Types, sources and causes of environmental pollution. Environmental protection in the modern world What is environmental protection definition

Environmental protection

Environmental protection - a system of measures aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions for the environment and human life. The most important environmental factors are atmospheric air, home air, water, soil. Environmental protection provides for the preservation and restoration of natural resources in order to prevent direct and indirect negative impact of the results of human activities on nature and human health.

In the context of scientific and technological progress and the intensification of industrial production, the problems of environmental protection have become one of the most important national tasks, the solution of which is inextricably linked with the protection of human health. For many years, the processes of environmental degradation were reversible. affected only limited areas, individual areas and were not of a global nature, therefore, effective measures to protect the human environment were practically not taken. In the last 20-30 years, irreversible changes in the natural environment or dangerous phenomena have begun to appear in various regions of the Earth. In connection with the massive pollution of the environment, the issues of its protection from regional, intrastate have grown into an international, planetary problem. All developed countries have identified environmental protection as one of the most important aspects of humanity's struggle for survival.

The advanced industrial countries have developed a number of key organizational, scientific and technical measures for environmental protection. They are as follows: determination and assessment of the main chemical, physical and biological factors that adversely affect the health and performance of the population, in order to develop the necessary strategy to reduce the negative role of these factors; an assessment of the potential impact of toxic substances polluting the environment to establish the necessary risk criteria for public health; development of effective programs for the prevention of possible industrial accidents and measures to reduce the harmful effects of accidental emissions on the environment. In addition, the establishment of the degree of danger of environmental pollution for the gene pool, from the point of view of the carcinogenicity of some toxic substances contained in industrial emissions and wastes, acquires special importance in environmental protection. Systematic epidemiological studies are needed to assess the risk of mass diseases caused by pathogens in the environment.

When solving issues related to environmental protection, it should be borne in mind that a person from birth and throughout his life is exposed to various factors (contact with chemicals in everyday life, at work, the use of drugs, the ingestion of chemical additives contained in food products, etc.). Additional exposure to harmful substances entering the environment, in particular from industrial waste, can have a negative impact on human health.

Among the environmental pollutants (biological, physical, chemical and radioactive), one of the first places is occupied by chemical compounds. More than 5 million chemical compounds are known, of which over 60 thousand are in constant use. The world production of chemical compounds increases every 10 years by 2 1 / 2 times. The most dangerous release into the environment of organochlorine compounds of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, asbestos.

The most effective measure to protect the environment from these compounds is the development and implementation of waste-free or low-waste technological processes, as well as waste disposal or recycling. Another important area of \u200b\u200benvironmental protection is a change in the approach to the principles of location of various industries, replacement of the most harmful and stable substances with less harmful and less stable ones. The mutual influence of various industrial and agricultural facilities are becoming more and more significant, and the social and economic damage from accidents caused by the proximity of various enterprises may exceed the benefits associated with the proximity of the raw material base or transport facilities. In order for the tasks of placing objects to be solved optimally, it is necessary to cooperate with specialists of different profiles, who are able to predict the adverse effects of various factors, and use methods of mathematical modeling. Quite often, due to meteorological conditions, the territories far from the direct source of harmful emissions are polluted.

The most important problem of all discussed earlier iswater protection problem ... One of the main tasks is the regulation of water relations in order to ensure the rational use of water for the needs of the population and the national economy. In addition, there are other tasks:

Protection of waters from pollution, contamination and depletion;

Prevention and elimination of harmful effects of water;

Improving the condition of water bodies;

Protection of the rights of enterprises, organizations, institutions and citizens, strengthening the rule of law in the field of water relations.

Placement, design, construction and commissioning of enterprises, structures and other objects that affect the state of waters.

Commissioning is prohibited:

New and reconstructed enterprises, workshops and units, utilities and other facilities not provided with devices that prevent pollution and clogging of waters or their harmful effects;

Irrigation and watering systems, reservoirs and canals prior to the implementation of the measures envisaged by the projects to prevent flooding, waterlogging, waterlogging, salinization and soil erosion;

Drainage systems until the readiness of water intakes and other structures in accordance with approved projects;

Water intake structures without fish protection devices in accordance with approved projects;

Hydraulic structures until the readiness of devices for the passage of flood waters and fish in accordance with the approved projects;

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Russian State University of Physical Education,

sports, youth and tourism

Department "Tourism"

Referat

by discipline: "Environmental protection"

on the topic of: " Environmental protection"

Completed by: Ivakhnenko Ya.E.

Lecturer: Tseriabina V.V.

Moscow 2014

1. Essence and directions of environmental protection

2. Objects and principles of environmental protection

3. Regulatory framework for environmental protection

Literature

1. The essence and directions of environmental protection

Types of environmental pollution and directions of its protection.

Various human interventions in natural processes in the biosphere can be grouped according to the following types of pollution, meaning any anthropogenic changes undesirable for ecosystems:

Ingredient (an ingredient is a component of a complex compound or mixture) pollution as a combination of substances quantitatively or qualitatively alien to natural biogeocenoses;

Parametric pollution (environmental parameter - one of its properties, for example, the level of noise, illumination, radiation, etc.) associated with a change in the qualitative parameters of the environment;

Biocenotic pollution, consisting in the impact on the composition and structure of the population of living organisms;

Stationary-destructive pollution (station - habitat of the population, destruction - destruction), which is a change in landscapes and ecological systems in the process of nature management.

