The rebel movement covered about 20 counties of Central Russia and the south of the country. The rebels united into large detachments that were moving towards Moscow. Against them, Boris Godunov sent an army under the command of I.F. Basmanova. In September 1603 in the fierce battle near Moscow, the rebel army of cotton was broken. Basmans died in battle, and the cotton himself was seriously injured, taken captive and executed. Unrest of 1603 served as a prologue to the Civil War, which began after the appearance on the historical stage of Falgestmitria I.

Safety

In the unwise basis of the actions of the government and society, such a sadly supported by nature itself, such a turmoil of public relations was revealed, such a social intelligence, with which, to prevent the dynasty, it was difficult to speak ordinary government funds. This is the second reason for the troubled, socio-political, in conjunction from the first, dynastic, strongly, although indirectly, supported the confusion by the fact that he aggravated the effect of the first, expressed in the success of the impostors. Therefore, the impostocation can also be recognized as a derivative cause of the disorder, published from the cumulative action of both indigenous. The question of how the idea of \u200b\u200bimpostations could arise, does not conclude any populous psychological difficulty. Mystery, what the death of Tsarevich Dmitriya was surrounded by the death of Tsarevich, of which the imagination chose the most desirable, and all the more successful outcome, so that Tsarevich was alive and eliminated the ability to clouded the future. They were arranged, as always in such cases, unrequited to believe that the villain failed that the providence and this time confused on guard of the world truth and prepared the raising of the villains. The terrible fate of the king of Boris and his family was in the eyes of an alarmed people by the striking revelation of this eternal truth of God and all the success of impostations. Moral feeling found support in the political sense, as unrequited, as accessible by its safety, folk masses. The impostation was the most convenient way out of the struggle of irreconcilable interests, exhausted by the suppression of the dynasty: it is mechanically, forcibly connected under the familiar, albeit fake, the elements of the ready-made society, between which it became impossible to organic, voluntary agreement. So it is possible to explain the origin of the troubled. The soil for it was the mood of the people, the overall feeling of displeasure issued by the people of the reign of Grozny and strengthened by the Board B. Godunov. The reason for the troubled Dan was the preventing of the dynasty with the following attempts to artificially restore it in the face of impostors.

Lhadmitry I.

At the beginning of the XVII century, Russia has undergone the first civil war in its history. Many who survived the Trouble, vinyl in all the misfortunes of the damned impostors who outstand themselves for the descendants of Ivan the Terrible, "legal" heirs of the throne. In them, the historians of the past were seen by Polish stansters who served as a gun of ingenic intervention. But in fact, the grounds for the impostations were not prepared by the neighbors of Russia, but political and social agers, tangling Russian society from within. Not only the bottom of society were dissatisfied, but also the tops. Possessing enormous land wealth and relying on the ancient customs, to know, resisted by the autocratic excuses of the monarchy and claimed to divide power with the king.

The first impostor appeared in Lithuania in 1603. The authorities in Moscow immediately began the investigation and found that under the name Tsarevich hides a runa monk of the moon of the monastery Grishka Fraveev. In Moscow, there were mother of Cherkets, his grandfather and native uncle. Grishka Freakov, in the world Yuri Bogdanovich Orevev, was born about 1582 in the Sagittsky Sotnik family. He early left the orphan - in a drunken fight his father stabbed in the German Sloboda. Yuri was ugly, reddish, awkwards, with a sad-thoughtful expression of the face, but at the same time he was a man of rare abilities, with a wicked mind and a fermented temperament, digeted, jokingly, what others spent half every cells. Being an orphan, he could not succeed in the public service, instead he did a servitude to the yard to Fedor Nikitich Romanov, and after the prince of Cherkasy. In 1600, Romanov was a conspiracy against Godunov. Fedor Romanov, cousin of the late king Fyodor Ivanovich, methyl to the Russian kings. However, the plot was revealed, the Romanovs accused of attempted the sovereign. Fyodor Romanov was forcibly tonsured to the monks under the name of Filaret, the six-year-old son Mikhail, and the spouse, which was also tonsured, and all their relatives were exacted in different places. Freaking, as a member of the conspiracy, threatened torture and gallows. Saved, he fled from the capital and kneaded into the monks. But soon, the Grishka returned to Moscow and became the monastery of the Kremlin miracle of the monastery, and after a year he took him to the Ciel Archimandrite, then Grigory was in Patriarch Iova, who wrote in his gramons, as if he took the Patriarch courtyard "for a book letter". In fact, Job brought the capable ink not only because of a good handwriting. His mind and literary giving gave him a high position with the Patriarch courtyard. At the Tsarist Duma, the Patriarch was with a whole state of scribes and assistants, among them there was a firmly. Defeats himself found out everything that can be about Tsarevich Dmitry, and became a joke to speak to other monks: "Do you know what I will king in Moscow". These words were reported to Jew. The Patriarch commanded to sharpen the Volnoduumts on Beloser, but the relatives notified him about it, and he at the beginning of 1602, along with two other monks - Varlaam and Misail - ran abroad.

Contrary to traditional ideas, the impostor intrigue was not born in Boyarskaya, but in the church environment. Freakov appeared in Lithuania without a deliberate and plausible legend, which means that the boyar of Romanov did not participate in the preparation of Tsarevich. According to V.O. Klyuchevsky Lhadmitry I appeared precisely with the filing of Romanov: "Vinyli Polekov, that they set it up, but he was only baked in the Polish stove, and came in Moscow." The birthplace of intrigue was the Kremlin mongs of the monastery. It is difficult to imagine that Chernets can speak with a claim to the royal crown. Most likely, he acted on the prompt of people remaining in the shadows. One of the accomplices of Freakyev, Varlaam, possessed a sophisticated mind and, and besides, he was in any boyars of Moscow. He apparently suggested his future role.

Freaking, being in Kiev, first tried to call the Pechora monks "his royal name", but failed, as in the Kremlin miracle monastery. Pechersk Igumen pointed to Gregory and its satellites on the door. After Grigory, he entered the service to the rich and strong Polish Pana Adam Vishnesetsky, a zealous supporter of Orthodoxy. Surchate with his yard for some time, the frews pretended to be seriously ill and issued himself for Tsarevich. Vishnevetsky recognized "Tsarevich" is not because he believed him with incoherent and naive fables. In the rapid game, Prince Adam had their own goals. Vishnevetsky was bent with the Moscow prince because of the lands. Having accepted the impostor, he was able to put pressure on the Russian government. Recognition from the Vishenetsky had an invaluable value for Freakyev. The patronage of Prince Adam was thrown by impostor great benefits, since this family was in distant relationship with Ivan Grozny. After Vishnevetsky acknowledged the rooted passing of "his" relations with the fascinated tsarist dynasty, an impostitute intrigue entered a new phase of its development.

Fravev and his patron expects to harvest several thousand Cossacks and invade Russia at the moment when Russian shelves would be connected with the struggle against the Crimeans. In the spring of 1604, the invasion of the horde was waiting for the day for the day, but the Crimea did not decide to the war with the king, and Volnitsa did not gather under the banners of the impostor, the strength, collected in the estate of Vishenetsky, were too small to begin the war. Military plans of Freakyev suffered a complete wreck.

