Western hike
For the Russian historian, Biography Batu essentially begins with the spring of 1235, when in Kurultai, convened by the Great Khan Megging, was announced the beginning of the Western campaign. "When Kaan arranged a lot of Kurultai for the second time and appointed a meeting regarding the destruction and extermination of the rest of the recalcitrant, then the decision was made to take possession of the Bulgarian countries, Asov and Rus, who were in the neighborhood of Bati, were not even finally conquered and proud of their numerous, - read in "History of the World Conqueror" of the Persian historian Ala Ad-Dina Ata-Melik Juzzy, who lived in the middle of the XIII century and was in the service of the ruler of Mongolian Iran Hulagu-Khan. - Therefore, he appointed Tsarevichi to help and reinforce the Batu: Mengu-Khan and his brother Buchek, from his sons GUUK-Khan and Kadagan and other Tsarevichi: Kulcan, Storm, Baidar, Brothers Batu - Chord and Tangut, and several others Tsarevichi, and from noble Emirov was Subata-Bahadur. Tsarevichi for the device of their troops and Rate traveled each in their becoming and the location, and in the spring spoke out of their whereabouts and hurried to get ahead of each other "1.
Batu, together with the brothers, went to his lot - CheaX-I-Kipchak. But even before that, by performing a Mongolian custom, he arranged a feast and treats for his birth and future comrades on the Western campaign. "Batu-Khan in the continuation of forty days treated all this meeting," says Abu-L-Gazi, "in all these forty days, no one for one minute they were free from jeads and pleasures. After this, Batu sent to the regions of the signs for a set of troops; This time the troops gathered so much that he had no account. " The troops of Batu and was equipped better than others: according to Chinese sources, his warriors were obtained in a hike for two of the same paja, which in the rest of the army was given on ten people 2. They will be the first to invaded the limits of Volga Bulgaria, and here in the fall of 1236, Batu will meet with the rest of the Tsarevichi, appointed to participate in the campaign.
These Tsarevichi belonged to the next generation of chingisids, the generation of grandchildren (and partly even great-grandchildren) of Genghis Khan. They represented all four branches coming from the four senior sons of the "Conqueror of the Universe" who had the right to inherit power in the Mongolian Empire. From the sons of Tuluya (who died even before the start of the campaign, in September-October 1232), Juzzyney calls the older, the future of the great Khan Mengi (Munke), and the seventh, Buchek (or Budzhan); GUUK, also later became a great Khan, was the eldest son of the neighbor, and Kadan (Cadagan) - the sixth son; The Chagata line was represented by his older grandson of the storm, the second son of the firstborn and pet Chagatham Mutugaan (who was considered a favorite also Genghis Khan and the victim even during his grandfather and in his eyes at the siege of the Bamian fortress in Afghanistan), and the sixth son Baidar; Next to Bathu were his older brother of the Horde and the younger Berke (the third son of Juci), Shibi (fifth son) and tantget (sixth). Finally, among the participants of the campaign, one of the younger sons of Genghis Khan Kulcan (Culkan) is named; He was born from the second wife of the "conqueror of the Universe" Kulan Hatun (from the Merkitsky tribe) and although unlike the four older brothers did not have the right to inherit the father, during the lifetime of the father was otherwise equivalent to them. As you can see, all this were not just representatives of the four senior clans of the Chingisids, but elder Representatives of these births are the older sons or persons who were replacing them.
This expense had a special prescription of the Great Khan. "For all sent to this trip, we read in the" secret legend, "it was behaved:" The Senior Son is obliged to send to the war as the great princes-tsarevichi, who manage the lots and those that do not have such in their jurisdiction . Neuons-Dathers, thousands, centuries and forens, as well as people of all states are obliged in the same way to send to the war of the older of their sons. Equally, the older sons will be sent to war and princes and son-in-law ... on sending to the campaign of older sons will be a fair army. When the army will be numerously, everyone will be thrown and will walk with a highly raised head. The enemy countries there are many, and the people are ferocious there. These are such people who in rage take death, rushing to their own swords (almost the echoes of the stories of Muslim writers about the ancient russia and francs. - A. K). Swords, they say, is the sharp. That is why I, Issue-Khan, ubiquitously notify that we, with all the jealousy, to the Word of our older brother Chaadaya, strictly send to the war of the elder sons. And on the basis of what the Tsarevichi Batu, storms, GUUK, Munke and all other "" 3 are sent to the campaign. A trip to the West became the common matter of all the heirs of Genghis Khan, in the full sense of the word by the execution of the sacred will of the founder of the Mongolian Empire.
A special role in the campaign was given to the eldest son of the Goyuku and the grandson of the Chagatai storm. At the first one was entrusted with the "Chief of the Central Ulus speaking on the campaign"; The stormies were put on "above all the princess sent to the campaign," that is, actually stood up at the head of almost the entire Mongolian troops, with the exception of Batu's own forces. This made a storm, a young man, but very ambitious, almost a central figure of the entire enterprise. Born from a certain idleness, his father's home wife's wife, storms were bold to boldness. In addition, he hated Batu, inheriting the hatred of the son of Juchi from his father and grandfather, and this could not not lead to their collision. No less ambitious was GUUK, also feeding frank hostility to Batu at the same time, GUUK managed to express himself during the preceding wars, in particular in the Chinese campaign; The chronicles are repeatedly called his name (like the name of Mengu), talking about the capture of individual Chinese cities. Batu could not boast anything like that. And although his name was called the first among the names of those who participated in the campaign of Tsarevich, although the main goal of the campaign was the expansion of his lot - Ulus Juchi, he was still not to win the championship not in words, but in fact, to become a true leader of the Mongolian troops. Looking forward to say that Batu will be able to achieve this - but not so much military, how many political methods, using such qualities as composure, excerpt, as well as the ability to use misses and the impotence of rivals.
Of all the senior Tsarevichi, who participated in the campaign, only one of the Batu from the very beginning established more or less trusting relationships. It was a menu, the eldest son of Tulua. And it's not just that Juchi did not get herself with Tulu, how he was bent with Chagatham and memorize. The relations inside the "golden kind" of the heirs of Genghis Khan were very complex. Menhu's mother, Hansha Sorkutan-run, who became the head of his numerous family after the death of her husband and very influential in the Mongolian Empire, needed some support outside his clan and found this support in Batu, chapter of Clan Juchi. It is known about friction arising between Sorksktani-Run and Great Khan Megging. So, the latter reimbursed to make the wife of his son to Sorkuktan, but Hanzha found the strength to respond to this marriage project 4. In addition, the sophisticated part of that troops (two thousand warriors), which belonged to Tulu and his sons, opposed his son Kudan. Naturally, Mengu saw in the Goyuk - his failed stepfather! - Direct rival, and in Batu - respectively, an ally. And the calculations of the menu were justified: Batu support will subsequently provide him with the Khan throne.
Rashid Ad-Dean tells that he originally intended to oppose the hike against Kipchakov. Great Khan was known for love for luxury and pleasures. According to the Persian historian, most of the time he "was absorbed by various pleasures with beautiful wives and lunolic captors of the hearts"; In addition, he "loved the wine very much and was constantly inxicated and admitted excess in this regard," Issue, and I myself recognized my vice. Nevertheless, the care of the defense of the power is also fascinated by the Great Khan. After he gathered Kurultay and "For a whole month, the relatives in agreement were informed from early morning to the star," Khan "turned to the arrangement of important affairs of the state and troops. Since some outskirts of the state have not yet been completely conquered, and in other areas the bunting workers operated, he took up the correction of these cases. He appointed each of the relatives to some country, and personally intended to go to the Kipchak steppe. " This, however, had to taste his younger relatives. Overall opinion expressed Mengu, who, "Although there was still a heyday of youth," nevertheless, according to Rashid Ad-Dina, possessed and reasonableness, and experiment. "We are all, sons and brothers, we are waiting for an order to ensure that the instructions will be unquestionless and selflessly, in order to be enjoyed by pleasures and entertainment, and not to endure the hopes and difficulties of campaigns," this is the Persian historian. - If not in this, then in what other can be the benefits of relatives and emiers of the irrelevant troops? " Mengu's speech was approved by all the births; Something, Rashid Ad-Dean tells, "The Blessed view of Caan was focused on Tsarevichi Batu, Mengou Kaan and Gueuk Han, along with other prince and numerous army in the field of Kipchak, Russians, Bular, Majar, Bashkird, Ass , in Sudak and in those edges and all won them; And they took care of this campaign "5.
It is difficult to say how difficult this story is credible in detail. But he may indicate that there are serious discrepancies between the elder and younger Chingisids. Mengi, a representative of the younger generation of the heirs of Genghis Khan, openly pointed out the great Khan, which he should do, and what should not interfere. Relying, in particular, to this testimony, the researchers believe that the presentation of such a significant number of Tsarevichi, and especially the older sons of those "Grand Dukes-Tsarevich", "who managed the lots," may be partly to explain their power to the desire to secure their power and Get rid of the time from the presence in the central ulus of young, but already too influential and ambitious nephews 6.
By the time of preparation for the campaign there are several most important activities of the central government. First, taxes were established to collect funds for a hike: Kopchur - Cattle tax, defined as one cattle head from every hundred heads, and grain tax: one Tagar (measure) of wheat from every ten tagarov "for spending on the poor " Secondly, "In order for the continuous arrival of the messengers from both Tsarevichi and His Majesty Caan in the interests of important cases," in all countries conquered by Mongols, special postal mills were delivered with shifters of horses, fabric animals and people - So-called pits (Mongolian "Jam", from the Chinese "Zhang" - "Station"). For the implementation of this Decree and the Institutions of Jamov, the messengers were sent and four special officials were appointed, one from each of the four senior representatives of the kind - the most great Khan, his older brother Chagata, Batu and the widow of Tulua Sorksktani-Run. (Batu was represented by a bitch-mulchitai, whose name is no longer mentioned in the sources.) "With these ways to move our ambassadors," explained it to my disposal of eating, "the ambassadors go slowly, and the people suffer a considerable burden." And therefore the next indispensable order was installed: "Calers of postal stations - Yamchins and horseradi - Ulaachina are allocated everywhere from thousands; In certain places, stations are installed - pits, and the ambassadors will continue to undertake, with the exception of emergency circumstances, follow certainly at stations, and not drive around the ulus. " Decree of the eagerness determined the rules of the maintenance of Jamov and threatened with brutal cars for their violation: "... At every pit there must be twenty people of Ulaachin. From now on, we will continue to be established for each pit a certain number of ulaachins, horses, rams for food passing, milk mares, harness and wagons. And if he will continue to have a short rope against the installed kit, he will pay one lip, and who will have a wheelchair, he will pay half of the nose "7.
The establishment of Jamov played a huge role in the history of not only the Mongol Empire. The time will pass, and the Yamsk service, so necessary on the huge spaces of Eurasia, will be inherited by the Moscow Kingdom, and then the Russian Empire. The meaning of Jamov understood himself and myself, who put it in a special merit, and his brother Chagay. "From the events reported to me, I consider the most correct IAM institution," he reported the Great Hanu and added, mentioned in Batu, mentioned in the western campaign: "I also take care of the establishment of Jamov, who will take them away from here. In addition, I will ask Batya to hold pits from him to meet mine. " So, almost at the same time, the edge of the ridge and the blood system of the Great Eurasian Empire were created.
B? The more expensive part of the Mongolian troops moved very slowly. Founding in the Mongolian steppes just before the beginning of the Western campaign, in 1235-1236, the Chinese Ambassador Xu Tin met the numerous Mongolian army, which was moving past him without stopping for several days. The Chinese ambassador was especially surprised that the majority in this troops were young people, even adolescents, at the age of thirteen-fourteen years. When he asked what to explain to him, he was answered that the army was sent to "fight Muslim states, where three years of the road. Those who are now 13-14 years old will be 17-18 years old, when they reach those places, and they will all be excellent warriors "8. The name "Muslim states" was for the Chinese synonymous with distant Western lands. Who knows, perhaps, it was those who were met by Xu Tin, and were those who later would bring their strike not only for the Muslim lands of Volga Bulgaria, Iran, or Asia Minor, but also on Christian Russia?
So the conquest campaign of Mongols in Europe began. However, the conquering it is called us today; Such it became for peoples, roasted, destroyed and conquered by the Mongols. The Mongols themselves were somewhat differently looked at what was happening. For them, it was not so much conquest of someone else's, as approval of their power to those countries and peoples who belonged to them rightly - the right of force and the right of establishments of the "conqueror of the Universe" of Genghis Khan.
In this sense, the heirs of Genghis Khan can be called the heirs of the Great "Golden Tsar" - "Altan-Khan" - the Chinese emperor, whose empire was conquered by them. Its itself its name is "consecient", or the "median kingdom," - accurately determined its position in the world as the only empire, the power of which applies to the whole earthly space, which is autonomous. Also in the XVII-XVIII centuries (not to mention earlier times), and even later the Chinese Gods looked at those who came to their country of alien - merchants and ambassadors of foreign powers - exclusively both on their subjects and took the Embassive Gifts and tolerances as an exploitation of humility, As a tribute, brought from the remote edges of the "subwayless" empire. For the Chinese, the people around them were "barbarians", and they were separated from them the Great Wall, but when the "barbarians" took the imperial throne, the situation changed only in part. Mongols were treated with the same contempt to the Chinese, as well as other conquered peoples (although they learned a lot). But the idea that their empire is the only thing that the world belongs to them was inherent in them to no less. ("The power of God is all lands, ranging from those where the sun rises, and ending those where it comes, granted to us" - So the great Khan Goyuk in November 1246, he argued in his message in November 1246.) The Mongols considered their own lands, " Where their hulling hulls reached "(according to the expression of the Arabic scientist-encyclopedist of the first third of the XIV century, An-Nuwayori). Therefore, the lands of Kipchak, Russians, Bulgarians and other peoples and were represented by the "some outskirts" of their state, which "has not yet been completely conquered" them. At the same time, unlike the Chinese, the Mongols were nomads, and therefore, initially we are familiar to a raise, to finding new places for nomads, to mastering them in bloody wars with other tribes. The Chinese are so despised those surrounding them "barbarians", which considered war with them, the conquest of their lands is absolutely meaningless. Mongols were born for war, and the war for a long time became the main and only way of their existence.
