There is such a thing in linguistics as a supervisory connection. In Russian, the supervisory connection is in phrases and in suggestions. This occurs in speech constantly. But what is the verification of the phrase and supply?
In contact with
To begin with, consider what the verification relationship means. It connects independent (significant) words and phrases through the fact that one part is the main one, and the other - dependent. Check it is very easy. From the main part, you can ask a question to dependent. Such a connection is determined by meaning, and grammatically. For example, a beautiful flower, where from the word "flower" you can ask a question "What?" By the way "beautiful" and determine that the adjective dependent is here.
Types of verification in phrases
Coordination
Rod, the number and case form of the dependent part are fully consistent with the main part, that is, it is likened to her. From the main word you can ask questions "What?" And "Whose?" (These issues may vary depending on the form).
When coordinating the main thing always performs the noun, and dependent may be:
- Adjectives: Blue Sea, Clear image, bright light.
- Ordinal numerals: first place, (for) tenth floor, hundredth film.
- Communion: A writing man running a kitten, a jumping ball.
- Pretty pronouns (except for them, it, it): Our hearts, my treasure.
Coordination as well it happens complete and incomplete. In the first case, the dependent word in all forms is likened to the main thing, and in the second case - only partially. But the incomplete form concerns only exceptions and the spacious. An example of incomplete (or partial) agreement is the case when the word denoting a profession (as we know, many such words are in male form, but a person himself can be a woman), has a certain adjective, but in another childhood (our doctor).
Control
When controlling the dependent word is changing under the influence of the main thing only by case, one word "manages" to others. The phrase with control can be: verb + noun, verbality + noun, sacrament + noun, two nouns or quantitative numerical + noun. it happens two types of control: With a pretext, when there is a pretext, or without an excuse. When managing the dependent word, the question of an indirect case is given or a circumstant question (where, where, from where), since the word can be responsible at the same time for two questions.
Examples: Smoking a cigarette, living in the house, toy cat, six players, throwing studies, writing books.
Adjoint
In this case, the type of communication is one part "adjoins" to another. In other words, such phrases determined only in meaningSince both parts retain all their forms. The main sign of the adjoining - the dependent word is an immutable part of the speech (the infinitive of the verb, the leadingness, the adverb, pronouncing it, is it).
The main difference from management and coordination is the "independence" of parts and dependence on each other only in meaning. The adjoining is the connection of two nouns, if they denote the name (Lake Baikal, Country Russia, Volga River). You can ask a detailed question (not to be confused with management!): What to do what to do that making what you do and whose (his, her, of them).
Examples: His jacket, planet Earth, live well, ride without stopping, grew quickly.
Phrases that do not have a subordination
- Word and service part of speech (near the house).
- Composite words (brighter).
- The words united by the Union "and".
- Phraseologism.
- Verb and subject.
Communication in sentences
In the sentences, too, there is a supervisory connection, but this concerns not difficult suggestions. A complex proposal is different from the complex the fact that both parts cannot be broken. If they are used separately, the proposal will lose sense, while parts of a complex proposal can be quite eaten And on the letter to divide the point.
Separate the types of verification in such sentences are only if several are several. For example: he told me that he would only go to the place where he was sent. Here we see one major offer and two dependent.
- sequential;
- parallel;
- uniform.
Consistent The proposal can be determined if the main part is a question for the apparent, and from this pressing - to another pressing. For example: I bought a sweater (what?), Which I was sewed in the atelier (in what?), Which is far from my house.
For parallel The form of the subordination to all pressures are given questions from the main part, but from different words. Thus, a sort of "parallel" is obtained. In such cases, usually the main part is between the dependent. (Example: When a call rang in school, I talked with a new classmate, who recently moved to us in class).
For uniform Type The dependent proposals belong to the same word in the main part. (For example: Today I went to walk in the park, in which there are usually very few people and where I forgot the sweater).
- Phrase - This is a combination of independent words associated with meaning and grammatically.
- Communication - This is a way to communicate words in phrase, when one word is the main thing, and another is dependent. From the main to the dependent you can always put the question.
The phrase consists of the main and dependent word.
for example: Sergey passed his work on time.