Vishnevetsky did not justify the hope of an impostor. He rejected the requirement of Boris about the issuance of the "thief", but did not decide to go with Tsarevich to the Moscow campaign. Frames broke with the prince and ran to Sambor to Yuri Mniec. Mnishek hurried to take the game into their hands. He not only accepted Freakyev with royal honors, but also hurried to breed with him. Encouraged by Mnishech, the impostor made a proposal to his daughter Marina. Father met this news favorably, but announced that he would give an answer after "Tsarevich" will be accepted by the king in Krakow. In Sambor, Gregory secretly accepted Catholicism and signed an agreement with the obligation during the year to bring the entire Orthodox kingdom of Muscovy in Lono Catholicism. Also "Tsarevich" signed a diploma on the transfer of Mniecq and his heirs to the eternal times of Seversk Land and Smolensk region, as well as adjacent lands. Taking advantage of the help of Sigismund III, Yuri Mnishek and other magnates, the impostor has been shot up to two thousand mercenaries. The news of the "saved Tsarevich" quickly reached the Cossack villages, and from Don, to Him to the rescue, the counters of the Cossacks moved. But in Russia, the hired army of Falseedmitria I was broken after the first collisions with the troops of Godunov, only the support of free Cossacks, and the rebels of Severstek rescued the bumps from an imminent defeat.

The government brutally painted with those who helped the impostor. But neither spilled blood nor attempts to strengthen the army faithful to Boris the voivods could stop the death of his dynasty. Her fate decided under the walls of a small chrome fortress. Tsarist troops were besieged by the supporters of the Sapphist of the town when he came about the unexpected death of Boris (1605). The boyars-conspirators managed to lean the shelves on the side of the False Dutyman. Left without an army, being in political isolation, the heir to Boris Fedor Godunov could not resist the throne. On June 1, 1605, an uprising occurred in Moscow. The people defeated the Tsarist Palace, Tsar Fedor was taken into custody. Under the pressure of circumstances, the Boyarskaya Duma had to express humility of the impostor and open the Kremlin's gate before him. Lhadmitry I ordered secretly to kill Fedor Godunova and his mother, and only after that went to Moscow.

With the fall of Godunov, a whole strip ended in political development. Following a severe economic shock, the country experienced the horrors of the Civil War, during which the Zemsky Dynasty finally lost the support of the people. The uprising in Moscow ended up with her. There was a short encirclement. The Duma did not immediately make a decision to send his representatives to Tsarevich. None of the older and most influential boyars agreed to go to the bow. Since the election of Boris Godunova, the Boyarskaya Duma should have been able to agree to the transfer of the throne by an objectionable and, moreover, an unacceptable candidate for her. Lhadmitry was treated by the fact that the main boyars refused to submit his order and sent secondary persons to Tula. Being in Tula, Lhadmitriy I informed the country about his promotion for the throne, counting on the omissance of distant cities, the subferes argued that he was recognized. Meanwhile, the Patriarch Job did not want to go for any agreements with supporters of Falgestrimitria. He retained the loyalty to Godunov and therefore had to divide their fate. The fate of the Patriarch decided when Lhadmitry was ten miles from the capital. The Asspensky Monastery in Staritsa was elected a place of imprisonment of Job.

The cassette of the depth king and the exile from Moscow Patriarch cleared the impostor to the capital. On the way from Tula to Moscow, the "thief" finally changed to the great sovereign. In the vicinity of Moscow, Lhadmitry has spent three days. He tried to do everything to ensure his security and develop a final agreement with the Duma. In the Moscow manifesto, Lhadmitry has pledged to welcome Boyar and the roundabouts of their "former patrimony." This commitment was the basis of the agreement between the impostor and the Duma. Finally, on June 20, 1605, Lhadmitry I joined Moscow. On Red Square, he met all the highest Moscow clergy. The bishops served prayer in the middle of the square and blessed the impostor icon. Many believed the impostor, and others stuck to him from hatred for Godunov. For the civil war, it came, perhaps the most significant moment. The rebel forces (Cossacks, the root people, the rebel garrisons) led their king to Moscow, and therefore they felt like the full owners of the situation.

Meanwhile, he began to fulfill his duties as a ruler. Knowing what power over the minds is the clergy, he hurried to change the Higher Church Guide. Without trusted by Russian hierarchs, the impostaty decided to put the Church of Greg Ignatiya at the head of the Church, who was the first of the church hierarchs gave Godun and recognized the impostor. Then Faldmitry took up the Boyar Duma. Freakov decided to deal with Vasily Shui and his brothers. Shuisky was charged with state treasure also several secondary persons, publicly executed them.

The population of Moscow in the meantime welcomed the new king. On his side was military force. Lhadmitry was on top of his success. Three hundred and thirty-one day - exactly so many days of Lhadmitry I remained the Lord: from the day, how triumphantly drove into Moscow, until the night, when the conspirators broke into the Kremlin.

It is possible to characterize the rule of Falsmitria as calm. Without serious riots and shocks. The reign began with mercies. Almost all those who were repressed under Godunov returned from the reference, returned the confiscated property, produced in new ranks. The reforms were extensive and sensible. Even a bright and irreconcilable enemy of Falsmitria, the Dutch merchant Isaac Massa in his memoirs was forced to admit that new laws are "flawless and good." First of all, the new king announced freedom of trade, crafts and crafts, canceling all past limits, then removed the restrictions to those who wanted to leave Russia, enter it or free to move around the country. Many have returned the estates selected by another Ivan Grozny. The servant people doubled the salary, tightened punishment for judges for bribes and made legal proceedings. Russia has become in many inviting foreigners who know crafts that may be useful for the Moscow state.

Some of the Lhadmitry went even further than its predecessors: with the previous kings, the Higher Orthodox clergy was invited to the Boyar Duma only in exceptional cases, but Lhadmitryy took the Patriarch and bishops permanent places in the then "Senate". According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the twenty-one-year-old king willingly chaired the Duma, where the confused cases quickly decided, and at the same time he was not able to reproach Boyar in ignorance and offered to go to Europe to rush there anything useful. From the memories of almost all, as friendly enemies, a man rises, reminding young Peter the first: smart, alive and inquisitive, eagerly adopted European innovations, affordable and easy to handle, breaking the suede traditions. But unlike the hysterical and bloodthirsty Peter, Lhadmitry was completely unfulfilled, at times going in kindness too far away, to his own unbearable.

Very important were new laws on the helm. Under Godunov, a person who spare himself in the Outlook, "by inheritance", together with the other property, passed to the heirs of his owner, moreover, all his offspring automatically became cold. According to the decree of the Falseedmitria, this practice was canceled - with the death of Mr. Holopa received freedom, and I could only go to Kabalu himself, his children remained free. In addition, it was decided that the landowners who did not feed their peasants during hunger, do not dare to hold them on their lands; And the landowner who did not manage to catch his runaway serf for five years, loses all rights on him.