Until the 60s of our century, nature conservation was understood mainly to protect its animal and plant world from destruction. Accordingly, the forms of this protection were mainly the creation of specially protected areas, the adoption of legal acts restricting the hunting of individual animals, etc. Scientists and the public were concerned, first of all, with the biocenotic and partially stationary-destructive effects on the biosphere. Ingredient and parametric pollution, of course, also existed, especially since there was no question of installing treatment facilities at enterprises. But it was not as diverse and massive as it is now. So, in rivers with an undisturbed biocenosis and a normal flow rate, not slowed down by hydraulic structures, under the influence of the processes of mixing, oxidation, precipitation, absorption and decomposition by decomposers, disinfection by solar radiation, etc., contaminated water completely restored its properties for 30 km from pollution sources ... However, by the middle of the XX century. the rate of ingredient and parametric pollution has increased, and their qualitative composition has changed so dramatically that in large areas the ability of nature to self-purify, i.e., the natural destruction of the pollutant as a result of natural physical, chemical and biological processes, has been lost.

At present, even such deep and long rivers as the Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Amur do not self-purify. What can we say about the Volga, the natural flow rate of which is several times reduced by hydraulic structures, or the Tom river (Western Siberia), all the water of which industrial enterprises manage to take for their needs and release it back contaminated, at least 3-4 times, before she will get from source to mouth.

The soil's ability to self-purify is undermined by a sharp decrease in the amount of decomposers in it, which occurs under the influence of excessive use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, growing monocultures, complete harvesting of all parts of the grown plants from the fields, etc.

Characteristics of sources of pollution of water bodies

Despite the steady increase in water consumption due to the rapid increase in population, the main problem was not the lack of drinking water in most countries of the world, but the progressive pollution of rivers, lakes and groundwater. The significant growth in industry has led to a sharp increase in the volume of technical waste discharged in the form of untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater into water bodies.

The main sources of water pollution are:

1. atmospheric precipitation containing industrial pollutants that are washed out of the atmosphere;

2. city waste water (household, sewage, containing synthetic detergents harmful to health, etc.);

3. industrial waste water;

4. Agricultural wastewater (waste from livestock complexes, washing off fertilizers and pesticides from fields by rains and spring melt water, etc.).

The most significant part of the pollution of water bodies is industrial wastewater, half of which (according to domestic environmental services) is discharged into water bodies without treatment, and most of the second half is in an insufficiently purified form. Therefore, almost all rivers are polluted with oil products, heavy metals, organic and mineral compounds. Agricultural wastewater carries huge amounts of fertilizers and pesticides into rivers and lakes. The discharge of wastewater into water bodies is accompanied by the accumulation of pollutants in bottom sediments in high concentrations, which can lead to a sharp increase in the level of pollution in flood waters and to secondary pollution associated with the formation of new (often more harmful than the original) chemical compounds. biosphere natural animal

Natural resources and their classification

Natural resources (natural resources) are elements of nature, part of the entire set of natural conditions and the most important components of the natural environment that are used (or can be used) at a given level of development of productive forces to meet the various needs of society and social production. Classification:

1. Natural (genetic) classification - the classification of natural resources by natural groups: mineral (minerals), water, land (including soil), plant, (including forest), fauna, climatic, resources energy of natural processes (solar radiation, internal heat of the Earth, wind energy, etc.). Often the resources of flora and fauna are combined into the concept of biological resources.

2. The ecological classification of natural resources is based on signs of depletion and renewal of resource reserves. The concept of exhaustion is used when taking into account the reserves of natural resources and the volumes of their possible economic withdrawal.

Resources are allocated on this basis:

Inexhaustible - the use of which by a person does not lead to an apparent depletion of their reserves now or in the foreseeable future (solar energy, internal heat, energy of water, air);

Harvested non-renewable - the continuous use of which can reduce them to a level at which further exploitation becomes economically impractical, while they are incapable of self-healing in terms commensurate with the terms of consumption (for example, mineral resources);

Recoverable renewable - resources that are characterized by the ability to restore (through reproduction or other natural cycles), for example, flora, fauna, water resources, In this subgroup, resources are allocated with extremely slow rates of renewal (fertile land, forest resources with high quality wood).

2. Objects and principles of environmental protection

Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific polluter and ensure his interest in meeting these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.

Protection of the natural environment consists of:

Legal protection, formulating scientific environmental principles in the form of binding legal laws;

Material incentives for environmental activities, seeking to make them economically profitable for enterprises;

Engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" the following objects are subject to protection:

1. Natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere;

2. Earth, its bowels, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.

State nature reserves, nature reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare or endangered species of plants and animals and their habitats are especially protected.

There are more than 100 reserves in the Russian Federation, of which 18 are biosphere reserves and 70 are located in the subject of the federation. The largest are Altai, Barguzinsky, Caucasian, Yugansky. On the territory of state nature reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects of nature conservation, scientific, ecological and educational significance are completely withdrawn from economic use, as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the gene pool of flora and fauna.