We find all the phrases:
- i passed the job - passed (who? What?) work; passed - the main word, work - dependent;
- in time passed - passed (when?) on time; passed - the main word, in time - dependent;
- his work is a job (which? whose?) His; Work is the main word, its own - dependent.
Two words remained: Sergey passed. This is a grammatical basis, both words are the main members of the sentence, none of them is the most important thing. Turns out that subject to and the surehead can not be called phrase.
What combinations of words can not be called phrase
- The main members of the sentence.
- Equal combinations - in the proposal these are homogeneous members ( red and blue, thought and understood, relatives and relatives). They are not connected by a supervisory, but writing (equal) link.
- Independent word (noun, adjective, pronoun, verb and other significant parts of speech) with a service word, more often is a pretext, less often - particle ( on training, in the story, I did not agree, let him think). Between an independent and auxiliary word, the meaningful link is not issued. It is impossible to ask a question from the verb "agreed" to the "not" particle or from the noun "training" to the pretext of "on". Such combinations are necessary for the grammatical communication of words in the proposal.
- Composite forms of words - the future of the verb (will be + infinitives), comparative or excellent degree of adjectives, by law ( more successful, most interesting, less strongly).
- Inseparable lexical units - ( neither fish nor meat after sleeves).
Types of verification
Coordination
Coordination is The type of verification connection, in which the form of the dependent word fully corresponds to the form of the main word. When agreeing, the main word is expressed by a noun, dependent - adjective, commander, pronoun, numerical, the number and the case of which is consistent with the genus, number and case of the main word:
- serious challenge: test (what?) Serious - case, genus, the number coincide;
- serious testing: Tests (What?) Serious - case, the number of dependent words has changed after the change in the case and the number of the main word;
- for serious tests: For testing (what?) Serious - the next change in the case of the case.
No matter how much you change the main word, dependent immediately takes the word-leader form. This type of submission is called coordination.
Control
Management is The verification relationship in which the main word requires that dependent in it stood in a certain case:
- hear (infinitive) friend: hear (whom?) friend (wines. P);
- i will hear (s) a friend (wines. P);
- hear a friend (wines. P);
- will hear (they) each other (wines. P);
- would hear (conditional) friend (wines. P);
- hear (imperative) friend (wines. P).
Hindering the verb, the change in its ignition does not affect the form of the dependent word: when the "hear" the noun 'friend is used only in the vinegenic case.
The main word can be a noun, but the principle of communication is the same:
sand figures - for sand figures - about the figures of their sand.
Adjoint
Adjunction is The type of communication when there is no grammatical connection between the main and dependent word, only meaningful. The dependent word is the immutable part of speech - adverb, verbality. Infinitive (uncertain form of verb) and assistant pronouns ( his, her, their - answer the question of whose?) Is part of the phrases, adjacent to the main word.
Examples:
- jumped up: Jumping (where?) Up; dependent word - adverb;
- it is estimated: Standing (how?) Organize; dependent word - verbal spirits;
- hit stronger: Will you hit (how?) more - the comparative degree of adverbs does not change either;
- amateur Complain: amateur (what? What?) Complain - Infinitive adjoins the main noun;
- order from above: Order (what? Where?) From above - unchangeable adverb;
- her request: Please, (whose?) Its - Pretty pronouns are adjacent to the main word.
Difficult cases
It is important to remember the existence of derivative prepositions (formed from independent parts of speech - for the course, about, in view), to correctly find the phrase and determine the type of submission. Adcharations, which are formed in the same way (forever, first, deep into), can also confuse:
- Released towards Machine: Was out (where?) Towards the car - control. The derivative of the pretext "Towards" can be replaced by the usual pretext "K": reached the car.
- Decided to come on the meeting with journalists: come (where?) to meet (control); To meet (what?) With journalists (management).
- Sail melted in Dali Ocean: melted (where?) In Dali (sults. with a pretext) - control, in Dali (what?) Ocean - control. To make sure that there is a noun with a pretext, and not adverb, you can change the type of submission - in Ocean dali (coordination).
- In the distance Cyclist appeared: it seemed to be (where?) Involve (adverb) - adjoining.
- We will talk to you after: Talk (when?) After (adverb) - adjoining.
