Lesson: "First World War. Russia's participation in the First World War."

developed for 9th grade students of the humanities department in accordance with the basic principles of the advanced learning methodology.

v preliminary introduction of the first (small) portions of future knowledge,

v clarification of new concepts, their generalization and application,

v development of fluency of mental techniques and educational actions.

Such dispersed assimilation educational material ensures the transfer of knowledge into long-term memory.

Conceptual provisions of cooperation pedagogy:

v personal approach collaborative pedagogy;

v comfort in the classroom: friendliness, mutual assistance;

v consistency, systematic content of educational material.

The basic principles of the advanced learning methodology are optimally suited for studying issues of international relations of the era of imperialism. 9th grade students are getting acquainted with the most complex processes of world and national history for the first time. In the 8th grade, concepts are studied: imperialism, imperialist wars; in the 9th grade, the development and deepening of these concepts will continue, and the features of their manifestation in Russia are considered. This lesson introduces the concepts: world war, deepens the concepts: military-political blocs and contradictions within them, nationalism, chauvinism, the Versailles-Washington system and its influence on the fate of the world. The study of these concepts is promising; in subsequent lessons their study will be continued and they will become basic for students’ understanding of the causes of the Second World War.

In accordance with the methodology of advanced learning, tables and reference diagrams are used in the lesson.

Lesson: First World War.

Russian participation in the First World War.

Lesson objectives: to help students develop a holistic understanding of the system of international relations on the eve of the war, to help them understand these phenomena, as well as the growth of nationalist sentiments in European society as the main factors that brought the world to the brink of war. Find out the goals of the warring powers, reasons, scope and main military operations. Introduce students to the most important provisions of the Versailles-Washington system and lead them to an independent conclusion about the reasons for its instability.

Contribute humanistically value orientations students on their attitude to wars as a way of resolving conflicts. Show Man at War and the role of Transnistria and Transnistria in the war.

Promote the development of cognitive skills to relate historical events with certain periods, localize them on the map, group historical events according to the specified criteria, determine and justify their attitude and assessment of the most significant events in history.

Lesson equipment: -Tsyupa. Recent history foreign countries(tutorial), . Russian history. XX century., . Istria of Russia (in tables and diagrams), . Methods of teaching and learning history.

T.1-2, Atlas " The World History", wall map "First World War".

Lesson plan:

1. International situation at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.

2. “The Powder Keg of Europe”: 1 and P Balkan Wars and their results.

3. Reason, reasons, nature of the war. Participants' goals.

4. Main military operations of 1914,1915,1916.

5. Man at war (based on local history material)

6. Results of the war. Lessons of war.

Motivational conversation by the teacher about the role of wars in the history of mankind, about the change in their nature in the era of imperialism, and the increasing complexity of the system of international relations. The teacher sets lesson goals, ways to achieve them, and voices his lesson plan.

By revising first question The teacher relies on the students’ knowledge that they received in history lessons earlier. The following issues are considered and discussed:

Teacher: At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The world has entered the era of imperialism.

1. Signs of imperialism.

2.What was the determining feature in the formation of the system of international relations at the turn of the century?

Working with the map “The World from 1870 to 1914.”

4.What were the main metropolises that existed at the beginning of the twentieth century?

5.Which colonies belonged to the leading European countries?

6.Give definitions of the concepts: colony, metropolis, dominion.

7.Analyzing the map, guess which countries lacked colonies and why? (It is necessary to help students remember the countries of the first and second echelons of modernization).

8.Where and in what way could these colonies be purchased?

9.What wars for the redistribution of the world have we studied?

10Why are these wars called imperialist?

Teacher: in the system of military-political blocs, military-political blocs are being formed. Students fill out the table on the board:

Triple Alliance

11.What is unexpected and contradictory about the alliances?

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(If difficulties arise, students are asked to recall the history of Russian-English and Russian-French relations in the 19th century, during the Russian-Japanese War; Russian-German relations).