The whole state of Genghis Khan was built as one military camp. She shared on the "center" and "right" and "left" wings. The latter, in turn, were divided into "darkness", or "Tumenes" (capable of exposing 10 thousand warriors), and they are thousands, hundreds and dozens, so no one from the age of fifteen to seventy years could be Outside its division. At the head of each of these units stood, respectively, Dathers, thousands, centuries and foreman. At the same time, a very cruel order was installed: if during the host of the Ten, one or two came out of ten, then the entire ten executed. Also came in the case if one or two boldly entered into battle, and the rest did not follow them; If someone from the top ten came to captivity and was not released by his comrades, then the latter could also wait for death. Mongol warlods, as a rule, did not directly participate in battles - which was a distinctive feature of the Mongolian troops and allowed to skillfully lead them at any stage of the battle. But at the same time, the rule was observed: if a dark or thousandth died in battle, then his children or grandchildren inherited his rank, and if he died his death, from illness, "then his children or grandchildren descended for one rank below." Just if the Sotnik died from old age or a darkness moved him to another position, "then both these posts were not subject to inheritance" 10. Such establishments fastened the Mongolian army unprecedented for other tribes and peoples of discipline. Mongols very rarely gave a captive, were dismount and irrepressible in battle.
They exceeded their enemies and technical equipment and tactical learning. Mongols, you can say, born riders. Their from infancy looked back to the back of the horse, and in this position they followed the mother. "At three years later, they are tied by rods to Luke Sadl, so there are hands for what to hold", and let the horses "Bring in full of supports," the Chinese ambassador to the "Black Tatars" (Mongolam) Peng daua . - In four to five years they give them a little onions and short arrows, together with which they grow. All year round they are engaged in hunting in the field. All of them are rapidly riding horses, at the same time they stand on socks in stirrups, and do not sit, so the main power they have in caviar ... they are fast, as going to the tornado, and the mighty, as a gouring mountain. Since in the saddle they turn to the left and turn to the right at such a speed, as if the wings of the windmill, they can, turning to the left, to shoot right, and not only there - kiss also back. As for their shooting in the walk position, they become, widely spreading their legs, make a wide step and bend in the lower back, half bending his legs. Therefore, they have the ability to pierce the shell with their archery "11. Europeans contemporaries were also noted: "They shoot further than other nations"; "They are excellent archers"; "... more skillful ... than Hungarian and commander (Polovsky. - A. K.), and they have more powerful onions" 12. For the intimidation of Mongols enemies, special "whistling", or "rattles", arrows - with drilled tips, which made a terrifying whistling when flying. Their spears were equipped with special hooks, with the help of which they painted enemy riders with horses. Poles in Mongols were made of leather belts woven into several layers (in Russia, such shells were called "nyrices") and in some cases provided with metal plates. Light and comfortable, they were invulnerable to the enemy arrows at a distance on which the Mongols themselves pierced enemy armor through. For the Middle Ages, such an advantage is comparable to what already in a new time, after the invention of firearms, Europeans will receive over the "barbarians" and savages that do not know the "fiery fight". But not only the Mongols have the innate qualities of Rider soldiers. They learned a lot from the Khorezmians conquered by them, the Chinese and Muslims, adopted their experience, their ways of conducting hostilities, mastered the advanced at the time of military equipment - staggering machines, powerful self-timers, mobile towers, taranas, catapults, and learned from the Chinese to use In the siege, powder, which in Europe has not yet known. Fiery arrows of mongols and incendiary and discontinuous shells based on oil and gunpowders sowed panic among enemies. In the army of Mongols were engineers from among the Chinese and Tangov; They were led by siege work when taking Central Asian and European cities.
Mongol's endurance did not know the limits. They were familiar and to the cruel gentle, and to Lita Charity (for and the other are not uncommon for Mongolia), they could carry out in a campaign for several days without rest, did not hear the weapons and provinces. There is a lamb, less commonly of Konified; They also drank the mare and sheep milk, but generally could eat all that they found, without making any differences between the "clean" and "unclean" food and not be broken by the insides of the animals killed by them, squeezing the feces and eating everything else. During the rapid campaign, they could do without food at all, as a last resort, fresh horse blood died to maintain their strength - and it was always called, as they are called. "Their food is everything that can be checked, it is they who eat dogs, wolves, foxes and horses, and in the event of the need you fell and human meat and a monk-Franciscanian Dzhovani del Plano Carpini, who went with the embassy in their land. - ... they don't have bread, as well as greens and vegetables and nothing else, except for meat; And they eat it so little that other nations can hardly live on it. " The Italian monk knew what he wrote about, because almost a year and a half he spent among the Mongols, I was satisfied with the scarce solder, not enough for him, accustomed to the post and abstinence. Do not seem fantastic and his words about the forced cannibalism of Mongols. Rashid Ad-Dean, author of the official history of Genghis Khan and his closest successors, talks about one episode of the Chinese campaign: when the troops of the Son of Cenghis Khan Tuluya were on the way, "they did not have a provisionant left, and it came to the fact that they were ate the corpses of dead people who fell animals and hay. " Nevertheless, the campaign continued and crowned another victory over the troops of the Chinese emperor. A different story (probably already broken legend) leads a carpini plan: during the siege of the main Chinese city, Mongolam "did not have enough edible supplies," and then Genghis Khan ordered his warriors, "so that they are given to the meal of one person out of ten"! 13 Similar stories transmitted from the mouth to the mouth were inspired by the opponents of Mongols even more horror than numerous stories about Mongol's atrocities in relation to enemies.
Something unusual was the Mongolian horses - the main driving force of any conquering hikes of that time. Sharply, but incredibly hardy, they could extradite food themselves - even where other horses died from hunger, for example, in a snow-covered steppe, the snow hoofs. These horses are "very strong, have a calm pointless temper and without Norow, able to endure the wind and frost for a long time," Chinese diplomats visited the Mongolian steppes, large experts of horses. - ... In all cases, a quick jump from the Tatars can not be able to feed the horses, they are always free (after the jump), they will be liberated from the village, they certainly bind so that the muzzle is damped up and waiting for their q. (life force. - A. K.) will come to balance, breathing calms down and feet are cool. " Each Mongolian warrior was supposed to have one, but several horses: usually two or three, and for chiefs - six-seven and more. The tired horse never trembled again, but gave her to rest. Therefore, therefore, the Mongolian army was significantly more mobile than any other. In battle, the horse was also protected by leather shell - "larger" (covering muzzle) and "butyars" (covering the chest and sides). It did not constrain the movements of the horse, but well protected it from arrows and copies. Mongols and their horses were able to cross through the widest and deep rivers. For this purpose, each Mongol had a special leather bag, filmingly tied and filled with air; There were all the necessary for the war, and sometimes placed the warriors themselves (such improvised vessels from bovine or oxide skin could serve for several people). These bags tied to the tails of horses and forced them to swim forward on a par with those horses that people managed. And the horse was floating in a strictly defined order, allowed immediately at the end of the crossing to join the battle.
Mongols paid great attention to intelligence, carefully studying the enemy and the terrain, in which they had to fight. Babor steppes, they had truly eagle vision, exceptional eyemeter, easily found landmarks in any, even a completely unfamiliar area. "Their moving army all the time is afraid of a sudden strike from the ambush," Chinese diplomats report, and therefore "even from flanks ... in obligatory procedure, they will first be sent in all parties." Equestrian doses. "They suddenly attack and capture those who or live, or goes there to reveal the true state of affairs, like: what roads are the best and possible to move on them; What are the cities that you can attack; What land can be fighting; In which places you can become a camp; In which direction there are enemy troops; In which locations there are provisions and grass. " Depending on the received Mongols and acted, applying various tricks and tricks - then covering the enemy from the flanks, then lubricating it into a pre-prepared trap. As a rule, they were ahead of the enemy for several moves. Starting the war, they already knew everything about their enemies, while their own intentions remained unknown. In a word, these were the perfect warriors who have some incomprehensible, supernatural abilities for war, to destroy themselves like. Not knowing no pity, no compassion, superior to the strength, ferocity and speed of movement, then the tribes and peoples, they seemed to come from some kind of different world - yes they were representatives of other, unknown Europeans of the world, other, unknown civilization. Today they would probably be called hundreds. In the categories of the Middle Ages, there was another expression, more capacious and defined. Contemporaries saw in the unknown aliens of the messengers of the underworld, immigrants from hell - "Tartara", the harbingers of the approaching - and already closely approaching! - The end of the world.
But, perhaps, the main feature of the wars who were the Mongols were the use of them of conquered peoples as an avant-garde of their troops, a living shield or Taran. "In all conquered countries, they are killed by princes and nobles who inspire the concerns that any resistance can ever be concerned. Suitable for the battle of warriors and spread, armed, send themselves against the will to battle ahead of themselves, - reported on the eve of the invasion of Mongols on Russia, Hungarian monk-missionary Julian. - ... warriors ... who are driven into battle, if they even fight well and defeat, thanks is small; If they die in battle, there is no care about them, but if they are retreating in battle, then they are mercilessly killed by Tatars. Therefore, fighting, they prefer to die in battle than under the swords of the Tatars, and brave brave ... "15 It is these many thousands of people who were sent primarily on the storms of fortresses, including those who belonged to their own rulers; Naturally, they are the first and sitting from the booms and stones besieged. "Whenever at the occurrence of large cities, they first attack small cities, capture the population captured, hijacked it and use on siege work," wrote in 1221 by the Mongols of the Ambassador of the South Tai Sun state of Zhao Hong in 1221. "Then they give an order that each horse warrior certainly captured ten people." When people are captured enough, each person is obliged to gain any grass or firewood, earth or stones. [Tatars] chase their day and night; If people are lagging behind, they kill them. When people are driven, they bore the fortress rs away around the city walls by the fact that they brought, and immediately alternate the pivans; Some are used to maintain chariots ... catapults and other works. At the same time [Tatars] even dozens of thousands of people do not spare. Therefore, during the storming of cities and fortresses, they all be taken without exception. When urban walls are brushed, [Tatars] kill everyone, without disassembled old and small, beautiful and ugly, poor and rich, resisting and submissive, as a rule, without any mercy, "16. The monstrous cruelty, paralyzing all the will to resistance, is another terrible feature of Mongolian wars. When taking the enemy cities, a hard rule was operated, frankly formulated by the famous Chinese minister of the first Mongolian khan eloy Chase: "As soon as the enemy, rejecting the order of delivery, produced at least one boom or throwing stone along the precipitating troops, in accordance with the existing state system, everything was killed without mercy in all cases. " So, on the eve of the fall of the Chinese capital, Kaifyn commanded the troops subnedies sent to Great Hanu the report: "This city resisted for a long time, a lot of warriors were killed and injured, so [I] I want to cut it all" 17.
So it was when the conquest of China; So it will also be when conquering Volzhskaya Bulgaria, Russia, Hungary ... The troops of the conquered countries ("dead states", on the terminology of Chinese historists) constituted a significant part and the actual Mongolian troops. It would have happened since the warriors of Genghis Khan fought with neighboring tribes related to them - nimanamans, Tatars, Merkitami, Kerimites and others who were part of their army; It continued during subsequent conquering campaigns. And therefore, as we move to West, the Mongolian army did not weaken how it usually happens during long-term military campaigns, especially in someone else's, enemy territory, and, on the contrary, increased, became crowded. However, we will still talk about it in more detail when it comes to the participation of Kipchakov-Polovtsy, Azov-Alanov, Mordanov, and Russians in the conquest campaigns of Batya and his commander.
The Hungarian monk Julian mentioned above brought another curious testimony to this account: all those people whom Mongols make to serve themselves, they "oblige ... to be called Tatars." This is one of the explanations of the name under which the Mongols perform in almost all medieval sources - not only Russian, but also Chinese, Arab, Persian, Western European, etc. In reality, the Mongolians themselves were never called the Tatars and the Tatars have been hostaged: so , it was the Tatars that the father of Genghis Khan Yeshugai Baatur was killed; Subsequently, Genghis Kan was brutally avenged for the death of his father and in a bloody war destroyed almost all the Tatars. Nevertheless, their name firmly connected with the name of his own people. And the point here is not the desire of the Mongols themselves to call this name of the defeated enemies, as Julian believed; And not even that the remaining Tatars seemed to be the avant-garde of their army, and therefore, they spread their name everywhere, as they shouted everywhere: "Tatars are coming!" ", how I missed the monk-Franciscan's Mongols by the Mongols 18 . Modern researchers emphasize the attention that the Tatar tribes were historical predecessors of the Mongols and the latter over time occupied their place. Mongolian-speaking Tatars lived in East Mongolia; Their indigenous yurt was located at Lake Buir-Nur, near the nomads of the Mongols actually. In the time preceding the birth of Genghis Khan, Tatars dominated the whole of this region, so "because of their extraordinary majesty and honorary position, other Turkic childbirth ... became known under their name and everyone was called Tatars," - notes in their excursion to the history of Mongols Rashid Ad-Dean. Even in the XI century, the extensive spaces between Northern China and East Turkestan were called by their name "Tatar steppe" (like the Kipchak Stepia - Chea-I-Kipchak - called the space between Western Turkestan and the Lower Prawn). And when one and a half century later, Mongols took these huge territories, subdued them to their power, in the Turkic and Muslim environment they themselves became called Tatars. From Polovtsy, this name became known in Russia and in Hungary, and then in all Latin Europe 19. It also secured in the historical tradition behind the Mongols and all the distinctive populations of their empire. So to modern Tatars, this name has a very distant attitude. The lands, conquered by the Mongols, are huge spaces of Eastern Europe and Central Eurasia, including Russia - the future of the Moscow state, - for many centuries they began to be marked by the European maps by the sinister word "Tartariya", in which it is easy to hear not only the name of the Tatar themselves - that is, Mongols, but all the same name of the underworld - the monstrous "Tartara" - the dwellings of the demons and other dark power ...
