25. Homogeneous members of the sentence (main and secondary), not connected by conjunctions, are separated commas : In the office there were brown velvet armchairs, bookish cabinet (Eb.); After lunch he sat on the balcony, held a book on my lap(Boon.); Cold, emptiness, uninhabited spirit meets the house(Sol.); Blooming ahead cherries, rowan, dandelions, rose hips, lilies of the valley … (Sol.); Only silence remains water, thickets, centuries-old willows (Paust.); Shcherbatova told about his childhood, about the Dnieper, about how dried up old willows came to life in the spring on their estate(Paust.).
Note. Combinations of verbs like I'll take it and go and have a look. In the first case, this is a designation of one action: I'll take it and go to the forest to pick mushrooms(the first verb is lexically defective); in the second case, the verb will look denotes the goal of the action: I'll go have a look New film .
If the last member of a series is joined by unions and, yes, or , then the comma is not placed in front of it: He[wind] brings coldness, clarity and a certain emptiness of the whole body(Paust.); Dense, tall thickets of chamomile, chicory, clover, wild dill, cloves, coltsfoot, dandelions, gentians, plantains, bluebells, buttercups and dozens of other flowering herbs stretch for kilometers.(Paust.).
26. Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating conjunctions, if there are more than two ( and... and... and, yes... yes... yes, neither... nor... nor, or... or... or, whether... whether... whether, whether... or... or, either... or... or, then... then... that, not that ... not that ... not that, or ... or ... or ), separated by commas: It was sad And in the spring air, And in the darkening sky And in the wagon(Ch.); Did not have neither stormy words neither passionate confessions, neither oaths(Paust.); After separation from Lermontov, she[Shcherbatova] couldn't watch neither to the steppe, neither on people, neither to passing villages and towns(Paust.); You could see her every day That with a can, That with a bag and That and with a bag and a can together - or in the oil shop, or On the market, or in front of the house gate, or on the stairs(Bulg.).
In the absence of a union And before the first of the listed members of the sentence, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members of the sentence and the conjunction And repeated at least twice a comma is placed between all homogeneous members (including before the first And ): They brought a bouquet of thistles and placed it on the table, and here in front of me fire, and turmoil, and crimson round dance of lights (Sick.); And today the poet’s rhyme - weasel, and slogan, and bayonet, and whip (M.).
When repeating the conjunction twice And (if the number of homogeneous members is two) a comma is placed in the presence of a generalizing word with homogeneous members of the sentence: All Reminds me of autumn: and yellow leaves and fogs in the morning ; the same without a generalizing word, but in the presence of dependent words with homogeneous terms: Now it was possible to hear separately and the sound of rain and the sound of water (Bulg.). However, in the absence of the specified conditions, with homogeneous members of the sentence forming a close semantic unity, the comma may not be placed: It was all around both light and green (T.); Day and night the scientist cat keeps walking around the chain(P.).
Note. Repeating conjunction should not be confused And and unions And , set on different grounds: It was quiet And dark, And it smelled sweet of herbs(first And stands between homogeneous parts of the main member of the sentence, and the second And attaches part complex sentence).
When repeating other conjunctions twice, except And , a comma is always used : Constantly prick my eyes with gypsy life either stupid or ruthless (A. Ost.); He was ready to believe that he had arrived here at the wrong time - or too late, or early(Spread); lady not that barefoot, not that in some transparent... shoes(Bulg.); All day goes by or snow, or rain with snow. They[lamp] just highlighted That walls of the cave hall, That the most beautiful stalagmite(Sol.); Early whether, late whether, but I'll come .
Note 1. A comma is not placed in integral phraseological combinations with repeated conjunctions and... and, neither... nor(they connect words with opposing meanings): and day and night, and old and young, and laughter and grief, and here and there, and this and that, and here and there, neither two nor one and a half, neither give nor take, neither matchmaker nor brother, neither back nor forth, neither bottom nor tire, neither this nor that, neither stand nor sit, neither alive nor dead, neither yes nor no, neither hearing nor spirit, neither oneself nor people, neither fish nor meat, nor this nor that, neither peahen nor crow, neither shaky nor shaky, neither this nor that etc. The same with paired combinations of words, when there is no third option: and husband and wife, and earth and sky .
Note 2: Unions either... or are not always repetitive. Yes, in a sentence And you can’t understand whether Matvey Karev is laughing at his words or at the way the students are looking into his mouth(Fed.) union whether introduces an explanatory clause, and the conjunction or connects homogeneous members. Wed. unions either... or as repeating: Going whether rain, or the sun is shining - he doesn’t care; Sees whether he is, or does not see(G.).
27. Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting or disjunctive conjunctions ( and, yes in meaning " And »; or, or ) not separated by commas : Motor ship got up across the river and gave turn it downstream, along the way(Spread); Day and night - a day away(ate.); Will support he is Uzdechkina or won't support ? (Pan.).
If there is an adversarial union between homogeneous members ( ah, but, yes in meaning " But », however, although, but, however ) and connecting ( and also, and even ) a comma is placed : The secretary stopped taking notes and secretly cast a surprised glance, but not against the arrested person, but against the procurator (Bulg.); The child was harsh but sweet (P.); A capable student lazy though; He visited the library on Fridays however not always; Mokeevna had already taken the wicker basket out of the house, however stopped– I decided to look for apples(Shcherb.); The apartment is small, but cozy (gas.); She knows German and French .
Note. There is no comma before the particle and followed by a demonstrative pronoun That (that, that, those), used to enhance the meaning of the previous member of the sentence: Even the table and that one somehow moved from place(Panf.).
28. When connecting homogeneous members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (conjunction And valid only within groups): Alleys planted lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars, led to the wooden stage(Fed.); The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the day past and the day to come (Gaych.); Geography books and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances they told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria(Sol.).
Note. In sentences with homogeneous members, it is possible to use the same conjunctions on different grounds (between different members of the sentence or their groups). In this case, when placing punctuation marks, different positions of conjunctions are taken into account. For example: ...Everywhere she was greeted cheerfully And friendly And assured her that she was good, sweet, rare(Ch.) – in this sentence there are conjunctions And not repeating, but single, connecting pairs of two homogeneous members of a sentence ( fun and friendly; met and assured). In the example: No one else disturbed the silence of the ducts And rivers, did not pick off cold river lilies with a spinner And did not admire out loud what is best to admire without words(Paust.) – first And connects words dependent silence word forms channels and rivers, the second and closes the series of predicates (did not violate, did not break off and did not admire).
Homogeneous members of a sentence, united in pairs, can be included in other, larger groups, which in turn have unions. Commas in such groups are placed taking into account the entire complex unity as a whole, for example, the contrastive relations between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence are taken into account: Father Christopher, holding a wide-brimmed top hat, told someone bowed and smiled not softly and touchingly, As always, but respectfully and tensely (Ch.). The different levels of connecting relationships are also taken into account. For example: In them[bench] you will find calico for shrouds and tar, candy and borax for exterminating cockroaches(M.G.) – here, on the one hand, word forms are combined calico and tar, candy and borax, and on the other hand, these groups, already with the rights of single members, are united by a repeating union And . Wed. option without pairwise association (with separate registration of homogeneous members):... You will find calico for shrouds, tar, candy, and borax for exterminating cockroaches .
Note. There may be other groups of homogeneous members of a sentence, for example, when a group is formed on the basis of semantic unity: The letter was cold; she re-read it several times with tears and crumpled and crumpled it, but it did not become warmer because of this, but only got wet(M.G.) – members of the sentence crumpled and crumpled as a single whole, formed as a result of semantic similarity, are connected with the predicate re-read has a different meaning, which is why there is no comma here and conjunctions And different in function.
29. With homogeneous members of a sentence, in addition to single or repeating conjunctions, double (comparative) conjunctions can be used, which are divided into two parts, each located under each member of the sentence: both... and, not only... but also, not so much... as, as much... as much, although and... but, if not... then, not that... but, not that... but, not only not... but rather... how etc. A comma is always placed before the second part of such conjunctions: I have an errand How from the judge So equals And from all our friends(G.); Green was Not only a magnificent landscape painter and master of plot, But It was still And a very subtle psychologist(Paust.); They say that in summer Sozopol is flooded with holidaymakers, that is Not really holidaymakers, A vacationers who came to spend their holidays near the Black Sea(Sol.); Mother not really angry, But I was still unhappy(Kav.); There are fogs in London if not every day, That every other day for sure(Gonch.); He was not so much disappointed, How many surprised by the current situation(gas.); He was quicker annoyed how saddened(magazine).
30. Between homogeneous members of a sentence (or their groups) can be placed semicolon .
1. If they include introductory words: It turns out that there are subtleties. There must be a fire Firstly, smokeless; Secondly, not very hot; and thirdly, in complete calm(Sol.).
