Wasserman L.I., Zhuravel V.A. "V.N. Myasishchev and medical psychology." Myasishchev Vladimir Nikolaevich - Psychology of relationships V n Myasishchev biography

The origins of Myasishchev’s theory lie in Lazursky’s ideas about the classification of individuals according to the types of their relationships to the surrounding reality. The main position of P. o. lies in the fact that the personality, psyche and consciousness of a person at any given moment represent the unity of the reflection of objective reality and the person’s attitude towards it. Psychology and human relationships in a developed form act as an integral system of individual, selective, conscious connections of the individual with various aspects of objective reality: with natural phenomena and the world of things; with people and societies, phenomena; personality with itself as a subject of activity. The system of relationships is determined by the entire history of human development, it expresses his personal experience and internally determines his actions and experiences.

Relationships are associated with different substructures of the personality. Thus, from Myasishchev’s point of view, the dynamic individual psychological properties of temperament are, at the level of developed character, a “sublated” form of individual differences, the driving forces of which are determined by a conscious attitude, and not by the properties of the nervous system. Character is a system of relationships and the way a person implements them. The properties of a person’s reaction, expressing his temperament and character, are revealed only with an active attitude towards the object that causes the reaction. A person’s abilities are in a natural relationship with inclinations, which represent the driving force for the development of abilities. An inclination is nothing more than a need for a certain type of activity, or a selective positive attitude towards it,

Provisions of Relationship Psychology. formed the basis for the pathogenetic concept of neuroses developed by Myasishchev. Neurosis is interpreted as a personality illness caused by circumstances of significance in the system of its personal relationships. This concept was of great scientific and practical importance, influencing all subsequent theory and practice of psychotherapy for neuroses.

Bibliography

P. P. Ermine. Psychology of relationships (V.N. Myasishchev)

Introduction

Chapter 1. The origins of the concept of relationship psychology V.N. Myasishcheva

Chapter 2. The concept of the theory of relations V.N. Myasishcheva. Relationships and personality

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Heading the laboratory of individual reflexology in the 1920s, Myasishchev discovered important patterns in the formation of an individual style of activity, identified and described several personality types. He argued that personality psychology should be based on data from typology and differential psychology.

During the Great Patriotic War, Myasishchev led a series of anatomical and physiological studies of microstructural changes in the brain, studying the consequences of brain injuries and wounds and their connection with mental disorders.

His research into personality psychology did not stop. Myasishchev proposed a new approach, which he called the psychology of relationships. At the same time, he understood relationships as conscious, selective connections of a person with the world around him and with himself, which influence his personal qualities and are realized in his activities. Such a holistic approach to personality, according to Myasishchev, provided a dynamic understanding of personality as a unity of subject and object. In recent works, Myasishchev developed the important idea that the present, constantly turning into the past, into experience, simultaneously becomes the potential for future behavior of the individual.

The origins of Myasishchev’s theory lie in Lazursky’s ideas about the classification of individuals according to the types of their relationships to the surrounding reality. The main point is that the personality, psyche and consciousness of a person at any given moment represent a unity of reflection of objective reality and a person’s attitude towards it. Psychology and human relationships in a developed form act as an integral system of individual, selective, conscious connections of the individual with various aspects of objective reality: with natural phenomena and the world of things; with people and societies, phenomena; personality with itself as a subject of activity. The system of relationships is determined by the entire history of human development, it expresses his personal experience and internally determines his actions and experiences.

A relationship as a connection between a subject and an object is united, but has a structure, the individual components of which can act as partial relationships, its sides, or types. It is determined by a number of characteristics: selectivity, activity, holistic personal character, consciousness. Myasishchev considered the most important types of relationships to be needs, motives, emotional relationships (attachment, hostility, love, enmity, sympathy, antipathy), interests, assessments, beliefs, and the dominant attitude, subjugating others and determining a person’s life path, direction. The highest degree of development of the individual and his relationships is determined by the level of conscious attitude towards the environment and self-awareness as a conscious attitude towards oneself. Relationships are associated with different substructures of personality. Thus, from Myasishchev’s point of view, the dynamic individual psychological properties of temperament are, at the level of developed character, a “sublated” form of individual differences, the driving forces of which are determined by a conscious attitude, and not by the properties of the nervous system. Character is a system of relationships and the way a person implements them. The properties of a person’s reaction, expressing his temperament and character, are revealed only with an active attitude towards the object that causes the reaction. A person’s abilities are in a natural relationship with inclinations, which represent the driving force for the development of abilities. An inclination is nothing more than a need for a certain type of activity, or a selective positive attitude towards it, Provisions of Relationship Psychology. formed the basis for the pathogenetic concept of neuroses developed by Myasishchev. Neurosis is interpreted as a personality illness caused by circumstances of significance in the system of its personal relationships. This concept was of great scientific and practical importance, influencing all subsequent theory and practice of psychotherapy for neuroses.