But back to the events directly preceding the Grand Western campaign. The troops of the central uluses of the Mongolian Empire "All Communications" came to move in February - March 1236. B? They spent the rest of the spring and the summer months on the way, reports Rashid Ad-Dean, "And in the fall within the Bulgar, they connected with the genus of Juci: Batu, Horde, Shiban and Tanguto, who were also appointed in those edges." "From a set of troops, the land of moaning and buzzing, and the wild animals and predatory animals have collied from numerous and noise." So describes the beginning of Juguney's hike.
Shortly before the invasion of Mongols to Volzhskaya Bulgaria, on August 3, 1236, the solar eclipse was happening, observed throughout Eastern Europe and marked by chroniclers. The darkness covered the sun first from the West, leaving only a narrow sickle ("Like a month of four days"), and then went east 20. In this heavenly sign, many have seen the foresight of future formidable events: "... and there were fear and tremble on all seen and hearing ..." The first blow of Mongolian troops came along Volzhskaya Bulgaria to the strongest Muslim state of Eastern Europe. Let me remind you that in 1223, Bulgarians defeated the jab and substray to the detachment, who returned home after the first trip to the West. Then Bulgarians applied the favorite tactics of the Mongols themselves, sowing them to lure them into a pre-prepared trap. And later Bulgarians had to constantly face Mongolian detachments attacked on their lands. So it was in 1229, when Mongols captured Saksin and broke the Bulgarian outpost on the yoke; So it was three years later, in 1232, when Mongols appeared again within their limits and "wounded, not reaching the great city of Bulgarian." Back in 1230, shortly after the defeat on the yoke, Bulgarians concluded peace with Vladimir-Suzdal Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, the strongest of the Russian princes of that time, and the fact they secured their Western frontiers. Until time it seemed that they were able to restrain the onslaught of the Terrible enemy. But then there were only advanced, intelligence detachments. When Mongols hit the Bulgarian with all their power, their fate was solved.
Summer 1236 troops Batu and his brothers spent from the most borders of the Bulgarian Earth. It was at this time that the Hungarian monk-Dominican Julian was held here, heading with missionary objectives for centuries (ultrasound), who lived in the Ural. In addition to missionary Julian, other secret goals were pursued; In any case, he and then, and later acted very skillfully, extracting important information about the movements and intentions of Mongols 21. Juliana managed to find his long-lost relatives, but here he found and "the ambassador of the Tatar leader" - hardly did the Batu himself, who led some negotiations with the Ugra. From this Ambassador Julian found out that the Mongolian army was located next door, at a distance of five day transitions; It intended to "go against Alemania" (Germany) and only waited for "the other, which was sent to defeat Persians" 22. Mention of Persians, as well as about Alemania as the main goal of the Western campaign of Mongols, is not quite true (it is possible that this is the result of targeted disinformation of the Mongolian ambassador). But here's the fact that the "other army" should have been connected to the first, the fact is undoubted. And we know that at the head of this "other" troops, which smoked from the depths of Asia, were the eldest Tsarevichi of the Mongolian Empire, and led the best commander of the Empire of the Baattur subnedoy, perfectly knew and the terrain in which Mongols had to fight, and all the habits and tricks enemy.
Taken from the Mongolian tribe of Uryankhaev, the subterns, "brave brave, an excellent rider and arrows," Genghis Khan 23 moved very early. He began his career as a "son-hostage", then he was a decade, the centurion and so all the steps of the military service were held, in the end, he was born with ChingiSides through marriage with a princess from their kind of Tumegan. "Support and support in bloody battles" called him Genghis Khan, and the enemies called "PSS", "fattening human meat" and ready for all for the achievement of the goal. They have "... Iron hearts, sabers instead of flaps. They feed on dew, ride on the wind. In the days of the battles, they eat human meat, in the days of the fights, they serve as a man "- such people seemed to the enemies of the Mongols of the commander of Genghis Khan, and the first of them - the Baatur subcentage 24. "They polly:" Forward, on the enemy! " / And the flint they crushes. / Back whether you will order to file - / at least the rocks are spread, / white stone with the bell is trying, / bog and the fuces will be held "- and this is already the words of Genghis Khan himself about people like his faithful" chain ps "25. The 61-year-old subcentage (he was born in 1175) actually headed the West Hike, as he headed for the former hiking and during the times of Genghis Khan, and with a memorian-khan. The rest of the Tsarevichi could feel calmly "under his stupid", as he would be expressed later by Himself, summing up the Military Campaign Batu in Russia and in other Western countries. However, Batu's excellent commander - with him (and partly instead of him), His troops in the western campaign, leading to Buraldy (or Burundai, how his Russian chronicles), the conifer and successor of the famous Borcorch-Neuon, the first associate and Emir Genghis Khan and the leader of the "right wing" of the entire Mongolian troops.
United, the troops have begun decisive actions. "Batu with Shiban, Buraldham and with an army made a campaign against Bulars (here: Bulgarians. - A. K.) and Bashkhrdov (Bashkir; here, probably: Ural Hungarians. - A. K.) ... and in a short time, without great efforts, mashed them and produced a beating and rabiting there, "reports Rashid Ad-Dean 26 and further adds:" They (Mongols. - A. K.) reached the Great City and to other areas of him, broke the troops and forced him They will conquer them. " True, make the efforts of Mongols, of course, had to. The Bulgarian had a strong army, there were many fortresses in the country, some of them, according to the contemporary, could set up to 50 thousand warriors. The capital of the country was especially strengthened - the Great City, as its Russian chronicles and Eastern chronicists called the same name. The city was located on the Small Cheremchean river, at the site of the Biilian township (in the current Alekseevsky district of Tatarstan), approximately 40 kilometers of south of Kama 27. By the beginning of the XIII century, he was among the largest cities in Europe. The city was surrounded by several shafts and Rips, in the center there was a citadel, protected by powerful, up to 10 meters thick, wooden wall. There were also wells with good drinking water, so the city seemed perfectly adapted and to the reflection of the enemy assault, and to a long siege. Alas, it is in these wells archaeologists and find tragic evidence of the last minutes of the life of the defenders of the city: people dropped here still alive, condemn to painful death ... "At first they (Tsarevichi) force and storm took the city of Bulgar, who was famous in the world inaccessibility and the big settlement, - reports the contemporary of Juguney events. - For an example, the inhabitants (part) have killed, and partly captured. " The Russian chronicler wrote about the same in the same fall from the eastern country to the Bulgarian land of godless Tatars, and took the glorious Great City of Bulgarian, and killed the weapon from the elder to the young and to the smoother baby, and took the goods a lot, and their city Lit for fire and all the land they were polonged "28. As the archaeologists testify, the capital of Great Bulgaria has never been revived: a new settlement will arise here next to the old, which turned into a ash region.
The same fate will be waiting for other cities in the path of Mongolian troops. The conquerors were granted only those who immediately and unconditionally recognized their power, and not always. Any attempts of resistance, as we know, were suppressed ruthless. When, in the fall of 1237, the monk Julian's already known to us will soon go to the sermon to the Highup pagans, he, having achieved the border guard of the Russian and Bulgarian lands, learns with horror that he was nowhere to go further and someone to preach: "Oh, the sorrowful spectacle, inspiring the horror of anyone! Hungary-pagans, and Bulgars, and many kingdoms are completely defeated by Tatars. "
However, the complete extermination of the inhabitants was not included in the plans of the conquerors. In this case, there would be no one to work on them, pay tribute, ensure them all necessary. Batu and other Tsarevichi readily accepted those Bulgarian princes that he expressed humility. Those turned out to be two - some bayan and jiku: "They were generously gifted" and "returned back", that is, they returned their power, limited, truth, recognizing the power of Mongolian Khanov. Mongolian conquerors and Russia will behave in the same way, and in other countries captured by them. The ruthless ruin of the country, monstrous cruelty, violence - and at the same time recognized for princes, expressed their humility with new ruler, all previously belonged to them, quite a merciful treatment of them, the inclusion of them in the structure of power existing in the Mongolian Empire.
The conquest of Bulgaria turned out to be, however, far from final. When Mongols leave the country's limits and collapse into Russian lands, Bulgarian princes - obviously, the same Bayan and Jicky - rise against conquerors. You will need a new campaign in their land of the substain itself, new bloody violes. In the end, the Great Bulgaria on the Volga will cease to exist as an independent state, and its land will enter their own ulus Batu and his descendants.
Defeating Bulgaria, the Mongolian army was divided. Batu himself, his brothers, as well as Tsarevichi Kanadan and Kulkans moved to the ground of the Volga Peoples neighboring Bulgaria - Moksha and Erze (Mordva), as well as Burtasov (whose ethnicity is not exactly determined) - and, as Rashid Ad-Dean reports, " In a short time they searched them. " The militant Mordovian tribes at that time were bent with each other; One of Mordovian princes, Pures, the ruler Mokshan, was an ally of Vladimir-Suzdal Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich; His opponent Purgas (ruler Erzyan) did a bet on the Volga Bulgarian and brutally bent with Rus. Different paths were chosen in relation to the Mongols invaded in their country. "There were two prince," Hungarian Julian reported on the "kingdom of Mordanov" (Mordva). "One prince with all the people and family requested Vladyka Tatars (apparently, Pures. - A. K.), but another with few people went to very fortified places to defend themselves, if enough forces." This second prince, in all likelihood, was Purgas; The war with him Mongols will be resumed later, after the ruin of Northeast Russia. As for the Pures, the Mokshan led by them will take the most active participation in the subsequent wars of Batu in Hungary and Poland. Julian suggests that "within one year or a little longer", i.e. for 1236-1237, the Mongols "took possession of the five greatest pagan kingdoms", among whom he included Volzhskaya Bulgaria, the land of the Ural Hungarian-pagans, "the kingdom Mordanov ", as well as some other state formations - Sassium, or Faschia (in which, either Saksin in the lower reaches of the Volga, conquered by Mongols in 1229, or the land of Bashkir), Merovia (probably marries - Cheremis Russian Chronicles) and Underential full and feud. They also took the 60 very fortified castles, so crowds that 50 thousand armed warriors could have come out of one, "adds a Hungarian monk.
Another part of the Mongolian troops led by Tsarevichi GUUKOM and MENGU and the Emir of the subedeem hit the Polovtsian noba, pushing the Polovtsy to the Caspian coast.
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Europe began the beginning of the XIII century largely simply in ignorance in relation to a new threat, impending to it from the east. Information slowly coming with caravans and travelers, spread slowly. Europe itself, mired in chronic cruel feudal gravest, was not much interested in what was happening somewhere in the distant lands - in his own order to hurt. The first data, very vague, about events in the distant steppes of Asia began to reach the courtyards of monarchs in the 20s. The XIII century, when Jebe's Army and Subedei invaded the Polovtsy Steppes. Having reached the limits of the Rus suffering from the princely, the Mongol Empire's troops in 1223 were defeated by Russian troops at the river Kalka and, taking more prey, discovered back to Central Asia.
The first European authorities of the preconditions were worried by the Hungarian King Bela IV. He docard the Dominican Guinea Julian's monk with several representatives of other monastic orders for an intelligence mission in the Volga region to deal with the situation in place. For three years from 1235 to 1238, Julian collected information, and successfully returned. The stories of the intelligence monk about the hordes of the steppe calendar were so impressive and eloquent that they preferred not to believe. While in Europe lazily disgusted from the warning speeches of Julian, in the east again became gently expressing, anxiously. The huge army of Batiu invaded Russia, and in the courtyards of the authorities began to appear to appear the embassies. Dressed in strange clothes delegates with diagonal eyes and persons, weathered steppe winds, handed literactions to local authorities. From these messages, there was a certain person who called himself great Khan, demands from kings and other rulers of obedience and subordination. Somewhere was surprised by such arrogance, somewhere laughed - in other places with ambassadors, it was even unacceptable, violating diplomatic etiquette, because the same Belo, the Mongols were accused of the fact that several embassies from Hungary returned.
But after the ambassadors from the east, refugees stretched from the east - and wondering how much more often, and laugh stopped at all. In 1239, Polovtsy Khan Kotyan appealed to the Hungarian king asked outlined in the letter. Its essence coincided with the fact Bela accepted Polovtsev in its territory, saving from the invasion, in exchange for the adoption of Catholicism. Prior to this, the Polovtsy professed a certain mixture of Orthodoxy and worship the Turkic Divine of Tengri. In the autumn of 1239, Bela Iv met Kotyan with almost 40 thousand tribesmen on the border of his state and gave them permission to ride in the territory of Hungary. However, the local feudal to know was frightened too much strengthening the royal power (to the absolutist "state - it was me" there was more than four centuries) and arranged a plot. On the eve of the invasion of the Mongols to Europe in 1241, the Catholicism of Kotyan and his family members were treacherously killed in the feather. Polovtsy renounced Catholicity and discarded the Balkans.
The union with the Hungarian kingdom of Russian principalities and the Hungarian kingdom. Of this union, Galico-Volyn Prince Daniel Romanovich and Chernigovsky - Mikhail Vsevolodovich were persistently achieved. King Bela IV under the most different pretexts from any agreements shied. They did not show interest in the joint preventive curb of the aggressor and other European states. The German Emperor Friedrich II Staufen, an exquisite connoisseur of languages \u200b\u200band strategic intrigues, was publicly launched from the Mongolian messages with the requirement of humility - he modestly asked the Great Khan to appoint it courtly Sokolnichim. In fact, according to some information, he entered the secret correspondence with Khan, intending to use this force in an increasingly growing conflict with dad. Pontifik Gregory IX himself was obviously aware of the threat from the east, because the Catholic Church had had the best agent in Europe at that time, perhaps the best agent in Europe. Dad had his views on the Mongolian military machine, having calculated to use it in the Antiarab direction as an impermanent action tool in Middle Eastern politics. In the north, the Livonian Order who had an impressive military force was preparing for an armed species of preaching Catholicism in the Baltic States and in the North-East of Russia and, focusing on the realization of his ambitions, did not show any interest in confrontation with some Mongols. Neglecting an impending danger that has not been able to convert traditional town feudal disassembly in its importance, expensive by Europe.