2. If homogeneous members are common (have dependent words or subordinate clauses related to them): He was respected behind its excellent, aristocratic manners , for the rumors about his victories; for that that he dressed beautifully and always stayed in the best room of the best hotel; for that that he generally dined well, and once even dined with Wellington at Louis Philippe’s; for that that he carried with him everywhere a real silver travel bag and a camp bathtub; for that that he smelled of some extraordinary, surprisingly “noble” perfume; for that that he played whist masterfully and always lost...(T.)
31. Between homogeneous members of the sentence it is placed dash: a) when omitting an adversative conjunction: People's knowledge of laws is not desirable - it is mandatory(gas.); A tragic voice, no longer flying, no longer ringing - deep, chesty, “Mkhatovsky”(gas.); b) in the presence of a conjunction to denote a sharp and unexpected transition from one action or state to another: Then Alexey clenched his teeth, closed his eyes, pulled the boots with all his might with both hands - and immediately lost consciousness(B.P.); ...I always wanted to live in the city - and now I’m ending my life in the village(Ch.).
32. Homogeneous members of a sentence and their various combinations are separated when dividing a sentence (parcelation) dots(cm.
9): And then there were long hot months, the wind from the low mountains near Stavropol, smelling of immortelle, the silver crown of the Caucasus Mountains, fights near forest rubble with Chechens, the screech of bullets. Pyatigorsk, strangers with whom you had to treat yourself as friends. And again fleeting Petersburg and the Caucasus, the yellow peaks of Dagestan and the same beloved and saving Pyatigorsk. Short rest, broad ideas and poems, light and soaring to the sky, like clouds over the tops of mountains. And a duel (Paust.).
Homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by conjunctions are separated by commas: Cold, emptiness, uninhabited spirit meets the house(Sol.); Blooming ahead cherries, rowan berries, dandelions, rose hips, lilies of the valley...(Sol.); The smell of smoke from rural stoves can no longer be heard. Only silence remains water, thickets, centuries-old willows(Paust.); Shcherbatova talked about her childhood, about the Dnieper, about that how dried up old willows came to life in the spring on their estate(Paust.); Looking at him [Davydov], I remembered about Przhevalsky about, ancient explorers of the Gobi and the Sahara, about generals who lost thousands of armies in the sands, about all the childhood romance that was saturated in the desert in my school years(Paust.); Now she wanted to remember this town for the rest of her life, the guest yard with its yellow peeling arches, the pigeons at the market, the green sign of the tavern “Tea and Sugar!”, every chip on the humpbacked pavement(Paust.). If the last member of the list is joined by a union And, then a comma is not placed in front of it: He[wind] brings coldness, clarity and some emptiness to the whole body(Paust.); Dense, tall thickets stretch for kilometers chamomile, chicory, clover, wild dill, cloves, coltsfoot, dandelions, gentians, plantains, bluebells, ranunculus and dozens other flowering herbs(Paust.).
Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeated conjunctions are separated by commas: There was no no stormy words, no passionate confessions, no vows, but only heart-tearing tenderness(Paust.); After separation from Lermontov, she could not look at the steppe, or at the people, or at the villages and towns along the way.(Paust.).
Homogeneous members of a sentence, fastened by single connecting and disjunctive conjunctions, are not separated by a comma: The motor ship stood across the river and allowed the current to turn it downwards(Spread); Will he support Uzdechkin or not?(Pan.). If there is an adversative conjunction, a comma is used: He caught the glance of Leaf Fall, but did not stop(Pan.).
With various combinations of union and non-union combinations of homogeneous members of the sentence, the rule is observed - if there are more than two homogeneous members and the union And is repeated at least twice, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous terms: From the house, from the trees, and from the dovecote, and from the gallery - long shadows ran far away from everything.(Gonch.); It was sad in the spring air, and in the darkening sky, and in the carriage(Ch.). If there are only two homogeneous members, a comma is usually not used (even if the conjunction is repeated twice), especially if their combination represents a semantic unity: And day and night, the scientist cat still walks around the chain(P.). If the separateness of homogeneous members of the sentence is especially emphasized, then a comma is placed: Everything reminded me of autumn: yellow leaves and fogs in the morning..
When repeating other conjunctions twice, except And, a comma is always included: And the old man walked around the room and either hummed psalms in a low voice or impressively lectured his daughter(M.G.); He was ready to believe that he had arrived here at the wrong time - either too late or too early.(Spread); From the large room in the “suites”, occupied by officers, came either friendly laughter, or the sobbing moans of a guitar and discordant singing(Paust.); They [lamp] only illuminated the walls of the cave hall, then the most beautiful stalagmite(Sol.).
When combining in pairs minor members sentences, a comma is placed between pairs (conjunction And valid locally, only within groups): Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden stage(Fed.); The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the day gone by and the day to come.(Gaych.); Geography books and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria(Sol.).
Note. In sentences with homogeneous members and conjunctions with them, it is possible to use the same conjunctions, but placed on different grounds (between different members of the sentence or their groups). In this case, when placing punctuation marks, these different positions of conjunctions are taken into account: ...Everywhere she was greeted cheerfully and friendly and assured her that she was good, sweet, rare(Ch.) - in this sentence there are conjunctions And cannot be considered repetitive, since they combine different parts of the sentence (fun and friendly, greeted and assured); these are single unions that unite; pairs of different sentence members. In the example ...No one else disturbed the silence of the channels and rivers, did not pick off cold river lilies with a spoon, and did not admire out loud what is best to admire without words(Paust.) the first and combines the word forms of channels and rivers dependent on the word silence, the second And closes a series of homogeneous predicates ( did not violate, did not break off and did not admire).
Homogeneous members of a sentence, united in pairs, can be included in other, larger groups, which in turn have unions. Commas in such groups are placed taking into account the entire complex unity as a whole, for example, the contrastive relations between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence are taken into account: Father Christopher, holding a wide-brimmed top hat, bowed to someone and smiled not softly and touchingly, as always, but respectfully and tensely, which did not suit his face at all.(Ch.). The different levels of connecting relationships are also taken into account: In them[in shops] you will find and calico for shrouds and tar, and candy and borax for exterminating cockroaches - but you won’t find anything fresh, hot, anything healthy!(M. G.) - here, on the one hand, the word forms calico are combined and tar, candy and borax, and on the other hand, these groups, already as single blocks, constitute a group united by a repeating union And; a comma with such a combination fixes the division of the first level.
Note. There may be other blocks of homogeneous members of a sentence, not so much structural as semantic, when a group is formed on the basis of semantic unity: The letter was cold; she re-read it several times with tears and crumpled and crumpled it, but it did not become warmer because of this, but only got wet(M.G.) - members of the sentence and crumpled and crumpled as a single whole, formed as a result of the similarity of semantics, are combined with a predicate reread of a completely different semantic plan, which is why there is no comma here and conjunctions And are considered as qualitatively ambiguous: first And connects the predicate re-read and the combination of crumpled and crumpled, the second And turned out to be inside the combination.
With homogeneous members of a sentence, in addition to single or repeating conjunctions, paired conjunctions can be used, which are divided into two parts located at each member of the sentence: not so much... as, as... and, not only... but also, although and... but, if not... then, not that... but (but), how much.. so much. A comma is always placed before the second part of such conjunctions: Green loved not so much the sea as the sea coasts he imagined...(Paust.); There are fogs in London, if not every day, then certainly every other day(Gonch.); They say that in the summer Sozopol is flooded with holidaymakers, that is, not just holidaymakers, but vacationers who came to spend their holidays by the Black Sea(Sol.); Mom wasn’t exactly angry, but she was still unhappy(Kav.).
A semicolon may be placed between homogeneous members of a sentence (or their groups), especially if there are internal divisions: It turns out that there are subtleties. Firstly, the fire must be smokeless; secondly, not very hot, and thirdly, in complete calm(Sol.). The need for a semicolon increases if the members of the sentence are common: Both of them respected him for his excellent, aristocratic manners, for rumors of his victories; because he dressed beautifully and always stayed in the best room in the best hotel; for the fact that he generally dined well, and once even dined with Wellington at Louis Philippe’s; because he carried with him everywhere a real silver toiletry case and a camp bathtub; because he smelled of some extraordinary, surprisingly “noble” perfume; because he played whist masterfully and always lost...(T.).
A dash can also be placed between homogeneous members of a sentence - when an adversative conjunction is omitted: Zoya is flighty not because of mediocrity and depravity - because of loneliness, hopeless longing for true love(gas.); Not to the skies of someone else's homeland - I composed songs for my homeland(N.); with a sharp and unexpected transition from one action or state to another (usually when the predicate denotes a rapid change of actions or an unexpected result): He comes across barriers - and they delay him for a long time(Vlad.); He rustled some paper on the table - a newspaper or something, rolled it up, stood up and left the compartment(Shuksh.).