State nature reserves are a territory or water area of \u200b\u200bparticular importance for the preservation of the restoration of natural resources and complexes, as well as maintaining the ecological balance. State nature reserves can have the status of federal or regional significance. State nature reserves can have a different profile, including:

1. Integrated (landscape) - designed to preserve and restore natural complexes or natural landscapes

2. Biological (botanical and zoological) created to protect rare endangered species of animals and plants.

3. Paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects

4. Hydrological are designed to preserve and restore valuable objects and ecological systems

5. Geological, for the preservation of valuable objects and complexes of non-living nature

Natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable, natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.

The main principles of environmental protection should be:

The priority of ensuring favorable environmental conditions for life, work and recreation of the population;

Scientifically grounded combination of environmental and economic interests of society;

Taking into account the laws of nature and the possibilities of self-healing and self-cleaning of its resources;

Prevention of irreversible consequences for the protection of the natural environment and human health;

The right of the population and public organizations to timely and reliable information about the state of the environment and the negative impact on it and on people's health of various production facilities;

Inevitability of liability for violation of the requirements of environmental legislation.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental activity of enterprises

Environmental protection is any activity aimed at maintaining the quality of the environment at a level that ensures the sustainability of the biosphere. It includes both large-scale activities carried out at the national level to preserve reference samples of untouched nature and preserve the diversity of species on Earth, organize scientific research, train environmental specialists and educate the population, as well as the activities of individual enterprises to clean up wastewater and wastewater from harmful substances. gases, lowering the rate of use of natural resources, etc. Such activities are carried out mainly by engineering methods.

There are two main areas of environmental protection activities of enterprises. The first is the purification of harmful emissions. This path "in its pure form" is ineffective, since with its help it is far from always possible to completely stop the flow of harmful substances into the biosphere. Moreover, a reduction in the level of pollution of one component of the environment leads to an increase in the pollution of another.

And, for example, installing wet filters in gas cleaning can reduce air pollution, but lead to even more water pollution. Substances captured from waste gases and waste water often poison large areas of land.

The use of treatment facilities, even the most effective ones, dramatically reduces the level of environmental pollution, but does not completely solve this problem, since during the operation of these plants, waste is also generated, although in a smaller volume, but, as a rule, with an increased concentration of harmful substances. Finally, the operation of most of the treatment facilities requires significant energy consumption, which, in turn, is also unsafe for the environment.

To achieve high environmental and economic results, it is necessary to combine the process of cleaning harmful emissions with the process of utilization of captured substances, which will make it possible to combine the first direction with the second.

The second direction is the elimination of the very causes of pollution, which requires the development of low-waste and, in the long term, non-waste production technologies that would make it possible to comprehensively use the feedstock and utilize a maximum of substances harmful to the biosphere.

However, not all industries have found acceptable technical and economic solutions for a sharp reduction in the amount of waste generated and their disposal, so at present we have to work in both of these areas.

Types and principles of operation of treatment equipment and facilities

Many modern technological processes are associated with crushing and grinding of substances, transportation of bulk materials. In this case, part of the material turns into dust, which is harmful to health and causes significant material damage to the national economy due to the loss of valuable products.

Various apparatus designs are used for cleaning. By the method of collecting dust, they are subdivided into mechanical (dry and wet) and electrical gas cleaning devices. In dry apparatus (cyclones, filters), gravitational sedimentation by gravity, sedimentation by centrifugal force, inertial sedimentation, filtration are used. In wet apparatus (scrubbers) this is achieved by flushing the dusty gas with a liquid. In electrostatic precipitators, deposition on electrodes occurs as a result of imparting an electric charge to dust particles.

To clean gases from harmful gaseous impurities, two groups of methods are used - non-catalytic and catalytic. The methods of the first group are based on the removal of impurities from a gaseous mixture using liquid (absorbers) and solid (adsorbers) absorbers. The methods of the second group consist in the fact that harmful impurities enter into a chemical reaction and turn into harmless substances on the surface of the catalysts.

Waste water is the water used by industrial and municipal enterprises and the population and to be purified from various impurities. Depending on the conditions of formation, waste water is divided into domestic, atmospheric and industrial. All of them contain mineral and organic substances in one proportion or another.

Waste water is purified from impurities by mechanical, chemical, physicochemical, biological and thermal methods, which, in turn, are subdivided into recuperative and destructive. Recuperation methods provide for the extraction of valuable substances from wastewater and further processing. In destructive methods, water pollutants are destroyed by oxidation or reduction. Degradation products are removed from water in the form of gases or sediments.

Mechanical cleaning is used to remove solid insoluble impurities using sedimentation and filtration methods using gratings, sand traps, settling tanks. Chemical cleaning methods are used to remove soluble impurities using various reagents that enter into chemical reactions with harmful impurities, resulting in the formation of low-toxic substances. Physicochemical methods include flotation, ion exchange, adsorption, crystallization, deodorization, etc. Biological methods are considered basic for the neutralization of wastewater from organic impurities that are oxidized by microorganisms, which requires a sufficient amount of oxygen in the water.

Industrial wastewater that cannot be purified by the above methods is subjected to thermal neutralization, i.e., incineration, or pumped into deep wells (as a result of which there is a danger of groundwater pollution). These methods are carried out in local (shop), general plant, district or city cleaning systems.