East against west
Heavy Mongolian Warrior and His Equipment
Military power of the Mongols was somewhat weakened by the stubborn resistance of the Russian principalities, but was considerable strength. With Mongolian Khanakh, there was a sufficient number of scientists and geographers, so that the command of nomads was aware of the lands lying to the west of Russia, to a much greater extent, rather than Europeans knew about the aliens from the east. Since the main blow was applied in Hungary, we can assume that Batie planned to use the Hungarian Valley as an operational and feed base in the center of Europe. Presumably the overall concept and plan of a raider on Eastern Europe developed Sub Eeth, one of the best commander of the Mongolian Empire. He provided an invasion of Hungary from several directions to force the enemy to crush his strength, thereby reducing the level of resistance.
Three tumem (the main Mongolian tactical unit of 10 thousand soldiers) remained as an occupational contingent in Russia. Two tumem under the command of the grandchildren of Genghis Khan Bidar and Kadan should have made a reconnaissance and sabotage raid in the north-west direction towards Poland. It was assumed only to try the Poles for strength, it is intended to divide how much the local troops are capable of defense, and after turning south to the main forces. The younger brother Batya Shibanu with one Tumen was to sneak along the northern outskirts of the Carpathian Mountains and join Hungary from the north. The battered army itself, consisting at least four Tumenes, struck through transylvania, distracting attention, and the author of the plan of Subedei, moving along the banks of the Danube, was preparing to invade the kingdom from the south. Some researchers believe that the onslaught of Europe concentrated on Hungary, since only it allegedly was going to restrict himself. The other version is that the defeat of Bella IV was only stage on the path of further expansion. Try the Christian army to meet Batya or Subede, she in any case substituted his rear recesses. The operation was well thought out.
The problem for Europeans was also in the fact that almost no one knew anything about the methods and methods of conducting hostilities used by the Mongols. Of course, the term "Mongols" is clearly collective, since the army that appeared at the beginning of 1241 near the walls of Europe, was a real international cocktail, which included representatives of various peoples and nationalities. Avalanche, who escaped from the endless steppes of Mongolia, like a sponge, absorbed whole layers of various cultures. Together with them, knowledge and skills were acquired. Those that have proven were recycled and applied by conquerors in practice. European chivalry will have to face a completely unknown opponent, experienced, skillful, skillful and brave. It was not a formless ululucing crowd of savages, running out when meeting with a serious obstacle. The most importantly organized, prepared and, most importantly, the experienced army was competed on Eastern Europe. It was associated with iron discipline, in abundance shed blood and ruthless Will Khanov. Countless victories with rare defeats contributed to the proper level of combat spirit.
The main part of the Mongolian army consisted of cavalry - light and heavy. There were elite units from the direct protection of the commander, Kesikten, a kind of guard. The main Mongolian warrior was an integral onion from the horns of Yak and wood with a length of 130-150 cm. The weapon had a high power and range: the arrows with a length of 90-95 cm could affect the targets at a distance of about 300 meters, and the armor was able to break through the distance. Each warrior had a few bows and quiver to them with them - the entire rifle kit was called Saadak. Heavy cavalry with warriors in armor, armed with swords, bulbs and shields, joined the battle at a decisive moment, when the light cavalry already exhausted the enemy as it should bring it to the appropriate condition. The personnel of the army was divided along the decimal system: a dozen, a hundred, thousands and the greatest tactical unit - a tuman consisting of ten thousand. Completed the army at the rate of one warrior out of ten people. This rule was initially applied to the original Mongolian lands, and then, as they progress, and part of the conquered. Novogrena came to the service with his weapon and several horses. Mongols were famous for skillful siege and had enough equipment used during the storming of fortresses and cities.
Natisk
At the very beginning of 1241, the Mongolian army invaded according to the initial plan to Poland. In January, they broke away to the Vistula, where Lublin and vinor were captured and looted. An attempt to sleep incomplete local militia and knighthood to have resistance ended with defeat on February 13 under the Turkish. It was here that the Europeans first felt the context of the Mongols unprecedented before that. The initial Natisk Poles was strong, and the lightweight cavalry of the allegedly unorganized and dyed enemy began to retreat in full disorder. He carried the pursuit of the pursuers, without noticing, turned into a game surrounded from all sides and were interrupted. On March 10, Baidar forced Vistula at Sandomier, after which, having highlight a detachment from his forces under the leadership of Kadan, sent him to ruin the edge, he himself spoke to Krakow. The natural desire of the Poles to cover the Krakow direction led to a new, larger battle of March 18 under the Khmelnik. Baidar this time was opposed by Krakowsky Voivode Vladimuzh Klemens and Sandomira Contingent under the command of Pakoslav. Polish troops were demoralized before the start of the battle of the actual desertion of Krakow Prince Boleslav, together with his mother, the Russian princess of Gremislav ingvarovna, and family. From sin, foremost prince went to Hungary.
And again, the Mongols showed themselves as the glorious warriors. Since Polish troops concentrated in Krakow, it was decided to lure them from there. The mobile group of light cavalry burst into the outskirts, arranged a robbery and ruin there. Frightened Poles, seeing that the enemies are a bit, could not refuse the temptation to rush into pursuit. Mongolian detachment made it possible to chase several tens of kilometers, skillfully without breaking distance. After that, the pursuers were surrounded by horse archers and exterminated. Many Malopolsky died (Small Poland - the historical region in the south-west Poland) of chivalry and both governors. The remnants of the troops scattered, some of them succeeded to the city, bringing a disorganiserous task. In the district began to spread panic. Krakow, who remained without defenders and almost without residents, was captured on March 22 and is already subject to solid ruin.
Having finished with Krakow, Biddar moved further - she was waiting for her Oder, who had to cross, bridges and the crossings were destroyed in advance. The construction and search of boats, rafts and other floats has somewhat detained the Mongolian army. By the time of the appearance of the avant-garde of Mongols from Wroclaw, its inhabitants have already prepared for defense. The city itself was abandoned and partially burned, and the inhabitants together with the garrison were hidden in a well-fortified fortress. There were also concentrated reserves of provisions in case of siege. Attempting to master Wroclaw with the move failed - the defenders beat the onslaught of the enemy with large losses for him. Not succeeding in a rapid attack, Mongols moved to the main forces of Baidar for regrouping. By this moment, the sabotage campaign of this northern group attracted too much attention. Local authorities, even recently, with obvious skepticism, who attacked the stars about the hordes of nomads, and who perceived them, as the mythical kingdom of John Presbyter, were now faced with this disaster to face. The enemy was no longer somewhere away - ruined the country. And the reaction, although the belated, followed.
Battle with Legnica
Jan Mateyko. Henry Pious
Prince Heinrich Pious, recognizing the threat to a very significant, began to collect already a big army. Troops moved to it from different seats. From the southern Poland, the brother of the deceased Krakow governor Sulislav with a detachment arrived. A contingent from the upper silesia commanded Meshko. Heinrich himself got up at the head of the Lower Silesian troops. Foreign formations in the United Army were under the command of Bolesca, the son of the Moravian Marcgraf Dipold. There, by the way, members of the order of the Templars were included. In any case, the Grand Master of Ponce d'Kon in a letter to the French king Louis IX reported that in the battle under the league, the Order lost about 500 people, of which 6 knights. There was also a small squad of the Knights of the Teutonic Order. The fact is that the father of Henry Pious Heinrich I bearded under the control of this order some plot of land in exchange for help. Prince Heinrich applied for help to the neighbor, Czech King Wenceslas I, and he promised to send an army. Heinrich decided to try happiness in the field battle - his army, most of his infantry, had a large number of experienced warriors in its composition. The big bet was traditionally done to blow a heavy knightly cavalry - in the European customs of warfare, it was one of the main axes of victory. The difficulty of the situation was that non-Europeans fought against Heinrich. He led his army to Legnica, the city in Silesia, where Vaclav I was moving, who decided to personally lead the army.
Biddar was just one day transition from the city. Having learned about the approach of Henrich and having received information from well-set intelligence about the threat of his association with Czechs, the Mongolian commander came to meet the enemy in order to impose a battle and prevent the confluence of two armies. He notified his decision by letters of Batya and continuing to repair the ruin in the Mazovia Kadan.
Knight Teutonic Order
The forces of the opposing parties are generally comparable in quantity, but differ in composition. According to some reports, Baidar had 1 thousand slots for anxiety and lubrication of the enemy, 11 thousand horse archers and 8 thousand heavy cavalry. In total, his army is estimated by almost 20 thousand people. Heinrich and its allies could oppose this 8 thousand heavy cavalry, 3 thousand light cavities, 14 thousand infantrymen. Apparently, the Europeans planned to repel the enemy attacks with their lightweight coneen, bleeding it, and then apply a crushing blow to heavy knightly cavalry.
Opponents met on April 9, 1241 near the Legnica. Baidar placed his slots from the "lubrication group" in the center, the flanks were horse archers. The heavy cavalry is located at some distance in the rear. Heinrich ahead set his lightweight Connection, behind which the second echelon stood heavy riders. The infantry was the third line. The battle of ridicule and insults began, which soon supplemented with mutual firing from the onions. Allies began to get more, so their lightweight cavalry rushed at the order of documencing the pokers. However, successful first, the attack began to smear - the enemy on his low-spirited horses drove off at some distance and again continued shelling, holding a distance with allies all the time. Then Heinrich ordered the heavy cavalry to join the battle, which was immediately fulfilled.
A prodigated avant-garde, rearming, resumed on the Natisk, and the Mongols, seeing the change in the situation, began to rapidly retreat, spreading on the flank directions. The allies began persecution, it would seem that I wondered with all the legs of the enemy. And then the Mongols applied one of its numerous non-standard for Europeans: they staged a smoke veil from harvested in advance ligaments of wood, herbs and twigs. Smoke clubs began to strengthen the retreating shotpers, and all the equestrian Armada allies rushed directly through the clouds of smoke, without seeing anything around.
Legnic Battle Scheme
At this time, horse archers located on the flanks began to surround the enemy's Connection, generously shook her arrows. When the inertia of the attackers of the knights was redeemed, on them, exhausted shelling and poorly focused in the situation, hit a completely fresh Mongolian heavy cavalry in reserve. Without sustaining the onslaught, one of the Polish detachments tried to escape the flight, but only weakened the system.
The blow of Mongols drew recently either frantic advancing Europeans into flight. The infantry, which does not see anything about smoke clubs and actually actually the role of the statists, did not even suspect the increasingly growing crushing. Finally, the running knights appeared because of the smoke and the Mongols, which were not tired of the mongola. It turned out to be a complete surprise - the running riders crashed into the dense ranks of their infantry, the dump began, quickly generated panic. The system crumbled, and the allies' army ran, no longer representing organized strength. The real massacre began - Mongols did not need prisoners too much. The defeat was complete. The initiator itself, Henry's godly died in battle. Literally for a day to the place of battle Vaclav, having learned about the defeat of the ally, preferred to be unreserved. Baidar's warriors were cut off her ears and laid into large bags, which were nine pieces. The body of Prince Heinrich was beheaded, and the head was attached to the peak. With all these attributes, the mongola approached Legnica, demanding to pass the city, however the inhabitants, rightly deciding that it is better not to count on the mercy of such visitors, they had serious resistance and beat several attacks. Righting the surroundings, steppes left.
Hungary. Battle at Shao.
Information mined by Monk Julian was caused, of course, some skepticism, but the Hungarian king made certain measures to increase the country's defense capability. Some fortresses were reconstructed, weapons stock were accumulated. When Polovtsy Khan Kotyan granted to the emigration along with the tribesmen - and not because of passion for travel, and due to the fact that he was demolished from the Mongols native nomads, - in Hungary there were no longer a joke in Hungary. The situation complicated the numerous and ambitious feudal to know, constantly intriguing against royal power and persistently did not want to strengthen the center, which resulted in the treacherous killing of the kitten.
The first information about the appearance of Mongols on the eastern outskirts at the court was received in January. The king of Bela IV, which is then in Pesta, instructed Palatin (Higher after the king an official in Hungary until 1853) Donianization to put out the heads in the Carpathians. On March 10, 1241, the news came about a large-scale invasion of the numerous Mongolian army through the so-called "Russian gates" (Versetsky Pass). It was past with a whole headquarters of experienced military leaders - his army consisted of tens of thousands of people. The conflict with a favor who dreamed that the royal army did not exceed the number of Palace Guardians, did not allow reinforcement to the border in time. On March 12, Dionysius's limited forces were scattered, and the high-friendly opponent began to spill in the country. Already on March 15, the avant-garde of Batya under the command of his younger brother Shiban reached the Pest district, where the king convulsively collected the army.
The approached Bate got a camp about 20 km from the main forces of Hungarians. Nomads constantly kept the enemy in tension in their presence, and in the meantime, the volatile detachments ruined the surroundings, collecting rich prey, provincial and fodder. On March 15, the city of Wac was captured, a little later Eger. White's forces in the meantime increased - a significant reinforcement in the face of the Army of Croatian Duke Coloman came to him, and now their total number achieved, according to various estimates, at least 60 thousand people. Opinions about further actions aroused disputes. Part of the leadership led by the Koloch archbishop of Ugolin required the most active actions. The zeal of a modest servant of the church was so great that he personally, without the approval of the king, made a sabotage tool to the Mongols with a pair of thousands of warriors. There, the bishop, of course, fell into the ambush and returned only with several people. This amateur eventually sued him, because in the bet of the Christian military was not everything smoothly: Vassal Bella, the Austrian Duke Friedrich Babenberg, quietly with his suzerane and left for her homeland. Understanding that further inaction only breaks down the army, and being confident in its superiority - now the king had 60 thousand against 30 thousand from Batiya, - in early April Bela ordered the united army to perform from Pest. Not wanting to take the battle on uncomfortable conditions, Mongols retreated. An overloaded by the incidence and large fractions of infantry, the Hungarian-Croatian army slowly dragged after. A few days later, the main forces under the command under the command of Subedea came to Batya - the connection with Mongols through the race system was magnificently, which allowed to collect a shock fist as soon as possible at the right place.
