Austrian psychoanalyst, psychiatrist and neurologist. Sigmund Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which had a significant influence on psychology, medicine, sociology, anthropology, literature and art of the 20th century.
Date and place of birth: May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Austrian Empire, (now Příbor, Czech Republic)
Children - Anna Freud
Sigmund Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which had a significant influence on psychology, medicine, sociology, anthropology, literature and art of the 20th century. Freud's views on human nature were innovative for his time and throughout the researcher's life they continued to cause resonance and criticism in the scientific community.
Interesting Facts
Almost every fundamental postulate of Freudian theory has been criticized by prominent scientists and writers such as Karl Jaspers, Erich Fromm, Albert Ellis, Karl Kraus and many others.
Being extremely ambitious since childhood, he knew all the books he came across and, possessing a photographic memory, could at any moment remember everything that was written in them. Without a hint of embarrassment, he spoke about his achievements.
An atheist, Freud was born into a Jewish family and became a special target of the Nazis when they came to power. His books were among those burned by the Nazis in 1933.
He held the titles of Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Honorary Doctor of Laws from Clark University and was a Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society of London, winner of the Goethe Prize, and an Honorary Fellow of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the French Psychoanalytic Society and the British Psychological Society.
Sigmund Freud did not want to go into medicine. In fact, since childhood he dreamed of being a general or minister. But in those distant times there were only two professions for Jews - medicine and law. He eventually entered the University of Vienna. He moved from one faculty to another until he finally went to medicine.
The street where Freud was born - Schlossergasse - now bears his name.
Sigmund Freud spoke: Latin, Greek, French, English, Italian, Spanish, Hebrew and German. Even considering that German is his native language, this is impressive.
After Germany captured Austria, the Nazis raided his apartments, arresting his daughter Anna. With the help of his friend and patient, Princess Marie Bonaparte, Freud and his family fled to Paris and then to London.
It was Freud who coined the now generally accepted term “cerebral palsy (CP).”
The book, which Freud called his “most significant work,” made little impact when it was published in 1899 and was a commercial failure. In its first six years, Freud's Interpretation of Dreams sold only 351 times, and the second edition was not published until 1909. This is one of the most interesting facts about Freud that few people know.
In 1884, Freud read about the experiments of a certain German military doctor with a new drug - cocaine. Scientific papers have included claims that this substance can increase endurance and significantly reduce fatigue. Freud became extremely interested in what he read and decided to conduct a series of experiments on himself. The first mention of this substance by a scientist dates back to April 21, 1884 - in one of his letters, Freud noted: “I got hold of some cocaine and will try to test its effects, using it in cases of heart disease, as well as nervous exhaustion, especially in the terrible state of morphine withdrawal.”
Sigmund Freud was afraid of the combination of numbers 6 and 2 all his life. He never stayed in hotels that had more than sixty-one rooms, so that he would not even accidentally get a room with the ill-fated number. And on February 6, Freud preferred not to go outside.
Freud was called a charlatan and a sexual maniac because of his discovery of the sexual etymology of neuroses.
The larger Sigmund Freud Museum is located in Vienna at Bergasse 19 - in the house where the scientist worked most of his life. The museum was created in 1971 with the assistance of Anna Freud.
After Freud's death, his ashes were placed in an ancient Greek urn given to him by Bonaparte. When his wife, Martha, died in 1951, her ashes were added to a vase and stored at Golders Green Crematorium in London. In January 2014, London police reported that thieves attempted to steal Freud's ashes. Although the theft was foiled, the thieves severely damaged the 2,300-year-old urn.
Sigmund Freud hated music. It got to the point that he didn’t even visit restaurants where the orchestra was playing.
The psychoanalyst was sure that we do not choose people at random. We meet only those who already exist in our subconscious.
The Sigmund Freud Museum also exists in London and is located in the building where the founder of psychoanalysis lived after being forced to emigrate from Vienna. The museum has a very rich exhibition containing original household items of the scientist, transported from his home on Bergasse.