Soon after the wedding of Falsmitria to the kingdom, Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, launched a rapid activity against Falgestrimitria. The Shui brothers quickly arrested, however, Lhadmitry refused to judge them and handed over the Cathedral case from the clergy, boyars and other estates. The cathedral sentenced Vasily Shuisky to the death penalty, and his brothers Dmitry and Ivan to reference. Lhadmitryy pardoned everyone, returned the Shui to the court - that he was subsequently destroyed. The young king was the first to confirm the sad truth on his example: it is possible to keep in the Russian throne only if you enter the head right and left.

It was Lhadmitriy who became the first to build plans for the conquest of the Crimea, which turned into a source of constant disasters for Russia. The accelerated production of weapons began, maneuvers were arranged, but with the death of a young king these ideas had to postpone eighty years, as the diplomatic rapprochement with the Western European countries, which Lhadmitry thought seriously. As for the "sale of Rus Poles" and "Destruction of the Orthodox faith,", the very slightest traces of such enterprises could not find the most extended enemies of Falgestrimitria. On the contrary, it all testified that Lhadmitry was going to reign seriously and for a long time, not inferior to the lands of the Earth to the Patrows. Ambassadors of Sigismund and Pope Roman quickly returned to their rebukes with anything. In addition, Lhadmitryy demanded that his bride Marina Mnishek accepted Orthodoxy. The only thing that has been able to wait for it is a device for those in the royal retinue of the Catholics of the Church in Moscow. Marina was forced to take Orthodoxy.

And here it starts not just intrigue - the most complex political games. The princes of Shui and Golitsans through the faithful people begin to correspond with the King of Sigismund, about what they want to overthrow the impostor, and in his place to plant the son of Sigismund, Vladislav! According to all legal norms of that time, the princes makes state treason. At the moment, Lhadmitry is a legitimate, legitimate sovereign, weddown to the kingdom of the head of the Orthodox Church, invited to the TRON from the Zemsky Cathedral from representatives of all classes. Shui and Golitsans are state criminals. However, the king of Sigismund such subtleties do not care, because the throne is strung under it. In the speech, the compulculation arose a strong opposition, the messengers of the opposition secretly attend Moscow and offering Lhadmitria Coronus Commonwealth! And he gives consent. Lhadmitryy suddenly became a dangerous rival for Sigismund. Shuisky pursued her goals, Sigismund - their own, but both opened hand in hand.

At dawn on May 17, Muscovites wakes up Nabat. On the streets run by the Schui "agitators", they all shout: "Save the king from the Poles!". In subsequent events there is not a drop of chance. On the contrary, everything is flawlessly adjusted: At the same time, all the foundations are blocked, where the Poles, Lithuanians and the Inoznaya Guard, were blocked, on all the streets, which can come, erected by barricades and slingshots. No government squad could not break through to the Kremlin. Several people rush to Flasmitria and open a palm tree (then there are more than twenty bullev wounds on the body).

So the rule of Falsmitria I, the Russian king, who, is almost the only impostor, it was possible not to simply make a perturbation, but to sit on the throne and hold out there for about a year.

Vasily Shui and "Tushinsky Thief"

On the third day after the murder of Falsmitria, the people gathered to elect the patriarch (Ignatius, was overthrown during the coup). However, it turned out that the people decided to choose the king, and the best candidate is a direct descendant of Alexander Nevsky Vasily Shuisky. After Tsar, Prince V.I. joined the throne Shuisky, tsar conspirator.

Shuisky was crowned with the kingdom for all the rules. The ruler, in one word no. A squat, exhausted, sloped, distilled 54-year-old old man, with a big mouth and a rare beard, was distinguished by greed, heartlessness, passion for spying and headquarters; He was ignorant, engaged in wicked and hated everything ingenic. He showed courage and extremely perseverance only in defending his crown, for which the souls clung to the feverishness. He opened his reign near the diplocked over the whole state, and in each of these manifestos, at least one lie was. Vasily Shuisky recognized the king of Cemely a few supporters from a great titled boyars, and on Red Square, his name shouted to him by Muscovites, whom he raised against the impostor and Poles. By the king of Vasily, few people were pleased. The main causes of discontent were the incorrect path of V. Shuisky to the throne and his dependence on the boyar circle, he chose him and played as a child. Dissatisfied with the king - it became necessary to have an impostor: the impostation became a stereotypical form of Russian political thinking, which was distinguished by any public discontent. And rumors about salvation of False Dutyman I, i.e. On the second impostor, they went from the first minutes of the reign of Vasily, when there was no second falsehood. In the name of this, the ghost already in 1606 rose against Vasily Seversk Land and Zoksky cities with Putuft, Tula and Ryazan, headed. The rebels affected by Moscow royal troops were hidden in Tula and from there turned to Pan Mnishku in his workshop of Russian impostations with a request, to send them any person with the name of Tsarevich Dmitry. Lhadmitriy II, finally, found and, strengthened by the Polish-Lithuanian and Cossack detachments, in the summer of 1608, stood in the village of Tschina near Moscow, taking the very core of the Moscow state under his thieves, the Oki - Volga intercourse. Lhadmitry II is also known under the name "Tushinsky thief". For three thousands of different sirralls, which flew around Falgestimitriya II, joined mehowetsky with the Ukrainian Volnitz. The new impostor recognized Ataman Don Cossacks Zarutsky. Falseedtry II with his cheeks took the city of Karachev, Bryansk, Kozelsk and Eagle, where the large Polish and Lithuanian-Russian units of liberty joined him, as well as the prince of Rozhini. The wife of the first impostor returned from the Russian captivity, marina agreed to admit that Lhadmitry II really there is a saved Lhadmitriyii and was taken to Tushinlaine.

The main power of Tushinsky's thief was in Cossacks, which was striving for the overthrow of the former orders and to establish the Cossack Volnitsa throughout Russia. Lhadmitry II supported these plans. He announced the seizure of boyars and distribution of these lands to everyone who captured them, etc. Gradually, he began to obey different cities: first border with Lithuania (Brown, Great Luki, Pskov), then closest to Moscow (Pereslavl-Zalesky, Suzdal, Uglich, Rostov), \u200b\u200band after - Northern, and Eastern (Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Shuya , Balakhna, Gorokhovets, Murom, Arzamas, Shack, Kostroma, Vologda, Kashin and many others). Filaret captured in Rostov (Borisa Fedor Nikitich Nikitich Romanov, the future dynasty, the future dynasty) was brought in Tushino and declared Patriarch there.

It seemed that Lhadmitry II would soon take Moscow, from where there were numerous noble "flights" to him. However, soon his position has changed. The attack of Tushinsev to the capital ended in failure. The king Vasily Shuisky sitting there concluded a contract with the Swedes and received help from them. Siege Supporter of False Deadmitry II, Sapegoy, Trinity Lavra also ended in failure. Many, especially remote, cities began to be made from the affairs of Falsitria. The start of a hike to Russia of the Polish king Sigismund III, who announced himself a direct rival of the "thief" and who arrived in the fall of 1609 in the fall, distracted from the Tushinsky camp, most of the Poles. In the village of Falseedmitria II, discord and disagreement began. At the very end of 1609, the thief fled to Kaluga, and Marina behind him. Tushinsky camp broke up.