- Talk after Meetings: Let's talk (when?) After the meeting (SUMS. With the pretext) - control.
B3 - Communication Types
Teacher comments
| Possible difficulties | Good advice |
| It is difficult to determine the type of communication of words in phrases noun + nounwhere the dependent word answers the question what? For example: madnie daughter, city Moscow, Birch leaf, house at the road. | Try to change the main word, using it in the form of a plural or indirect case, for example, a pet. If the dependent nouctive is changed, that is, consistent with the main word among and the case ( clever daughters, city of Moscow), then the type of communication of words in this phrase - coordination. |
| Sometimes the genus, the number and case of nouns associated with management coincide, so in such cases it is possible to confuse the control with the coordination, for example: at the director of college. | To determine the type of word connection in this phrase, you need to change the form of the main word. If the dependent word changes after the main thing, then this is a phrase with coordination: the beauty of the artist - the beauty of the artist. If the dependent word does not change, then this is a phrase with control: at the College Director - College Director. |
| Some adverbs formed from nouns and other parts of speech can be confused with the corresponding parts of speech and make an error in determining the type of communication, for example: to go in the summer - to admire in the summer, boil the screwed - in a steep shot. | To determine the type of communication in such a situation, it is necessary to correctly define a part of the speech, which is a dubious word. If the dubious word is written in a punk with a former pretext or through a hyphen, then this is adverb: screw, distance, towards the old one. |
| Sometimes it is difficult to establish which word in phrase is the main thing, and what - dependent, for example: | In the phrases, the adjective + infant major word is always an adjective, and addicted - adverb, which means sign of sign. |
Syntax. Concept of proposal and phrase
Syntax is a section of grammar, which studies the structure and meaning of phrases and proposals.
The offer is the main unit of syntax expressing the idea containing the message, the question is either a motivation. The offer has an intonational and semantic completeness, that is, is issued as a separate statement.
On the street is cold (message).
When will the train leave? (question).
Close, please window! (urge).
The proposal has grammar base (subject and predicate). In terms of the number of grammatical foundations, proposals are divided into simple (one grammatical basis) and complex (more than one grammatical basis).
Morning fog over the city has not yet scattered, although he kept(simple sentence).
The one who was with the golden tooth was a waiter, not a rogue (difficult sentence).
By the nature of the grammatical basis, simple sentences are two-part and monastery.
At the completeness of its implementation, the proposal is divided into complete and incomplete.
For the purpose of statement proposals are narratives, motivating and questionative.
On intonation sentences are exclamation and non-obvacial.
Phrasetwo or a few words are called, combined in meaning and grammatically (with communication).
The phrase consists of the main and dependent words. From the main word you can ask a question to the dependent.
Go to (where?) In the wilderness.
Charging (what?) Battery.
The phrase, like the word, calls objects, actions and their signs, but more specifically, for sure, because the dependent word specifies the meaning of the main thing. Compare:
Morning - Summer Morning;
Sleep - to sleep long.
There are three types of verification in phrases between the main and dependent word in phrase: coordination, management and adjoining.
Communication methods are as follows: coordination, control, adjoining
Coordination as a way of a subordination
- Coordination - This is the type of verification when the dependent word takes the grammatical forms of the main word, for example: a beautiful picture.
The main word When coordination is the name of the noun, subtative adjective or communion (i.e. passed into the category of nouns), as well as pronoun, noun, for example: high spirits, student dining room.
Dependent word may be the name of the adjective, pronoun-adjective, ordinal numerical or communion, i.e. There are such categories of words in which categories of kind, numbers and cases are not independent, for example: the right decision, our meeting.
Management as a way of a subordination
- Control - The type of verification connection when the dependent word is used in that indirect case, requiring the main word, for example: to write a book by clicking the teeth, advise a friend (who? Current. Paddle);
Main word When controlling can act as a verb (rejoice in the meeting), noun (love for people), adjective (decent regret), adverb (not far from the city), ordinal numerical (first in class).
When managing dependent word Always protrude nouns, pronoun - nouns, substantive adjectives (covered with snow, conversation with workers).