After a week of persecution, Bela got a camp at the Shao River. The camp was charged with frequencing and wagons. The bridge was located on the left flank position. For some reason, the king decided that the enemy would not be able to forcing the river, and left to cover it only one thousand warriors. Batie decided to surround the enemy and destroy it. He separated the Corps of the Subedea, which was prescribed at night, secretly to force the river south and bypass the enemy camp. Han himself all day on April 9 held a disturbing allies of activity. On the one hand, he did not give them a rest and kept in suspense, on the other hand, - the enemy saw that the Mongols became much smaller, and was subjected to, reducing the vigilance. April 10 passed in the preparation for the operation.
Battle Scheme on the Shaio River
On the night of 10 on April 11, Sub Eensa was secretly forced by Shao, and actually visited the union army in the flank and the rear. In the morning, a widespread embossed guns, the battered successfully knocked down a barrier from the bridge and captured it. Soon through him, Mongolian cavalry hurt. News about the appearance of the enemy found Hungarians and Croats by surprise. As long as the alarm, Stepniki occupied convenient positions at altitudes, showering in the camp of shower arrows. Soon there were tightened and stigma. By two hours of the day, according to the testimony of the contemporary of events, the historian of the archcoat of Foma Splitsky, the camp was tightly blocked by the Mongols, which massively used burning arrows. Resistance has become weaker, and the army began to cover panic. There was a flight of individual feudalists with detachments, soon he was overgrown in the utmost chaos. Bati prudently not completely surrounded the enemy, leaving him a small loophole, - otherwise the allies could start fighting to death, and then his army suffered completely in vain losses.
Mongols were masters not only tactical retreat, but also skilled in competently and persistently chasing the enemy. The crowd, a few hours ago, the former army, who had lost everything - from the combat spirit to the banners and worm, was driven now towards the Pest, from where she still recently performed. On the shoulders of the running Mongols broke into the feet. The city was looted and burned. The defeat was complete. The losses of Hungarians and Croats are rated by more than 50 thousand people. The kingdom lost not only the army, but also the king. Bela IV did not find another way out, how to run to his vassalu Austrian Duke Friedrich Babenberg. The demoralized king gave him for help in the fight against invasion and, probably, for the provision of asylum almost all the treasury (10 thousand brands) and three counties. The severe Duke of Koloman with the remnants of his detachment retreated to Croatia.
Unfined hike
Mongolian detachments, almost no resistance, continued to be unimpeded by the country. The largest promotion of Mongols to the West was recorded in the spring of 1242, when the Tumen Kadan, capturing along the path of the city and the fortress, went to the Adriatic. Battered himself from Poland, Baydar, who came up from Poland, was engaged in the ruin of the Czech Republic. And here the Stepnyaki was taken and looted many cities. Being in forced emigration Bela IV tried to raise the resonance because of the extremely distinguished position of his state, and all Eastern Europe. He sent letters with requests for the two most powerful figures of that time: the German Emperor Friedrich Staufenu and Pape Gregory IX. Naturally, absorbed by clarifying relations among themselves, this politicians did not have any business to the moans of the Hungarian king. The emperor sympathetically replied that, they say, Mongols are very bad, and Pope referred to care, limiting the words of support and consolation. The hospitality of Austrians soon dried up, and Bela was forced to flee into Dalmatia. It is not known how events would happen further if at the end of 1241 Bati did not receive an emergency message about the death of the great Khan Ugheda. Now the Higher Mongolian nobility was to gather at Kurultay in order to elect a new lord of the enormous empire. The activity of the Mongols in Europe is gradually decreasing. Despite the activities of individual, even large, detachments, the gradual waste of the east begins. There are several versions of the cessation of the campaign to the West, and one of them is that the death of Uredei was only a reason for the retreat of exhausted battles and big losses incurred in the fight against Russian principalities and in Eastern Europe, the army. Perhaps the repetition plans were available for the future, but in the light of increasingly covering the Mongolian Empire, this idea was not implemented.
The king of Bela IV soon after the departure of the aggressors safely returned to the execution of its state duties and made a lot to strengthen the royal power. Already in 1242, he made an army against the Duke of Austrian, forcing that the county was actually selected from Hungarians. Bat, or Batu-Khan, ass in the capital of his ulus Saray-Batu, actively participating in the political life of the Mongolian state. He did not make any military campaigns to the West and died in 1255 or 1256. Europe, measuring in the attack of horror in front of the hordes of rapid steppe nomads, after their care I translated the Spirit and took up the usual routine feudal squabbles. Rusy's extensive lands raised to the east of the extensive lands waited for difficult, full time tragedy, covered with blood grass Kulika fields and prime banks of the river Ugra.
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abstract
Subject: Mongolian invasion of Europe and its consequences for Russia
Introduction
The XIII century for Russia (RUSI) is the struggle of the Russian people for their independence against the upset Mongolian, German, Swedish, Danish, Hungarian and Polish feudal feudals, ultimately, the importance of these events is difficult to overestimate. It is only worth thinking about the consequences of the Mongolian Victory: the ruin of prosperous countries with ancient culture, (China, Persia), about the destruction of the magnificent kingdom of Khorezm to the plain, the destruction of the best Russian cities with their developing civilization, the massacre and looting of property, became a stunning blow, which stunned Russian people and violated the normal continuation of economic and political life for many years.
Expansion was one of the important and fateful moments in the history of mankind. On the scale of its destruction and influence on further events, it can, equals with barbaric attacks of the 5th century, which overturned the Roman Empire, putting an end to the ancient world.
Mongol-Tatar invasion, hiking 1237-1238 and 1240-1242, without any doubt can be considered a huge disaster for Russia
The consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, hiking 1237-1238 and 1240-1242 are difficult to consider from a positive side. But, nevertheless, Russia has never become the same, 200 years with the people, whose principles did not fit into the framework of the consciousness of the Russian man, were sharply polar. Regardless of the assessment of past centuries, it must be said that its consequences were huge and determined the future path of the Russian state in many areas of its development.
In the essay, I will be considered: the beginning, development and final results of the Tatar-Mongol invasion on Russia and European countries.
MAIN PART
1. Education of the Mongolian Power
In the XII century Mongolian tribes occupied the steppe territory in the valleys of the Oneon rivers and Cerulent. Mongols were hunters and herders, raised sheep and horses. As the number of livestock increases between individual Mongolian births, clashes began due to pastures, grew into bloody wars. During these clashes, a leaving from the Noyonic genus Temacign was nominated. By combining the old Friends of the Father, Techovachin completely cut the Tatars, and then dealt with his colleagues standing on the way to sole power. In 1206, the congress of Mongolian nobility (Kurultay) proclaimed Techurica of the Great Kagan of all Mongols - ChezGiss Khan. The term of Mongol-Tatars common in the historical industry is a compound of self-discharge of the people with the term, which this people were indicated by the neighbors.
From 1206 to 1211 Chingiz-Khan led conquering wars in North Asia. He subjugated Buryat, Yakuts, Kyrgyz, Tangutov, Uigurov, conquered Primorye.
In 1211-1218 Mongols won North China (Jin Empire), Korea. In the multi-depleted and overwhelmed South China (Song Empire), Mongols did not go. In China, Mongols mastered military equipment (siege machines). During the conquest of China, the principles of construction of the Mongolian troops were finally formed, recorded in the Genghis Chana law - YaSa. Warriors united in tens of hundreds-thousand-tums. The tens were soldiers from one aul (kind). Tough discipline acted: for cowardice in the battle of one executed the entire ten. The panties were not taken to the warriors, he became an outcast. Each warrior had two horses, leather armor, two onions with arrows, a saber, a battle ax, a light spear, and in a heavy Connection - still heavy spear and sword.
In 1219, the Mongols invaded the largest Central Asian state - Khorezm. Khorezm-Shah did not enjoy the support of the clergy and local khans. He did not dare to open battle, but preferred the defense of the fortresses. Mongols, numerically inferior to Khorezmians, broke them in parts. Many cities voluntarily opened the gate, believing the promises of the Mongols to spare the inhabitants. Everywhere the Mongols hijacked in slavery of artisans and young women, and the rest were killed.
Mongolian conquest led Flower Central Asia to a long-term decline. The irrigation system was destroyed, terrain desertification occurred. Agriculture was displaced by nomadic cattle.
Pursuing Khorezm-Shaha Advanced Mongol Troops (Toman Subudai-Bague and Jebe-Neuon) bypassed from the South of the Caspian Sea and invaded the Transcaucasus. Through the Derbent gorge, they reached the North Caucasus, where they met with Polovtsy and Alans (Ossetian ancestors). Unshelling the Polovtsy that they were fighting only against Alan, Mongols were smashed at first Alan, and then the Polovtsy. After that, they invaded the Black Sea region, mastered Sudakov (soury) in the Crimea.
Opinion: According to the above-described history of the formation of Mongolian tribes and further conquest, we can see that in the leader of the Genghis-Khan tribes from the family of Temacign, did not exist with the quality of mercy, he "cut out" whole nations. Behind him stood strength and confidence. The goal-conquest, but the conquered territories were destroyed, deserted, people were made not to do what they knew how to do better, but what seemed to be the right things.
2. Battle on Kalka
Cast Mongols, the Polovtsy turned for help to the Russians. Russian princes decided to help the Polovtsy and meet an unknown enemy outside their land. They came to meet Mongols. The false retreats were lured by the Russians and Polovtsy to the shores of r. Rolling. In June 1223, a battle took place on Kalka. Russian princes troops acted separately. They were fascinated by the pursuit of the retreating light cavalry of the Mongols and fell under the blow of their main forces. Mstislava's troops, Daniel Galitsky and Mstislav Chernigov were defeated. Kiev shelves of Mstislav Older did not participate in battle, but were surrounded and forced to surrender. On the prisoners of the princes, Mongols put the boards and strangled, pouring on them. However, the Mongolians did not go to Russia, because they did not have enough strength.
In 1227, Genghis Khan died. Before his death, he divided his empire on the uluses. Western ulus got his grandson Batu-Khan (Batu). According to the testament, Chingiz-Khan Mongolas had to conquer the whole world to the "Sea of \u200b\u200bFranks" in the West.
Opinion: The battle on the rod once again proved the power of Tatar-Mongol. The fragmentation and lack of a single action plan, Russians and Polovtsy suffered a defeat. Fork is the first battle of Russians with Mongols, but unfortunately she did not serve as a lesson by Russian princes and did not prepare Russia to meet with a formidable opponent.
3. Invasion of Batya to Northeast Rus
In 1235, the new Kagan Uretei and Kurultay decided to make a new campaign to Europe. For the help of Batu-Khan, the forces of other uluses were sent. In 1236, Mongols ruined Volzhskaya Bulgaria and finally defeated Polovtsy.
In December 1237, the Mongols invaded the Border Ryazan Principality. After 6 days of the siege, Ryazan fell. The city was subjected to cruel ruin. Only some of the Ryazans retreated to OK and connected with the Suzdal troops. In the battle, the Russians were defeated by Kolomna.
Mongols took and burned Kolomna, Moscow, besieged Vladimir. The Grand Duke Yuri, leaving the family in Vladimir, retreated to the City River (north-west of Yaroslavl), where he tried to collect all the forces of Northeast Russia and give Mongols a decisive battle. After a four-day siege, Mongols broke the oak walls of Vladimir and took the city by storm. Residents and family of the Grand Prince, who tried to hide in the Assumption Cathedral, were interrupted. After that, part of the Mongols moved to the ground, and the part was asked Torzhok on the way to Novgorod.
On March 4, 1238, the Russians suffered a cruel defeat, the Grand Duke died. Torzhok, deposited by part of the Mongolian troops, fell after heroic two-week resistance. Mongols moved to Novgorod, but did not reach him about 100 miles and turned. Apparently, the refusal to take Novgorod was caused by the fear of the Rasputle and the fact that the Mongols had already secured their trip to Europe from the strike of the Russians in the rear. In addition, the seed terrain of Northern Russia was not suitable for nomadic economy. Mongols were not going to live here, and the receipt of Dani was already provided.
On the way back, Mongols moved a wide cluster chain, sinking cities. Suddenly stubborn resistance (7 weeks!) They had a small town of Kozelsk ("evil city"). Mongols managed to take it, only receiving reinforcements and siege machines.
Opinion: Batoy planned his trip to the northeast Russia in the winter, which ensured the maneuverability of his troops and the unexpected strike of the strike, since the princes were not ready for major invasion in the winter. It should be noted that the moral mood of the Mongolian army had a decisive role in the victory, people were confident in their abilities, and believed in their superiority, while Russia was in a state of fragmentation and decline. The collision of these two factors gave catastrophic results.
4. The invasion of Batya for South Rus
It began in the spring of 1239. In March Pal Pereyaslavl, in October - Chernigov. In the fall of 1240, Mongols were besieged Kiev, who belonged to Daniel Galitsky at that time. Having destroyed the walls, the Mongols broke into the city and the battle turned on his streets. The last defenders gathered in the Tenty Church, but she collapsed (by the chronicles - under the weight of the people who gathered on her roof, and most likely - under the blows of the trumpet cars). Kiev fell.
Opinion: North-Eastern Rus - lies in the ruins, but the princes of South Russia show carelessness and do nothing to protect their cities.
The result - fearing new invasions and destruction Russian princes accepted vassal dependence on the horde. The invasions of Batiya became the largest catastrophe in the history of Russia, led to the defeat of the East Slavic world. This invasion has deprived Russia of further favorable historical perspectives.