By 1925, Freud's fame had spread so widely that film producer Samuel Goldwyn offered the Viennese psychoanalyst (whom he called "the most remarkable love specialist in the world") $100,000 to help write a film script "about the greatest romances in history." Despite the eye-popping offer, Freud turned it down, having previously accepted a $25,000 offer from the publisher of the Chicago Tribune. His job was to psychoanalyze the famous criminals Leopold and Loeb while they awaited their sensational murder trial.
Freud believed that the cause of all psychological problems in women lies in the fact that nature deprived them of penises. Moreover, according to the great psychologist, the fair sex does not have the ability to make objective judgments. He considered them childish, jealous and ignorant. And if a problem arises in society, its cause, according to Freud, must be sought precisely in the woman, especially when it comes to sexual tension between the sexes.
Freud considered himself his most beloved patient.
According to Freud, there are three psychosexual stages of personality development: oral, anal and phallic.
The Sigmund Freud Museum and Hall is located in the scientist’s homeland, in the Czech city of Příbor. It was opened on the 150th anniversary of Freud's birth - the house was bought by the city authorities and received cultural heritage status; The opening of the museum took place with the assistance of the President of the Czech Republic, Vaclav Klaus, and the scientist’s four grandchildren.
He was a heavy smoker and did not hide it. He considered smoking to be the greatest pleasure in life.
Quotes
Recognizing a problem is half the success in solving it.
Every person has desires that he does not communicate to others, and desires that he does not even admit to himself.
All our actions are based on two motives: the desire to become great and sexual attraction.
The limitation of pleasure only increases its value.
We do not choose each other by chance... We meet only those who already exist in our subconscious.
The first man who threw a curse instead of a stone was the creator of civilization.
Unfortunately, repressed emotions don't die. They were silenced. And they continue to influence a person from within.
No mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, his fingertips speak; betrayal seeps out of him through every pore.
Nothing happens by chance, everything has a root cause.
Ideal, eternal, hate-free love exists only between an addict and a drug.
How brave and self-confident one becomes who becomes convinced that he is loved.
The secret of the human soul lies in the psychic dramas of childhood. Get to the bottom of these dramas and healing will come.
The more perfect a person is on the outside, the more demons he has inside.
The only person you should compare yourself to is your past self. And the only person you should be better than is you now.
Why don't we fall in love with someone new every month? Because if we parted, we would have to lose a piece of our own heart.
The stranger a dream seems to us, the deeper meaning it carries.
Neurosis is the inability to tolerate uncertainty.
We are never so defenseless as when we love and never so hopelessly unhappy as when we lose the object of our love or his love.
In a love relationship, you cannot spare each other, as this can only lead to alienation. If there are difficulties, they must be overcome.
Only making your childhood dreams come true can bring happiness.
When I am criticized, I can defend myself, but I am powerless against praise.
Depression is frozen fear.
The ultimate goal of any human activity is to achieve peace.
Being completely honest with yourself is a good exercise.
A woman should soften, not weaken a man.
The moment a person begins to think about the meaning and value of life, one can begin to consider him sick.
Sigmund Freud - the most interesting facts from life and quotes - Austrian psychoanalyst, psychiatrist and neurologist updated: November 17, 2016 by: website
Freud, Sigmund - Austrian psychiatrist, neurologist, psychologist, founder of psychoanalysis.
Biography
Sigmund Freud (Sigismund Shlomo Freud) was born on May 6, 1856 in the village of Freiberg, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The village was located 240 km from Vienna. Father, Jacob Freud, was a wool trader. Mother, Amalia Malka Natanson, came from Odessa. The family lived in one large room, which they rented from a drunken tinsmith.
In the fall of 1859, the family decided to seek their fortune elsewhere. The Freuds move to Leipzig, then to Vienna. True, even in the capital the family failed to improve their financial situation. Sigmund later recalled that his childhood was constantly associated with poverty.
In Vienna, Sigmund entered a private gymnasium and began to demonstrate great academic success. He learned English, French, Italian, Spanish well, and was interested in philosophy. At the age of 17, he graduated from high school with honors and was recognized as the best in his class.