Homogeneous members of a sentence, connected without conjunctions, are separated by a dash if they form gradational series. This is most often observed in header structures: Word - deed - result(gas.); Teacher - team - individual(Sukhomlinsky); Play - publishing house - stage(gas.).
Homogeneous members of a sentence and their various combinations can be parceled, and then the dot sign is used: And then there were long hot months, the wind from the low mountains near Stavropol, smelling of immortelle flowers, a silver crown Caucasus Mountains, fights near forest rubble with Chechens, screeching bullets. Pyatigorsk, strangers with whom you had to treat yourself like friends. And again fleeting Petersburg and the Caucasus, the yellow peaks of Dagestan and the same beloved and saving Pyatigorsk. Short peace, broad ideas and poems, light and soaring to the sky, like clouds over the tops of mountains. And a duel. And lastly what he noticed on the ground - at the same time as Martynov’s shot, he imagined a second shot, from the bushes under the cliff over which he was standing(Paust.).
If there are generalizing words in rows of homogeneous members of the sentence, punctuation marks depend on the place of the generalizing words in relation to the enumerative row.
If generalizing words precede the listing, then a colon is placed after them: There were three of them at the reception point, three women: one to receive linen, another to issue it, the third to issue receipts and receive money(Pisces); There are different types of ice fisherman: retired fisherman, blue-collar fisherman, military fisherman, minister fisherman, so to speak, statesman, intellectual fisherman(Sol.); They wrote a lot about him and all in different ways: sometimes with delight, reaching the point of worship, sometimes with bewilderment, sometimes with mockery(gas.); In this story you will find almost everything I mentioned above: dry oak leaves, a gray-haired astronomer, the roar of cannonade, Cervantes, people who unshakably believe in the victory of humanism, a mountain shepherd dog, a night flight and much more(Paust.); As if the magic current was turned on, sounds burst in: voices speaking together, the crackle of a cracked nut, the half-step of carelessly passed tongs(Eb.).
Generalizing words concluding a list are separated by a dash: Handrails, compasses, binoculars, all sorts of instruments and even the high thresholds of the cabins - it was all copper(Paust.); Artists Arkhipov and Malyavin, sculptor Golubkina - all from these Ryazan places(Paust.); And these trips, and our conversations with her - everything was imbued with aching, hopeless melancholy(Beck.); And the fact that for the first time I saw a real seasoned moose, and that for the first time I would have to destroy a huge Living being, and the fact that it was beautiful, the way he walked through the frosty forest - all this made me waste three or four seconds(Sol.); A warm plank house surrounded by dry weeds, long days, the sound of rare shots fired at wild ducks, five boxes of books (only one of which was read) - all this was left behind, hidden by black water(Paust.).
A colon after generalizing words before listing homogeneous members and a dash after enumeration are placed when the sentence does not end with an enumeration, including when a generalizing word is repeated after the enumeration: Everywhere: in the club, on the streets, on benches at the gate, in houses - noisy conversations took place(Garsh.); Everything: a carriage driving quickly down the street, a reminder of an insult, a girl’s question about a dress that needs to be made; even worse, the word of insincere, weak sympathy - everything painfully irritated the wound, it seemed like an insult(L. T.); Everything: the sublunar hills, the dark red clover fields, the damp forest paths, and the lush sunset sky - the whole world around me seemed beautiful to me.(Sol.). The same applies to the occurrence of homogeneous members in one of the parts of a complex sentence: In a few minutes he could draw anything: a human figure, animals, trees, buildings - everything came out characteristically and vividly for him(Beck.).
Note. In business and partly scientific speech, a colon can be placed before the enumeration without a generalizing word: The meeting was attended by: students, graduate students, teachers.
In literary and journalistic texts such punctuation is extremely rare. It is possible only in a text interspersed with elements of scientific speech in order to warn about the subsequent enumeration: As evidenced by the sheet-by-page “inset inscription” on the book, made after the death of Ibrahim Hannibal, it somehow miraculously ended up in... Opochka with the local priest Pyotr Pogonyalov. But the main miracle is not this, but the fact that twenty-six letters and other letters were recently discovered in the leather cover of the book by its current owner. original documents A.P. Hannibal! Among them: “Eestract[condensed summary. - S.G.] about the state of the Pskov fortress in 1724,” a letter from 1756 addressed to the Opochets landowner Vasilisa Evstigneevna Bogdanova, whom he calls his benefactor, and a response letter to Abram Petrovich about the purchase from her for Petrovsky of “nine peasants, male and female, from the village of Bryukhov”(Gaych.); compare: The great humanists of that time raised their voices against the Turks. Victor Hugo, Charles Darwin, Oscar Wilde, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, D.I. spoke in defense of the Bulgarians. Mendeleev, V.M. Garshin, V.V. Vereshchagin(Sol.).
Homogeneous members of a sentence can be separated from the generalizing word by a dash (instead of the usual colon in this case), if they perform the function of an application with the meaning of clarification: Therefore after it[rain] mushrooms begin to grow wildly - sticky boletus, yellow chanterelles, boletus, ruddy saffron milk caps, honey mushrooms and countless toadstools(Paust.).
If homogeneous members are in the middle of a sentence and there is a need to present them as an expression of a passing, clarifying comment, a dash is placed on both sides: Anything that could muffle the sounds - carpets, curtains and upholstered furniture- Grig left the house a long time ago(Paust.); Everyone - and the Motherland, and both Lychkovs, and Volodka- I remember white horses, little ponies, fireworks, a boat with lanterns(Ch.); For everything that exists in nature - water, air, sky, clouds, sun, rain, forests, swamps, rivers and lakes, meadows and fields, flowers and herbs- in the Russian language there is a great variety good words and names(Paust.). (Homogeneous members of the sentence act as an insertion.)
The general tendency to replace the colon with a dash has also affected the design of homogeneous members of sentences with generalizing words: in modern printing practice, a dash is often placed after generalizing words: By noon, a distant heap Baku- gray mountains, gray sky, gray houses covered with patches of bright, but also gray sunlight(Paust.). This use of the sign can be considered acceptable: All the signs are marked on this map - a dry pine tree near the road, a boundary post, thickets of euonymus, an ant heap, again a lowland where forget-me-nots always bloom, and behind it a pine tree with the letter “o” carved on the bark - a lake(Paust.); Everything was useful to me - both my Pskov childhood, colored by an unconscious desire to understand and feel the spiritual world of the older generation, and my Moscow adolescence, when, although I was frustrated and stumbled, I still did not stop listening to the voices coming from this cherished world(Kav.); Along the figure [on the book page] all the names of the philosopher's stone are carefully listed - the great magisterium, the red lion, the only tincture, the elixir of life(Kav.); Everything excited his mind then - the meadows, the fields, the forest, and the groves, in the “chapel of an old storm there was a noise, an old woman’s wonderful legend.”(Gaych.); Now we are investigating the so-called caused magnetic fields brain, i.e. its magnetic response to a stimulus presented to a person - sound, flash of light, weak electricity (journal); It has been proven that by studying the weak physical fields of the body - magnetic, electric, thermal, acoustic, radio radiation - it is possible to obtain interesting information (journal); All these words - okoem, stozhary, lzya, and the verb “Sentyabrit” (about the first autumn colds) - I heard in everyday speech from an old man with a perfect childlike soul, a devout worker and a poor man, but not because of poverty, but because that he was content with the least in his life, from a lonely peasant in the village of Solotchi...(Paust.); Lucy I forgot everything - Sundays in the spring, when they collected firewood, and the fields where I worked, and the fallen Igrenka, and the incident at the bird cherry bush, and much, much more - what happened even earlier, I forgot completely, to the point of emptiness(Spread); During bad weather, you begin to appreciate simple earthly blessings - a warm hut, a fire in a Russian stove, the squeak of a samovar, dry straw on the floor, covered with a rough row for sleeping, the soporific sound of rain on the roof and a sweet nap(Paust.); ...I'm looking for a meeting with everything connected with Blok, - with people, settings, St. Petersburg landscape(Paust.); They lived there people brown from the sun, - gold miners, hunters, artists, cheerful vagabonds, selfless women, cheerful and gentle, like children, but above all - sailors(Paust.); The hotel smelled of the 17th century - incense, bread, leather(Paust.); Everything that the eye catches, - forest, barge, rows of birch trees - grew overnight, stretched upward and became younger(Lip.); We went for a walk, and I began to tell Valya about everything at once - the Arabic category, the university, “serapion”(Kav.); And where everything went away so quickly - the hopeless endless darkness in the sky, and the rain, and the night anxieties and fears - it was impossible to imagine(Spread); Mityai eventually felt this and left him behind. Sanya was delighted with everything on this bright morning - the way the raindrops fell from the cedar and splashed on the hut; and how peacefully and sadly, evoking some incomprehensible sweetness in the chest, the fire died down; and how intoxicatingly and tartly the forest soil smelled after the rain; how the lowland where they had to go became more and more white; and even how the nutcracker suddenly screamed overhead with a bad voice, frightening them(Spread).