Adjoining as a way of a subordination
- Adjoint - This is a type of syntactic connection when an unchangeable dependent word joins the main thing about the meaning. For example: Very nice (how cute?).
Close unchanged words: Infinitive, adverb, form of a simple comparative degree, followerness, some unchangeable adjectives (order to come, the door to the left, a little south).
Infinitive adjoins the verb (try to answer, arrived around), name noun (desire to reconcile), adjective (intends to relax)
Forms of comparative degree Close to the verb (answer better, run faster), to the noun (the news is more interesting, drink is stronger)
Tempechastia Close to the verb in cases where the meaning of adverbs is developing (reading lying, sitting sleeping).
Unchanging adjectives Type Beige, Mini, Maxi, Hindi, Midi, Clash, etc. Adjust the noun (Hindi language, peak hours).
It should be distinguished
- Her shoes - Is it an adjoint (whose?)
- To see him - Management (whom?).
In the category of pronouns there are two homonymic discharge. Personal pronoun answers questions of indirect cases, and it participates in a supervisory connection - this is the management, and the attractive involved in the adjoining.
- Run to the store - Management,
- Go here - adjoining.
It is important to distinguish the proposed-case form and adverb, because there may be the same questions! If there is a pretext between the main and dependent word, then this is the management.
Complex proposals allow transmitting volumetric messages about several situations or phenomena, make it a more expressive and informative. Most often, complex deals are used in artistic works, journalistic articles, scientific works, formal-business style texts.
What is a complex offer?
Difficult sentence - The proposal that consists of two or more grammatical foundations is an intonationally decorated semantic unity expressing a certain meaning. Depending on the ratio of parts, allocate complex proposals with writing verification and non-union bond.
Complex proposals with writing
Complex proposals - Union proposals that consist of equal parts connected by writing bond. Parts of complex proposals are combined into one integer with the help of writing, interpretation or dividing unions. On the letter between parts of the complex proposal before the Union, the comma is set.
Examples of complex proposals: The boy shook the tree, and ripe apples fell on the ground. Katya went to the institute, and Sasha remained at home. Whether someone called me, or it seemed.
Complex proposals with a subordination
Combined proposals - Union proposals consisting of non-equivance parts, which are connected by a subordination link. In complex proposals, allocate the main part and the dependent (apparent). Parts of the NGN are combined with the help of unions and allied words. On the letter between parts of the complex proposal before the Union (by the Union Word) there is a comma.
Examples of complex suggestions: He threw the flower to give mom. The present was interesting, from where Ivan Petrovich arrived. Misha went to the store, which he told his friend.
Usually, from the main offer to the apparent, you can put the question. Examples: I came home, (when?) When everyone already sat down to dinner. We learned about, (what?) What happened yesterday.
Complex proposals with non-union bond
The non-union challenging offers are proposals, parts of which are connected only with the help of intonation, without the use of unions and allied words.
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Examples of complex proposals with non-union bonds between parts: Music began to play, guests went to dance. In the morning there will be frost - we will not go anywhere. Tanya turned around: a tiny kitten strangled against the wall.
There may be a comma, dash, colon or semicolon (depending on how the parts of the BSP) can be put between the parts of non-union sophisticated proposals.
Complex proposals with different types of communication
Mixed complex proposals may include several proposals interconnected by writing, subordinate and non-union bond. The letter in mixed complex offers is observed punctuation, characteristic of complex, complex and non-union proposals.
Examples: Vitya decided: if the teacher asks to answer the question, it would have to confess that he was not prepared for the lesson. The picture was hung on the right, on which the flowering garden was depicted, and the table with carved legs was located on the left. The weather worsened: a strong wind rose and rain began, but in the tent it was warm and dry.
If complex proposals in the mixed proposal form logical-syntactic blocks, a point with a comma is raised between such blocks. Example: On the porch, the sparrow grains, which accidentally scattered her grandmother; At that time, dad came out, and the bird hurriedly flew away.
What did we know?
- Complex proposals may include simple and complex offers.
- The value of part of complex proposals may be equal and unequal.
- By connection of parts, complex, complex and non-union proposals are distinguished.
- In mixed complex offers, a punctuation is maintained inherent in complex proposals with a corresponding type of communication.
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