After the death of the talented Skopina-Shui and defeat Poles, Klobhino, the troops of the mediocre Dmitry Shui Lhadmitry II, together with Sapegoy, moved again to Moscow, captured Kolomna, Kashir, went to the capital and 11 July 1610 was located in the village of Kolomna. At this time, the king of Vasily was lowered, but this did not help the Warmer. All changed him. Falsmitry locked in the Ugreshsky Monastery, and from there again fled to Kaluga, where he was killed by baptized Tatari Urusov from his personal resentment (1610). Soon after the death of Falsmitria, Marina Mnishek gave birth to his son Ivan. Connecting with Cossack Ataman Zarutsky, she put up on behalf of this "vorny" claims to the Russian throne. Marina and Zarutsky gathered an army, strengthened in Astrakhan, searched from there the Union with Persian Shah, but were defeated by the Ratings of the New Tsar Mikhail Romanova. Minor Son Falsmitriya II authorities hung. Finally, after provincial servants and clinging, "Zhiltskiy" intervened in the troubled, common and hazardous. Handing about hand with provincial nobles, these classes are then separated from them and act equally hostile to both a dishevement and a nobility. The instigator of the noble uprising in the south of Prince Shakhovsky takes to himself to the employees of the Boyarsky Hall, named Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov. He was instructed with a small detachment to go to Russia and fight with Shui. By typing the army from all kinds of face, Bolotnikov outlined a simple, clear and, should be recognized, an attractive program: Boyar should have destroyed, and all their heritage, including wives with daughters, pick up themselves. A little later, the noble army with the Lyapunov brothers at the chapter joined Bolanikov. Bolotnikov called on his banners of everyone who wanted to achieve will, honor and wealth. But this unexpected alliance collapsed, and after a while Bolotnikov and Shakhovsky sent a link where the first was blinded and dried in the river. The Troubles turned into a social struggle, in the extermination of the highest classes of the lower July 17, 1610g Shui overthrew, forcibly tonsured to the monks, the Boyarskaya Duma with the prince of Mustlava, headed to King Sigismund, saying that I would agree to choose the Russian king of Kingdom Vladislav. Among the swearing Vladislav was Mikhail Romanov. In Moscow, the time of "Semiboyarschina" came. And in Russia, in the meantime, there were as many as five governments: the so-called Yaroslavl, Boyarskaya Duma in Moscow, Atamanian Trubetskaya and Zarutsky, Lhadmitrium III in Pskov and Lhadmitry IV in Astrakhan. The impostors, in the end, brought everyone to one. The four-year-old son of Marina Mnishek and Falseedmitria II with a large crossing of the people were in Moscow.

...

Introduction

This topic is interesting and relevant. Implanting is a very old and natural phenomenon, but a very striking example is the impostors of the end of the XVI century (Feltmitry I and Lhadmitry II). The problem of impostor is very acute and nowadays. And the confirmation of this is the social and political changes that occurred in Russia in the 90s of the 20th century, which led to the emergence of not only new political values, samples of political behavior, but also caused the "revival" of political impostor. So, in 1996, "Emperor Nicholas III" is crowned in the Emperor Nicholas In 2002, a new challenger appears on the royal name and status - "Great Princess Anastasia"; In 2003, Russian media reports on "sensational salvation" of the heir of Nicholas II - Tsarevich Alexei. These facts received the greatest resonance in the media, however, during this period there were less "loud" examples of impostations.

The following hypothesis put forward in the work: Troubled time is an ambiguity, inadequateness, incomprehensibility; Therefore, it leads to the appearance of impostor.

The object is a troubled time.

The subject is the illegitimate rulers: Lhadmitriy I and Lhadmitry II.

Purpose: to identify legitimate or illegitimate rulers were Falmmitry I and Lhadmitry II.

Study of literature.
Analysis of literature.

To give theoretical substantiation of the problem related to the vague time in the history of Russia and such a phenomenon is called impostor.
Describe the historical events of the late XVI century in Russia, which became the reason for the emergence of impostor.
Describe the illegitimate rulers of the late XVI century: on the example of Falgestimitria I and Falgestmitriy II.
Compare the illegitimate rulers of the vague time (FLAEDMITRIY I and FLAEDMITRIY II).

Theoretical approaches in the study of the problem

Despite the fact that the impostor has long been attracted by historians, the roots of this phenomenon are not fully clarified. For the most part, impostor is interpreted as one of the forms of "anti-sofodal protest", and in terms of political it is depicted exclusively as "struggle of workers for power." However, it is not taken into account that not all the impostors were associated with the movement of a social protest, which is not always the government in the state.

In Russian impostor a lot unique. The sacralation of the royal power in the public consciousness of the Russian Middle Ages not only did not obstruct the spread of this phenomenon, but also contributed to him.

In Russia, examples of impostor to Grigoria Oreveyev are unknown. Of course, in the described cases it is difficult to see the direct analogies with the impostimy of Falgestrimi I, but, as you can see, the practice of deception, the substitution was adopted in the XVI diplomacy.

In the literature, there was an opinion that the people supported impostors mainly because they promised him liberation from the fastener-oppression, fusion life and an increase in social status. At the same time, it is possible that the workers (at least their part) could follow the impostors, without believing in their royal origin, but simply using them for their own purposes. It is understood that the "crowd" still, who will take it on the throne, is the main thing that the new king is "Menietic", "good" so that he protects the interests of the people.

B.A. Uspensky revealed three circumstances that could force a simple person to believe that he was "true" sovereign:

Once in the folk consciousness, there was an idea of \u200b\u200bthe divine purpose of the true king, which was embodied in the belief of some "royal signs", then there is nothing surprising that a person who finds any "signs" on his body, began to consider himself to be God's chosen.

In the event of a violation of the generic order of the throne, the one who occupies the throne of the royal throne as a result of a similar combination, may be perceived as an impostor. "Opening" of such an impostor on the throne provokes the emergence of others: the people occur as it would be a contest of impostors, each of which claims to be marked.

One of the factors is such a trait of traditional consciousness as "mythological identification".

Mass support could be based on the recognition of the applicant "genuine sovereign" on the part of authoritative individuals or witnesses, which de knew him even by the king.

Thus, not anyone who sought to help the people who played the role of "fair" (and only) king could get massive support. In 1608, by order of Falsmitria, the Don Cossacks were executed by two "Tsarevichi", with whom they themselves came to Moscow. If the main thing for the Cossacks was how much the sovereign "his", then, obviously, they would prefer their own "Tsarevichi" more alien to them "Tsarevich Dmitry". But everything came out on the contrary. It follows from this that the king's conclusions of the people could not be the object of conscious manipulation.

In his research impostor R.G. Skrynnikov focuses on the reaction of the population to the appearance of the impostor. On how he was perceived by different layers of society. If you take Falseedmitria I, then Skrynnikov can be seen as the advent of the Boyar, such as Shuisi, who headed the "boyars", a simple people. We think that the most important factor in the disclosure of the phenomenon of the impostor of Skivnnikov considered the action of Liacers to the national consciousness.