Homogeneous definitions are separated by a comma, heterogeneous ones are not separated. Definitions can be homogeneous or heterogeneous depending on their semantics, location and method of expression.
Adjective definitions denoting different characteristics of an object are not homogeneous: Large glass the doors were wide open(Kav.) - designation of size and material; Former Eliseevsk I the dining room was decorated with frescoes(Kav.) - designation of a temporary sign and sign of belonging; Thick rough the notebook in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches was placed at the bottom of the suitcase(Kav.) - designation of size and purpose; Found in my archive yellow school girl notebook written in fluent handwriting(Kav.) - designation of color and purpose; The forests, obliquely illuminated by the sun, seemed to him like piles of light copper ore- designation of weight and material; Our famous and brave traveler Karelin gave me very detailed information about Kara-Bugaz. unflattering written certification(Paust.) - designation of assessment and form; At the bottom of Hotz lie black bog oaks(Paust.) - designation of color and method of manufacture; The foreman served tea sticky cherry jam(Paust.) - designation of the property and material of an object; We came out of the corridor onto narrow stone back stairs(Dost.) - designation of the shape, material and location of the object.
Note. As a rule, definitions expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives (they denote different characteristics) act as heterogeneous: Behind the church sparkled in the sun fine clayey pond(Boon.). Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives of different semantic classes can also be characterized as heterogeneous: They began to fall to the ground cold large drops(M.G.).
Definitions denoting characteristics that are the same, but related to different objects, are homogeneous: A talented student who spoke five languages and felt at home French, Spanish, German literature at home, he boldly used his knowledge(Kav.).
Definitions that express similar characteristics of one subject are homogeneous, i.e. characterize the subject on the one hand: Appeared in the mirror self-confident, self-satisfied boy(Kav.); It was boring, tedious day(Kav.); Lena got her a job spacious, empty room(Kav.); At first winter swung reluctantly, as last year, then it burst in unexpectedly, with harsh, cold by the wind(Kav.). The similarity of features can appear on the basis of some generalization of meanings, for example, along the line of evaluation: And at this moment reserved, soft, polite Zoshchenko suddenly said to me with irritation: “You can’t get into literature by pushing elbows.”(Kav.).
Contextual conditions can bring definitions closer together based on the unity of sensations conveyed by them (touch, taste, etc.): On a clear, warm morning, at the end of May, two horses were brought to the local blacksmith Rodion Petrov in Obruchanovo to have two horses reshod.(Ch.); Bliss was cool, fresh, tasty water, gently rolling off the shoulders(Kav.).
Entry into synonymous relations is clearly revealed in artistic definitions, when this or that adjective is used not in direct meaning: It was May - nice, happy May!(M.G.); Far away he has already grown into solid, wide a sound like a huge brush rubbing on dry ground(M.G.); I shook the one handed to me big, callous hand(Shol.); Cruel, cold spring kills engorged buds(Ahm.). The synonymy, and thereby homogeneity, of definitions is emphasized by the addition of one of them by a coordinating conjunction and : In them[songs] dominated heavy, sad and hopeless notes(M.G.); Such miserable, gray and deceitful siskin! (M.G.); Tired, tanned and dusty their faces were exactly the same color as their brown rags(M.G.).
Adjective definitions can be combined with participle definitions or participial phrases. The placement of the comma in this case depends on the location of the participial phrase. If the participial phrase is in second place (as if it breaks the close connection between the adjective and the noun), then a comma is placed between the definitions: The grove listened and felt something good and strong, this feeling filled it with warmth and light, and even old, covered with gray lichens the tree branches whispered about days gone by(M.G.); Small, dry in places in summer rivulet opposite the Mokhovsky farm in swampy, overgrown with alders the floodplain overflowed for a whole kilometer(Shol.); On the other side, in the collective farm barn, he was waiting for us old, well-worn"Jeep", left there in winter(Shol.); In the spring, as soon as the air warms up, and with it our rustic, closed for the winter, frozen over the long winter months home, we are moving to the village(Sol.); The sun is gaining dull, somewhat silvery color(Paust.). (Compare another arrangement of definitions: old branches covered with gray lichen; a small river that dries up in summer in some places; swampy floodplain overgrown with alders; a battered old Jeep; a village house closed for the winter; a village house frozen over the long winter months.) Thus, the participial phrase standing before the adjective definition refers to the following combination of the adjective definition and the word being defined: Each time she appeared and drowned again in pitch darkness steppe village crouched against wide beams(Paust.); One night in early April '43 floodplain meadows flooded with meltwater between Sevsky and Yurasov hamlets, then further to Sennoy (as you can see, even the name of the village spoke of what is rich and remarkable about the place) reflected the cold radiance of the moon, poking through the running sparse clouds...(Paust.); Sergey saw white leaves floating in the air notebooks(Sparrow).
Note. If the participial phrase acquires a clarifying connotation of meaning, it, located between the adjective definition and the defined word, is isolated: Brother didn't take his eyes off her face blue, now as if radiating, huge eye(cf.: ...blue, now like radiant eyes).
A comma is used when combining agreed and inconsistent definitions (the inconsistent definition is placed in the second position): Meanwhile in a squat, with brown walls During the Klyushins’ winter quarters, the slightly tilted seven-line lamp actually burned(White); She took it off the table thick, with fringe tablecloth and laid another white one(Nile.).
Definitions that appear after the word being defined, regardless of their meaning, act as homogeneous: in postposition, each of the definitions is equipped with an independent logical stress: Word pompous, false, bookish had a drastic effect on him(Boon.).
Note 1. If these definitions are not closely related in meaning to the word being defined, then they simultaneously become isolated, as evidenced by the natural pause after the word being defined: The pond sparkled in the sun, fine, clayey; Drops began to fall to the ground, cold, large; We built a house beautiful, two-story.
Note 2. Postpositive definitions in terminological combinations are not separated by commas: early terry aster, wheat winter frost-resistant. In addition, sometimes postpositive definitions in rhythmic (poetic) speech are not separated by commas: And bottomless blue eyes bloom on the far shore(Bl.).
Definitions connected by explanatory relationships are separated by commas, although they are heterogeneous, since the second of them reveals the content of the first: He... carefully walked along the shining wire with a new, fresh feeling of delight(Gran.) - here new in the meaning of “fresh”; without a comma, i.e. when explanatory relations are removed, it turns out new meaning: “there was already a “fresh feeling of delight” and a new one appeared” (one logical emphasis: a new fresh feeling, but a new, fresh feeling); “Take in the orphan,” a third, new voice entered.(M.G.) - new definition explains the definition third; Nature has no more talented or less talented works. They can only be divided into both ours, human points of view(Sol.); Each seminar had its own special atmosphere(Kav.); Noticing that he was wearing a light velvet jacket, he thought and ordered some another, cloth frock coat(Adv.) .
Depending on the meaning, applications not connected by conjunctions can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Applications that appear before the word being defined and denote similar features of an object, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas: laureate Nobel Prize, academician A.D. Sakharov- honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig- academic degree and title; World Cup winner, European champion- sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the “golden belt” of European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate technical sciences, Professor- listing of different titles.
If applications denote different characteristics of an object, characterize it from different sides, then they are heterogeneous and are not separated by commas: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army- position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction mechanical engineering for precast reinforced concrete engineer- position and profession; CEO production association candidate of technical sciences- position and academic degree.
When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: head of the interuniversity department of general and university pedagogy, doctor pedagogical sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time World Cup winner, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student of the Institute of Physical Education.
Applications that appear after the word being defined, regardless of the meaning they convey (each of them has a logical accent), are separated by commas, and they must also be separated: Lyudmila Pakhomova, Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, multiple world and European champion, coach; N.V. Nikitin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, laureate of the USSR State Prize, author of the Ostankino television tower project; S.P. Korolev, designer of the first rocket and space systems, founder of practical cosmonautics, academician.