12.Name and show on the map the first imperialist wars.

Consideration second question start by using a wall map and an Atlas. Students, under the guidance of a teacher, name the countries located in the Balkans and find out which European countries had interests represented in the Balkans. It is necessary to remind students that Russia refused to participate in the Triple Alliance due to contradictions with Austria-Hungary in the Balkans.

1. Why was the Balkans called “the powder keg of Europe” in the first decade of the twentieth century?

2. Causes and results of the 1st Balkan War.

3. Why did the Second Balkan War begin? Under what slogans did it take place?

Document analysis:

“History teachers should take some of the responsibility for the outbreak of the First World War. Indeed, the war was largely the result of the excessive nationalistic and patriotic fervor of all the warring parties - the result of “poisoning by history.”

(G. Wells).

v Make a guess as to how it was at the beginning of the twentieth century

Is history teaching organized in leading European countries?

v Define the concepts: nationalism, chauvinism

(dictionary for the textbook).

v Why the leader’s killer was acquitted by the court in France

pacifist movement of Jean Jaurès?.

v What is pacifism?

Third question It is advisable to start with the murder in Sarajevo (student message). Students are asked to answer the following questions:

1. Why did the young man Gavrila Princip deliberately go about killing the innocent Austrian heir to the throne and his wife, knowing full well that he would not live either? What drove him?

2. How did events develop after the murder in Sarajevo? (working with the reference diagram).

How did the war start?

Austria-Hungary

Serbia Germany

France Türkiye

England Japan

3. Name the reasons for the war.

4. 38 states with a population of 1.5 billion people were involved in the war. 67 million people were put under arms. Why was the war so widespread?

5. The nature of the war.

Table: Goals of participants in the First World War.

Powers - the main participants in the war

Which union did they belong to?

Goals of entering the war

Germany

Central Powers

Capture the overseas possessions of Great Britain and France, the western territories of the Russian Empire

Austria-Hungary

Central Powers

Establish dominance in the Balkans and seize lands in Poland.

Achieve control over the Black Sea straits of the Bosporus and Dardanelles, strengthen their influence in the Balkans. To implement the imperial idea of restoring the Greek Empire with its capital in Constantinople (Istanbul) led by one of the Russian Grand Dukes

Return territories lost as a result of the Franco-Prussian War: Alsace and Lorraine. Annex the left bank of the Rhine and Saarland from Germany.

Increase your possessions at the expense of territories subject to Ottoman Empire and Germany.

Ottoman Empire

Central Powers

Relying on the help of the allies, take revenge for failures in the wars with Russia and restore their possessions in the Balkans

Bulgaria

Central Powers

Capture part of the territory of Greece, Serbia and Romania.

Sought to oust Germany from China and the islands of Oceania

Increase your territory at the expense of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

The teacher invites students to familiarize themselves with the table and conducts a workshop.

Workshop.

Determine which countries pursued the listed goals in the war:

1. Capture colonies and transformation of Eastern Europe to dependent lands.

2. The defeat of the main competitor - Germany - and the expansion of possessions by

Middle East.

3. Preservation of the empire “where the sun never sets.”

4.Strengthening monarchical power. Increasing influence in the Balkans. Expanding control over Russian possessions.

5.Return of Alsace and Lorraine, capture of the Rhine zone. Fragmentation of enemy territory into several small states.

6.What goals did Russia pursue in the war?

7.Was Russia ready for war? (Analysis of the document on p. 51 of the Workbook).

Teacher: How did you receive the news of the war in Russia? The war was expected, but it came as a complete surprise. There were queues of volunteers at the military registration and enlistment offices. In 1914, there were 80 thousand officers in the Russian army. Most of them will die in the first year of the war. In the infantry, losses among officers will be up to 96%. Young, cheerful, who could have a future.

7. How did you greet the news of the war in our city? (Student message)

By revising fourth question table is used tutorial on the history of Russia, wall map and Atlas.