One of the most important problems of environmental protection is the problem of collection, removal and liquidation or disposal of solid industrial waste "and household waste, which accounts for 300 to 500 kg per year per capita. It is solved by organizing landfills, processing waste into composts with subsequent use as organic fertilizers or biofuel (biogas), as well as incineration in special plants.Specially equipped landfills, the total number of which in the world reaches several million, are called landfills and are quite complex engineering structures, especially when it comes to storing toxic or radioactive waste.

3. Regulatory framework for environmental protection

System of standards and regulations

One of the most important components of environmental legislation is the system of environmental standards. Its timely scientifically substantiated development is a prerequisite for the practical implementation of the adopted laws, since it is these standards that polluting enterprises should be guided by in their environmental activities. Failure to comply with standards entails legal liability.

Standardization is understood as the establishment of a single and mandatory for all objects of a given level of management system of norms and requirements. Standards can be state (GOST), industry (OST) and factory. The system of standards for nature protection has been assigned a general number 17, which includes several groups in accordance with protected objects. For example, 17.1 means "Nature protection. Hydrosphere", and group 17.2 - "Nature protection. Atmosphere", etc. This standard regulates various aspects of the activities of enterprises for the protection of water and air resources, up to the requirements for equipment for monitoring air quality and water.

The most important environmental standards are environmental quality standards - maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in natural environments.

Based on the MPC, scientific and technical standards for maximum permissible emissions (MPE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere and discharges (MPD) into the water basin are developed. These standards are set individually for each source of pollution in such a way that the combined impact on the environment of all sources in a given area does not lead to an excess of the MPC.

In addition to a clean environment, a person for a normal life needs to eat, dress, listen to a tape recorder and watch movies and TV shows, the production of films and electricity for which is very "dirty". Finally, you need to have a job in your specialty near your home. It is best to reconstruct ecologically backward enterprises so that they cease to harm the environment, but not every enterprise can immediately allocate funds for this in full, since environmental equipment and the reconstruction process itself are very expensive.

Therefore, such enterprises can be set temporary standards, the so-called TSV (temporarily agreed emissions), allowing excess pollution of the environment in excess of the norm within a strictly defined period, sufficient to carry out the environmental measures necessary to reduce emissions.

The size and sources of payment for environmental pollution depend on whether or not the enterprise fits into the standards established by it and which ones - MPE, MPD or only in the VES.

Law on guard of nature

It has already been noted that the state ensures the rationalization of nature management, including the protection of the natural environment, by creating environmental legislation and monitoring its observance.

Environmental legislation is a system of laws and other legal acts (decrees, decrees, instructions) that regulates environmental relations in order to preserve and reproduce natural resources, rationalize nature management, and preserve public health.

In our country, for the first time in world practice, the requirement for the protection and rational use of natural resources is included in the Constitution. There are about two hundred legal documents related to environmental management. One of the most important is the comprehensive law "On Environmental Protection", adopted in 1991.

It states that every citizen has the right to health protection from the adverse effects of a polluted natural environment, to participate in environmental associations and social movements and receive timely information about the state of the environment and measures to protect it.

At the same time, every citizen is obliged to take part in the protection of the natural environment, to raise the level of his knowledge about nature, ecological culture, to comply with the requirements of environmental legislation and the established standards for the quality of the natural environment. If they are violated, then the perpetrator bears responsibility, which is divided into criminal, administrative, disciplinary and material.

In addition to the declaration of the rights and obligations of citizens and the establishment of responsibility for environmental offenses, the aforementioned law formulates environmental requirements for the construction and operation of various facilities, shows the economic mechanism of environmental protection, proclaims the principles of international cooperation in this area, etc.

It should be noted that the environmental legislation, although it is quite extensive and versatile, in practice is still not effective enough. There are many reasons for this, but one of the most important is the discrepancy between the severity of the punishment and the severity of the crime, in particular the low rates of fines collected.

Criminal liability and compensation for damage caused are applied much less frequently than necessary. And it is impossible to completely compensate for it, since it often reaches many millions of rubles or does not lend itself to monetary measurement at all.

Other reasons for the weak regulatory effect of environmental legislation are the insufficient provision of enterprises with technical means for effective treatment of wastewater and polluted gases, and the inspection organizations - with devices for monitoring environmental pollution.

Finally, of great importance is the low ecological culture of the population, their ignorance of the basic environmental requirements, a condescending attitude towards the destroyers of nature, as well as the lack of knowledge and skills necessary to effectively defend their right to a healthy environment, proclaimed in the law. Now it is necessary to develop a legal mechanism for the protection of environmental human rights, that is, by-laws that concretize this part of the law, and turn the stream of complaints to the press and higher administrative instances into a stream of claims to the judiciary. When every resident, whose health has suffered from the harmful emissions of any enterprise, files a lawsuit demanding material compensation for the damage caused by assessing his health at a fairly large amount, the enterprise will simply be economically forced to urgently take measures to reduce pollution.