Homogeneous members of the sentence (main and secondary), not connected by conjunctions, are separated commas : In the office there were brown velvetarmchairs , bookishcabinet (Eb.); After lunch hesat on the balcony,held a book on my lap(Boon.); Cold, emptiness, uninhabited spirit meets the house(Sol.); Blooming aheadcherries, rowan, dandelions, rose hips, lilies of the valley … (Sol.); Only silence remainswater, thickets, centuries-old willows (Paust.); Shcherbatova toldabout his childhood, about the Dnieper, about how dried up old willows came to life in the spring on their estate(Paust.).
If the last member of a series is joined by unions and, yes, or , then the comma is not placed in front of it: He[wind] bringscoldness, clarity and a certain emptiness of the whole body(Paust.); Dense, tall thickets stretch for kilometerschamomile, chicory, clover, wild dill, cloves, coltsfoot, dandelions, gentians, plantains, bluebells, buttercups and dozens of other flowering herbs (Paust.).
§26
Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating conjunctions, if there are more than two ( and... and... and, yes... yes... yes, neither... nor... nor, or... or... or, whether... whether... whether, whether... or... or, either... or... or, then... then... that, not that ... not that ... not that, or ... or ... or ), separated by commas: It was sadAnd in the spring air,And in the darkening skyAnd in the wagon(Ch.); Did not haveneither stormy wordsneither passionate confessions,neither oaths(Paust.); After separation from Lermontov, she[Shcherbatova] couldn't watchneither to the steppe,neither on people,neither to passing villages and towns(Paust.); You could see her every dayThat with a can,That with a bag andThat and with a bag and a can together -or in the oil shop,or On the market,or in front of the house gate,or on the stairs(Bulg.).
In the absence of a union And before the first of the listed members of the sentence, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members of the sentence and the conjunction And repeated at least twice a comma is placed between all homogeneous members (including before the first And ): They brought a bouquet of thistles and placed it on the table, and here in front of mefire, and turmoil, and crimson round dance of lights (Sick.); And today the poet’s rhyme -weasel, and slogan, and bayonet, and whip (M.).
When repeating the conjunction twice And (if the number of homogeneous members is two) a comma is placed in the presence of a generalizing word with homogeneous members of the sentence: All Reminds me of autumn:and yellow leaves and fogs in the morning ; the same without a generalizing word, but in the presence of dependent words with homogeneous terms: Now it was possible to hear separatelyand the sound of rain and the sound of water (Bulg.). However, in the absence of the specified conditions, with homogeneous members of the sentence forming a close semantic unity, the comma may not be placed: It was all aroundboth light and green (T.); Day and night the scientist cat keeps walking around the chain(P.).
When repeating other conjunctions twice, except And , a comma is always used : Constantly prick my eyes with gypsy lifeeither stupid or ruthless (A. Ost.); He was ready to believe that he had arrived here at the wrong time -or too late,or early(Spread); ladynot that barefoot,not that in some transparent... shoes(Bulg.); All day goes byor snow,or rain with snow. They[lamp] just highlightedThat walls of the cave hall,That the most beautiful stalagmite(Sol.); Earlywhether , latewhether , but I'll come .
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Note 1. There is no comma in integral phraseological combinations with repeated conjunctions and... and, neither... nor(they connect words with opposing meanings): and day and night, and old and young, and laughter and grief, and here and there, and this and that, and here and there, neither two nor one and a half, neither give nor take, neither matchmaker nor brother, neither back nor forth, neither bottom nor tire, neither this nor that, neither stand nor sit, neither alive nor dead, neither yes nor no, neither hearing nor spirit, neither oneself nor people, neither fish nor meat, nor this nor that, neither peahen nor crow, neither shaky nor shaky, neither this nor that etc. The same with paired combinations of words, when there is no third option: and husband and wife, and earth and sky . Note 2. Unions either... or are not always repetitive. Yes, in a sentence And you can’t understand whether Matvey Karev is laughing at his words or at the way the students are looking into his mouth(Fed.) union whether introduces an explanatory clause, and the conjunction or connects homogeneous members. Wed. unions either... or as repeating: Goingwhether rain,or the sun is shining - he doesn’t care; Seeswhether he is,or does not see(G.). |
§27
Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting or disjunctive conjunctions ( and, yes in meaning " And »; or, or ) not separated by commas : Motor shipgot up across the riverand gave turn it downstream, along the way(Spread); Day and night - a day away(ate.); Will support he is Uzdechkinaor won't support ? (Pan.).
If there is an adversarial union between homogeneous members ( ah, but, yes in meaning " But », however, although, but, however ) and connecting ( and also, and even ) a comma is placed : The secretary stopped taking notes and secretly cast a surprised glance,but not against the arrested person, but against the procurator (Bulg.); The child washarsh but sweet (P.); A capable studentlazy though ; He visited the library on Fridayshowever not always ; Mokeevna had already taken the wicker basket out of the house,however stopped – I decided to look for apples(Shcherb.); The apartment is small,but cozy (gas.); She knows Germanand French .
§28
When connecting homogeneous members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (conjunction And valid only within groups): Alleys plantedlilacs and lindens, elms and poplars , led to the wooden stage(Fed.); The songs were different:about joy and sorrow, the day past and the day to come (Gaych.); Geography books and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances they told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria(Sol.).
| Note. In sentences with homogeneous members, it is possible to use the same conjunctions on different grounds (between different members of the sentence or their groups). In this case, when placing punctuation marks, different positions of conjunctions are taken into account. For example: ...Everywhere she was greeted cheerfullyAnd friendlyAnd assured her that she was good, sweet, rare(Ch.) – in this sentence there are conjunctions And not repeating, but single, connecting pairs of two homogeneous members of a sentence ( fun and friendly; met and assured). In the example: No one else disturbed the silence of the ductsAnd rivers, did not pick off cold river lilies with a spinnerAnd did not admire out loud what is best to admire without words(Paust.) – first And connects words dependent silence word forms channels and rivers, the second and closes the series of predicates (did not violate, did not break off and did not admire). |
Homogeneous members of a sentence, united in pairs, can be included in other, larger groups, which in turn have unions. Commas in such groups are placed taking into account the entire complex unity as a whole, for example, the contrastive relations between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence are taken into account: Father Christopher, holding a wide-brimmed top hat, to someonebowed and smiled not softly and touchingly , As always,but respectfully and tensely (Ch.). The different levels of connecting relationships are also taken into account. For example: In them[bench] you will find calico for shrouds and tar, candy and borax for exterminating cockroaches(M.G.) – here, on the one hand, word forms are combined calico and tar, candy and borax, and on the other hand, these groups, already with the rights of single members, are united by a repeating union And . Wed. option without pairwise association (with separate registration of homogeneous members):... You will find calico for shrouds, tar, candy, and borax for exterminating cockroaches .
§29
With homogeneous members of a sentence, in addition to single or repeating conjunctions, double (comparative) conjunctions can be used, which are divided into two parts, each located under each member of the sentence: both... and, not only... but also, not so much... as, as much... as much, although and... but, if not... then, not that... but, not that... but, not only not... but rather... how etc. A comma is always placed before the second part of such conjunctions: I have an errandHow from the judgeSo equalsAnd from all our friends(G.); Green was Not only a magnificent landscape painter and master of plot,But It was stillAnd a very subtle psychologist(Paust.); They say that in summer Sozopol is flooded with holidaymakers, that isNot really holidaymakers,A vacationers who came to spend their holidays near the Black Sea(Sol.); Mothernot really angry,But I was still unhappy(Kav.); There are fogs in Londonif not every day,That every other day for sure(Gonch.); He wasnot so much disappointed,How many surprised by the current situation(gas.); He wasquicker annoyedhow saddened(magazine).
§thirty
Between homogeneous members of a sentence (or their groups) can be placed semicolon .
1. If they include introductory words: It turns out that there are subtleties. There must be a fireFirstly , smokeless;Secondly , not very hot;and thirdly , in complete calm(Sol.).
2. If homogeneous members are common (have dependent words or subordinate clauses related to them): He was respectedbehind its excellent, aristocraticmanners , for the rumors about his victories;for that that he dressed beautifully and always stayed in the best room of the best hotel;for that that he generally dined well, and once even dined with Wellington at Louis Philippe’s;for that that he carried with him everywhere a real silver travel bag and a camp bathtub;for that that he smelled of some extraordinary, surprisingly “noble” perfume;for that that he played whist masterfully and always lost...(T.)
§31
Between homogeneous members of the sentence it is placed dash: a) when omitting an adversative conjunction: People's knowledge of laws is not desirable - it is mandatory(gas.); A tragic voice, no longer flying, no longer ringing - deep, chesty, “Mkhatovsky”(gas.); b) in the presence of a conjunction to denote a sharp and unexpected transition from one action or state to another: Then Alexey clenched his teeth, closed his eyes, pulled the boots with all his might with both hands - and immediately lost consciousness(B.P.); ...I always wanted to live in the city - and now I’m ending my life in the village(Ch.).