After graduating from high school, Sigmund decided to connect his future life with medicine. He enters the medical faculty of the University of Vienna. Experiences serious difficulties because of his nationality. Anti-Semitic sentiment reigned in Austria-Hungary at that time, and many classmates did not forget to laugh at the Jewish young man.
In 1881, having graduated from the university, he could not yet open a private practice. He had theoretical knowledge, but no practical knowledge. The choice fell on the Vienna City Hospital. They paid little here, but you could gain valuable experience. Freud began working as a surgeon, but after two months he decided to focus on neurology. Despite his success in this area, Freud becomes tired of working in the hospital, he considers it too tedious and boring.
In 1883, Sigmund moved to the psychiatry department. Here he felt that he had found his true calling. Despite this, he feels dissatisfied, largely due to his inability to earn enough money to get married. In 1884, Freud got lucky. Many doctors go to fight cholera in Montenegro, Sigmund’s boss is on vacation, so he is appointed chief physician of the department for quite a long time.
In 1885, Freud wins a competition that allows him to go to Paris to study with the then famous psychiatrist Jean Charcot. Here Sigmund works on the study of neuropathology, finds a connection between sexual problems and psychological disorders.
In 1886, Freud returned to Vienna and opened a private practice here. The same year he married Martha Bernays.
In 1895, after many disappointments with various methods of studying the psyche, Freud discovered his own method - free association. The essence of the method was as follows: the patient had to relax and say whatever came to mind. Sigmund found that patients soon began to talk about past events, experiencing them emotionally. Freud soon learned to understand exactly what events in the past caused certain disorders in the patient. In 1886, the new method was called "psychoanalysis".
After this, Freud focused on the study of dreams. He noticed that during free association storytelling, patients often talked about dreams. As a result, Sigmund was able to discover what the secret meaning is hidden behind any dream. In 1900, Freud's book “The Interpretation of Dreams” was published, which many consider the best work of the Austrian researcher.
In 1905, a new book was published, “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.” Its essence is the study of connections between sexual problems and mental disorders. Colleagues did not accept Freud’s ideas, which was not surprising: at that time such thoughts were simply considered obscene. However, after a few years, Sigmund's ideas begin to become more and more popular.
In 1921, the University of London began giving lectures to five scientists: Einstein, Spinoza, the Kabbalist Ben Baimonides, the mystic Philo and Sigmund Freud. A psychiatrist is nominated for the Nobel Prize. It was a confession.
When Vienna fell to the Nazis, Freud decided to stay in the city, although his nationality posed a serious problem. He had every chance to go to Auschwitz, but almost the whole world began to defend the scientist. The Danish queen and the Spanish king protested particularly strongly against the scientist’s oppression. Franklin Roosevelt tried to get Freud deported. But the scientist’s fate was decided after Mussolini’s call to Hitler. A psychiatrist had once cured one of the fascist leader’s good friends, and now asked Freud to help. Himmler agreed to release Freud, but for a ransom. Maria Bonaparte, the granddaughter of Napoleon himself, agreed to give any amount for Freud. The Austrian Gauleiter asked for two of Mary's palaces - practically her entire fortune. Napoleon's granddaughter agreed. In Paris, the psychiatrist was met by Maria Bonaparte and Prince George. Soon Freud goes to Great Britain, where he meets Bernard Shaw.
On September 23, 1939, Freud's friend, at his request, injects him with a triple dose of morphine. Sigmund suffered greatly from oral cancer, so he decided to euthanasia. Three days later the body was cremated.
Freud's Major Achievements
- Creator of the method of free association and psychoanalysis.
- Through his research he proved that unconscious structures are quite accessible to analysis. As a result, Freud built an interconnected picture of the human psyche.
Important dates in Freud's biography
- May 6, 1856 - birth in the village of Freiberg.
- 1873 – admission to the University of Vienna.
- 1876 - beginning of scientific work at the Institute of Zoological Research.