Thus, among the above, opinions can be seen that various layers of the population play a considerable role in the exception of Liacers. But still, a large role got a simple people. The people continued to believe in the king of the Savior and, so I recognized the impostors, hoping for the best future.

To deeper to understand the behavior and character of impostors, I believe that you need to turn to their historical portrait.

So, by contacting the main concepts, it can be concluded that we had a very difficult and confusing question. Now our task is to consider all versions of this event and progress to a certain conclusion.

Historical events as a reason for the emergence of impostor in troubled time

Tsarevich Dmitry's death remained a mystery. She was a murder, an accident or a child, how did they chat in the people, rightly replaced? Answers to these questions - in our historical and astrological detective. Salad Dity Tsarevich Dmitry, the last son of Ivan Grozny, was born in Moscow on October 29, 1582 at 07 hours 58 minutes local time. He was not conceived in love. After the mysterious disappearance from the royal palace of the sixth wife Ivan IV, Natalia Korostova, the king soon once again conceived to marry. The prince of Odoyevsky, who was traveling in Moscow in bright colors, painted Ivan the Grozny beauty of the fear of Mary Nagya. John so fascinated by this description that he ordered immediately to write to Moscow Naked with his whole family. Odoevsky did not listen: Maria Nagaya was indeed the ideal of Russian beauty. High, slim, with large expressive eyes and a thick oblique below the belt, she captivated everyone who had to see her. But Maria was promathed.

She had long and mutually loved the son of one of the boyars who lived next door from the womb. When a girl in the royal order was taken to Moscow, she cried, rushed her hair, begged to kill her, but do not separated with the fiance.

Soon they celebrated the wedding. And a few weeks, as the foresight of the future trouble, the tragedy was played in the Kremlin. In the seizure of sudden anger, Ivan Grozny hit his eldest son, the heir to the throne of John, a staff in the temple. Two days later, John John died. In the king there was a sharp change: the attacks of an inexplicable anger. During one of them, the king hit the pregnant wife of his recently deceased Son John in his stomach and thereby deprived himself not only the son, but also a grandson.

In the will, he allocated his younger son Dmitry princess with the capital in Uglich. In 1584, shortly after the death of the king, Maria Nagaya, along with the son, Dmitry went to Uglich.

Nagaya was the seventh wife Ivan the Terrible. Their marriage, according to the canons of the Russian Orthodox Church, could not be considered legal (Orthodoxy recognizes only three marriages). It turns out, Dmitry, as illegitimate, it was necessary to call not "Tsarevich", but the "specific prince." However, he entered the story as "Tsarevich Dmitry".

On May 15, 1591, in Uglich, the Nabat riddled in Uglich. In the courtyard of the Kremlin, the people gathered, horrified by a child with a wound in her throat in horror. Tsarevich Dmitry was dead.

The tragedy was played at around noon on Saturday. Uglich Kremlin lowered, his inhabitants were preparing for dinner. Dmitry was in the courtyard. The devils and the confusion of the local order carefully established all the witnesses of what happened. Tsarevich played with four boys under the supervision of Mammy Vasilisa Volokhova, the crumbles of Arina Tuchkove and the bed of Mary Kolobova.

The boys played a knife in "Tychka". The game was to get a circle to the knife in the knife, and the knife was kept in a certain way. There was a turn to throw the knife Dmitry ... Suddenly the son of the bed ran into the palace, that Tsarevich died. Everyone rushed to the patio. Mother, Mary Naga, snatched the body of a dead son from Arina's hands.

Queen, beating Mamu Volokhov Polen, "Soada, Vasilisa, to peak that the son of her Osip with the son of Bityagovsky and Mikitka Karokov Tsarevich Dmitry killed."

The testimony of boys who played with Tsarevich was given exceptional importance. Those quite detailed and rare unanimously described what happened: "Played-de Tsarevich in the twist of a knife with us in the backyard, and came to him the disease - a fading ailment - and he attacked the knife." Adults confirmed: "Yes, at that time, as Evo beat, he died his knife and because he died."

Investigation Commission, analyzing the testimony of witnesses and taking into account the disease of Tsarevich, concluded: "Accident during the attack of Padoch." On June 2, 1591, the Boyar Duma announced: "Tsarevich Dmitry Death was led by God's court."

But the point was not over. Versions about the true cause of death (or disappearance?) Tsarevich Dmitry arose and arise to this day.

Theoretically, the killing of Tsarevich was beneficial to Vasily Shui. But thirteen years later, Shuisky recognized in the Lhadmitria of the "killed Tsarevich Dmitry". And Mother, Maria Nagaaya, also recognized her son in the Lhadmitria.

According to the historian V.Kobrina, Dmitry was killed by the orders of Boris Godunov, and the killers deliberately gave a boy in the hands of the knife during the game and patiently waited for Tsarevich during the attack of epilepsy himself poured on him. Moreover, Kobrin's historian even calls the name of the killer - Mammy Vasilisa Volokhova.

Thus, having considered several versions of the death of Tsarevich Dmitry, many questions still remain a mystery to us: replaced or not, slaughtered or helped? With the help of these and many other mysterious circumstances, such historical individuals appear as Falmithride I and Lhadmitry II.

Lhadmitry I.

Who was this impoverished, remains an unsolvable mystery. The Moscow government argued that he was the Galic Boyarsky Son Grigory Svreveva, who was touched into the monks and was a deacon in a miracle monastery in Moscow, but then fled to Lithuania with "villainiestly" therefore, he was subsequently called an absorption.

According to the official version of the Government of Boris Godunova, a man who issued himself for Tsarevich Dmitry was the monk Grigory (in the world - a small nobleman Yu.B. Vesrevyev). Yushka, as his name was in his youth, showed uncommon abilities - knew Latin and Polish languages, had a calligraphic handwriting, possessed rare ability to quickly navigate in a particular setting. In his youth, he was a servant of Fyodor Nikitich Romanova, after the reference, which he was torn to the monks. In Moscow, he lived in the miracle monastery located in the Kremlin (now does not exist) and served in Patriarch Jew.

In 1601, it was announced in Poland under the name of the son of Ivan IV Grozny - Dmitry. In 1604, the Russian border passed with Polish-Lithuanian detachments, was supported by part of the citizens, Cossacks and peasants.

Kostomarov assumed that Lhadmitry I could come from Western Russia, being a son or grandson of some Moscow fugitive; But this is only an assumption that is not confirmed by any facts, and the question of the identity of the first False Dutyman I remains open. Almost proven can only be considered that he was not a conscious deceiver and was only an instrument in other people's hands, directed towards the overthrow of the King Boris.

The original species took the latter assumption from Bitsyn (N. M. Pavlova), according to which there were two impostors: one (Grigory Oreveyev) was sent by boyars from Moscow to Poland, the other was prepared in Poland by Jesuit, and the last and played the role Dimitria. This is too artificial assumption is not justified by reliable facts of the History of Falsitria I and has not been taken by other historians.