Students are given the task: to find on the map the main military operations of the years, talk about their results using the table:

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Table: Main events of the First

World War 1914 – 1918

Periods

Western Front

Eastern front

Result

Offensive German troops via Belgium. Battle of the Marne. German troops are stopped and driven back from Paris. Naval blockade of Germany by the British fleet

The unsuccessful offensive of two Russian armies (generals and) in East Prussia. The offensive of Russian troops in Galicia against Austria-Hungary.

The East Prussian operation of Russian troops helped the French and British survive the Battle of the Marne River. The Schlieffen Plan failed; Germany was unable to avoid a war on two fronts. The Ottoman Empire joined Germany and Austria-Hungary.

There were almost no active military operations. Merciless submarine warfare Germany against the Entente fleet. The first chemical attack in history by German troops on Ypres (Belgium).

The offensive of Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russian troops. The Russian army is forced to retreat with heavy losses. Russia lost Poland, part of the Baltic states, Belarus and Ukraine. Bulgaria sided with Germany (the Central Powers).

Germany and its allies failed to eliminate the Eastern Front. Positional (“trench”) warfare. France and England strengthened their military potential. There was a military-economic superiority of the Entente countries.

The advance of the German army towards Verdun. The first use of tanks by Entente troops and the offensive on the Somme River.

The Russian army under the command of General Brusilov broke through the Austro-Hungarian front in Galicia and Bukovina (“Brusilovsky breakthrough”). However, it was not possible to develop the success of the Russian army.

The battles of Verdun and the Somme did not give a decisive advantage to either side. It became clear that Germany would not be able to win the war; Austria-Hungary was on the verge of complete defeat.

In the battles on the fields of France, neither the Central Powers nor the Entente managed to achieve a decisive victory. The US entered the war on the side of the Entente.

Revolution in February-March 1917 in Russia. Fall of the monarchy. Provisional Government - “War to the bitter end!” Decree on peace of the Bolshevik government. The call to conclude peace without annexation and indemnity is not supported by either Germany or the Entente.

Enormous losses forced the Anglo-French command to stop major offensive operations. The entry of the United States into the war led to the economic and military superiority of the Entente. Revolutionary Russia, exhausted by the war, could not continue the fight.

The offensive of German troops in France (P. Hindenburg, E. Ludendorff) on Paris. On the Marne, a counter-offensive by Entente troops under the command of the French general F. Foch. US President William Wilson proposed the “14 Points” peace plan. The revolt of military sailors in Kiel was the beginning of the German revolution. The Social Democratic government concluded a truce with the Entente in the Compiegne Forest on November 11, 1918.

In March 1918, the Bolshevik government concluded a separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.

The Eastern Front ceased to exist. Germany got rid of the need to fight on two fronts. Bulgaria left the war. The Ottoman Empire surrendered. Revolutions in Czechoslovakia and Hungary led to the disintegration of Austria-Hungary and its military collapse. End of the First World War. Victory of the Entente countries.

It would be advisable to listen to the message about the Brusilov breakthrough.

1. Analyze and answer the question: were the most intense battles on the Western or Eastern Front?

2. How would you assess the interaction of allies in military-political blocs?

3. What is “trench warfare”?

Fifth question viewed from a demonstration of photographs of those distant years. (Ogonyok magazine, 1995).

Who says that war is not scary?

He knows nothing about the war . Yu. Drunina

Students talk about their ancestors who participated in the war, materials are used personal archives Tiraspol residents and the local history museum (about the Barabash family).

The teacher reads out a document about the use of gases in 1915 near the city of Ypres, shows a reproduction of the painting “Invalids of War. XX century".

1.What methods of warfare can be traced from the documents?

2.Which methods are traditional and which are new?

Our fellow countrymen played an exceptional role in saving people's lives. Among them: an outstanding chemist, an outstanding microbiologist. Students' reports are heard.