- 1881 – graduation from university. Start of work at the Vienna City Hospital.
- 1885 - arrival in Paris and work with Jean Charcot.
- 1886 - return to Vienna. Marriage. The term “psychoanalysis” was used for the first time.
- 1895 – publication of the book “Studies in Hysteria”.
- 1900 – publication of the book “The Interpretation of Dreams”.
- 1908 - founding of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society by Freud's like-minded people.
- 1909 – Arrival in the USA to give lectures.
- 1833 - a series of brochures “Continuation of Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis” is published.
- 1938 - becomes a hostage of the Nazis. He was able to leave Austria thanks to the intercession of Maria Bonaparte and a number of state leaders.
- September 23, 1939 – euthanasia.
- I used cocaine for some time, wanting to study its effects on the human body. Recognized cocaine as an extremely dangerous drug.
- He was a heavy smoker. He considered smoking to be the greatest pleasure in life.
- He left behind 24 volumes of works.
- I was afraid of the number 62.
- Lost my virginity at age 30 because I was afraid of women.
- I hated music. He threw away his sister's piano and did not visit restaurants with an orchestra.
- He had a phenomenal photographic memory.
Sigmund Freud(full name - Sigismund Shlomo Freud) - Austrian psychologist, neurologist and psychiatrist. He is credited with founding psychoanalysis - a theory about the characteristics of human behavior and the reasons for this behavior.
In 1930, Sigmund Freud was awarded Goethe Prize, it was then that his theories gained recognition by society, although they remained “revolutionary” for that period of time.
short biography
Sigmund Freud was born May 6, 1856 in the Austrian town of Freiberg (modern Czech Republic), whose population numbered about 4,500 people.
His father - Jacob Freud, was married for the second time, from his first marriage he had two sons. He was engaged in the textile trade. Sigmund's mother - Natalie Nathanson, was half the age of her father.
In 1859 Due to the forced closure of the business of the head of the family, the Freud family moved first to Leipzig and then to Vienna. Zigmund Shlomo was 4 years old at that time.
Study period
At first, Sigmund was raised by his mother, but soon his father took over, who wanted a better future for him and in every possible way instilled in his son a love of literature. He succeeded and Freud Jr. retained this love until the end of his life.
Studying at the gymnasium
Diligence and ability to learn allowed Sigmund to go to school at the age of 9 - a year earlier than usual. At that time he already had 7 siblings. Sigmund's parents singled him out for his talent and desire to learn new things. To the point that the other children were forbidden to study music when he studied in a separate room.
At the age of 17, the young talent graduated from high school with honors. By that time, he was interested in literature and philosophy, and also knew several languages: German perfectly, English, French, Italian, Spanish, studied Latin and Greek.
Needless to say, during the entire period of his studies he was the number 1 student in his class.
Choice of profession
Sigmund Freud's further studies were limited due to his Jewish origin. His choice was commerce, industry, medicine or law. After some thought he chose medicine and entered the University of Vienna in 1873.
At the university he began to study chemistry and anatomy. However, what he liked most was psychology and physiology. Partly due to the fact that at the university lectures on these subjects were given by a famous Ernst von Brücke.
Sigmund was also impressed by the popular zoologist Karl Klaus, with whom he later carried out scientific work. While working under the leadership of Klaus “Freud quickly distinguished himself among other students, which allowed him to become a fellow of the Trieste Institute of Zoological Research twice, in 1875 and 1876.”
After university
Being a rationally thinking person and setting himself the goal of achieving a position in society and material independence, Sigmund in 1881 opened a doctor's office and began treating psychoneuroses. Soon after this, he began to use cocaine for medicinal purposes, first trying its effects on himself.
Colleagues looked at him askance, some called him an adventurer. Subsequently, it became clear to him that cocaine could not cure neuroses, but it was quite easy to get used to it. It took Freud a lot of work to abandon the white powder and gain the authority of a pure doctor and scientist.