Chapter 1. The origins of the concept of relationship psychology V.N. Myasishcheva

The question of properties was posed in psychology usually in terms of character or personality properties. Properties are found in processes, in relationships and in human states. Therefore, in the question of personality traits, different plans of psychological categories intersect. Thus, the property of stability - instability refers to relationships, to states, to the nature of activity. The properties of relationships, states and activities act as personality properties. This, on the one hand, emphasizes the central nature of the concept of personality, and on the other hand, requires that the concept of psychological properties be applied with sufficient accuracy and certainty.

There are different types of relationships, or rather, sides of a single objective relationship, determined by the multilateral possible reaction of a person and the versatility of objects. The relationship as a connection between a subject and an object is united, but in the diversity of relationships there appear more or less distinctly separate components, which can be called partial relationships, or sides of the relationship, or its types. These aspects are closely related to the nature of life interaction, which includes various aspects from metabolism to ideological communication.

The main aspects of the relationship are deeply rooted in the phylogenetic and historical past of man. They primarily differ in the positive and negative nature of a person’s active reactions, which represents the basis for the selective objective orientation of his mental activity. From the simplest positive or negative chemotaxis through instincts to the complex drives and needs of a person, we establish the qualitative diversity of these life tendencies. In this series of evolutionary stages, Soviet psychology emphasizes their qualitative difference and the socio-historical, and not simply biological, nature of human needs.

Needs represent one side of a basic relationship. Most likely, it can be defined as a conative (from the Latin word “sopage” - to strive, to covet) tendency to master.

The concept of need has long existed and, as is known, has significance not only for psychology. We attribute this concept to relationships because the main, so to speak, constitutive components of this concept are:

a) a subject experiencing a need

b) object of need

c) a peculiar connection between the subject and the object, which has a certain functional neurodynamic structure, manifested in the experience of attraction to the object and in the active striving to master it.

As is known, needs were considered by some authors as an independent category, by others they were related to volitional manifestations, and by others they were included in the system of personality characteristics. All this had a partial basis, but it is most correct to consider the needs in the system of relations to reality.

At the early (primitive) stages of development, relationships are still undifferentiated. In the process of development, at the level of not yet conscious relationships of a highly organized animal (dog, monkey), the second side of the emotional-volitional relationship is identified - the emotional relationship. In humans, it manifests itself in affection, love, sympathy and their opposites - hostility, enmity, antipathy.

The emotional side of a relationship, the most striking example of which is love and enmity, was classified in psychology as a category of feelings. However, we must take into account that the area of feelings (or emotions) covers three heterogeneous groups of phenomena - emotional reactions, emotional states and emotional relationships. The latter represent to a large extent what is usually called feeling, but this is still not understood and is not sufficiently illuminated genetically.

The emotional reaction is most clearly expressed in the affects of anger, fear, and melancholy. The physiological basis of emotions is the activity of the subcortical region, while the physiological basis of feelings is cortical processes. It is clear that this idea is subject to further development. For example, the so-called higher feelings: intellectual, aesthetic and moral. Obviously, to call them simply emotions in the sense of anger or fear, or simply feelings like satisfaction or dissatisfaction, would be a significant simplification of these complex, rich and meaningful mental facts. It is obvious, at the same time, that friendship and love or hostility and hatred cannot be attributed to the above two groups of phenomena. Although in everyday speech both the state of pleasure and displeasure and, at the same time, the relationship of love and enmity are called feelings, this is only an everyday indiscriminate use of words that confuses different concepts. At the same time, this everyday expression is not accidental: it unites different facts according to the categorical attribute of the emotional component common to both of them. The old psychological division (the so-called Tetens triad) asserted the independence of the three main sides, or elements, of mental activity - mind, feeling and will. The denial of this triad from the position of integrity, however, did not exclude the actual presence of three aspects - cognitive, volitional and emotional. Therefore, in every psychological fact, to one degree or another, these three sides, three aspects, or three components are included, and in different types of processes of mental activity, state and relationships they appear differently. The loss of any links in this structure gives mental activity a pathological character - such is blind rage and blind passion, devoid of reason, the same is pathological emotional dullness or inactively abulous thinking. The mistake of the Gestaltists lies not in the principle of structural and holistic study, but in the one-sided denial of the role of analysis and in formalism.