By revising results war is used as a textbook for universities " National history"(p.211). Students are asked to write down the economic, political and social consequences of the war in notebooks, and the material is voiced by the most prepared student in the form of a message.

Teacher: On November 11, 1918, an armistice was signed in the Compiegne Forest (France) between the victors (the Entente countries) and defeated Germany. The final outcome of the war was summed up in 1919-20. Students are invited to familiarize themselves with the content of the main treaties following the war and draw conclusions about their consequences.

Versailles-Washington system.

Peace treaties.

1. Treaty of Versailles with Germany (28 June 1919):

v transfer of all colonies;

v reduction in the size of the armed forces to;

v Germany is deprived of the right to have heavy artillery, tanks, airplanes, submarines, warships;

v occupation of the left bank of the Rhine for 15 years;

v a 50 km wide demilitarized zone on the right bank of the Rhine;

v transfer of about 1/7 of the territory and 1/10 of the population;

v reparations (compensation for damage). Article 231 (article on responsibility for wars).

2. Treaty signed in Saint-Germain-en-Laye with Austria (September 10, 1919):

v division of Hungary and Austria;

v transfer of South Tyrol to Brenner to Italy;

v recognition of the independent states of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and Yugoslavia;

v reparations.

3. Treaty signed in Neuilly with Bulgaria (November 2, 1919):

v transfer to Greece of the coastal territories of Thrace.

4. Treaty of Trianon with Hungary (August 10, 1920):

v Slovakia goes to Czechoslovakia;

v Transylvania is transferred to Romania;

v Banat is transferred to Yugoslavia.

v establishing international control over the straits and creating an international administration for these purposes;

v reduction of armaments, including a reduction in the size of the army to;

v transfer of territories.

6. Washington Conference

a) “Treaty of the Four Powers” (England, USA, France, Japan): guarantees of the inviolability of colonial island possessions in the Pacific Ocean;

b) “Treaty of Five Powers” (England, USA, France, Japan and Italy): a ban on the construction of warships with a displacement of over 35 thousand tons; possession navy in accordance with 5:5:3.5:1.75:1.75.

c) “Treaty of Nine Powers” (England, USA, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, China, Holland): adoption of a provision on respect for the sovereignty and independence of China; the principle of “open doors and equal opportunities” in trade and industrial development in relation to China is introduced; p/o Shandong must be returned to China.

v What consequences did the war have for Russia?

Homework: P. 9,10. Write a letter from the front on behalf of a war participant.

13. Germany during the First World War 1914-1918.

13.1. Causes and goals of the war.

The objective laws of the development of capitalism and its highest stage - imperialism - inevitably led to an intensification of the struggle for sources of raw materials and markets for goods. By the time of the unification of Germany and Italy, there were not many territories left in Africa, Asia, and Oceania that were “free” for colonial conquest. The consequence of this situation was a noticeable increase in aggressiveness foreign policy Germany from the second half of the 19th century.

However, the cause of the World War of 1914-1918. and other subsequent military clashes is not the aggressiveness of Germany or any other power, but the very essence and character of capitalism at its last, imperialist stage of development, when the struggle for raw materials and markets for goods becomes the main content of the foreign policy of the imperialist states.

The reason for unleashing First World War There was an aggravation of the situation in the Balkans, where Austro-German diplomacy led to a split in the Balkan countries and a war between Bulgaria and the rest of the countries in the region. After the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), Bosnia and Herzegovina formally remained a province of the Ottoman Empire. But immediately after the 1908 revolution in Turkey, the Emperor of Austria-Hungary, Franz Joseph, sent troops into these provinces and declared them part of Austria-Hungary. The Slavic peoples were outraged by this act of aggression and hoped for intervention from Russia and Serbia (an independent state since 1878). But Russia was weakened Russian-Japanese war(1904-1905), and Serbia did not have allies to fight Austria-Hungary.