First successes
In 1899, Sigmund Freud published the book "Interpretation of Dreams", which caused a negative reaction in society. She was ridiculed in the press; some of her colleagues wanted nothing to do with Freud. But the book aroused great interest abroad: in France, England, America. Gradually, the attitude towards Dr. Freud changed, his stories won more and more supporters among doctors.
Getting acquainted with an increasing number of patients, mostly women, who complained of various ailments and disorders, using hypnosis methods, Freud built his theory about unconscious mental activity and determined that neurosis is a defensive reaction of the psyche to a traumatic idea.
Subsequently, he put forward a hypothesis about the special role of unsatisfied sexuality in the development of neurosis. Observing human behavior, his actions - especially bad ones, Freud came to the conclusion that unconscious motives underlie people's actions.
Theory of the unconscious
Trying to find these very unconscious motives - possible causes of neuroses, he drew attention to the unsatisfied desires of a person in the past, which lead to personality conflicts in the present. These alien emotions seem to cloud the consciousness. They were interpreted by him as the main evidence existence of the unconscious.
In 1902, Sigmund was given the position of professor of neuropathology at the University of Vienna, and a year later he became the organizer "First International Psychoanalytic Congress". But international recognition of his services came to him only in 1930, when the city of Frankfurt am Main awarded him Goethe Prize.
last years of life
Unfortunately, Sigmund Freud's subsequent life was filled with tragic events. In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany, Jews began to be persecuted, and Freud's books were burned in Berlin. It got worse - he himself ended up in the Vienna ghetto, and his sisters in a concentration camp. They managed to rescue him, and in 1938 he and his family left for London. But he had only a year to live: he suffered from oral cancer caused by smoking.
September 23, 1939 Sigmund Freud was injected with several cubes of morphine, a dose sufficient to terminate the life of a person weakened by illness. He died at 3 a.m. at the age of 83, his body was cremated, and his ashes were placed in a special Etruscan vase, which is kept in the mausoleum Golders Green.
Jealous, straightforward, conflicting - this portrait of the world-famous scientist emerges from his letters to his wife - Martha Bernays. Despite the "non-family" nature Sigmund Freud, their marriage would last 53 years. But what concessions did Martha have to make in order to maintain a relationship that many contemporaries considered harmonious?
26-year-old Sigmund, withdrawn and unsociable, fell dizzyingly in love with Martha. He had never dated girls before. Martha forced him to change his principles in relation to the opposite sex. The indecisive young man began to take initiative. There was no money, but every day he sent Martha a rose. Their meetings are filled with romance. One day Sigmund decides to touch the girl’s hand, which according to Jewish traditions is strictly prohibited before the wedding.
Soon the engagement took place, but they had to wait several years for the wedding due to financial reasons. Sigmund fills the years of waiting with long letters that today give insight into their relationship. Freud ambitiously promises his “little princess” that he will become a great scientist.
Already at the very beginning, Sigmund showed himself to be a temperamental and unyielding person. Falling in love does not prevent him from saying that the bride is ugly. He constantly challenges her religiosity (Martha is a Jew from an Orthodox family). Conflicts begin with the future mother-in-law. The girl is waiting for her groom, although even he is surprised at her patience.
Freud is jealous of Martha's brother, Max, and his friend. He remembers that she did not immediately respond to his feelings. Forces you to refuse a wedding ceremony according to a religious rite. He wants to rehabilitate her. The most delicate moment is the ultimatum put forward to Martha: either he or her relatives.
Clearly Freud was aware of his difficult temperament, noting in a letter: “My beloved, you are waiting for a not very easy person”. He returns from Paris without the promised “greatness”, as well as without money. The search for our own method of treating patients has reached a dead end. And yet, on September 14, 1886, the wedding took place. Part of the amount had to be borrowed.
Freud preferred emotional women with a “masculine” character, like Minna, Martha’s sister, to whom some biographers attribute an affair with the scientist. However, considering Martha flexible and obedient is a mistake. She chose the strategy of waiting until her husband’s next outburst of nervousness passed and they could come to an agreement. In addition to being patient and calm, Martha was a stubborn and intelligent woman.