According to what has just been said, one of the important problems of psychology in general, and the psychology of relationships in particular, is the further development of a system of concepts and structural issues in the field of mental formations, in particular in the field of relationships.

Chapter 2. The concept of the theory of relations V.N. Myasishcheva. Relationships and personality

Revealing the essence of the concept of “attitude” in psychology, V.N. Myasishchev pointed out that the psychological meaning of attitude is that it is one of the forms of a person’s reflection of the reality around him. The formation of relationships in the structure of a person’s personality occurs as a result of his reflection at a conscious level of the essence of those social objectively existing relations of society in the conditions of his macro- and micro-existence in which he lives.

This macro- and micro-existence, differently contributing to the formation and manifestation of a person’s needs, interests and inclinations, acting in inextricable connection with the characteristics of his body and, above all, the nervous system, creates in each case that subjective “prism” through which it is unique, unique in In each case, all the influences to which a living, active person is exposed are refracted.

His perception of reality, his memory, his thinking, his imagination, his attention, although they always record the features of the objective world, but all these mental processes of his are constantly stamped with the stamp of his attitude to different aspects of the world of which he is a particle.

The world in which a person lives and acts changes, his role and position in this world changes, and, as a consequence, his “picture of the world” and his attitude to different aspects of this world inevitably change more or less significantly.

Without denying the great role of the activities that a living person constantly performs, for his formation as an expert in his field, a craftsman-master, V.N. Myasishchev, at the same time, repeatedly pointed out that the activity itself - play, learning, work - for the formation of the basic mental qualities that make up the moral core of the personality, may turn out to be a neutral process if relations are not organized between its participants that require co-creation, cooperation, mutual assistance, collectivism, if there is no constant “reinforcement” of the course of activity by provoking relationships that encourage moral actions.

V.N. To confirm this scientific position, Myasishchev liked to rely on the thoughts of A.S., proven by enormous practical experience. Makarenko that it is impossible to turn off a personality, isolate it, isolate it from relationships and that “defective” relationships in which a personality is included lead to deviations in its formation and, conversely, socially and pedagogically normal relationships develop morally and psychologically healthy qualities , constituting the structure of personality.

One of the central problems in the scientific heritage of V.N. Myasishchev is the problem of personality development, which he successfully developed for many years. V.N. Myasishchev believed that the relationships of an individual - his needs, interests, inclinations - are not a product of some abstract historical conditions, but, first of all, the result of how a person manages to interact with a very specific environment for him and how much this environment provides scope for manifestation and development of his individuality - both in objective activities and in interaction with other people.

In connection with this, the source of disturbances in the personality, many forms of its pathology (and above all with neuroses) are again very specific social, industrial, social, everyday, family, personal and other conflicts that a person experiences in his life and which roughly break plans dear to his heart become an insurmountable obstacle to achieving goals that are subjectively significant to him, etc.

Thus, according to V.N. Myasishchev, personality is not some kind of frozen, once formed and unchanging mental formation from a certain age, but a dynamic formation, subject to numerous external and, above all, social influences, a changing formation. The true relationship of man to reality was emphasized more than once in his works by V.N. Myasishchev, up to a certain point, are his potential characteristics and are fully manifested when a person begins to act in situations that are subjectively very significant for him.

V.N. Myasishchev, again inextricably linked with relationships, was deeply interested in the problem of communication between people. In a number of his works, he consistently revealed the interdependencies that connect people's knowledge of each other - their treatment of each other when they have to work together, study, relax and simply live together. And he showed how difficult these interdependencies turn out to be in real life, sometimes, for example, one person experiences reckless love or hard-to-suppress hatred towards another person, or when he, say, completely inadequately evaluates himself.

One of the fundamental works of V.N. Myasishchev is his study in all its complexity of the problem of character. To date, there has been no deeper and more comprehensive coverage of this problem in the domestic psychological literature. Revealing the essence of such a complex mental formation as character, V.N. Myasishchev convincingly showed that character is a stable system of relationships in each individual to different aspects of reality, manifested in the typical ways for the individual to express these relationships in his everyday behavior. With great scientific argumentation, he proposed the basics of typology and classification of characters. Drawing on a wealth of factual material, V.N. Myasishchev psychologically subtly and comprehensively analyzed specific varieties of the formation of human character, constantly pairing the differences found in them with the action of political, economic, ideological, general cultural, national and other factors, which are always projected onto the specific conditions of a person’s everyday, everyday existence, indirectly determining the formation of his character .