§32
Homogeneous members of a sentence and their various combinations are separated when dividing a sentence (parcelation) dots(see § 9): And then there were long hot months, the wind from the low mountains near Stavropol, smelling of immortelle, the silver crown of the Caucasus Mountains, fights near forest rubble with Chechens, the screech of bullets.Pyatigorsk , strangers with whom you had to treat yourself as friends.And again fleeting Petersburg and the Caucasus , the yellow peaks of Dagestan and the same beloved and saving Pyatigorsk.Short rest , broad ideas and poems, light and soaring to the sky, like clouds over the tops of mountains.And a duel (Paust.).
Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with generalizing words
§33
If a generalizing word precedes a series of homogeneous members, then after the generalizing word is placed colon : An ice fisherman happensdifferent : retired fisherman, worker fisherman, military fisherman, minister fisherman, so to speak, statesman, intellectual fisherman(Sol.); In this story you will find almosteverything I mentioned above : dry oak leaves, a gray-haired astronomer, the roar of cannonade, Cervantes, people who unshakably believe in the victory of humanism, a mountain shepherd dog, a night flight and much more(Paust.).
With generalizing words there may be clarifying words like, for example, like that, namely , preceded by a comma and followed by a colon. Words like for example, like that are used to explain previous words, words namely – to indicate the exhaustive nature of the subsequent listing: Many enterprises and services operate around the clock,such as : communications, ambulance, hospitals; Introductory words can express an emotional assessment of what is being communicated,For example : fortunately, to surprise, to joy, etc.(from the textbook); Katya... examined the barn, finding there, in addition to the cylinder and tiles, a lot of useful things,something like that : two low green benches, garden table, hammock, shovels, rakes(Step.); Everyone came to the meetingnamely : teachers, students and staff of the institute. After clarifying words such as (with a comparative connotation of meaning) the colon is not placed: Flowers are the first to bloom after winter,such as crocuses, tulips(gas.).
§34
A generalizing word that comes after homogeneous members is separated from them by the sign dash : Handrails, compasses, binoculars, all sorts of instruments and even high thresholds of cabins -all this it was copper(Paust.); And these trips, and our conversations with her -All was imbued with aching, hopeless melancholy(Beck.).
If there is an introductory word before a generalizing word, separated from homogeneous members by a dash, then the comma before the introductory word is omitted: In the lobby, in the corridor, in the offices -in a word , there were crowds of people everywhere(Pop.),
§35
Dash is placed after the listing of homogeneous members, if the sentence does not end with the listing: Everywhere : in the club, on the streets, on benches at the gate, in houses - noisy conversations took place(Garsh.).
If there are two generalizing words - before and after homogeneous members - both indicated punctuation marks are placed: a colon (before the listing) and a dash (after it): All : a carriage driving quickly down the street, a reminder of an insult, a girl’s question about a dress that needs to be prepared; even worse, the word of insincere, weak participation -All painfully irritated the wound, seemed like an insult(L.T.). The same with the common generalizing word: In a few minutes he could drawanything : human figure, animals, trees, buildings –All he came out characteristically and lively(Beck.).
§36
Homogeneous members of the sentence, located in the middle of the sentence and having the meaning of a passing comment, are highlighted dash on both sides: Anything that could muffle the sounds -carpets, curtains and upholstered furniture – Grig left the house a long time ago(Paust.); Everyone -and the Motherland, and both Lychkovs, and Volodka – I remember white horses, little ponies, fireworks, a boat with lanterns(Ch.).
| Note. It is acceptable to use generalizing words in all positions in modern printing practice dash, including - before the listing (in place of the traditional colon): Mass production will be organized in the new workshopproducts for mechanical engineering – bushings, cups, gear meshes(gas.); Good kayakersthere were only three – Igor, Shulyaev, Kolya Koryakin and, of course, Andrei Mikhailovich himself(Tendr.); LoveAll - and dew, and fog, and ducks, all other birds and animals(Tendr.); If itsomething stood out from others - talent, intelligence, beauty... But Duke really didn’t have anything like that(Current.); Everything, everything I heard the singing of evening grass, and the speech of water, and the dead cry of stone(Sick.); All then his mind was agitated - meadows, fields, forests, and groves, in the “chapel of an old storm the noise, the old woman’s wonderful legend”(Gaych.); He hung it on the wallyour precious collection – knives, sabers, saber, dagger(Shcherb.). Wed. the same with K. Paustovsky, B. Pasternak: After him[rain] begin to climb violentlymushrooms – sticky boletus, yellow chanterelles, boletus, ruddy saffron milk caps, honey mushrooms and countless toadstools(Paust.); By noon, a distantheap Baku – gray mountains, gray sky, gray houses covered with patches of bright, but also gray sunny color(Paust.); I had the chance and happiness to know many elderspoets who lived in Moscow , – Bryusov, Andrey Bely, Khodasevich, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Baltrushaitis(B. Past.). |
Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions
§37
Homogeneous definitions, expressed by adjectives and participles and standing before the word being defined, are separated from each other comma, heterogeneous - are not separated (for an exception, see § 41).
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Note 1. The difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions is as follows: a) each of the homogeneous definitions relates directly to the word being defined; b) the first definition from a pair of heterogeneous ones refers to the subsequent phrase. Wed: Red, green the lights replaced each other(T. Tolstoy) – red lights and green lights; Soon the chimneys of the factories here will begin to smoke,strong iron paths on the site of the old road(Bun.) – strong → iron tracks. It is possible to insert a conjunction between homogeneous definitions And , between heterogeneous ones is impossible. Wed: The glass is coldly playing with multi-colored lights, as ifsmall precious stones(Boon.). – The hallway is cold, like a senets, and it smellsdamp, frozen bark of firewood...(Boon.). In the first case, a conjunction cannot be inserted ( small precious stones), in the second – perhaps ( damp and frozen bark). Note 2. Definitions expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives are often heterogeneous: Her[siren] muffled the soundsbeautiful string orchestra(Boon.). Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives of different semantic groups can also be perceived as heterogeneous: They began to fall to the groundcold large drops(M.G.). |
1. The definitions denoting are homogeneous signs of different objects : A talented student who spoke five languages and felt at homeFrench, Spanish, German literature at home, he boldly used his knowledge(Kav.).
Definitions that express similar characteristics of one subject are homogeneous, i.e. they characterize the subject On the one side : It wasboring, tedious day(Kav.); The train moved slowly and unevenly, supportingold, creaky railway carriage(Spread); Heavy, damp the wall of the pine forest does not move, is silent(Lip.); Lena got her a jobspacious, empty room(Kav.); At first winter swung reluctantly, as last year, then it burst in unexpectedly, withharsh, cold by the wind(Kav.). The similarity of features can appear on the basis of some convergence of values, for example, along the line of assessment: And at this momentreserved, soft, polite Zoshchenko suddenly said to me with irritation: “You can’t get into literature by pushing elbows.”(Kav.); based on the unity of sensations conveyed by definitions (touch, taste, etc.): INclear, warm morning, at the end of May, in Obruchanovo they brought two horses to the local blacksmith Rodion Petrov(Ch.); Bliss wascool, fresh, tasty water gently rolling off your shoulders(Kav.).
Similarity of features may arise among adjectives used in a figurative meaning: I shook the one handed to mebig, callous hand(Shol.); Cruel, cold spring kills engorged buds(Ahm.); In heartdark, stuffy hop(Ahm.). The homogeneity of definitions is emphasized by the addition of one of them by a coordinating conjunction And : In them[songs] dominatedheavy, sad and hopeless notes(M.G.); Suchmiserable, drab and deceitful siskin(M.G.); Tired, tanned and dusty their faces were exactly the color of the brown rags of the moon's wing(M.G.).
2. Adjective definitions that characterize an object or phenomenon with various sides: Large glass the doors were wide open(Kav.) – designation of size and material; Former Eliseevskaya the dining room was decorated with frescoes(Kav.) – designation of a temporary sign and sign of belonging; Thick rough the notebook in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches was placed at the bottom of the suitcase(Kav.) – designation of size and purpose; Found in my archiveyellow school girl notebook written in fluent handwriting(Kav.) – designation of color and purpose; The forests, lit obliquely by the sun, seemed to him like piles oflight copper ore(Paust.) – designation of weight and material; Our famous and brave traveler Karelin gave me very detailed information about Kara-Bugaz.unflattering written certification(Paust.) – designation of assessment and form; The foreman served teaviscous cherry jam(Paust.) – designation of property and material; Enoughhigh antique earthenware the lamp burned softly under a pink lampshade(Bun.) – designation of quantity, temporary characteristic and material.