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Sigmund Freud and his daughter Anna, 1938, Paris
Martha completely subordinated herself to the interests of the family. Realizing that science would always be in the first place for her husband, she took on everyday issues. The couple had six children. There were enough worries. However, financial difficulties had subsided by this time. Dr. Freud's teachings received wide publicity.
Freud, contrary to rumors, was a faithful and caring husband. After the birth of the last, sixth child, the scientist stopped sleeping with Martha. His personal life also influences his scientific practice. He is actively interested in the problems of contraception.
In the thirties, the life of the family was overshadowed by the serious illness of Sigmund Freud. His psychological state worsened. At this time, the youngest daughter, Anna, became her inspirer and ally, who later continued her father’s work, devoted herself to science and did not start a family.
Another threat loomed: Germany occupied Austria. Thanks to the intervention of influential people, the family manages to escape to London. In September 1939, Sigmund Freud was given a lethal injection of morphine. On September 23, he died surrounded by close people. Martha will live to be 90 years old. After her husband's death, she will return to religion.
Sigmund Freud was a brilliant person in whom mutually exclusive traits and phenomena collided. For example, a doctor and scientist who dedicated himself to healing people from mental disorders.
From: www.theguardian.com
One of the incredible and very talented people, whose creations still do not leave any scientist indifferent, is Sigmund Freud (whose years of life and death are 1856-1939). All his works are in the public domain and are used in the treatment of most people.
The biography of Sigmund Freud is rich in many events and incidents. Briefly about the main thing you can learn from this article.
Psychoanalyst, neurologist, psychologist - all this is about him. He managed to reveal many of the secrets of our invisible consciousness, get to the truth of human fears and instincts, understand the secrets of our ego and leave behind an incredible store of knowledge.
Sigmund Freud: date of birth and death
The famous scientist was born on May 6, 1856, and died on September 23, 1939. Place of birth - Freiberg (Austria). Full name: Sigmund Shlomo Freud. Lived to be 83 years old.
Freud Sigmund lived the first years of his life with his family in the city of Freiberg. His father (Jakob Freud) was an ordinary wool seller. The boy loved him very much, as well as his half-brothers and sisters.
Jacob Freud had a second wife - Amalia, Sigmund's mother. There is a very interesting fact that Freud’s maternal grandmother was from Odessa.
Until the age of sixteen, Sigmund’s mother lived with her family in Odessa. Soon they moved to live in Vienna, where the mother met the father of the future talented psychologist. Since she was almost half the age of Jacob, and his older sons were her age, people started a rumor that one of them was having an affair with his young stepmother.
Little Sigmund had his own brothers and sister.
Childhood period
Freud's childhood was quite difficult, since it was precisely because of the events experienced during that period that the young psychologist was able to draw interesting conclusions related to childhood in general and the problems of adolescence in particular.
So, Shlomo lost his brother Julius, after which he felt shame and repentance. After all, he did not always show warm feelings towards him. It seemed to Freud that his brother was taking a lot of time from his parents, and therefore they did not have enough strength for their other children. After this, the future psychoanalyst made two verdicts:
- All the children in the family consider each other special rivals, without realizing it. They often wish the worst for each other.
- Regardless of how the family positions itself (friendly or unfavorable), if a child feels guilty about something, he develops various nervous diseases.
The biography of Sigmund Freud was predicted by his mother even before his birth. One of the fortune tellers once told her that her first child would be very famous and smart, would be distinguished by a special mindset and erudition, and in a few years the whole world would know about him. This made Amalia too sensitive to Sigmund.
In his first years of life, Freud was indeed different from other children. He began to speak and read early, and went to school a year earlier than other children. He had no problems with speech. Freud knew how to express his point of view well. It is incredible that such a great man could not stand up for himself, and was even bullied by his peers. Despite this, Freud graduated from high school with flying colors. Then it's time to think about the future.