Conclusion

An authoritative theory in Russian psychology is the theory of relationships by V.N. Myasishcheva. He proceeded from the fact that the main principle of studying nature as a whole is the principle of studying its objects in the process of relationships with the outside world. The most complex relationship of a person to the world around him is expressed in his mental activity. In these relationships, a person acts as a subject, an actor, a person who consciously transforms reality. Human relations in a developed form represent a system of individual, selective, conscious connections of the individual with various aspects of objective reality.

The system of relationships is the psychological “core” of the personality. Through this concept in Myasishchev’s theory it became possible to consider various mental phenomena. Thus, motive appears in this theory as an expression of the attitude towards the object of action; will manifests itself in achieving a goal, which is the object of an active relationship; character traits - transformed relationships, etc. Myasishchev examined neuroses through contradictory relationships.

Relationships were understood by him as conscious, selective connections of a person with the world around him and with himself, which influence his personal qualities and are realized in activity, which provides a dynamic understanding of personality as a unity of subject and object. He developed the idea that the present, constantly turning into the past, into experience, simultaneously becomes the potential for future behavior of the individual.

Thus, he discovered important patterns in the development of an individual style of activity, identified and described several personality types. He argued that personality psychology should be based on data from typology and differential psychology.

Bibliography

Bakhtin M.M. Gippenreiter Yu.B. James W. Leontiev A.N. Mamardashvili M.K. Rogers K. Rubinstein S.L. Tillich P. Frankl V.E. Tsapkin V.N. Personality psychology - M.: AST Astrel, 2009.

Gurevich K.M. Differential psychology and psychodiagnostics: Selected works - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008.

Mananikova E.N. Personality psychology: a textbook for universities. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2007.

Myasishchev V.N. Psychology of relationships: Selected psychological works (edited by A. A. Bodalev) - M.: Modek MPSI, 2004.

Levchenko E.V. History and theory of relationship psychology - M.: Aletheya, 2003.

Vasilyuk F.E. Methodological analysis in psychology: Monograph - M.: MGPPU Smysl, 2003.

Yakovleva A.A. Basic principles of the psychology of relationships in the early works of V.N. Myasishcheva: Answer. ed. A.V. Brushlinsky, A.L. Zhuravlev. - M.: IP RAS, 2002.

Nartova-Bochaver S.V. Psychology of personality and interpersonal relationships. - M.: Eksmo-press, 2001.

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A brief analysis of the life and work of V.N. Myasishchev and his school.

The interest of medical student V.N. Myasishchev in psychology was undoubted. Already in 1914, his first scientific work, “Scientific and Characterological Analysis of Literary Types,” appeared, carried out under the leadership of A.F. Lazursky and published in the then published journal “Bulletin of Psychology.”

Let us note that V.N. Myasishchev remained faithful to the study of individual personality typology or characterology, and this is the great merit of A.F. Lazursky, who, even before the creation of the medical faculty and laboratory, began teaching the associate professor course “medical psychology” that he first developed at the Women’s Medical Institute (now, as you know, it is the St. Petersburg State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlov).

During the period of rapid development of medical psychology, V.N. Myasishchev was a student at the Faculty of Medicine of the St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute, after graduating in 1919 he worked in a number of scientific medical and pedagogical institutions in St. Petersburg. In 1921, at the invitation of V.M. Bekhterev himself, he began to work permanently at the institute. It was with the psychoneurological institute that his entire subsequent long life was connected. In 1939, V.N. Myasishchev became the director of the institute and remained there for more than 20 years.

In the 20s, work in the field of ankylosing spondylitis “pathoreflexology” was the main one for V.N. Myasishchev. It was then that his articles “On typical variations” of combination-motor reflexes in humans (1925), “On the relationship between external and internal reactions” (1926), “On the so-called psychogalvanic reflex and its significance in research” were published personality" (1929).

It is possible that the dominance at that time of the physiological approach to the study of the psyche largely determined the place that in his scientific works V.N. Myasishchev gave to the psychophysiological direction in studies of personality typology, believing that this direction is at the intersection of the study of higher nervous activity and psychology personality. The psychophysiological method, in particular the study of the galvanic skin reflex that develops in response to the presentation of emotionally significant stimuli for the subject, allowed, according to V.N. Myasishchev, an organic approach to the study of the problem of the personal significance of events in the life of subjects and the content of experiences, especially in neuroses . This direction in the work of V.N. Myasishchev led to the gradual concentration of his scientific interests on the problem of personality and its role in the development of various forms of neuropsychic pathology, and in connection with this, to a clarification of the subject and methods in psychology.