Literature

1. Demina T.A. Ecology, nature management, environmental protection: A guide for senior students of educational institutions

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See what "Environmental Protection" is in other dictionaries:

- (a. environment protection; n. Umweltschutz; f. protection de l environnement; and. proteccion de ambiente) a set of measures to optimize or preserve the natural environment. Objective O. o. c. counteraction to negative changes in ... Geological encyclopedia

A complex of international, state, regional and local administrative, economic, technological, political and social measures to ensure socio-economic, cultural, historical, physical, chemical and ... Financial vocabulary

environmental protection - Protecting the environment from the adverse effects of products, processes and services. [GOST 1.1 2002] environmental protection nature protection activities Activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities ... ... Technical translator's guide

Environmental protection - - activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities, public and other non-profit associations, legal and physical ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

1) prevention, limitation and reduction of the negative impact of the consequences of natural and environmental disasters, accidents, catastrophes, economic and industrial activities on humans and the environment by conducting a complex ... ... Emergency Dictionary

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION - a set of scientific, legal and technical measures aimed at the rational use, reproduction and conservation of natural resources and outer space in the interests of people, to ensure biological balance in ... ... Ecological Dictionary

Environmental protection - activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, public and other non-profit associations, legal entities and individuals, ... ... Official terminology

A set of measures to preserve, restore, improve the natural environment. Dictionary of business terms. Academic.ru. 2001 ... Business Glossary

environmental protection - A set of measures for the preservation, rational use and restoration of natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the wealth of the bowels, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere. Syn .: nature conservation ... Geography Dictionary

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (a. Environment protection; n. Umweltschutz; f. Protection de l "environnement; and. Proteccion de ambiente) - a set of measures to optimize or preserve the environment. The goal of environmental protection is to counteract negative changes in it, which took place in the past, are happening now or are coming

General information... Natural factors (in particular those causing natural disasters) can be the cause of adverse events in the environment. However, the urgency of environmental protection, which has become a global problem, is mainly associated with the deterioration of the environment as a result of actively growing anthropogenic impact. This is due to the population explosion, accelerating urbanization and the development of mining and communications, environmental pollution with various wastes (see also), excessive pressure on arable, pasture and forest land (especially in developing countries). According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), by 2000 the world's population will reach 6.0-6.1 billion people, 51% of whom are urban dwellers. At the same time, the number of cities with a population of 1-32 million people will reach 439, urbanized territories will occupy over 100 million hectares. Urbanization usually leads to air pollution, surface and groundwater pollution, deterioration of flora and fauna, soil and ground. As a result of construction and improvement, tens of billions of tons of soil masses are displaced in urbanized areas, and artificial soil strengthening is being carried out on a large scale. The volume of underground structures not related to the extraction of minerals is growing (see).

The growing scale of energy production is one of the main factors of anthropogenic pressure on the environment. Human activity disrupts the energy balance in nature. In 1984, the production of primary energy amounted to 10.3 billion tons of standard fuel due to the combustion of coal (30.3%), oil (39.3%), natural gas (19.7%), the operation of hydroelectric power plants (6.8%) , Nuclear power plant (3.9%). In addition, 1.7 billion tons of standard fuel was generated from the use of firewood, charcoal and organic waste (mainly in developing countries). By 2000, power generation is expected to increase by 60% over 1980 levels.

In areas of the world with a high concentration of population and industry, the scale of energy production has become comparable to the radiation balance, which has a noticeable effect on changes in microclimate parameters. Large energy consumption in the territories occupied by cities, mining enterprises and communications leads to significant changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and geological environment.

One of the most acute environmental problems caused by the increased technogenic impact on the natural environment is associated with the state of atmospheric air. It includes a number of aspects. First, the protection of the ozone layer, which is necessary in connection with the growth of atmospheric pollution with freons, nitrogen oxides, etc. By the middle of the 21st century. this could lead to a 15% reduction in stratospheric ozone. Observations over the past 30 years (by 1986) have revealed a tendency for a decrease in the ozone concentration in the atmosphere over Antarctica in spring. The same information was obtained for the polar region of the Northern Hemisphere. The likely reason for the partial destruction of the ozone layer is an increase in the concentration of organochlorine compounds of anthropogenic origin in the Earth's atmosphere. Second, the increase in CO 2 concentration, which occurs mainly due to the increasing combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, depletion of the humus layer and soil degradation (Fig. 1).

Since the end of the 18th century, about 540 billion tons of anthropogenic CO2 has accumulated in the Earth's atmosphere; over 200 years, the content of CO2 in the air has increased from 280 to 350 ppm. By the middle of the 21st century. gas concentration is expected to double prior to HTP initiation. As a result of the combined action of CO 2 and other "greenhouse" gases (CH 4, N 2 O, freons) by the 30s of the 21st century (and according to some forecasts, earlier), an increase in the average temperature of the surface air layer by 3 ± 1 may occur, 5 ° С, and the maximum warming will occur in the circumpolar zones, the minimum - at the equator. The rate of glacier melting and sea level rise is expected to increase by more than 0.5 cm / year. An increase in CO 2 concentration leads to an increase in the productivity of terrestrial plants, as well as to a weakening of transpiration, the latter can lead to a significant change in the nature of water exchange on land. Third, acid precipitation (rain, hail, snow, fog, dew with a pH of less than 5.6, as well as dry aerosol precipitation of sulfur compounds and) have become essential components of the atmosphere. They fall in Europe, North America, as well as in the largest metropolitan areas and Latin America. The main cause of acid precipitation is the release of sulfur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere during the combustion of fossil fuels in stationary installations and transport engines. Acidic precipitation damages buildings, monuments and metal structures; cause digression and destruction of forests, reduce the yield of many agricultural crops, worsen the fertility of acidic soils and the state of aquatic ecosystems. The acidification of the atmosphere has a negative effect on human health. The general pollution of the atmosphere has reached significant proportions: the annual emissions of dust into the atmosphere in the 80s. estimated at 83 million tons, NO 2 - 27 million tons, SO 2 - over 220 million tons (Fig. 2, Fig. 3).