The early years of the life of Sigmund Freud
As a Jew, he could become a doctor, a salesman (like his father), take up a craft, or take the side of law and order. However, his father’s work seemed uninteresting to him, and the craft did not inspire the future great psychiatrist. He could have become a good lawyer, but nature took its toll, and the young man took up medicine. In 1873, Sigmund Freud entered the university.
Personal life and family of a scientist
The professional biography and personal life of Sigmund Freud are closely intertwined. It seems that it was love that pushed him to magnificent discoveries.
Medicine came easily to him, with the help of various diagnostic conclusions he came to psychoanalysis and made his own conclusions, made small observations and constantly wrote them down in his notebook. Sigmund knew that he could become a private doctor, and this would give him a good income. And he needed it for one big reason - Martha Bernays.
Sigmund first saw her when Martha came to his sister's house. Then the heart of the young scientist caught fire. He was not afraid to be frank and knew how to behave with the opposite sex. Freud's beloved received a gift from him every evening - a red rose, as well as a proposal for a meeting. This is how they spent their time secretly, because Martha’s family was very rich, and her parents would not allow an ordinary Jew to marry their daughter. After the second month of meetings, Shlomo confessed his love to Martha and proposed marriage. Despite the fact that her response was reciprocal, Martha’s mother took her out of town.
Young Shlomo decided not to give up and fight for marriage with the young beauty. And he achieved this after entering private practice. They lived together for more than 50 years and raised six children.
Freud's practice and innovations
The chosen profession enriched him financially and morally. The young doctor was going to help people; in order to do this, he had to try out the established techniques on himself. Knowing some of the techniques that he became familiar with in the hospitals where he trained, Freud put them into practice based on the patient's problems. For example, hypnosis was used to penetrate the patient's old memories and help him find the problem that was tearing his flesh apart. Baths or massage showers were practiced to treat nervous aggravations. One day, S. Freud came across research on the benefits of cocaine, which did not gain wide popularity at that time. And he immediately tried the technique.
Freud was sure that this substance did more good than harm. He spoke about the connection of thought and body, that after experiencing bliss, all stress evaporates and goes away. He began to recommend this method of using cocaine to other people, after which he really regretted it.
It turned out that such methods are completely contraindicated for people suffering from acute mental neuroses. Most indicators deteriorated after the first use, and it was almost impossible to restore them. And for Freud this meant only one thing - to look for the cause of all diseases in the human subconscious. And then the psychoanalyst did the following: he divided parts of life into separate fragments, looked for a problem in them and came up with his own hypothesis of the disease. To better understand his own patients, he came up with this method. This method was used in this way: the psychologist named certain words that could somehow influence the patient’s psyche, and in response he named other words that first came to his mind. As Freud argued, in this way he directly explored the psyche. All that remained was to correctly interpret the answers.
This new approach to psychoanalysis amazed thousands of people who came to his sessions. The recordings were made years in advance. This was the beginning for the development of their own theories.
The book “A Study of Hysteria” in 1985 brought even more fame to the scientist, in it he identified three components of the structure of our consciousness: id, ego and superego.
- Id is a psychological component, unconscious (instinct).
- Ego is a person's own motives.
- Superego - norms and rules of society.
The entire book describes these factors in interrelation. To understand this process, you need to understand the relationship of each of them to the person as a whole. Such a scientific development seems too complicated and abstruse, but Freud easily explains it with a simple example. The first factor may be the student’s feeling of hunger in class, the second may be appropriate actions, and the third may be the awareness that these actions will be wrong. From this it follows that the human ego regulates the process between the id and the superego. Thus, the student will not eat during class. Knowing that this is not accepted, he will be able to restrain himself. Then it turns out that people who do not regulate the ego process have various mental disorders.
Developing this idea, the scientist derived the following personality models:
- Unconscious.
- Preconscious.
- Conscious.
In 1902, a community of psychoanalysts was founded, which included famous scientists such as Otto Rank, Sandor Ferenczi, and others. Freud took an active position in this cell. Periodically wrote his works. Thus, he presented the work “Psychopathology of Everyday Life” to the public for the first time, which attracted a lot of people’s attention.