Hatred towards the Austrian invaders grew in the Balkan countries. This led to the fact that on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, a member of the secret nationalist organization “Mlada Bosna”, Serbian student Gavrila Princip, killed the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. The Viennese court blamed Serbia for the crime and started a war against it in order to establish the dominance of Austria-Hungary in the Balkans. This aggression threatened to destroy the system of independent Orthodox states created as a result of Russia's centuries-long struggle with the Ottoman Empire.

Russian government, as a guarantor of Serbian independence, in order to influence the position of the Habsburgs, announced mobilization in the country. But then Kaiser Wilhelm II intervened and demanded that Nicholas II stop mobilization. Wilhelm II unexpectedly interrupted the negotiations that had begun with the Russian emperor and on August 1, 1914 declared war on Russia. Two days later, on August 3, 1914, Germany declared war on France, and on August 4, 1914, England declared war on Germany. The Anglo-Franco-Russian Entente opposed the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). Türkiye became an ally of Austria-Hungary. She attacked Russia, forcing it to fight on two land fronts (Western and Caucasian). After entering the war, Türkiye closed the straits and effectively isolated Russia from its allies. Thus began the First World War.

In the outbreak of the war, Germany aimed, together with Austria-Hungary, to defeat armed forces England, France and Russia and seize the colonies of England and France, as well as the western lands of Russia (Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus) as sources of resources. Thus, the “onslaught on the East”, on the Slavic lands, remained the most important element of Germany’s aggressive strategy.

Russia, unlike other main participants in the world conflict, did not have aggressive plans to fight for sources of resources. She had a wide variety of natural resources in such a volume that was not mastered even a century later. As for territorial problems, Russia solved them by the beginning of the 19th century. Russia's main task in the outbreak of the war was to counter German expansionism and Turkish revanchism. Russia was unable to complete this task due to the revolutionary events of 1917, which led the Russian army to collapse and, ultimately, to a shameful defeat. But let’s not get ahead of ourselves and try to trace the course of the main events of the war of 1914-1918.

On June 28, 1914, the Serb Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife as they drove through the streets of the capital of Bosnia, Sarajevo. This was a response to the forced annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary. On July 23, Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an ultimatum, which meant the loss of Serbia's independence. Although the Serbian government accepted most of these demands, July 28th Austria-Hungary moved troops against Serbia and started a war. The Russian government responded with mobilization. The leaders of Germany demanded its end, and when Russia rejected their ultimatum, Germany entered the war with Russia on August 1. On August 2, German troops occupied Luxembourg, and on August 3, Germany declared war on France. The British government, taking advantage of Germany's violation of Belgian neutrality, declared war on Germany on August 4. In total, 33 states were drawn into the war. On the side of the Entente - France, England and Russia - were Serbia, Montenegro, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Greece, Japan, China, Siam, Egypt, Liberia, USA, Cuba, Haiti, Panama, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica , Honduras, Brazil. On the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary are Bulgaria and Türkiye. The war became global.

The cause of the First World War was the clash of interests of the European great powers.

Germany sought to satisfy its claims to hegemony in Europe and the world.

Austria-Hungary, torn by national strife, hoped that a victorious war would help strengthen and preserve the empire.

Türkiye - state survival and claims to the Russian Transcaucasus.

Great Britain - to eliminate competition from Germany in world markets, to stop its claims to redistribute the colonies.

France - return Alsace and Lorraine, seize German lands along the left bank of the Rhine and the Saar region.

Italy - to establish itself on the Balkan Peninsula.

The United States intended to dictate peace terms to countries weakened by the war that would ensure their own world domination.