The problem of depletion of water resources is caused by an increase in water consumption by industry, agriculture and utilities, on the one hand, and water pollution, on the other. Every year, on average, mankind uses more than 3800 km3 of water, of which 2450 km3 are used in agriculture, 1100 in industry, and 250 km3 for domestic needs. Consumption of sea water is growing rapidly (so far its share in the total water intake is 2%). The pollution of many water bodies on land (especially in Western Europe and North America) and the waters of the World Ocean has reached a dangerous level. Annually (million tons) enter the ocean: 0.2-0.5 pesticides; 0.1 - organochlorine pesticides; 5-11 - oil and other hydrocarbons; 10 - chemical fertilizers; 6 - phosphorus compounds; 0.004 - mercury; 0.2 - lead; 0.0005 - cadmium; 0.38 - copper; 0.44 - manganese; 0.37 - zinc; 1000 - solid waste; 6.5-50 - solid waste; 6.4 - plastics. Despite the measures taken, oil pollution, the most dangerous for the ocean, is not decreasing (according to some forecasts, it will increase as long as the production and use of oil and oil products continues to grow). In the North Atlantic, the oil film occupies 2-3% of the area. The most polluted with oil are the North and Caribbean Seas, the Persian Gulf, as well as the areas adjacent to Africa and America, where it is transported by tanker fleet. Bacterial pollution of coastal waters of some densely populated regions, in particular the Mediterranean Sea, has become dangerous in size. As a result of water pollution by industrial effluents and wastes, an acute shortage of fresh water has arisen in several parts of the world. Water resources are also depleted in an indirect way - during deforestation, drainage of swamps, lowering the level of lakes as a result of water management activities, etc. regions the water problem has acquired an international character.

One of the main environmental problems is associated with the deterioration of the state of land resources. The anthropogenic load on agricultural and forestry lands in energy terms is incomparably less than on land under cities, communications and mining, but it is precisely this that is the cause of the main losses of flora, fauna and land soil cover. Human economic activity on productive lands leads to a change in the relief, a decrease in reserves and pollution of surface and ground waters. Over 120 million tons of mineral fertilizers and over 5 million tons of pesticides are annually introduced into the soil worldwide. Out of 1.47 billion hectares of arable land, 220 million hectares are irrigated, of which more than 1 are saline. During historical time, as a result of accelerated erosion and other negative processes, mankind has lost almost 2 billion hectares of productive agricultural land. In territories with arid, semi-arid and semi-humid climates, as well as on productive lands in regions with a hyperarid climate, the problem of land resources is associated with desertification (see Desert). Desertification affects an area of \u200b\u200b4.5 billion hectares, which is home to about 850 million people, it is rapidly developing (up to 5-7 million hectares per year) in tropical regions of Africa, South Asia and South America, as well as in the subtropics of Mexico ... Accelerated erosion caused by tropical rainstorms, typical for countries with tropical, constantly and variably humid climates, causes great damage to the state of agricultural lands.

An increase in the area of \u200b\u200bland converted to agricultural use for the construction of roads, settlements and industrial (primarily mining) enterprises is causing rapid deforestation, which occurs mainly in the tropical zone, in areas of tropical rainforests, whose ecosystems combine from 0.5 to 3 million species of organisms, being the largest repository of the Earth's genetic fund. Industrial logging also plays a significant role in deforestation. The lack of reserves of fossil fuels in many developing countries, as well as high prices for it, have led to the fact that about 80% of the wood harvested here is used for fuel. The rate of deforestation is 6-20 million hectares per year. Deforestation is fastest in South America, East and Southeast Asia, and West Africa. Between 1960 and 1980, the area of \u200b\u200btropical rainforests decreased by 2 times, and the area of \u200b\u200ball forests in the tropical zone by almost 1/3.

An important problem for humanity is the protection of the geological environment, i.e. the upper part of the lithosphere, which is considered as a multicomponent dynamic system under the influence of human engineering and economic activities and, in turn, to a certain extent determines this activity. The main component of the geological environment is rocks, containing, along with solid mineral and organic components, gases, groundwater, as well as the organisms "inhabiting" them. In addition, the geological environment includes various objects created within the lithosphere by man and considered as anthropogenic geological formations. All these components - the components of a single natural and technical system - are in close interaction and determine its dynamics.

In the formation of the structure and properties of the geological environment, an essential role is played by the processes of interaction of geospheres. Anthropogenic impact determines the development of natural-anthropogenic and the emergence of new (anthropogenic) geological processes, which lead to natural changes in the composition, state and properties of the geological environment.

According to UNESCO, by 2000, the extraction of the most important minerals will reach 30 billion tons, by this time another 24 million hectares of land will be disturbed, the amount of solid waste per unit mass of finished products will double. The size of the transport and communication network will double. Water consumption will increase to about 6,000 km3 per year. The area of \u200b\u200bforest land will decrease (by 10-12%), and the area of \u200b\u200barable land will increase by 10-20% (compared to 1980).