“Character and the past” (on the issue of anamnesis methodology)", which discusses the issues of “objective” and “subjective” anamnesis, the value of observation and experiment methods, analysis of the past for understanding the “hidden reasons” of a person’s behavior in the present. This is how the belief of B was laid N. Myasishchev that personality should be studied in the historical, genetic aspect, combining anamnesis and experimental methods (psychodiagnostics, as we would now say). Even then, the scientist emphasized the importance of the experimental method in psychology, which, in his opinion, has a huge advantage in areas of precise measurement and analysis, but it must be combined with an analysis of the “genesis of the human personality.” This position is all the more important if we remember that V.N. .

During the memorable period of fierce discussions of the late 60-70s of the last century about the priority in psychodiagnostics of pathopsychological or test methods, V.N. Myasishchev supported the need to introduce tests, including personality ones, but invariably emphasizing the need for a “historical” method in psychology. He wrote about this in one of his last works in 1971.

In 1933, V.N. Myasishchev’s work “Tasks of a psychophysiological experiment in the clinic of nervous and mental illnesses” was published. Here the concept of “psychophysiological experiment” is a tribute to the times. Essentially, we are talking about a conceptual approach to the experimental study of personality for the purpose of pathogenetic diagnosis. Saying that the researcher is dealing not with a static function, but with the dynamics of an integral process (most likely, this meant the process of development and formation of personality), V.N. Myasishchev wrote: “... It is not so much necessary to even state, diagnose, how much one strives to remake the personality, and the diagnosis itself is checked on the results of the measures.” This position seemed to him more difficult for a researcher, but also more promising. Essentially, this is the forerunner of the ideas developed today about the systemic clinical and psychological activities of doctors and psychologists, in particular in the processes of psychotherapy and rehabilitation of patients.

Since the mid-30s, the first articles have appeared in which V.N. Myasishchev forms his scientific ideas about psychological attitude as a fundamental category of general and medical psychology, and, consequently, psychotherapy.

V.N. Myasishchev returned the psychological category “attitude” to scientific use as a basic element in constructing a personality theory, substantiating a concept that in our time is one of the most popular in domestic scientific psychology in general, and in medical psychology and psychotherapy in particular.

V.N. Myasishchev emphasized: “A person’s personality is considered and characterized by us primarily from the point of view of its conscious relationship to the surrounding reality, in contrast to the usual understanding, which considers it as a system of functions.” Thus, by the mid-30s, V.N. Myasishchev outlined in general terms the concept of personality psychology and methods of influencing it for the purposes of treatment and education. It is safe to say that this is the methodological basis, the potential for many subsequent studies in the field of personality psychology in general, medical, social and educational psychology.

The merit of V.N. Myasishchev is, first of all, that through the concept of “relationships” he largely contributed to the preservation of the category of personality in scientific psychology. Revealing the meaning of this category, he made it accessible to generations of domestic psychologists, doctors and teachers, from whose consciousness it was washed out by ideologically loaded psychological texts, when priority when considering the social nature of man was given to the collective rather than the individual. V.N. Myasishchev developed his concept, preserving the concept of personality, and defined a person as an active subject of relationships, activity and cognition. Such an understanding of personality, as time has shown, is fundamental and fruitful in the study and resolution of the psychological problems of a sick person;

V.N. Myasishchev not only spoke about the central place of the concept of personality in medicine, but also developed the theoretical and methodological basis and experimental context for its study, in particular, in the analysis of mental health disorders (neuroses as a research model) and psychotherapy as a method of correcting impaired personal relationship systems. The creation of a pathogenetic theory of neuroses and psychotherapy, the theoretical basis of which is the theory of personality relationships, is another merit of V.N. Myasishchev. Back in the mid-20s, he stood at the origins of the formation of a clinic for neuroses and psychotherapy at the Psychoneurological Institute, which later became widely known far beyond the borders of our country.