§38
Adjective adjectives can be combined with participial phrases. The placement of the comma in this case depends on the location of the participial phrase, which sometimes acts as a homogeneous member of the sentence with the adjective definition, sometimes as a heterogeneous one.
If the participial phrase comes after the adjective definition and before the word being defined (i.e., breaks the direct connection between the adjective and the noun), then a comma is placed between the definitions: Evenold, covered with gray lichens the tree branches whispered about days gone by(M.G.); No, they don't only cry in their sleepelderly, gray during the war years men(Shol); Small, dry in places in summer rivulet<…>spilled over a kilometer(Shol.); Standing, lost in the air the smell of flowers was nailed motionless by the heat to the flower beds(B. Past.).
If the participial phrase comes before the adjective definition and refers to the next combination of the adjective definition and the word being defined, then a comma is not placed between them: Each time she appeared and drowned again in pitch darknessthe steppe crouched against the wide beams village(Paust.); Sergey sawwhite floating in the air notebook sheets(Sparrow).
§39
A comma is placed when combining agreed and inconsistent definitions (the inconsistent definition is placed after the agreed one): Meanwhile insquat, with brown walls In the winter quarters of the Klyushins, a slightly angled seven-line lamp actually burned(White); She took it off the tablethick, with fringe tablecloth and laid another white one(P. Neil.).
However, the comma not placed, if the combination of an agreed and inconsistent definition denotes a single characteristic: White checkered tablecloth; she was wearingblue polka dot skirt .
§40
Definitions following the word being defined are usually homogeneous and are therefore separated by commas: Wordpompous, false, bookish had a drastic effect on him(Boon.). Each of these definitions is directly related to the word being defined and has an independent logical emphasis.
§41
Heterogeneous definitions are separated by a comma only if the second of them explains the first, revealing its content (it is possible to insert words, that is, namely): He... carefully walked along the shiny wire withnew, fresh feeling of delight(Gran.) – here new Means " fresh"; without a comma, that is, when explanatory relations are removed, a different meaning will appear: there was a “fresh feeling of delight” and a new one appeared (a new fresh feeling, but: a new, fresh feeling); – Shelter an orphan, - enteredthird, new voice(M.G.) – definition new explains the definition third; Nature has no more talented or less talented works. They can only be divided into bothours, human points of view(Sol.). Wed: In the holiday village appearednew brick Houses(others were added to the existing brick houses). – In the holiday village appearednew, brick Houses(before this there were no brick houses).
Punctuation marks for homogeneous applications
§42
Applications (definitions expressed by nouns), not connected by conjunctions, can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.
Applications that appear before the word being defined and denote similar features of an object, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous. They are separated by commas: Hero of Socialist Labor, People's Artist of the USSR E. N. Gogoleva– honorary titles; World Cup winner, European champion NN– sports titles.
Applications denoting different features of an object, characterizing it from different sides, are not homogeneous. They are not separated by commas: First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Army General NN– position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction mechanical engineering for precast reinforced concrete, engineer NN– position and profession; General Director of the production association Candidate of Technical Sciences NN– position and academic degree.
When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time World Cup winner, student of the NN Institute of Physical Education .
§43
Applications that appear after the word being defined, regardless of the meaning they convey, are separated by commas and must be highlighted (see § 61): Lyudmila Pakhomova, Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, world champion, multiple European champion, coach; N.V. Nikitin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize and the USSR State Prize, author of the Ostankino television tower project; V. V. Tereshkova, pilot-cosmonaut, Hero Soviet Union; D. S. Likhachev, literary critic and public figure, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, Chairman of the Board Russian Fund culture, laureate of the State Prize; A. I. Solzhenitsyn, writer, publicist, Nobel Prize laureate .
Punctuation marks for repeating sentence parts
§44
Between repeating members of a sentence is placed busy. For example, repetition emphasizes the duration of an action: I'm going, I'm going in an open field; bell ding-ding-ding...(P.); We sailed, we sailed wind-blown clouds in the dark blue depths(Shol.); points to big number objects or phenomena: Along the Smolensk road -forests, forests, forests . Along the Smolensk road -pillars, pillars, pillars (OK.); stands for high degree sign, quality, feeling, and each of the words repeated in this case has a logical emphasis: Scary, scary reluctantly among the unknown plains(P.); The sky was nowgray, gray (Sol.); Why are you walking, my son?lonely, lonely ? (OK.); emphasizes the categorical nature of the statement: Now... all I live iswork work … (Am.).
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Note 1. For the use of hyphens in repetitions, see “Spelling”, § 118, paragraph 1. Note 2. On the repetition of prepositional combinations with forms of pronominal words ( in what in what, with whom with whom) see “Spelling”, § 155, paragraph b. Note 3. There is no comma if repeating terms with particles Not or So between them they form a single semantic whole with the meaning of an underlined statement, agreement, or express the meaning of uncertainty: NoSo No; DriveSo drive; Valeria looked at me again and said nothing: tomorrowSo Tomorrow(Sol.); Everything is at hand in our village: a forestSo forest, riverSo river(Sol.); RainNot rain, you won't understand. The same when expressing the meaning of a concession: TimeNot time, but we have to go . If repeated predicates with a particle So have conditional consequential meanings with a hint of reinforcement, then a comma can be placed: – Well then! – he suddenly exclaims with an unexpected surge of energy. - Going to,So going to(Cupr.); Well, it will be, thank you. Made friendsSo made friends(Chuck.). (Wed: If we need to gather, then we will gather; If you make friends, then with interest .) |
§45
Repeating parts of a sentence with a conjunction And when sharply emphasizing their meaning, they are separated by the sign dash : Leave - and leave quickly; We need victory - and only victory. However, with a calmer intonation, a comma is also possible: You, and only you, are capable of this; We need facts, and only facts. .
If the union And stands between two identical verbs, which act as a single predicate expressing a constantly repeating action, a comma is not placed: And he's stillwrites and writes letters to the old address .
Valgina N.S., Eskova N.A., Ivanova O.E., Kuzmina S.M. Rules of Russian, spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 480 p.ISBN 978-5-699-18553-5
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Note. A comma is not placed before the particle and, followed by the demonstrative pronoun that (that, that, those), used to enhance the meaning of the previous member of the sentence: Even the table and that somehow moved from its place (Panf.).
§ 28. When connecting homogeneous members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (the union is valid only within groups): Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden stage (Fed.); The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the day past and the day to come (Geich.); Geography books and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria (Sol.).
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Complete Academic Reference
Note. In sentences with homogeneous members, it is possible to use the same conjunctions on different grounds (between different members of the sentence or their groups). In this case, when placing punctuation marks, different positions of conjunctions are taken into account. For example: ...Everywhere she was greeted cheerfully and friendly and assured her that she was good, sweet, rare (Ch.) - in this sentence the conjunctions are not repeated, but single ones, connecting pairs of two homogeneous members of the sentence (cheerful and friendly; met and assured). In the example: No one else disturbed the silence of channels and rivers, did not pick off cold river lilies with a spinner, and did not admire out loud what is best to admire without words (Paust.) - the first connects the word forms of channels and rivers that depend on the silence of the word, the second closes a series of predicates (did not violate, did not break off and did not admire).
Homogeneous members of a sentence, united in pairs, can be included in other, larger groups, which in turn have unions. Commas in such groups are placed taking into account the entire complex unity as a whole, for example, the contrastive relations between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence are taken into account: Father Christopher, holding a wide-brimmed top hat, bowed to someone and smiled not softly and touchingly, as always, but respectfully and tensely ( Ch.). The different levels of connecting relationships are also taken into account. For example: In them [the shops] you will find calico for shrouds and tar, and lollipops and borax for exterminating cockroaches (M. G.) - here, on the one hand, the word forms calico and tar, lollipops and borax are combined, and on the other - these groups, already with the rights of single members, are united by a repeating union and. Wed. option without pairwise association (with separate registration of homogeneous members): ...You will find calico for shrouds, and tar, and candy, and borax for exterminating cockroaches.
Note. There may be other groups of homogeneous members of a sentence, for example, when a group is formed on the basis of semantic unity: The letter was cold; she re-read it several times with tears and crumpled and crumpled, but it did not become warmer from this, but only got wet (M. G.) - the members of the sentence crumpled and crumpled as a single whole, formed as a result of semantic similarity, are connected with the predicate re-read -
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Punctuation
shaft has a different meaning, which is why the comma is not placed here and conjunctions and different in function.