Historical sketch... The necessity of harmony between society and nature was pointed out in their works by K. Marx, F. Engels and V. I. Lenin. Marx, for example, wrote: "Human projects that do not reckon with the great laws of nature bring only disasters" (K. Marx, F. Engels, Soch., Vol. 31, p. 210). This phrase was especially noted in the notes of V. I. Lenin, who emphasized that “replacing the forces of nature with human labor, generally speaking, is also impossible, just as it is impossible to replace arshins by poods. Both in industry and in agriculture, man can only use the action of the forces of nature , if he knew their action, and facilitate this use for himself by means of machines, tools, etc. " (Lenin V.I., PSS, t. 5, p. 103).

In Russia, extensive measures for the protection of nature were provided for by the decrees of Peter I. The Moscow Society of Nature Experts (founded in 1805), the Russian Geographical Society (founded in 1845), and others. Articles were published in which questions of the nature conservation plan were raised. In 1864 the American scientist J.P. Marsh wrote about the relevance of maintaining equilibrium in the natural environment in his book Man and Nature. The ideas of protecting the natural environment at the international level were promoted by the Swiss scientist P. B. Sarazin, on whose initiative the first international meeting on nature conservation was convened in 1913 in Bern (Switzerland).

In the 30s. In the 20th century, a Soviet scientist, having examined on a global scale the anthropogenic impact on the natural environment, came to the conclusion that "the economic and industrial activities of man in their scale and significance have become comparable to the processes of nature itself ... Man is geochemically remaking the world" (Fersman A. E ., Selected works, vol. 3, p. 716). He made an invaluable contribution to understanding the global features of the evolution of the natural environment. Having revealed the origin of the three outer geospheres, he formulated, apparently, the main law of geological development: in a single mechanism of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, the living matter of the Earth "performs the functions of the greatest importance, without which it could not exist." Thus, V. I. Vernadsky actually established that the biotic "supercomponent" in the natural environment has control functions, since in the thin "film of life" on the planet, huge amounts of efficient energy are concentrated and simultaneously dissipated from it. The scientist's conclusions lead directly to the definition of a nature conservation strategy: the management of the natural environment, its renewable resources should be built in accordance with how the living substance and the habitat transformed by it are organized, i.e. it is necessary to take into account the spatial organization of the biosphere. Knowledge of the above law allows us to name the degree of reduction of planetary biota by man as the most important criterion for the state of the natural environment. Pointing to the beginning of the transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere, Vernadsky emphasized the spontaneous nature of many changes in the natural environment, provoked by man.

The main attention to solving problems of environmental protection is paid after the 2nd World War 1939-45. The teachings of Vernadsky about living matter - the biosphere-noosphere and Fersman about technogenesis were widely developed in the works of many Soviet and individual foreign scientists (A.P. Vinogradov, E.M. Sergeev, V.A.Kovda, Yu.A. Izrael, A. I. Perelman, M. A. Glazovskaya, F. Ya. Shipunov, P. Duveño and others). During these years, international cooperation was growing, aimed at solving environmental problems. In 1948, biologists created the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and in 1961 - the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Since 1969, extensive interdisciplinary research has been carried out by the specially created Scientific Committee on Environmental Problems (SCOPE). Much work is being done under the auspices of the UN, on whose initiative the permanent UN Environment Program (UNEP) was created in 1972. Within the framework of the UN, environmental problems are also solved by: the World Meteorological Organization (BMO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Commission on Environment and Development (MKOCP), etc. UNESCO implements or participates in a number of programs, chief among which are: Man and the Biosphere (MAB), the International Hydrological Program (IHP) and the International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP). The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the European Economic Community (EEC), the Organization of American States (OAS), the Arab League for Education, Culture and Science (ALECSO) pay great attention to environmental problems.

The protection of land flora and fauna is regulated by many international conventions and agreements. Within the framework of the MAB, the Northern Scientific Network has been created since 1981, uniting scientific research of scientists from the northern countries (including the CCCP) in three priority areas: environmental conditions and land use in the zone of subarctic birch forests; biosphere reserves in subpolar and polar regions; land use practices and herbivorous animals in the tundra and northern taiga. In order to protect natural communities, genetic diversity and certain species, a Biosphere Reserves Plan was developed, approved in 1984 by the International Coordinating Council of the MAB Program. Biosphere reserves work in 62 countries under the auspices of UNESCO, UNEP and IUCN. At the initiative of UNESCO, UNEP, FAO and IUCN, the network of protected areas of the most valuable tracts of tropical rainforests is expanding. Preservation of about 10% of the virgin forest area in an undisturbed state can protect at least 50% of the species of organisms. In developing countries, in order to reduce the volume of industrial felling in primary forests, the use of forest plantations is increasing, the total area of \u200b\u200bwhich reaches several million hectares. The area of \u200b\u200bplantations of export crops is growing, this should reduce the use of forest resources for the sale of timber on the world market.