5. Camping Batya to Europe
After the defeat of Russia, Mongol hordes moved to Europe. Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Balkan countries were ruined. Mongols came to the borders of the German Empire, reached the Adriatic Sea. However, at the end of 1242, there are a number of failures in the Czech Republic and Hungary. From the distant Karakoruma came the news of the death of the great Khan Hube - the son of Genghis Khan. It was a convenient pretext to stop a hard hike. Baty turned his troops back to the east.
A decisive world-historical role in the rescue of the European civilization from the Mongolian Horde played the heroic struggle against the Russian and other peoples of our country, who assumed the first blow of the invaders. In fierce battles in Russia, the best part of the Mongolian troops died. Mongols have lost offensive power. They could not but reckon with the liberation struggle, which unfolded in the rear of their troops.
Nevskaya battle. The onset of the knights was particularly intensified in connection with the weakening of Russia, which expired blood in the fight against Mongolian conquerors.
In July 1240, the Swedish feudal foodals tried to take advantage of Russia. Swedish fleet with an army on board entered the mouth of the Neva. Having risen through the Neva to the sign of the River Izhora, Knight's cavalry landed ashore. Swedes wanted to capture the city of Old Ladoga, and then Novgorod.
Prince Alexander Yaroslavich, who was at that time 20 years, with his buddy rapidly rushed to the place of landing. "We have a little, he turned to his warriors," but God is not in force, but in truth. " Hidden approaching the camp of the Swedes, Alexander, with his warriors, hit them, and a small militia led by the Novgorod Misha cut off the Swedes through which they could escape themselves to their ships.
Alexandra Yaroslavich for the victory in the Neva Russian people novice Nevsky. The meaning of this victory is that she stopped the Swedish aggression for a long time, retained to the Baltic coast for Rus. (Peter I, emphasizing Russia's right to the Baltic coast, in the new capital at the site of the battle, was founded by Alexander Nevsky Monastery.)
Battle on the Ice. In the summer of the same 1240, the Livonian Order, as well as the Danish and German knights attacked Rus and captured the city of Izborsk. Soon, due to the betrayal of Postridov, the tolders and part of the boyars were taken by Pskov (1241). Gravity and distribution led to the fact that Novgorod did not help his neighbors. And the struggle between boyars and prince in Novgorod itself ended with an expulsion of Alexander Nevsky from the city. Under these conditions, certain detachments of the Crusaders were 30 km from the walls of Novgorod. At the request of Wecha, Alexander Nevsky returned to the city.
Together with his buddy Alexander, a sudden blow liberated Pskov, Izborsk and other captured cities. Having received the news that the main forces of the Order go on him, Alexander Nevsky blocked the way to knights, placing his troops on the ice of the Church of the Lake. Russian prince showed himself as an outstanding commander. The chronicler wrote about him:
"After winning everywhere, and not we defeat Nicoli." Alexander posted troops under the cover of the steep shore on the ice of the lake, eliminating the possibility of enemy intelligence of his forces and having deprived the opponent's freedom of maneuver. Considering the construction of the Knights of the "Pigs" (in the form of a trapezium with the Ostroy Wedge ahead, which was a heavy cavalry), Alexander Nevsky was located his shelves in the form of a triangle, the edge that escaped to the shore. Before the battle, some Russian warriors were equipped with special hooks to paint the knights with horses.
On April 5, 1242, a battle was held on the ice of the Lake Lake, the name of the Ice Bullings. Knight wedge struck the center of the Russian position and buried to the shore. The flank strikes of the Russian regiments decided the outcome of the battle: like clays, they squeezed the knightly "pig". Knights, not withstanding the blow, fled in a panic. Seven miles drove their Novgorod on ice, which in many places in many places became weak and fell under heavy warriors. The Russians pursued the enemy, "sequels, hacking behind him, as in the air," recorded the chronicler. According to the Novgorod chronicles, "German 400, and 50 taken captive" died in the battle (German chronicles evaluate the number of kits in 25 knights). Captive knights with disgrace were held through the streets of Mr. Great Novgorod.
The value of this victory is that the military power of the Livonian Order was weakened. A response to the Ice Bare was the growth of the liberation struggle in the Baltic States. However, relying on the help of the Roman Catholic Church, Knights at the end of the HS. Separated a significant part of the Baltic lands.
Russian land under the rule of the Golden Horde. In the middle of the XIII century. One of the grandchildren of Genghis Khan Khubulay moved his bet to Beijing, founding the yuan dynasty. The rest of the Mongolian Power nominally obeyed the Great Hanu in Karakorum. One of the sons of Genghis Khana - Chagay (Jagai) received the lands of most of Central Asia, and the grandson of Genghis Kharahu Bolku was owned by the territory of Iran, part of the front and Central Asia and the Transcaucasus. This ulus, highlighted in 1265, named the dynasty is called Hulamidov. Another grandson of Genghis Khan from his eldest son Juchi Bate founded the state of the Golden Horde.
Russian lands and golden hordes. Russian lands ruined by Mongols were forced to recognize the vassal dependence on the Golden Horde. The non-ceased struggle, which the Russian people led to the invaders led Mongol-Tatars to refuse to create their administrative authorities in Russia. Rus has kept its statehood. This contributed to the presence of own administration and church organization in Russia. In addition, the land of Russia was unsuitable for nomadic cattle breeding, in contrast, for example, from the media of Asia, the Caspiani, the Black Sea region.
In 1243, the brother of the Great Vladimir Prince Yuri Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (12381246) was called up in the Khan bet. Yaroslav admitted a vassal dependence on the Golden Horde and received a label (diploma) on the Grand Due to the Vladimir and Golden Space ("Piyza"), a kind of pass through the Ordan territory. Following him, other princes stretched in the Horde.
To control Russian lands, the Institute of Vicers-Baskets of the heads of military units of the Mongolotatar, who followed the activities of Russian princes. Donos Baskakov in the Horde ended inevitably either by challenging the prince in the barn (often he was deprived of a label, and even life), or a punitive campaign in a dismissed land. Suffice it to say that only for the last quarter HS. 14 such campaigns were organized into Russian lands.
Some Russian princes, seeking to get rid of you with a degree of dependence on the horde, became on the path of open armed resistance. However, the power to overthrow the power of the invaders was not enough. For example, in 1252, the regiments of the Vladimir and Galico-Volyn princes were broken. This was well understood by Alexander Nevsky, from 1252 to 1263 Great Prince Vladimirsky. He took the course for the restoration and rise of the Russian land economy. The politician Alexander Nevsky was supported by the Russian Church, which saw a greater danger in Catholic expansion, and not in the rigorous ruler of the Golden Horde.
In 1257, the Mongolotara was taken by the Population Census "Number". Remens were sent to the cities (Muslim merchants), who was given to the collapse of Dani to the deposit. Dani size ("output") was very large, only "Tsareva Dan", i.e. Tribute in favor of Khan, which Sleep Chala was collected in kind, and then money was 1300 kg of silver per year. The permanent tribute was complemented by the "requests" in favor of the Borami in favor of Khan. In addition, deductions from shopping duties, taxes for the "feeding" of khansky officials, etc. were included in the Khan tremury. There were 14 types of data in favor of Tatars.
Census of the population in the 50s and 60s HS. It was noted by numerous uprisings of Russian people against Baskakov, Khansky ambassadors, collectors of Dani, the correspondencers. In 1262, Dani's assemblers were separated with the residents of Rostov, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Ustyug. This led to the fact that the collection of Dani from the end of the XIII century. It was transferred to the hands of Russian princes.
Opinion: The historical role was played by the incessant struggle of Russians with Mongolian invaders, it did not give the army of the invaders to gain power and strike in Europe A.S. Pushkin rightly wrote: "Russia was determined by a great destination: its unbarrous plains were absorbed by the Mongol's power and stopped their invasion on the very edge of Europe ... the resulting enlightenment was rescued by ripped out by Russia." The struggle, which the Russian people led with the tormentors, pushed the Tatar to refuse to create their administrative authorities in Russia. Thereby, we kept their statehood.
In the second half of the XIV century, the expansion of the Moscow principality continued. The Golden Horde, on the contrary, weakened, exhausted by civilians of the Khanov. From 1360 to 1380, 14 Horde rulers changed. In Russian lands, the folk resistance of the Tatar-Mongolian IGU increased. In 1374, the uprising broke out in Nizhny Novgorod. Residents of the city killed the ambassadors of the Hana and all their detachment.
From 1359 to 1389, the grandson of Ivan Kalita Dmitry Ivanovich was contacted in Moscow. He was a talented commander a courageous patriot. If Ivan Kalita gold mined the world from the Horde for the Russian people, then his grandson headed the national struggle against Mongolian conquerors. In 1378, the Tatar Voivode Begich with a big army attacked the Ryazan Principality. Dmitry Ivanovich came to help Ryazan. On the banks of the River Veszh, the tributary of the Oka of his soldiers were surrounded and almost completely destroyed Tatar troops.
The Goldenordin Khan Mamay decided to deal with the recalcitrant Moscow. He conceived repeating Batievo invasion. Mamai gathered hundreds of thousands of warriors, concluded a military union with the Lithuanian prince Yagailo and in August 1380 made a campaign to Moscow. Prince Dmitry, having learned about the movement of Tatar troops, called for Russian princes to unite for the struggle for liberation from the Tatar-Mongolian yoke.
The princely squads and militia of peasants and artisans from Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Rostov, Kostroma, Murom and other principalities came to Moscow to Moscow. About 150 thousand equestrian and hiking soldiers gathered.
Scouts expelled by the prince Dmitry found that Mamai stands in Voronezh waiting for the approach of the troops of Yagailo. Dmitry decided to prevent the connection of the enemy forces. On the night of September 8, 1380, Russian troops crossed the Don and settled on the plain, which was called Kulikovo field. (Fig. 1) The left flank of the Russian troops, which was supposed to fall the main blow to the Tatars, passed into the busting shores of the resorns. The right flank was also protected by the swampy banks of the R.Neprevy, as well as a seriously equipped Pskov and Polotsk with horse squads. In the center of Big Rati, all city shelves were reduced. The advanced regiment was still part of a large regiment, the task of the guardian regiment was in the tying of the battle and return. Both regiments had to weaken the power of the enemy strike on the main forces. For a large regiment, a private reserve was located (cavalry). In addition, a strong appearance regiment was created from the selected cavalry under the command of the experienced military leaders - the governors of Dmitry Bobrot-Volyn and Serpukhov Prince Vladimir Andreevich. This regiment performed the task of the general reserve and was secretive located in the forest behind the left flank of the mains.
The sun rose and dispersed the fog. The hordes of Math appeared in the distance. According to custom, the battle began a fight. The Russian warrior Peresvet and Tatarin of the Checky, having met on fast horses, pierced each other with spears and both fell dead. The Tatars of a solid avalanche collapsed on the front regiment. Russians accepted the fight, not having flown. Soon the front regiment was destroyed. The mass of hiking and horse tatars crashed into a large regiment, who led the Prince Dmitry. Tatar cavalry struck the Russian troops on the left flank. The regiment of the left hand began to move. Tatars burst into the rear of a large regiment. At this time, the equestrian appearance of the regiment under the command of the Serpukhov Prince Vladimir and Volynsky Voivier Dmitry Bobrot Vortex flew to the enemy. Horror covered Tatars. It seemed to them that they were attacked by huge fresh strengths. Connection Maima turned to flight and crushed his infantry. Mamai watched the fight with a high hill. Seeing the defeat of his troops, he threw a rich tent and rode. Russians pursued the enemy to the beautiful sword river.
The ringing of bells and universal flashes met Moscow winners. For a glorious victory, the people nicknamed Dmitry prince Dmitry - Dmitry Donskoy. The Kulikov battle was of great importance. The Russian people realized that the combined forces could be achieved over ingenic conquerors. Even above the authority of Moscow as the center of the liberation movement. The process of combining Russian lands around Moscow accelerated.
Opinion: Kulikovsky battle and her victory gave the moral mood to the Russian people who have already lost their forces and in my opinion set up for further victories.
After the joining of the Novgorod land, the Moscow principality turned into a large and strong state. By this time, the golden horde broke up. Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean and Siberian Khanate, who lived in a permanent hostility among themselves separated from it. Having entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khan Mengly-Girem, Ivan III began to prepare for a rupture with the Horde. In 1478, Ivan III in the presence of Moscow boyars and the Horde ambassadors ripped and trampled the contract with the Horde, saying that he would no longer obey Khan and pay tribute. Hanic ambassadors kicked out of Moscow.
Goldenopa Khan Ahmat decided to fight with a revoking Moscow. In the summer of 1480, he with a big army approached the River of the Ugra, in the Okou near Kaluga. Polish-Lithuanian King Casimir IV, displeased that it was not possible to master Novgorod, promised to help Ahmatu and began to prepare for the campaign to Moscow.
Ivan III put his shelves on the opposite bank of the Ugra, Blooding the Tatars the path to Moscow. Many times the Tatar riders tried to cross the river, but the Russians met their rain of arrows and fires of guns. Four days continued the fight in the thief. Losing a fair number of their warriors, Ahmat refused to cross.
Weekly, months, and Ahmat, everything was waiting for help from Poles. But Casimir IV was not up to him. The Crimean Khan Garyre was attacked on the southern lands of the Polish-Lithuanian state, Ivan III ally. Ahmat received the news that Russian detachments sent on the vessels on the Volga Ivan III, attacked the territory of the Golden Horde. November came. Frost began. Dressed in summer Tatars began to suffer greatly from the cold. Ahmat went with his army on the Volga. Soon he was killed his rivals. Thus, the association of Russian lands into a single centralized state led to the liberation of Russia from the Tatar-Mongolian yoke. The Russian state has become independent. Significantly expanded its international relations. Ambassadors from many countries of Western Europe came to Moscow. Ivan III began to be magnificent to the state owner of All Russia, and the Russian state is Russia. Ivan III was married to the niece of the last Byzantine emperor - Sophie Paleologist. His marriage was used to strengthen Moscow's authority. Moscow declared the successake of Byzantium, the center of Orthodoxy. Byzantine coat of arms - a double-headed eagle - made the coat of arms of Russia.