The many years of experience accumulated by V.N. Myasishchev in the study and treatment of patients with neuroses allowed him to formulate the etiopathogenetic concept of neuroses and on this basis to develop his psychotherapeutic system. Neurosis, according to this concept, was understood as a personality illness, as contradictions in a system of particularly significant psychological relationships. The problem required the development of such concepts as psychogenics, conflicts, etc., as well as methods and techniques for psychological diagnostics of personality. Of great importance for the development of medical psychology was the fact that the pathogenetic concept of neuroses and psychotherapy contained in a hidden form the concept of unconscious and psychodynamic conflict, which in the publications of V.N. Myasishchev was called intrapersonal contradiction. The psychogenetic understanding of neurosis assumed that its cause was not so much psychotrauma (a separate event), but rather the history of the formation of its system of relations and its violations.

Already in the 2nd half of the 50s, during the so-called Thaw, V.N. Myasishchev was one of the first to not only appreciate, but also openly support in the press and in speeches the advantages of test methods for personality research. At the Institute. V.M. Bekhterev, Leningrad University, and then in other institutions of the country, largely thanks to V.N. Myasishchev, well-known test methods (TAT, Wechsler, Rorschach tests, etc.) appeared, and work began on their adaptation.

V.N. Myasishchev considered it necessary to emphasize the need to combine standardized and non-standardized methods of personality research, a combination of experimental and clinical-psychological approaches. In general, it can be stated that psychological tests have returned to scientific research and practical work of clinical psychologists in our country, largely thanks to the activities of the laboratory of medical (clinical) psychology of the Institute. V.M. Bekhterev, which V.N. Myasishchev created and carefully looked after in the last 10 years of his life.

Thus, even a brief analysis of the life and work of V.N. Myasishchev and his school shows the fruitful influence that he had on the development of domestic medical (clinical) psychology and psychotherapy. This influence is felt in the present and, one can assume, will be felt in the future. Both the present and the future contain aspects of the development of clinical psychology that the past did not know. Both the present and the future will test the “theory of relationships”, the concept of the etiopathogenesis of neuroses and the system of pathogenetic psychotherapy by V.N. Myasishchev in a competitive relationship with other theories of personality and methods of psychotherapy. Today, the “ecological niche” of domestic personological theories, of course, has lost that isolation from external “alien” theories, which was ensured by the cover of ideological “curtains”. The integration of many theories has occurred and is currently occurring, but not all of them have the same powerful theoretical and practical potential, proven by time, as the theory of personality relationships.

Relationship Theory

This book of selected works of a prominent psychologist, psychoneurologist, and psychotherapist includes works that reveal current problems of relationships, relationships between people, the place and role of these relationships in the structure of normal and abnormal personality. The relationships between the characteristics of a person’s relationships and the characteristics of his mental processes are considered. The book is intended for psychologists, teachers, doctors and students preparing for psychological and pedagogical activities.

V. N. MYASISCHEV AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELATIONS.

A prominent Russian psychologist, psychiatrist, psychotherapist Vladimir Nikolaevich Myasishchev was born on July 11, 1893 in Latvia in the family of a magistrate. After the death of his father, the family moved to Nikolaev, where the future scientist spent his school years. An early and deep passion for literature, fine arts, and music contributed to the formation of his interest in man, in his thoughts, feelings, and emotional experiences. It is no coincidence that V. N. Myasishchev’s choice of future profession turned out to be connected with the profession of a doctor, and already during his years of study at the Psychoneurological Institute founded by V. M. Bekhterev, he showed a strong tendency to delve deeply into the psychology of a sick and healthy person. During the years of the civil war and devastation, V. N. Myasishchev began to fully display those features of the future scientist and teacher, which were subsequently fully reflected in his scientific and practical activities, permeated with the ideals of humanism, goodness, and justice.

The entire life and creative path of V. N. Myasishchev is connected with the development of the most important scientific problems of psychology, medical psychology, psychiatry and psychotherapy. V. N. Myasishchev’s worldview was formed under the direct influence of progressive scientists of the second half of the 19th century. and the beginning of this century. The ideas of S. P. Botkin, I. M. Sechenov, I. P. Pavlov, A. A. Ukhtomsky and other progressive scientists and public figures permeate many pages of the works of V. N. Myasishchev.