61 Main fronts of the First World War. Military operations on the Western Front in 1914

The German command basically adhered to the plan developed by General Schlieffen. 3/4 of the German troops available on the western front were concentrated on the right flank, which moved across the weakly defended Belgian border to begin encircling the main enemy forces, pressing them to the Swiss border and destroying them “before the autumn leaves fall.” After the defeat of France, it would be Russia's turn. Having crossed Belgium in three weeks, which had been turned into a General Government by the occupiers, the German corps broke the resistance of French troops on the border and invaded France. Contrary to Schlieffen's plan, they lacked the strength to bypass the French divisions from the north-west, but four German armies crossed the Marne River, approached Verdun by September and threatened Paris. The French government temporarily left the capital. The training of Russian troops had not yet been completed when the French government turned to Russia for help. Russian troops were sent on the offensive. Two Russian armies occupied a significant part of the territory of East Prussia. This forced the German command to transfer troops there from France, part of the reserves intended for the offensive in France. Due to inconsistency of actions one Russian army was defeated at the Masurian Lakes, and the other was driven out of East Prussia by the Germans. But the advance of several Russian armies in a southern direction continued. They occupied the part of Poland and Galicia that belonged to Austria. The advance of Russian troops created a threat to important industrial areas for Germany - Silesia and Poznan. Only an acute shortage of ammunition and food slowed down their advance. To stop them, Germany had to transfer more troops here from France. The unprepared attack cost Russia enormous casualties, which may have saved France.

On September 5, French troops launched an offensive from Paris: the Battle of the Marne unfolded. Heavy losses forced the Germans to retreat somewhat: the threat of their capture of Paris was eliminated.

In the east, the Austro-German bloc also failed to achieve success in 1914. The offensive launched by German and Austro-Hungarian troops in southern Poland ended in failure. The Germans did not achieve success in the offensive on the Vistula.

The plan for a lightning war failed and Germany had to fight in earnest in both the west and the east.

World War I ushered in an era of revolutions, economic upheavals and brutal wars. The war that broke out in August 1914 between the European powers - Germany and Austria-Hungary, on the one hand, and Russia, France, Great Britain, Serbia and Belgium - on the other, surpassed all previous ones in scale, cruelty and number of victims. European conflicts. At the same time, contemporaries already recognized its meaninglessness. The goals of none of the parties, with the exception of Serbia, Belgium and Luxembourg, which were the first victims of the aggression of a stronger neighbor, can be considered completely fair.

German politicians not only longed to seize the overseas possessions of Great Britain and France, but also encroached on the western regions of Russia. Austria-Hungary, a decrepit monarchy, burdened with acute national problems, wanted to strengthen its position by establishing dominance in the Balkans and seizing land in Poland. The weakness of Austria-Hungary made it obedient to the will of the German emperor. The Ottoman Empire, which entered the war on the side of Germany in November 1914, hoped, with the help of powerful allies, to compensate for previous failures in the wars with Russia and the loss of possessions in the Balkans. Great Britain and France hoped to increase their possessions at the expense of territories subject to the Ottoman Empire and Germany. France, in addition, dreamed of returning the previously lost Alsace and Lorraine and at the same time taking the left bank of the Rhine and the coal-rich Saarland from Germany. Material from the site

The Central Powers - Germany and Austria-Hungary - did not have sufficient resources to wage a long war, especially on two fronts. Therefore, in order to avoid inevitable defeat, the German command developed the “Schlieffen Plan” (named after the Chief of the General Staff). According to him, France should have been the first to be attacked, which would have quickly capitulated as a result of a powerful blow. Then German troops were transferred to the east to wage war with Russia. According to the military command, the Russian army could not have been mobilized earlier than four weeks and would not have had time to help France. When Russia turns out to be capable of active offensive actions, France will be finished. Even before the start of the war, the “Schlieffen Plan” was replaced by the “Moltke Plan”, according to which it was necessary to concentrate significantly larger forces of the German army on the Eastern Front than previously assumed.

Cause of World War I became the desire of the great powers to redivide the world. For the first time, humanity found itself drawn into a global confrontation; the war affected most countries of the world. The loss of life was unprecedented. An unexpected result for the initiators of the war was the collapse of European empires, which were previously considered unshakable.

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