In the history of the Russian people, a period of independent development began. "Our great Russian land," the chronicler wrote, "he freed from the yoke and began to update, as if he had moved from the winter to a quiet spring."
Opinion: Kulikovsky Battle Having posted the beginning of the liberation of the Russian people from the Mongol - Tatar invasion and the lack of a strong leader (such as Bat), the union of Russian land and the association against the general enemy eventually led to the liberation of Russia.
8. Consequence of the Mongol-Tatar invasion on Russia
Complex and diverse The problem of the Mongol influence on Russia is definitely. Here is considered by the complex of important problems. The main effect of the Mongolian invasion: This is the complete destruction of cities and the population; Then the consequences of the conscious policies of the Mongolian rulers for various parties to Russian life.
Despite the huge number of opposite opinions about the degree of integration of Russian and Mongolian societies, it can be concluded that the transformation of Russia in the Golden Horde ulus led to the fact that its civilization orbit moves the eastern side. The influence of Eastern civilization affected all parties to life and strengthened the civilization split of Russia, preserving its European features.
Direct impact of Mongolian domination
1) to the Russian National Economy
Most of all in the catastrophe of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the city was injured. Such old centers of Russian civilization as Kiev, Chernigov, Pereslavl, Ryazan, Suzdal and a somewhat more young Vladimir Suzdal, as well as some other cities, were completely destroyed, and the first Novgorod, Pskov, Galich avoided the ruin at this time. Mongolian policy pick up the most skilled and qualified artisans to the Khan service dispersal of Russian masters in the Mongolian world strongly found the source of experience directly and could not not interrupt the development of production traditions. With the closure in Kiev in 1240, the workshops for the manufacture of enamel or capture of their masters also disappeared and the Russian art of the partition enamel, which reached such a high level in Kiev Rus.
The technique of drawing also came out of consumption and after the Mongolian invasion and again became popular only in the 16th century.
Another serious loss due to the Mongolian conquest was the art of a stone thread.
The Mongolian invasion and the policy of Mongols against artisans also strongly undermined Russian industrial production as a whole.
2) on the government and administration
It was during the period of Mongolian yoke and, possibly, under the influence of the Mongolian judicial principles, in the criminal procedure of Moscow Russia is torture.
As for the tax system, the tribute remained the main source of income, and Soka is the main unit when taxing taxes. Another important source of great-term income was court fees. In legal proceedings, only the most important cases were considered by the Grand Duke person. Most of the crimes and affairs were carried out by its governors in every significant city and magazine in each rural area, which, in turn, contributed to Tiuna (judges) and closers (speakers). Since the grandjacene treasury did not have enough funds to pay the salary to all the above officials, the great prince did not remain anything, how to allow them to be fed from the area to which they were appointed. Feeding roots go to the Kiev period, but it has acquired a universal nature only during the Mongolian IGA - for the decades of direct Mongolian control, people were accustomed to the obedience of power and the execution of debt to the state.
The consequences of the Mongolian conquest and the goldside yoke for Russia. The Mongol invasion and the Goldenopa Nago became one of the reasons for the lagging of Russian lands from the developed countries of Western Europe. Huge damage to the economic, political and cultural development of Russia was inflicted. Tens of thousands of people died in battles or were grieved into slavery. A significant part of the income in the form of Dani went to the Horde.
They launched and fell into decline of old agricultural centers and not when the mastered territories. The border of agriculture moved to sepher, the southern fertile soils were called "wild field". Russian cities were massive and destroyed. It was easier, and sometimes many crafts disappeared, which slowed down the creation of small-handed production and ultimately delayed economic development.
Mongolian conquest preserved political fragmentation. It weakened the relationship between different parts of the state. Traditional political and trade relations with other countries were violated. The vector of Russian foreign policy, held along the line "South-North" (the struggle against the nomadic hazard, sustainable connections with Byzantium and through the Baltic with Europe) radically changed its focus on the "West East". The pace of cultural development of Russian lands slowed down.
Russians inevitably had to introduce some Mongolian orders in their army. For example, the usual division of the Armed Forces of Moscow Rus at the end of the fifteenth and in the sixteenth centuries for five large divisions was definitely followed by the Mongolian structure. These divisions in Russian were called shelves. They were as follows: Large regiment (central unit); regiment of the right hand; regiment of the left hand; Advanced regiment (avant-garde) and guard regiment (ariergard). The phrase "right hand" and "left hand" relate to Mongolian; Like the Mongols, the right hand division in the Russian army was considered more important than left.
3) on the social sphere
While the main responsibility of the nobility, as well as the basis for their attachment to the state, was the military service, the townspeople and the peasants carried. Their main responsibilities were paying taxes and serve labor obligation when it was required by the state. Consolidation of major social classes (which quantitatively constituted the bulk of the nation) ended over the 17th century. The prolonged process began, however, in the Mongolian period. The main factor in the initial stage of the process was the system of universal taxation and military duty introduced in Russia Mongols.
In the period preceding the Mongol-Tatar IGU, the inhabitants of large cities did not pay taxes, they formed their own militia, in which they served as free citizens, and not called soldiers. The call and taxation introduced by the Mongols, together with the restriction of the evening, the status of the urban class in Eastern Russia was fundamentally changed, and after liberation from the Mongols, the Grand Duke was used in the interests of their own government.
As you know, the church and its ownership were released by the Government of the Golden Horde from taxes and other duties. Therefore, the peasants on the monastery lands were carried only by monastery concerns, but not state-owned lot. On the contrary, the peasants on other lands and paid tribute, and carried military service. No matter how paradoxically sounds, the privileges of the Church declined sharply after the collapse of the Golden Horde and strengthen the power of the Grand Duke Moskovsky. The church was now supposed to contact the Great Prince for confirming his benefits. Several grand permanent limea provided churches administrative integrity, but laid out the peasants of church ownership of taxes. As a result, by 1500, the status of monastic peasants approached the status of the peasants of other categories.
Muscovites acquaintance with the Mongolian way of maintaining diplomacy helped them in relations with oriental powers, especially with states that have become the successors of the Golden Horde.
Conclusion
I agree with historians who believe that the Tatar-Mongolian Igo discarded the development of our state 200 years ago, could not remain unnoticed by the state of the "slaves" over the two centuries. Because of this, there was a lag in the promotion of the country to the European level, the state "folded" the Russian principalitys back in their development and became the main root cause of the lag of Russia from the West. I believe that the countries of Europe suffered less due to the fact that the bulk and strength were sent to Russian lands.
Subsequently, IHO turned out to be a heavy factor for the growth of the productive forces of Russia, which were in a more progressive position, compared with the productive forces of Mongol-Tatars, the IGO stopped the process of land consolidation, the natural nature of agriculture, and in the end led to the strengthening of the feudal exploitation of the Russian people, Which turned out to be under the double negle: his own and Mongol-Tatar feudal.
Researchers - historians noted that during the period of the yoke, there was a decline of construction from a stone, the disappearance of the crafts was the pride of the Russian people: the septo-enamel, black, grain, production of glass decorations of polychrome irrigation ceramics. At the time when Russia has actively developed, the West industry has only passed to the initial accumulation. For this reason, handicraft culture was to continue to pass the historical path that was done before the invasion.
However, Karamzin also noted that the Tatar-Mongolian Igo played an important role in the evolution of Russian statehood. In addition, he also pointed to the Horde as an obvious cause of the elevation of the Moscow principality. Following Him, Klyuchevsky also believed that the Horde prevented the exhaustive interne-free wars in Russia, also Gumilev noticed that the process of consolidating the Russian lands began during the yoke. In his opinion, Tatars were not the reason for the crisis (cultural, political, moral), which struck Russian principalities in the XIII century.
1. The crisis began to Batueva invasion.
2. He struck all Russian principalities, regardless of whether they were exposed to invasion or not, they paid tribute or not, and if they paid, how long. The crisis was in all principalities and in almost all Orthodox states. Gumilev believed that the crisis of ancient Russia and the rise of Muscovy was associated with the patterns of ethnogenesis (the positive aspects of the IGA can also be noted: such as improving the diplomatic side of the Russian state, lower taxes for monasteries.
The crisis time coincided with the aggression of the Catholic West against the Orthodox peoples, which began during the 4th crusade ending with the taking of Constantinople. Also, Gumilev believed that steppefobia generally and the Mongolofobia in particular are the generation of the ideology of europecentrism, for which the disrespectful attitude towards non-European peoples is characteristic.
Summing up the above, it can be concluded that the Mongol-Tatar IHO turned out to be a "braking factor" for the development of Russia and further promotion on the political arena.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Vernadsky G.V. Mongols and Rus. M., 2001; Inscription Russian History, M., 2003
2. Barabanov V.V. The manual for the Russian State Pedagogical University entering universities. Herzen, St. Petersburg, 2003
3. Complete collection of Russian chronicles. - 2002. - ISBN 5-94457-011-3
External sources, sources from the Internet
1. http://www.gumfak.ru/his_html/orlov/orl06.shtml
2. http://www.5ka.ru/21/38004/1..html
Material from the site from Russia ancient to the Empire of the Russian
Russian history. Textbook. Orlov A.S., Georgiev V.A.
Fishermen B. A., "Craft Ancient Rus", 1948, p.525-533,780-781 ).
In early 1241, the peoples of Europe reached the first reliable news that the wild Tatars who came out of the depths of Asia and the fire and sword passed throughout the Russian land, now go on them. Terrible anxiety covered the whole of Europe. This fear was so great that many kings and dukes, countries and cities were paralyzed and could not take any measures to unsubsion to the general enemy.
Already within a quarter of a century, the Europeans came out, obstinate rumors about the formation of a centralized Mongolian state led by Genghis Khan, about the conquest campaigns of Mongolian Khanov, as a result of which China, Khorezm and other countries ceased their existence. But, in particular, they were disturbed to lead about the war of the Mongols against the Polovtsy and Russian principalities. All this testified that the terrible and cruel enemy is no longer around the corner. Some European monarchs, whose possessions were in close proximity to the Theater of Military Action, sent their lazutchists to the Mongols. Their information was clear and accurate: Mongols will not be limited to achieved, but will try to invade Europe. But no one took this seriously. Everyone wanted to believe that the war would drive past him. And in vain. Eight centuries ago, the ancestors of the Mongols are the legendary Gunns, who are led by their king Attila, called Bych God, forced to tremble all of Europe.
The most informed (due to circumstances) from European monarchs was, of course, the Hungarian King Bela IV. In his letters, Batu-Khan repeatedly demanded an expression of humility, decishes in everything and the expulsion of Polovtsy, threatening otherwise by the military invasion. That is why Bela sent numerous Franciscan and Dominican monks to the east, to the Volga to get the necessary information "first-hand." One of the monks, Julian, managed to collect extensive and fairly reliable information about the Mongols, which, unfortunately, were not properly evaluated. All the attention of careless and arrogant white was riveted to strengthening the Union with the Polovtsy and the fight against the separatism of the feudalists, which the Austrian Duke of Friedrich Babenberg secretly and explicitly supported.
At the beginning of the alarming 1241, the Mongols reached not only eastern, but also central Europe. Turing Landgraf Heinrich Dista wrote Duke of Brabantsky, warning about the Mongolian danger that took more and more clear outlines
In Europe, the XIII century. There was no centralized monarchy: states were disconnected by the kingdom and duchy, which were only bent among themselves. The largest state of Europe
- The Sacred Roman Empire of the German Nation - represented a lot of small kingdoms, kingphors and dukes.
On the eve of the Mongolian invasion, Europe was divided into two warrant camps: Glevives, supporters of the Roman Pope, and the Dieselners, the adherents of the German Emperor Friedrich II Gajenstaofen. "Therefore, the Mongols tried to use the conflict between the two of these forces for their political purposes. In particular, Batu Khan in his letter Friedrich II wrote: "I am going to take your place." Friedrich written in response: "I know a falcon hunt well and ready to become your Sokolnichim."
But the Mongols, open and straight mongols, not trained in ambiguous words, adopted the answer of the emperor in the literal sense. In fact, Friedrich, without having the opportunity to cross the weapon with the Mongols on the battlefield, decided to mood over Batuhan, so that at least somehow cheer himself.
By the time of the invasion of Mongols, the centuries-old conflict between the papal tiara and the imperial crown reached its apogee. Each emperor, like every dad, sought to become the owner of all of Europe. This desire did not bypassed Frederick and Grigory. The representative of the Gaenstaufen dynasty, who was considered one of the most educated people of the time, in his book "Three Fraudsters: Moses, Christ and Magomet not only criticized the founders of faith, but also directly wrote that only a fool could believe that a virgin could give birth to child . For this essay of the Roman dad in the next, the third, once imposed on the blasphemy, the curse of the Catholic Church.
The invasion of Mongolian Horde forced Pope Gregory IX to look around himself differently. Having postponing personal ambitions, he suggested Frederick as a secular state to head the army of the Crusaders and move against Mongols. Along with this, Grigory promised to take under his immediate patronage of all who will go to the crusade and let go of sins. But dad further did not go.
And Friedrich, thorough forgetting the militant traditions of their ancestors, decided to look for happiness not in battle, but in flight. By hiding in Sicily, he wrote the English king:
"Thus, fear and thrill arose among us, encouraged by the rage of these rapid invaders."
Augusta followed by Gregory. Leaving the palace, where the governors of Christ lived, dad fled to Lyon. It is difficult to describe the horror that covered Europe. The kings and dukes when approaching the Mongols were ready to quit the fate of their subjects and run somewhere away.
There is a tendency interpreting the invasion of the Mongols to Europe by the desire of Batu-Khan to shower the Hungarian king Belo and punish the Polovtsy. However, we do not have the right to disregard the will of Genghis-Khan, according to which the Mongols "must subjugate all the land and should not have the world with any people, if they won't be subordination."