So, a smart and conscious young man, despite the fact that many historians talk about him as Gregory Freakyev, he managed to make many people believe him.

In 1602, a man appeared in Lithuania, who issued himself for Tsarevich Dmitry. He told Polish magnate Adam Vishnesetsky that he was replaced by "in the bedroom of the coal palace." The patron of Falsmitry was the voivode Yuri Mnishek.

This young man appeared on the territory of the Commonwealth. Here he "opened" by several Polish magnates, stating his rights to the Russian throne. This first impostor - Lhadmitry I was married to the daughter of a major magnate Yuri Mnishek Marina, promising as a gift to the future test of the extensive lands of "his" kingdom. The applicant was supported by King Sigismund III and the Catholic clergy; He also offered to transfer Smolensk and the Seversk land Poland and contribute to the submission of the Russian Orthodox Church to Pope Roman. With a small detachment of the Polish gentry (nobles) and Zaporizhzhya Cossacks of the Self-Prostvans at the end of 1604 crossed the border of Russia.

Thus, revealing the allies of Falsmitria I, we understand that this person deserves great confidence among the Russian people.

Some Polish Pany agreed to help him in this brother, and in October 1604. Lhadmitry entered Moscow limits; He issued a meal to the people with a message that God saved him, Tsarevich, from the villainist intents of the deserted slave Boris Godunov, and now he calls on the Russian population to accept him as a legitimate heir to the Russian throne. The struggle of stormless, and, it would seem that, a powerless young adventurist with the powerful king "All Russia", and in this struggle, the list was the winner, "" Yako Komar Lev is not a rapid doser, "according to the expression of the contemporary. On the one hand, the Dneprovsky Cossacks came to the rescue, on the one hand, and the Don Cossacks have come from the other, who tried to argue of the Moscow governors.

In April 1605, King Boris died, and then his army passed on the side of the applicant, and then Moscow (in June 1605), with a celebration, adopted his legitimate "natural" sovereign of the king Dmitry Ivanovich (Fyodor Borisovich Godunov and his mother were killed before joining To Moscow Falsmitria).

On June 20, 1605, Dmitry, joyfully welcomed by Moscow Loda, drove into the capital on the White Kone. Wedding in the kingdom He postponed Mary Nagya, Mother Tsarevich Dmitry (who stayed in San Inokini Martha). Meeting of the mother with the "son" took place at the village of Thainsky. The king, having met the carriage, in which I was sitting inkin, jumped off the horse and rushed to her in an embrace. The people gathered to look at the meeting was shocked by this scene.

He gave freedom of part of the hobs and freed from the dependence of the peasants who fled from the owners in the cold years. Supported by the noblemen and Polish mercenaries received both the Earth and Money.

In August 1604, Lhadmitryy entered the Moscow State. Residents of the first border city, Moravsk, having learned that the king goes with the Polish army, began to worry, and more from fear than in good wax, sent to Dmitry ambignity and swore him.

Having entered into the throne, Lhadmitry promised to convey the speech by the compulculated and his bride Marina Mnishek, the daughter of Sandomir's Governor, Severskiy (District Chernigov) and Smolensk lands, Novgorod and Pskov. Avenger's adventure was not his personal matter.

Faldmitry was made two orders for peasants and holsters.

He completely changed the primary order of the old Moscow sovereign and their heavy, oppressive attitude towards people, violated the cherished customs of the Sacred Moskovskaya Starina, did not sleep after dinner, did not go to the bath, he turned out simply, dismisitively not in a tsarist. He immediately pointed himself with the active manager, alien to cruelty, he himself delve into everything, every day I was in the Boyar Duma, he trained the steady people.

In total, it was desired for a gracious boyars approaching the throne with an imaginary doubtful relatives of the king and its weakness to foreign men, especially to Catholics.

The main goal of its foreign policy of Lhadmitry I considered the preparation for the war against Turkey, the state is very strong then, which was beneficial to Poland, but looked wild in the eyes of Russian people.

But soon he began to initiate discontent of his Moscow subjects, firstly, by the fact that the Poles who came with him kept themselves in Moscow arrogantly and were injured, offended and insulted Muscovites. The discontent was especially increased, when at the beginning of May 1606 he came to the king from Poland his bride, Marina Mnishek, and he married her and crowned her as a queen, although she refused to go to Orthodoxy. Raising the Moscow people against the Poles (on the night of May 17, 1606), the boyars themselves, with a bunch of conspirators, broke into the Kremlin and killed the king, while Muscovites were "busy" by the beating of Poles and the looting of their "stubbles". The body of Falsmitria after the crown burned and, mixing the ashes with gunpowder, shot them from the gun to the side, where he came from.

On May 17, on the orders of Shui, all prisons were opened and weapons distributed to fight the Poles. Lhadmitry was killed. The body of the impostor was burned and shot from the gun to the Polish side, to the one from where the Lhadmitry came to Moscow.

But the boyars were not solved to raise the people on Falsenedmitria and the Poles together, and we divided both sides, and on May 17, 1606, the people were led to the Kremlin with a cry: the Poles beat the boyar and the sovereign. Their goal was to surround, as if to protect and kill him.

Lhadmitry, pursued by the rebels, jumped out of the window of the Kremlin Palace and was killed. Contemporaries counted more than twenty wounds on the body of the False. Three days later, his corpse was burned, the dust was laid in the gun, and shown towards Poland.

And so everything began well, and found allies and reached Moscow, but I could not resist the throne. Thus, it can be said that Lhadmitry I was a truly smart young man, and his appearance in our history gave a very good lesson, but still could not stop the further appearance of impostors. So confusing history associated with Tsarevich Dmitry and much more, will lead us to interesting events.

Lhadmitry II.

Who was a new impostor, just not known. He appeared first in the city of Starodube on the eastern border of the Commonwealth, then with a detachment of the gentry arrived in Putivl.

"Tushinsky Thief" of Lhadmitriy II, who inherited from his prototype adventurism, but not talents, a pathetic parody of the predecessor, often really to the toy in the hands of the Commonwealth.

For the first time, Lhadmitry appeared in 1607 in the Belarusian Place of propoisk, where it was captured as a laser. In prison, he called himself Andrei Andreevich Nagim, a relative of the killed king Dmitry, hiding from Shuisky, and asked him to send him to Starodub. Soon from Starodub, he began to dissolve rumors that Dmitry is alive and is there. When they began to ask who Dmitry, friends pointed to Nagogi. He first unscrewed, but when the townspeople threatened to torture him, called Dmitry and himself.

Marina Mnishek, the former 8 days of the Queen of Moscow and saved during the coup on May 17, agreed to become the wife of the new Feltrimitria.

In the spring of 1608, he moved to Moscow, broke the army of Shuisky under Bolkhov on the road and called for his way the people, giving him the lands of "traitors" boyars and allowing even forcibly marrying boyar daughters.