Protection of the geological environment... The main types of protection of the geological environment: protection of mineral and energy resources of the subsoil; protection of underground waters; protection of rock massifs as a source of natural underground space resources and the creation of artificial underground reservoirs and premises; protection and improvement of natural and anthropogenic soils as grounds for the placement of ground structures and components of natural and technical systems; forecasting and combating natural disasters. The objectives of protecting the geological environment as a source of non-renewable minerals: ensuring scientifically based, rational use of natural mineral and energy resources, the greatest technically possible and economically feasible completeness of their extraction from, integrated use of deposits and extracted mineral raw materials at all stages of processing; rational use of mineral raw materials in the economy and utilization of production wastes, excluding unjustified losses of mineral raw materials and fuel. An increase in the efficiency of protecting the geological environment is facilitated by an increase in the use of alternative methods for obtaining mineral raw materials (for example, the extraction of minerals from sea water), the replacement of natural materials with synthetic ones, etc.

Measures for the protection of groundwater are aimed at preventing the penetration of harmful (and generally polluting) substances into the horizons of groundwater and their further spread. Protection of groundwater includes: the implementation of technical and technological measures aimed at the reuse of water in the technological cycle, waste disposal, development of effective methods of cleaning and disposal of waste, preventing the penetration of wastewater from the Earth's surface into groundwater, reducing industrial emissions into the atmosphere and water bodies , reclamation of contaminated soils; compliance with the requirements for the procedure for exploration of groundwater deposits, design, construction and operation of water intake facilities; implementation of the actual water protection measures; management of the water-salt regime of groundwater.

Preventive measures include: systematic monitoring of the level of groundwater pollution; assessment of the scale and projections of changes in pollution; careful justification for the location of a large industrial or agricultural facility under design so that its negative impact on the environment and groundwater is minimal; equipment and strict adherence to the sanitary protection zones of the water intake site; assessment of the impact of the designed facility on groundwater and the environment; study of the protection of groundwater for the reasonable placement of industrial and other facilities, water intake facilities and planning of water protection measures; allocation and accounting of actual and potential sources of groundwater pollution; elimination of abandoned and idle wells, transfer to crane operation of self-flowing wells. The most important type of these measures is the creation of a specialized network of observation wells at large industrial facilities and centralized water intakes to monitor the state of groundwater.

Municipal Educational Institution

Secondary School No. 2

Message.

Environmental protection.

Performed:

Pupil 11 "B" grade

Environment.

ENVIRONMENT - the habitat and activity of mankind, the natural world around man and the material world created by him. The environment includes the natural environment and the artificial (technogenic) environment, that is, a set of environmental elements created from natural substances by labor and the conscious will of man and having no analogues in virgin nature (buildings, structures, etc.). Social production changes the environment, affecting directly or indirectly all of its elements. This impact and its negative consequences especially intensified in the era of modern scientific and technological revolution, when the scale of human activity, covering almost the entire geographic shell of the Earth, became comparable to the effect of global natural processes.

Protection of Nature.

NATURE PROTECTION - a set of measures for the preservation, rational use and restoration of the natural resources of the Earth, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the wealth of the bowels, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere.

The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in certain regions of the Earth has become real due to the increased scale of human economic activity. Since the beginning of the 80s. on average, one species (or subspecies) of animals disappeared daily, and a species of plants - weekly (over 20 thousand species are under threat of extinction). About 1000 species of birds and mammals (mainly inhabitants of tropical forests, which are cleared at a rate of tens of hectares per minute) are threatened with extinction.

Annually, about 1 billion tons of standard fuel is burned, hundreds of million tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, carbon (some of them return in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soil and water are polluted by industrial and domestic wastewater (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste ... There is a danger of violation of the ozone screen of the Earth.

The biosphere's ability to self-purify is close to its limit. The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth, including humans, required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, and legal regulation of the use of natural resources. Such measures include the creation of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities, streamlining the use of pesticides, stopping the production of pesticides that can accumulate in the body, land reclamation, etc., as well as the creation of protected areas (reserves, national parks, etc.), centers for breeding rare and endangered animals and plants (including for the preservation of the Earth's gene pool), compilation of the world and national Red Data Books.

Environmental measures are provided for in land, forest, water and other national legislation, which establishes responsibility for violation of environmental standards. In a number of countries, as a result of the implementation of government environmental programs, it was possible to significantly improve the quality of the environment in certain regions (for example, as a result of a long and expensive program, it was possible to restore the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes). On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on individual problems of nature protection, the UN Environment Program operates.

The main substances that pollute the environment, their sources.

Carbon dioxide is the combustion of fossil fuels.

Carbon monoxide is the work of internal combustion engines.

Carbons are the work of internal combustion engines.

Organic compounds - chemical industry, waste incineration, fuel combustion.

Sulfur dioxide - combustion of fossil fuels.

Nitrogen derivatives - combustion.

Radioactive substances - nuclear power plants, nuclear explosions.

Mineral compounds - industrial production, operation of internal combustion engines.

Natural and synthetic organic substances - chemical industry, fuel combustion, waste incineration, agriculture (pesticides).

Output.

Nature protection is the task of our century, a problem that has become social. To fundamentally improve the situation, you will need purposeful and thoughtful actions. A responsible and effective policy in relation to the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, sound knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent harm to nature by humans.

Literature.

Romad F. Fundamentals of Applied Ecology.

Explanatory dictionary.

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