Yes, and the monk Julian warned his king Belo:
"Tatars in the afternoon and at night advise, how to pass and capture the Kingdom of Hungarian Christians. For they say, there is an intention to go for the conquest of Rome and Further. "
The victorious Mongolian Army Batu-Khan has joined the territory of Europe in several areas. A nine-throat black banner of Genghis-Khan - Sulde was waved in the wind. Mongols believed that the spirit of the sacred warrior lives in the banner, who brings victory, so he was holy and bold him.
The essence of the plan of the Batura subnedoy as always was simple: he intended to defeat the European kingdoms by one, did not give them to unite forces. Two troops under the command of ChingiSide Baidar-Khan were intended to invade Poland and Silesia and defeat the army of King Heinrich. Another Ciigisid - Hadan - was supposed to cover Hungary from the south, cutting it off from southern kingdoms and to connect with the main forces. The same Batu is a magnificent at the head of the main forces held the course right on the heart of Hungary - I will be back. The most important goal of Batu-Khan was the elimination of Bella and the entire Hungarian kingdom, not only those who gave the shelter to Polovtsov Khan Khajan and his 40 thousand tents, but also treacherously destroyed Mongolian embassies.
"Now I would like to emphasize the following: after the murder of Mongolian ambassadors and merchants Khorezmians, because of which the war began in Central Asia, the Mongols could stop sending parliamentary to the enemy. Even a modern person would not condemn them for this, but the Mongols with enviable perseverance continue to send ambassadors to each fortress, although the latter were killed in the cities of Balkha and Kozelsk, before the battle on the river. Kalka, etc. This time Mongolian ambassadors were killed by Hungary. What does it say? Great Mongols of the XIII century. I insistently sought to establish new civilized rules for conducting international affairs in the wild world of the time. After all, only thanks to these rules, P. Karpinini ambassadors, Rubrukka and the traveler M. Polo, were possible, with its brothers, who comfortably moved on the safe communications of the Mongolian Empire
Yes, undoubtedly, the punitive was the grandson of Genghis-Khan. But he intended to start the conquest of all of Europe, as soon as it creates a convenient bridgehead in the eastern part of it.
The first of the European kingdoms experienced the power of Mongol weapons to Poland. Now Europeans got the opportunity to get acquainted with Stepnyaki closer: What do these notorious Mongols represent?
The Polish Monarch Boleslav III, who died even to the Mongolian invasion, divided his kingdom between four heirs. However, since then, the gravestics tearned the once glorious and strong Poland, who has been deprived of centralized power. King Boleslav IV, who inherited the father's throne, but did not possess real power, rules in small Poland with the capital in Krakow and the largest city Sandomomer. His uncle Konrad Mazovsky was a state truck of modern Warsaw and its surroundings. Henry II got the Great Poland (Gosh, Poznan and Kalisch and nearby territories) and Silesia with the capital in Wroclaw. His brother Mountains, or Meshko, rules with two counties - lower silesia, or opamp, and Ratibar.
Being not able to unite for the enemy, the Poles, nevertheless, killed Mongolian ambassadors who arrived to them, demanding, as usual, the expressions of humility, in January 1241. Baidar's corps and Heyda invaded Poland, wovered and captured Lublin and vigor , And one of the bats with the battle reached Ratibulus. After a month later, Mongols sent his blow to Sandomiir, who was taken and looted, and on February 13, near Tursk, the Malopolian knights were defeated. But these raids were only intelligence.
In the early spring of 1241, the invasion of the entire Mongolian army began to Europe. On March 12, at the head of the main forces, Batu Khan moved the border of the Hungarian kingdom. Thus, Mongolian Tumenes invaded the territory of Hungary, Poland and Silesia (Slash), creating a threat to Dalmatia, Moravia, Croatia and even Germany and Italy.
The invasion of Mongols to Europe was based on the destruction of Russian principalities, such as Kiev and Vladimir, under the leadership of Sub Een. After the conquests in Russia, the Mongols invaded the Kingdom of Hungary and Poland, fragmented after the invasion of Batya, the grandson of Genghis Khan.
Causes of invasion
Historians from the 13th century will argue whether Mongolian military campaigns had Macroistoric importance in Eastern Europe. Most military historians believe that initially Mongols simply wanted to scare Western powers so that they did not interfere in the affairs of their people in the East, in particular, in Russia.
But the certificates prove that Bati was particularly interested in strengthening the Western borders of his Russian conquests, and only after the rapid destruction of the Hungarian and Polish armies, he began to think about the conquest of Western Europe.
The Mongolian Chronicles indicate that Subedey planned the complete conquest of the remaining European powers and began with the winter attack on Austria and other states of the Sacred Roman Empire, but then was forced to return to Mongolia after the death of Ugheda.
For Mongols, the invasion of Europe has become the third theater of hostilities after the Middle East and the Sun Empire. Mongolian raids to Europe helped to attract the attention of the world to the lands outside of Europe, especially China, which during the Mongolian Empire has become even more open to trade, while it was well protected.
In the middle of the XIII century, when the Mongola also conquered, there was some possibility - at least not realized - the Christian-Mongolian Union against Islam. To some extent and the invasion of the Mongols to Europe became an edible bridge between the various cultural worlds.
Crossing the European border
Mongols invaded central Europe in three armies. One of them won the Union, held from the armed forces of fragmented Poland and members of various Christian orders led by Heinrich II pious, prince of Silesia in Legnica.
The second army crossed the Carpathian mountains, and the third went through the Danube. The army was rearranged and invaded in Hungary in 1241, breaking the Hungarian army in the battle on the Shaio River on April 11, 1241. As a result of the devastating invasion of Mongols, almost half of the population of Hungary died.
The army was cleaned by the plains of Hungary during the summer, and in the spring of 1242 resumed their movement and expanded their control, capturing Austria and Dalmatia, as well as invading Moravia. Then the Great Khan died, and his chingrizids (straight descendants a) returned to Mongolia to choose a new Khan.
Invasion to Poland.
Reputing Kiev, Baty sent a small group of Mongols to Poland. One part of them destroyed Lublin and defeated the weak Polish army. However, other groups collided with the difficulties of the Polish border in Galich.
Although it was not the main Mongol force. The invasion of Poland and Hungary were not intelligence, it was a revenge for the murder of Mongolian ambassadors and rejected the occasion. In the Moravian city of Olomouc, Mongols suffered serious losses: the "pan-European army" exceeded their number, and the territory was inconvenient for the use of equestrian troops.
Then the Tatars reached the Pointer on the Ganca River, where they smashed the camp. There, they attacked the voivode with the remaining knightly troops of Krakowia, which, although they were small, still decided to fight.
The surprise gave the Poles the first advantage, and they managed to kill many Mongolian soldiers. But when Mongols realized the real numerical power of the Poles, they were regrouped, broke through to Polish rows and broke them.
During the battle, many Polish prisoners of war managed to escape and hide in neighboring forests; Increased in initial success, the Polish knights went to search for production, and this greed led them to defeat. Despite the victory, Mongols were horrified by their losses and decided to retreat, frightened that fresh forces could attack them.
Mongolian army has reached Setshevuva, without much damage to the surrounding lands; A couple of days they hid in a dense forest to reset the possible tail. But it was worth only for reconnaissance to report to the commander that there were no chase, as they returned to the ruthenium, where they replenished their ranks with fresh soldiers, and returned to Poland to take revenge on defeat.
The plan of the attack on Europe was developed and implemented by Subedei, which by his victories in this region gained, perhaps, the most long glory. Reputing the various principalities of Russia, he sent his spies to Poland, Hungary and even to Austria, preparing an attack in the heart of Europe.
Having a clear idea of \u200b\u200bEuropean states, he managed to plan a brilliant attack, which was spent the battered and two more Genghisids. Battered - the son of Juci - was a generally accepted leader, but Subedey was a commander and, thus, attended both in the northern and in the southern military campaign to conquer the principalities of Russia.
He also commanded the central army, which went against Hungary. While the northern army of Kadana won the battle of Legnica, and the GUUK army was triumphantly on Transylvania, Subudi quietly waited for them on the plain Alfeld. Then the reunited army went to the Shaio River, where the troops of the Hungarian king of Bela IV were loudly broken into the battle on the Shaio River. Subuday became the main "brain" of this operation, which eventually became one of his greatest victories.
Invasion in Hungary
In 1241, Hungary was similar to any other hostile kingdom of Europe. Although the Trone was still sacrificed by the successors of Arpad, the authority and the power of the king strongly weakened.
Rich feudal motions less attention paid to the security of the whole kingdom, and increasingly bent among themselves. Golden Bulla 1222 allowed the nobility to limit the power of the monarch, making the king, in essence, only the first among equal.
Bela IV tried to restore the former power of kings, but did not succeed. Thus, when Mongols began to expand its influence in Europe, Hungary lived in a state of hostile anarchy.
For the first time about the Mongolian threat, the Hungarians found out in 1229, when the King Andrash provided political asylum to the fled Russian boyars. After migrating to the middlenay lowland, some Hungarians remained to live on the banks of the upper line of the Volga.
In 1237, Julian Hungarian monk-Dominican went there to return the Hungarians. He returned to the king of Bela with a letter from Batya. In this letter, Baty called the Hungarian king to a unconditional surrender or to know complete destruction. Bela did not answer. Two more Mongolian Messages reached Hungary: the first in 1239 - from the defeated Polovtsy, who asked asylum in Hungary (and received it), and the second - in February 1241, from the defeat of Polish princes.
Only then, the king of Belarus urged his nobles to unite forces for the country's defense. He also appealed for help to the papacy and other Western European rulers. Support came in the form of a small knightly troops under the leadership of Friedrich, Prince Austrian, but they were too little to somehow affect the outcome of the battle.
Most of the Hungarian nobility simply did not believe in the seriousness of Mongolian danger. Some even hoped that the defeat of the royal army forced Bella to leave his attempts to centralize power, and thus strengthens the power of the nobility.
Despite the fact that the danger from the Mongols was quite serious and real, Hungary was not ready for her - people who several generations did not know fear before the invasions of nomads, considered it impossible.
The main population of the country was no longer from the soldiers. Only rich representatives of the nobility were trained in military art, and even then only armor-leavery. They have long forgotten the tactics of light cavalry, which their ancestors were famous, and after all, the Mongols adhered to her.
The Hungarian army (about 60,000 on the eve of the battle on the Shaio River) consisted mainly of individual knights without any tactical knowledge, disciplines or talented and experienced commanders. In addition to the fact that the Hungarian army did not understand the military style of nomads, the king of Bela also accepted the Polovtsy Khan Katyan in his country and his supporters.
Soon in Hungary began to walk rumors that the Polovtsy were spy of the Mongols. On the other hand, Baty himself justified his invasion in Hungary just because the king of Belas gave asylum to Polovtsy, which in the Mongolian Empire considered rebels and traitors.
If this is true, the King Bela went to an unjustified risk that caused irreparable damage to its plans. When some Hungarian Noblemen attacked the camp of the Polovtsy and killed their leaders, fled to the south, along the path of Grabia and killing anyone suspects of Hungarians. Shortly after that, the Austrian troops returned to Austria. Hungarians remained alone.
Arriving on the Gorent River, the Hungarian army broke the camp on April 10, 1241. Mongols attacked at night. Soon it became clear that the Hungarians lose. The king fled with his faithful and brave warrior, but the rest of the soldiers were either interrupted with ruthless mongols, or drowned in the river during escape.
Now Mongols confidently conquered Alfeld, as well as the northern part of the Carpathians and Transylvania. If they met resistance - mercilessly killed everyone. If the Hungars did not resist, men were forced to serve in the Mongolian army, and women and children were either killed, or taken with them.
Tens of thousands managed to avoid death or slavery, accumulating behind the walls of small fortresses or in dense forests and swamps. Mongols, instead of leaving already conquered and helpless peoples and continue to move through the pannon, on Western Europe, the whole summer and autumn followed the strengthening and "guidance of order" in the territories occupied by them.
Then in winter, contrary to the traditional strategy of nomadic armies, which usually started the military campaign in the spring, they switched to Danube and continued to conquer the Earth, including Pannonia. As a result, they reached the Austrian borders and the Adriatic coast of Dalmatia.
In the spring of 1242, at the age of fifty and six years, Ughedei died. Battered was one of the main contenders for the throne, so together with his armies immediately returned to Asia (before leaving, the Batie ordered to execute all prisoners of war), leaving all Eastern Europe in ruin and ruins. But Western Europe remained unharmed.
Some Hungarian historians argue that it was the long resistance of Hungary by Mongolas saved Western Europe from a catastrophe. Other historians refute this assumption, arguing that Western Europe saved the unexpected concent of Ugrian, and not the struggle of Hungarians.
Many historians often argue about whether Mongols would have wanted to continue their invasion of Europe to the west of Alfeld, because it was inconvenient and unprofitable in terms of the wretched womb.
The Mongolian invasion taught Hungarians to one: despite the fact that the Mongols destroyed the countryside, fortresses and fortified cities survived. To improve your defense in the future, they needed to build fortresses not only on the borders, but also within the country. In the following decades of the XIII century and the entire XIV century, the kings provided more and more land to the nobility, provided that those will build serfs on it and defend their lands.
The end of the invasion
Some historians believe that Europe has survived only because Mongols did not want to fight in more densely populated German principalities, where the wet climate was a burden.
The territory of Western Europe with an abundance of forests and castles, as well as good opportunities for the counterattack of heavy cavalry troops made this region a serious opponent.
In addition, despite the steppe tactics of Avar and early Hungarians, both people were conquered by Western states in the IX and X century. Many important castles and cities of Hungary also managed to resist the crushing and bloody tactics of the siege of the Mongols.
However, the answer to the question why Baty stopped after the Shao River, most likely, much easier - he was not going to move on. He secured the conquest of Russia for the top ten generations, and when the Great Khan died, he hurriedly returned to Mongolia to declare his rights to power, and it ended up with expansion plans to the West.
At the same time he returned home and subeadi, and his Mongolian armies were left without a spiritual leader and the main strategist. I was able to resume my plans for the conquest of the "Great Sea" (Atlantic Ocean) only in 1255, when the troubled after the death of Uredey, finally, she lightened, and Munke was elected a new great Khan.