V. N. Myasishchev’s immediate educator and teacher was V. M. Bekhterev’s student and closest collaborator, Alexander Fedorovich Lazursky, who fully shaped both V. N. Myasishchev’s scientific worldview and the personality of a thoughtful researcher and a caring, insightful doctor. Close collaboration between V.N. Myasishchev and A.F. Lazursky, the founder of the psychological theory of relationships (See: V.N. Myasishchev, V.A. Zhuravel. On the path to creating a psychological theory of personality. (To the 100th anniversary of the birth of A. F. Lazursky) // Questions of Psychology. 1974. No. 2. P. 32-42.), continued until the last days of the life of a prominent scientist. It is therefore no coincidence that after the untimely death of his talented student A.F. Lazursky (1917), V.M. Bekhterev entrusted the management of one of the best psychological laboratories at that time to his student and like-minded person - the young scientist V.N. Myasishchev. They worked together until the death of V. M. Bekhterev (1927). Myasishchev’s choice of a specific research direction in psychology and medicine is largely due to the fact that he (together with M. Ya. Basov) completed and prepared for publication the unfinished work of A. F. Lazursky “Classification of Personalities” (1921). Work on the scientific legacy of this prominent psychologist confronted V. N. Myasishchev with a number of important, promising problems in the field of personality studies, which he worked on solving until the end of his life.

The central scientific problem, which attracted the attention, creative energy and inspiration of V. N. Myasishchev for many years, was the problem of the integral personality of a healthy and sick person. The understanding of man as a unity of organism and personality prompted V. N. Myasishchev in his scientific research to use objective physiological and psychophysiological characteristics of the individual’s state to explain the subjective, psychological characteristics of a person, his feelings, experienced states, and will. One of the first major works, which was the result of many years of hard work, was the work of V. N. Myasishchev on the psychological significance of the electrocutaneous characteristics of a person. An excellent methodological solution to the problem and a high level of theoretical generalization of the results obtained allowed V. N. Myasishchev to present his work as a doctoral dissertation “Electrocutaneous indicators of the neuropsychic state in humans” (1944). The progressive, innovative nature of this work in those years was that V.N. Myasishchev convincingly showed the possibility of studying subtle experiences not only from the point of view of their quantitative, intensity characteristics, but also assessing their quality, i.e. degree of significance for the subject. This work opened one of the most important directions in the work of V. N. Myasishchev - the study of the system of relationships of a person’s personality. The significance of this work is especially great at the present time, when the gap between the study of the human body and the study of it as a person, a subject of activity, and individuality is being bridged.

V. N. Myasishchev formulated one of the most important fundamental principles of personality theory in Soviet psychology. He emphasized that the system of social relations in which every person is included from the time of his birth to death shapes his subjective attitudes towards all aspects of reality. And this system of a person’s relationship to the world around him and to himself is the most specific characteristic of a person, more specific than, for example, a number of its other components, such as character, temperament, and abilities.

This macro- and microbeing, differently contributing to the formation and manifestation of a person’s needs, interests and inclinations, acting in indissoluble connection with the characteristics of his body and, above all, the nervous system, creates in each case that subjective “prism” through which unique, unique In each case, all the influences to which a living, active person is exposed are refracted.

Without denying the great role of the activities that a living person constantly performs for the formation of him as an expert in his field, a craftsman, V.N. Myasishchev, at the same time, repeatedly pointed out that the activity itself - play, learning, work - for the formation of the basic mental qualities that make up the moral core of a person may turn out to be a neutral process if relations requiring co-creation, cooperation, mutual assistance, collectivism are not organized between its participants, if there is no constant “reinforcement” of the course of activity by provoking relationships that encourage moral actions.

To confirm this scientific position of his, V. N. Myasishchev liked to rely on the thoughts of A. S. Makarenko, proven by enormous practical experience, that it is impossible to turn off a personality, isolate it, isolate it from relationships and that “defective” relationships in which it turns out to be included personality, lead to deviations in its formation and, conversely, socially and pedagogically normal relationships develop morally and psychologically healthy qualities that make up the structure of the personality.

One of the central problems in the scientific heritage of V. N. Myasishchev is the problem of personality development, which he successfully developed for many years. V. N. Myasishchev believed that the relationships of a person - his needs, interests, inclinations - are not a product of some abstract historical conditions, but primarily the result of how a person manages to interact with a very specific environment for him and how much this environment gives space for the manifestation and development of his individuality - both in objective activities and in interaction with other people.

Thus, according to V.N. Myasishchev, personality is not some kind of frozen, once formed and unchanging mental formation from a certain age, but a dynamic formation, subject to numerous external and, above all, social influences, a changing formation. A person’s true relationship to reality, as V. N. Myasishchev emphasized more than once in his works, is, up to a certain point, his potential characteristics and manifests itself fully when a person begins to act in situations that are subjectively very significant for him.