In 1905, S. Freud released his practice entitled: “Three Studies on the Theory of Sexuality,” where he explains the relationship between sexual problems in adulthood and early psychological trauma in childhood. Society did not like such work, and the author was instantly bombarded with humiliating insults. However, there was no end to the patients. It was Freud who introduced normal life circumstances into the concept of sex. He discusses sex issues in a normal everyday context. The scientist explains this by a simple natural instinct that awakens in absolutely everyone. Dreams are also interpreted in order of sexual characteristics.
Based on this teaching, the professor invented a new concept - the Oedipus complex. It is closely connected with the child’s childhood and unconscious attraction to one of the parents. Freud gave parents methodological recommendations for raising children so that they would not have sexual problems in adulthood.
Other methods of Z. Freud
Freud later develops a method for analyzing dreams. It is with the help of them, as he argued, that the human problem can be solved. People dream dreams on purpose, in this way consciousness transmits a signal and helps to find a way out of the current situation, but people, as a rule, do not know how to do this on their own. Sigmund Freud began to receive patients and interpret their dreams; he listened to the most intimate secrets of his acquaintances and complete strangers, increasingly realizing that all difficulties were related to childhood or sexual life.
Such premises were again not liked by the community of psychoanalysts, but Freud began to develop the doctrine further.
Turning years
The years 1914-1919 were a big shock for the scientist; as a result of the First World War, he lost all his money and, most importantly, his daughter. Two more of his sons were on the front line at that time; he was in constant torment, worrying about their lives.
These sensations served to create a new theory - the death instinct.
Sigmund had hundreds of chances to become rich again, he was even offered to become a participant in the film, but the scientist refused. And in 1930 he was awarded a prize for his enormous contribution to psychiatry. This event once again elevated Freud, and three years later he began giving lectures on the topics of love, death and sexuality.
Old patients and strangers began to come to his performances. People asked Freud to hold private receptions for them, promising to pay huge sums of money.
Now Freud becomes a famous neurologist and psychiatrist, colleagues begin to use his works, refer to his methods and even request the right to use them in their own sessions.
For Freud, these were the best years of his life.
Sigmund Freud and his publications
Many terms that psychologists now use in professional speech or simply study in lectures are interpreted by S. Freud himself based on his hypotheses. The institutes have a course of lectures that briefly describes the biography of Sigmund Freud and his main works.
There are dream books according to Z. Freud, as well as books for everyday reading:
- "I and It";
- "The Spell of Virginity";
- "Psychology of sexuality";
- "Introduction to Psychoanalysis";
- "Reservations";
- "Letters to the Bride."
Such books are understandable to ordinary people who are little familiar with psychological terms.
The last days of the great scientist
The scientist spent the best years of his life in constant search and work. Freud's death shocked many. The man suffered from pain in the throat and mouth. A tumor was later found, due to which he underwent dozens of surgeries, losing the pleasant appearance of his face. Over the years of his life, S. Freud managed to make important contributions to many areas of human life. It would seem that with a little more time, he would have created much more.
But, unfortunately, the disease took its toll. The man made an agreement in advance with his attending physician, and when he no longer wanted to endure it, and there was no need to force all his relatives to watch this, S. Freud turned to him and said goodbye to this world. After the injection, he calmly fell into an eternal sleep.
Conclusion
In general, the years of Freud's life were interesting and fruitful. The author of so many scientific articles, theories, books and methods did not live the most modest life. The biography of Sigmund Freud is full of ups, downs and exciting stories. He was able to look beyond human consciousness. Freud achieved a lot in life, despite the fact that he was silent and unable to fight back against his peers. Or maybe it was precisely his isolation that was able to direct his energy in the right direction.
After the death of the scientist, like-minded people and those who mastered his practices were found. They began to sell their services. Today, Freud's research is still relevant and studied, many make huge money from it. Sigmund Freud (years of life and death of the scientist - 1856-1939) made an invaluable contribution to the development of psychology and neurology.