Bygoing the other army of Shuisky, Faldmitry II approached Moscow and after a number of movements took the village of Tushino in 12 versts from the capital (the angle, formed by the river. Moscow and the influx of its approach); His camp soon drew into the stolen town with 7,000 Polish troops, about 10,000 Cossacks and tens of thousands of armed races. Part of the liberals liberated at the request, departing to Poland, got into the hands of Tushinsev in August 1608; Amonging their Marina Mnishek, who was dedicated to Rozhinsky and Safejoy, recognized the Flasmithria with her husband and for the muffling of doclases of the conscience was secretly applied with him. Sapega and Lisovsky joined Lhadmitry; Cossacks still flocked to him with the masses, so he had up to 100,000 people. troops; In the capital and surrounding cities, everything grew influence. Captured by his accomplices Mitre. Philaret was erected into the patriarchal dignity. He was obeyed by Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vologda, Murom, Kashin and many other cities. After the failure of Sapega in front of the Troitskaya Lavra, the position "King" staggered; The long-distance cities of steel from it to be detached.

A new attempt to master Moscow did not have success; From the north, Skopin with Swedes, in Pskov and Tver Tutushin, were broken and fled; Moscow, thanks to the help from the outside was released from the siege. New plans of Sigismund III, his campaign near Smolensk even worsened his position; Poles began to go to the king. Lhadmitry Thai fled from the mill, disguised as a peasant.

In a two-day battle under BRACH on April 30 - 1 May 1608, Lhadmitry II broke the army of Vasily Shuisky, headed by his brothers Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky, and moved to Moscow. Following the independent detachment of Alexander Lisovsky, defeated Prince Khovansky, took Tushino, and Lisovsky, appreciating his position, apparently, and suggested to arrange the impostor camp there, which appeared at the capital by one sources 1, on the other June 14. At first he stopped in Tushina, then tried to transfer the camp to the village of Tyaninskoye, but since he was cut off by the troops of the Shuisky, who took the Kaluga road, from his base - Seversk land - then returned to Tushino and settled there. In the notes of one of his commander, Joseph, Boudoo, the founding of the Tushinsky camp, the following is said:

Schui's ardent against the self-coaching army fell by camp on the Khodinka River at the village of All Sweat (now Sokoli district), while Tatar cafitsa stood in the village of Khoroshev; The second line with the king himself was on the Presne River in Vagankov. At night, the Shuisky army was attacked by Rozhinsky and ran up to the Presnois, where, having received a reinforcement from the royal reserve, in turn he dropped the impostor to Khimki, but from there was again repelly back to the walking. After that, the troops of the impostor finally focused on Tushina, as the actual commander of Hetman Rozhinsky adopted a plan of the blockade of Moscow and bringing it to hunger to surrender.

The plan of the blockade of Moscow, however, failed to fulfill entirely: the south-eastern direction remained in the hands of Shuisky, Zagaisk (where the Voivode Dmitry Pozharsky was fighting) and held in the siege of Kolomna - that is, the road connecting Moscow with the most grained counties. The uncertainty of Tushinsev pushed the population from them and began to cause resistance, especially in remote cities. The turn occurred after the conclusion of the Union between Shuisky with the Swedes, alarmed by the strengthening of the Poland hostile.

February 28, 1609 in Vyborg Young Tsar Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky signed a contract with the Swedish king Karl IX, who promised to provide an army in exchange for the Korel County and the Union to conquer Livonia. On May 10, Skopin spoke from Novgorod and moved to Moscow, thumbs in Tushinsky detachments. In July, he broke under Kalyazin Sarega. On February 6, 1610, Sapega was forced to remove the siege of the Trinity and retreat to Dmitrov.

For its part, the Polish king of Sigismund III, putting an encouraged by the Union of Russia with Sweden clearly against him, invaded Moscow possessions and asked Smolensk in September. Tushinsky Poles perceived this with irritation, immediately reaching the king a confederation and demanding that he left the country that they had already considered their own. However, Saphege did not join the confederation and demanded negotiations with the king - his position had a significant impact on the further course of affairs. For its part, Sigismund sent to Tushino Commissioners led by Stadislav Stadnitsky, demanding from them both from their subjects and offering them an extensive reward from both the Moscow treasury and in Poland; As for the Russians, they were promised to preserve the faith and all customs and also rich rewards. It seemed to Tushin Poles seductive, and negotiations began between them and the royal commissars, with only Poles, but many Russians began to be led to the side of the king. The attempt of the impostor to remind itself and its "rights" caused the following rewarding of Rozhinsky: "And what is the case, why did the commissioners come to me? Damn know who you are? Pretty we shed blood for you, and we do not see benefits. " On December 10, the impostor tried to escape with the four hundreds of the Don Cossacks loyal to him, but was caught and taken under the actual arrest of Rozhinsky. However, on December 27, 1610, he still fled to Kaluga, changing the peasant and hiding in the sleigh with the tone (on another version, even with manure). Don Cossacks and part of the Poles under the leadership of Yana Tyshkevich, the personal enemy of Rozhinsky, followed him (at the same time it came to a shootout between Tyshkevich and Rozhinsky supporters). However, Russian Tushinsev immediately headed the procession to the royal ambassadors, expressing joy about the deliverance from the "thief". On February 11, fled to Dmitrov to Sapega, and from there in Kaluga and Marina Mnishek-up in the hussar dress, accompanied by the maid and several Don Cossacks. In the Tuschin itself, the following happened: Yang Tyshkevich brought from Kaluga to a diploma from the impostor with promises, which caused new fermentation among the Poles; But Rozhinsky has already firmly accepted the royal side and led to the agreement with Sigismund, for which the Embassy from Polyakov and Russians was sent to Smolensk, who entered into a confederation with the Poles and decided to call for the kingdom of Kingdom Vladislav (Sign Sigismund) to adopt They are Orthodoxy. This embassy was headed by Mikhail Saltykov, Fyodor Andronov and Prince Vasily Rubet Masalsky played a prominent role in it; January 31, they filed a corneal draft agreement compiled by Saltykov; In response, Sigismund proposed the ambassadors to the Constitution plan, according to which the Zemsky Cathedral and Boyarskaya Duma received the rights of independent legislative, and the Duma at the same time - and the judiciary. Tushinsky ambassadors accepted the conditions and swore, "While God will give us the state owner Vladislav to the Moscow State", "to serve and notice and notice that His Sovereign, the current nicerial king of the Polish and the Grand Duke of Lithuanian Zhigmont Ivanovich." In general, Sigismund, who puts out a 15-year-old son in Moscow to Moscow, clearly tried to take the brazers of the board in his hands. Meanwhile, however, the situation in Tushina itself became critical. In the south, in Kaluga, the faithful impostor of troops focused; In the north, under Dmitrov, the Skopin-Shuisky and Swedes were found, with difficulty restrained by Savego. In such conditions, Rozhinsky decided to move away to Volokolamsk - it was in the Josepho-Volochsky monastery. On March 6, Pushinsev betrayed their camp and "soon" made a campaign. Two days later they were in the wolf - mostly Poles, as the Russians mostly fled. K. F. Kalajedovich, who investigated the remains of the Tushinsky camp on behalf of N. M. Karamzin, recorded the legend that Tushinsev did not leave themselves, but were knocked out with the Moscow detachment, bursting into the camp from the ancient settlement, in the imposition in River River Gorodenka (from the north). Neither the Russians, nor Polish written sources report this; Most likely, it was a slight attack on Polish Ariergard.