§ 29. With homogeneous members of a sentence, in addition to single or repeating conjunctions, double (comparative) conjunctions can be used, which are divided into two parts, each located under each member of the sentence: both... and, not only... but U9 not as much... as much as... so much, although and... but, if not... then, not that... but, not that... ah, not only not... ah, rather... than, etc. A comma is always placed before the second part of such conjunctions: I have instructions both from the judge and from all our friends (G.); Green was not only a magnificent landscape painter and master of plot, but was also a very subtle psychologist (Paust.); They say that in the summer Sozopol is flooded with holidaymakers, that is, not just holidaymakers, but vacationers who came to spend their vacation by the Black Sea (Sol.); Mom wasn’t just angry, but she was still dissatisfied (Kav.); There are fogs in London, if not every day, then certainly every other day (Gonch.); He was not so much upset as surprised by the current situation (gas); He was more annoyed than saddened (journal).
§ 30. A semicolon may be placed between homogeneous members of a sentence (or their groups).
1. If they include introductory words: It turns out that there are subtleties. Firstly, the fire must be smokeless; secondly, it’s not very hot; and thirdly, in complete calm (Sol.).
2. If homogeneous members are common (have dependent words or subordinate clauses related to them): He was respected for his excellent, aristocratic manners, for rumors of his victories; because he dressed beautifully and always stayed in the best room in the best hotel; for the fact that he generally dined well, and once even dined with Wellington at Louis Philippe’s; because he carried with him everywhere a real silver toiletry case and a camp bathtub; because he smelled of some extraordinary, surprisingly “noble” perfume; because he played whist masterfully and always lost... (T.)
wrong calico ( foreigner bidding) - wrong product, - wrong Wed. Wrong calico. Leukin. Wed. What a girl! one might say - a miracle calico! Gogol. Dead Souls. 1, 10. Nozdrev to Chichikov. Calico = French calicot, paper fabric, Calcutta muslin. Cm. this is a completely different album.Russian thought and speech. Yours and someone else's. Experience of Russian phraseology. Collection of figurative words and parables. T.T. 1-2. Walking and apt words. A collection of Russian and foreign quotes, proverbs, sayings, proverbial expressions and individual words. St. Petersburg, type. Ak. Sciences.. M. I. Mikhelson. 1896-1912.
CALECOR is:
CALECOR CALECOR (French coler - to glue). Cotton, glued fabric.Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910.
CALECOR French. calencar. Cotton, glued fabric.
Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that came into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - Mikhelson A.D., 1865.
Calico ( fr. calencar) binding fabric, covered with a mastic layer and passed through a calender with a smooth or engraved surface of the rollers.
New dictionary of foreign words. - by EdwART, 2009.
Calico calico (calico), pl. no, m. [apparently from two fr. words: calicot - paper fabric, named after the Indian city of Calcutta, and calencar from Persian. kalamkar – a kind of dyed material]. A type of cheap paper material is thick calico, white or single-colored. І A completely different calico (colloquially joking) - a completely different matter.
Large dictionary of foreign words. - Publishing house "IDDK", 2007.
Calico a, pl. No, m. (fr. calencar chintz Persian. kalamkar).
Binding fabric covered with a mastic layer and passed through a calender with a smooth or patterned surface of the rolls.
Calico- from calico.
à This is a different calico (decomposition) is a completely different matter.
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Wed. leatherette, lederin, marroquin, fiber.
Dictionary foreign words by L. P. Krysin. - M: Russian language, 1998.
Calico: what is it and why is it needed?
Have you ever heard or encountered the word “calico” in literature? Perhaps, although we don't use it often. For this reason, not all of us can explain its meaning. However, it is never too late to enrich your vocabulary.
Calico - what is it?
There is no consensus on the origin of this term. Either its roots should be sought in India, or in Persia. But it seems that all experts agree that the word “calico” came into the Russian language from French.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries. it meant inexpensive, thick cotton calico fabric. It was a semi-finished product from which chintz, muslin, upholstery and bedding fabrics with or without patterns were subsequently produced.
In addition, calico is still used today to make oilcloth and leatherette, so both of these words are often used as synonyms for calico.
So, what is calico? The definition given by dictionaries boils down to the following: calico is a plain-dyed, rigid cotton fabric with a plain weave. It is used in the printing industry and clothing production as linings in clothing.
But if the word “calico” is part of a phraseological phrase, its meaning changes. Most often it means “business”. For example: “this is a completely different calico,” that is, a completely different matter.
How is calico made?
We have already learned what calico is, as well as the fact that it is used for the industrial production of various materials. Among them there is calico. To obtain it, take coarse calico, paint it with acid dyes, dry it well and smooth it.
The next stage is priming. Mix casein glue, kaolin clay, water, starch and apply to the wrong side of the fabric. Dye is added to the soil that will be used for the front side.
The calico is primed once or twice, after which it is smoothed on a calender - a machine that gives the fabric an even, smooth surface by passing it between rollers. If it is necessary to apply a design, then an embossing calender is additionally used. This is how calico turns into calico.
Probably everyone knows what printing is. Even in our time, when e-books are becoming increasingly widespread, we continue to consider books with a beautiful cover the best gift. But calico is used for their production.
Modern binding materials
For centuries, books were considered a great luxury. They were rewritten and combined manually. The situation changed only with the invention of the printing press in the 15th century. The development of bookselling led to the emergence of bookbinding workshops, where calico paper began to be widely used.
What is a book cover? What materials is it made from? The cover is the part of the binding that connects the pages of a book into a single unit. It not only protects the paper edition, but also serves as part of the decoration.
Today in printing, two types of binding materials are most often used to create covers: “Modern” and “Premium”. Both of them are made on the basis of calico. And if in the first case they use ordinary fabric, then in the second they use high-quality, bleached material.
So now we know what calico means. This is a material made from calico, which is used in bookbinding.
Calico (disambiguation)
Calico
Wiktionary has an article "calico"- Calico- plain dyed cotton fabric.
- Calico- covering binding material on a fabric basis with a special covering layer.
Sources
- Calico // Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes / ch. ed. B. M. Volin, D. N. Ushakov (vol. 2-4); comp. G. O. Vinokur, B. A. Larin, S. I. Ozhegov, B. V. Tomashevsky, D. N. Ushakov; edited by D. N. Ushakova. - M.: State Institute“Soviet Encyclopedia” (vol. 1): OGIZ (vol. 1): State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries (vol. 2-4), 1935-1940. - 45,000 copies.
- Calico // Publishing dictionary-reference book: [electronic. ed.] / A. E. Milchin. - 3rd ed., rev. and additional - M.: OLMA-Press, 2006.
What is a colinker
Evgenia Nikulina
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by D. N. Ushakov:
KOLENKOR (or old kalinkor), calico (calico), pl. no, m. (apparently from two French words: calicot - paper fabric, named after the Indian city of Calicut, and calencar from the Persian kalamkar - A type of dyed fabric). A type of cheap paper material is thick calico, white or single-colored. a completely different calico (colloquially joking) - a completely different matter.
New dictionary of the Russian language edited by T. F. Efremova:
Calico
m.
Heavily starched or impregnated with a special composition, cotton fabric of a single color, currently used mainly for book bindings. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V. I. Dahl:
CALINCORE m. French. calencore, calico, paper linen, thin cotton fabric. Calico. related to calico Calico, made from calico.
What is calico?
Almond blossom
Calico, according to some sources, is glued and dyed calico - a harsh thin cotton fabric of plain weave, quite thick threads of unbleached yarn are visible, used for sewing cheap linen clothes, calico as a lining. borrowed
Calico fabric (see figure), when impregnated with sizing, was used in printing for the manufacture of covers, gift boxes, cases, and book bindings.
Sometimes they say “a completely different calico” - this stable expression is used in the meaning of “not what is needed” or “something else”, apparently because there is a great variety of calico in the meaning of dyed fabric, and possibly because when impregnated the same tissue becomes heterogeneous.
Rakitin Sergey
The basis of many cotton fabrics is calico - a simple undyed cotton fabric. Outwardly, it is unattractive, rough to the touch, but it is very cheap. By impregnating calico with starch, calico was obtained - a rigid, slightly bendable fabric fabric (white or plain), which was used where it was important to maintain its shape - for the manufacture of clothing linings and in the production of book bindings. The latter were subjected to further finishing, i.e. applying compositions in the form of varnishes and mastics, which turned cheap fabric into luxurious book binding (hence the expression “another calico”).
Grape marmalade
Calico originally called Indian or Persian (that is, Iranian) cotton fabric used for book binding and strengthening the inner layers of clothing.
Calico was in vogue in the 18th and 19th centuries; the spread of more modern fabrics led to its abandonment.
Also called calico was a specialized binding material (made from the appropriate fabric).
And finally, for some reason a third meaning has become entrenched in everyday life (the expression “a completely different calico”, meaning literally “not the same at all”).