V. N. Myasishchev, again inextricably linked with relationships, was deeply interested in the problem of communication between people. In a number of his works, he consistently revealed the interdependencies that connect people's knowledge of each other, the relationships they experience, and their treatment of each other when they have to work together, study, relax and simply live together. And he showed how difficult these interdependencies turn out to be in real life, sometimes, for example, one person experiences reckless love or hard-to-suppress hatred towards another person, or when he, say, completely inadequately evaluates himself.

One of the fundamental works of V. N. Myasishchev is his study of the problem of character in all its complexity. To date, there has been no deeper and more comprehensive coverage of this problem in the domestic psychological literature. Revealing the essence of such a complex mental formation as character, V. N. Myasishchev convincingly showed that character is a stable system of relationships in each individual to different aspects of reality, manifested in the typical ways for an individual to express these relationships in his everyday behavior. With great scientific argumentation, he proposed the basics of typology and classification of characters. Drawing on enormous factual material, V. N. Myasishchev psychologically subtly and comprehensively analyzed specific types of formation of human character, constantly connecting the differences found in them with the action of political, economic, ideological, general cultural, national and other factors, which are always projected onto the specific conditions of everyday life, everyday life of a person, indirectly determining the formation of his character.

Vladimir Nikolaevich Myasishchev(July 11, 1893 - October 4, 1973) - Soviet psychiatrist and medical psychologist, researcher of problems of human abilities and relationships, founder of the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) school of psychotherapy. He was a student of V. M. Bekhterev and A. F. Lazursky. Corresponding member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR.

Biography

Born into the family of a magistrate who worked in Livonia. In 1912 he entered the medical faculty of the St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute, and two years later (1914) the first scientific work of V. N. Myasishchev appeared: “Scientific and characterological analysis of literary types” (based on the trilogy of L. N. Tolstoy “ Childhood, adolescence, youth"). Due to financial difficulties, V.N. Myasishchev had to interrupt his studies and work, as a result of which he graduated from the institute only in 1919.

From 1919 to 1921 he worked in the labor laboratory of the Brain Institute.
Since 1939 - Director of the Leningrad Research Institute named after. V. M. Bekhtereva.

Psychology of relationships

Having accepted the thesis of Marx and Engels that the essence of man is a set of social relations, V. N. Myasishchev developed the psychology of relationships and, on its basis, developed the concept of psychogenies and pathogenetic, or psychogenetic, psychotherapy; at the same time, he adopted a number of ideas from psychoanalysis.

Neurosis concept

V. N. Myasishchev, criticizing the one-sided biological and physiological understanding of neuroses, which saw their cause in constitutional weakness or inferiority of the nervous system, substantiated the position that the most important factor in the occurrence of neuroses is “situational insufficiency”, manifested in the fact that Even fairly strong and life-tested people cannot cope with certain situations, while many people with a weak nervous system cope with a similar situation and do not get sick. For example, for a hyperthymic personality, a monotonously monotonous environment is difficult to bear, while for a sluggish and asthenic person it is desirable and, conversely, an environment of intense demands is difficult.

This idea of “situational insufficiency” was subsequently reworked by A.E. Lichko (1977) and transformed by him into the concept of the “place of least resistance” of an accentuated personality.
Aleksandrov A. A. Personality-oriented methods of psychotherapy. - St. Petersburg: “Rech”, 2000. - P. 128. ISBN 5-9268-0020-X

Awards

V.N. Myasishchev was awarded the Order of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor and a number of medals. For his outstanding contribution to the development of medical science and healthcare, in 1964 he was awarded the honorary title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.

Essays

Performance and sick personalities. 1936;
Mental characteristics of a person. Character, abilities. T. 1-2, 1957 (jointly with A. G. Kovalev);
Personality and Neuroses, 1960;
Introduction to medical psychology. 1966 (together with M. S. Lebedinsky).
Personality and nervousness. L., Publishing house Leningr. Univ., 1960. 426 p.
Main problems and current state of relationship psychology. - In the book: Psychological science in the USSR. M., Publishing House of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR, 1960, vol. II, p. 110-125.

Wasserman L.I., Zhuravel V.A. "V.N. Myasishchev and medical psychology." Myasishchev Vladimir Nikolaevich - Psychology of relationships V n Myasishchev biography

Introduction

Chapter 1. The origins of the concept of relationship psychology V.N. Myasishcheva

Chapter 2. The concept of the theory of relations V.N. Myasishcheva. Relationships and personality

Conclusion

Bibliography

Philosophical and psychological justification for understanding assessment as a form of reflection relations

Theory personality according to Myasishchev

Biography

Psychology of relationships

Neurosis concept

Awards

Essays