In the fortified Kaluga, he was accepted with honors. In Kalygyy, Marina and Cabema arrived, and the sapega; L. lived, surrounded by some glitter, and without the supervision of Polish Panov felt freer. He again swore Kolomna and Kashira. He again began to the capital, made the camp Kolomenskoye, ZAG Sloboda and Pryada. The fear of treason forced him, however, to return to Kaluga.

For him stood the whole southeast; In the north, he was recognized by many lands. The main force of it was the Don Cossacks; He did not trust the Poles and revenge on him for treasonous to torture and pencil executions. He died due to revenge of the baptized Tataran Urusov, which was subjected to corporal punishment. Dec 11 1610, when Lhadmitry, semi-man, under the convoy of the Tatar crowd drove to the hunt, Urusov shed to him saber shoulder, and the younger brother Urusova cut off his head. His death made a terrible excitement in Kaluga; All the remaining Tatars were interrupted by the Donets; The son of Falsmitria II, Ivan, was proclaimed King's Kaluga.

Poland, being in a state of war with Sweden, received a reason for an open intervention against Russia. In 1609, the intervention of Polish feudalists began. In 1610 Sigismund III besieged Smolensk, standing on the way to Moscow. Smolensk was an impregnable fortress. The siege was delayed, and then Sigismund III, leaving Smolensk in the rear, moved to Moscow. With the beginning of the open intervention, Lhadmitria camp broke up, and he himself was killed in Kaluga.

Comparison of self-excavation

Lhadmitriy I and II had a lot in common. First, both of them appeared at the beginning of the XVII century and had a common goal, that is, to reach Moscow. But only one came to her and became a king in the Russian throne - this is Faldmitry I. It was a lot of more decisive than the next impostor. But all is still on the throne, long did not stay. His rapid conquest of the throne and influential allies summed up, which led to the rebellion. And also the impostors had a common allied, which had Polish origin. The name of her Marina Mnishek was called and with the help of the first "Dmitry" she managed to be a Russian princess. But all - the most important thing they associated them, then for whom they were issued (Tsarevich Dmitry). This mysterious event with an unknown end served as a reason for their appearance. In Russia, they received support from many segments of the population, that is, from the peasants, nobles, boyars and the Cossacks. But all the same, the most important force served as the Polish gentry.

Thus, even though they called themselves Tsarevich Dmitry, but all the same they were very different.

Conclusion

The history of Russia completely consists of secrets and mysteries, and one of them is the mystery of the troubled time. Troubled time is an ambiguity, inadequate, incomprehensibility in history. It is usually beginning after, of any mysterious stories that left a bunch of unknown issues. It so happened at the end of the XVI century, after the confused death of Tsarevich Dmitry.

Who killed or did not kill in Uglich Tsarevich Dmitry? This issue was decided to take advantage of some individuals of our story. The desire to end with evil reigning in society, rightly led to the impostor. This situation has led us to such known names as Falmmitry I and Lhadmitry II.

Nothing, yes, our first Tsarevich "Dmitry" promised too much, but did little, but the allies of his (Poles) were in many ways to help him, which led to a deplorable outcome. And the second Tsarevich appeared only because in Russia they already waited and hoped for a saved ruler, who cares all the segments of the population. And only Vasily Shuisky with the army did not allow him to reach him to Moscow and take possession of the Russian throne.

Thus, it can be concluded that my hypothesis is proven relying on the following facts:

University showed that the authorities in Russia are not enough to be legally legally legitimate and strong, it needs something else to be sustainable. We prove it on the example. So, Lhadmitry I and Lhadmitry II were illegal rulers, if you pay attention to the unknown fate of Tsarevich Dmitry.

But, according to many historians, Russian impostors (time of troubled time) were not conscious deceivers. Most likely, they themselves believed in their royal origins.

LITERATURE

Artemov, V.V., Lubchenkov, Yu.N. The history of the Fatherland: from ancient times to the present day: a training manual for students of secondary pedagogical educational institutions. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 1999.-400С.
Arkannikova, M.S. Immovable as a manifestation of the crisis of legitimacy of power in Russia: the dissertation ... Candidate of Political Sciences: 23.00.02 St. Petersburg, 2005 220 c. - Regiteup: www.disszakaz.com/catalog/samozvanchestvo_kak_proyavlenie_krizisa_legitimnosti_vlasti_v_rossii.html
YUTEFEROVOV, T.V. Textbooks of pre-revolutionary Russia on history: an elementary course of universal and Russian history / and. Billmins. - M.: Enlightenment, 1999. - 384c.
Karamzin, N.M. History of Russian Goverment. - M.: Education, 1998. - Access mode: biblioteka.ru/karamzin/82.htm
Klyuchevsky, V.O. Full course of lectures Book 2. - M.: Thought, 1993. - 584c.
Kobrin, V. Lhadmitry I // Motherland. - 2005. - P. 19 - 24.
Mironenko, S.V. The history of the Fatherland: People, ideas, decisions // Essays of the history of Russia IX - the beginning of the XX centuries. - M. Polizdat, 1991. - 367 p.
Orlov, A.S. History of Russia from ancient times / V.A. Georgiev, T. A. Sivokhina. - M.: Prospekt, 1999. - 544c.
Pushkarev. S.G. Review of Russian history: 5th Publisher. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 2003. - 432c.
Solovyov, S.M. About the history of the ancient Russia. / A.I. Samsonov. - M.: Enlightenment, 1993. - 544c.

The impostors of the Epoch of Disame. The impostors in Russia - troubled time. The Board in the Time of Discharge

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Introduction

The reasons of the troubled

End of the Rurikovsky Dynasty

With Tsar Ivan IV Russia led continuous wars. With the onset of peaceful years in Boris Godunov, and especially in the years of hunger, at the beginning of the 17th century, landowners tried to get rid of military horses, refused to feed them and drove away from the yard without vacation.

In addition, with the death of Ivan Grozny (March 18, 1584), all the possibilities for Discharge appeared. First, he brought the country to an Ochrichny terror, a long and unsuccessful Livonian war, and a complete economic ruin.

The first king is not from Rurikovychy Godunov could not not feel the sharpness of his position. In his suspicion, he was a little inferior to Grozny. Going to the throne, he began to reduce personal accounts with boyars.

Safety

Lhadmitry I.

So the rule of Falsmitria I, the Russian king, who, is almost the only impostor, it was possible not to simply make a perturbation, but to sit on the throne and hold out there for about a year.

Vasily Shui and "Tushinsky Thief"

Similar documents

Introduction

Theoretical approaches in the study of the problem

Historical events as a reason for the emergence of impostor in troubled time

Lhadmitry I.

Lhadmitry II.

Comparison of self-excavation

Conclusion

LITERATURE