In a sentence, the adjective is often associated with the noun and is fully consistent with it. That is, if the noun is masculine, then the adjective is masculine, if the noun is in the dative case, then the adjective, respectively, is in the dative case. For example, beautiful tree. Tree (what?) - dative, neuter, singular. Therefore, the adjective has the same characteristic.
In the case when the adjective is not related to the noun, gender, number, case is determined by the adjective itself.
Adjective case
Adjectives in each case have specific endings.
- Them. P.: Which? which? which?-th, -th, -th, -th, -th;
- R. p.: what? Which? what?-th, -oh, -th, -them;
- D. p.: what? Which? what?-om, -oh, -th, -im;
- V. p.: Which? what? which? which?-th, -th, -th, -th, -th;
- T. p.: what? Which? what?-th, -im, -oh, -th, -them;
- P. p.: about what? about what? about what?-oh, -oh, -oh, -them.
Short adjectives are not declined by case.
The case of an adjective can also be determined by the verb it is associated with. For example, only adjectives in the instrumental case are always attached to the verb "to be proud".
gender of adjectives
Masculine adjectives (in the nominative case) have endings th, th. For example, beautiful, rare.
Adjectives of the middle gender have the ending th. For example, beautiful, rare.
Feminine adjectives end in -and I. For example, beautiful, rare.
Short masculine adjectives have no endings (open) feminine - have an ending -a (open), neuter - -o (open).
The endings of adjectives in other cases are given above in the subsection "Cases of adjectives".
Number of adjectives
Singular adjectives have the ending -th, -th, -th, -th. For example, beautiful, rare; beautiful, rare; beautiful, rare.
Plural adjectives have the ending th, th. For example, beautiful, rare.
Short plural adjectives end in -s, -and. For example, open, rare.
In a sentence, the adjective is often associated with the noun and is fully consistent with it. That is, if the noun is masculine, then the adjective is masculine, if the noun is in the dative case, then the adjective, respectively, is in the dative case. For example, a beautiful tree. Tree (what?) - dative, neuter, singular. Therefore, the adjective has the same characteristic.
In the case when the adjective is not related to the noun, gender, number, case is determined by the adjective itself.
Adjective case
Adjectives in each case have specific endings.
Them. p: which one? which? which? -th, -th, -th, -th, -th;
R. p .: what? Which? what? -th, -oh, -th, -them;
D. p .: what? Which? what? -om, -oh, -th, -im;
V. p .: what? what? which? which? -th, -th, -th, -th, -th;
Etc.: how? Which? what? -th, -im, -oh, -th, -them;
P. p.: about what? about what? about what? -oh, -oh, -th, -them.
Short adjectives are not declined by case.
The case of an adjective can also be determined by the verb it is associated with. For example, only adjectives in the instrumental case are always attached to the verb "to be proud".
gender of adjectives
Masculine adjectives (in the nominative case) have the endings -y, -y. For example, beautiful, rare.
Adjectives of the neuter gender end in -oe. For example, beautiful, rare.
Feminine adjectives end in -aya. For example, beautiful, rare.
Short masculine adjectives have no endings (open), feminine - have the ending -а (open), neuter - -о (open).
The endings of adjectives in other cases are given above in the subsection "Cases of adjectives".
Number of adjectives
Adjectives in the singular have the ending -th, -th, -th, -th. For example, beautiful, rare; beautiful, rare; beautiful, rare.
Plural adjectives end in -s, -s. For example, beautiful, rare.
Short plural adjectives end in -ы, -и. For example, open, rare.
Thus, the gender, number, case of adjectives is easiest to determine by the noun to which it refers. If the adjective in the sentence is not related to other parts of speech, you can determine the case or gender by asking a question. Usually the endings of the questions and the adjectives themselves coincide.
17. Morphological categories of adjectives (gender, number, case). Inflection of adjectives.
Adjective- the main part of speech, which denotes non-procedural sign subject and expresses this meaning in syntagmatic inflectional categories case, numbers and gender short form And comparative degree(inconsistently).
Full adjectives have a 4-term paradigm (m, f, wed, plural).
Number and gender refer to the antecedent (i.e., the categories are anaphoric).
Animation of a noun. reflected in adjectives: cf. I see a tall man vs. I see a big bag. Zaliznyak has a breath. included as a category.
Some Adj do not have a particular number paradigm: "many" - the meaning of plurality contradicts singular. ("said a lot about him" - the singular is used only in this substantivized form). Same with "a few". At the same time, places one- complete paradigm of the number: "one trousers (pluralia tantum)".
Brief adj. also have an incomplete paradigm.
inflectionAdj.
There are 3 types of adjective declension.
Adjective - the presence of full inflections in Im.p. (th, th, th, th and soft variants + oh - shock inflection in m.r.).
Pronominal / mixed - in all indirect cases, full inflections, and in Im.p. - inflections of noun / kr.adj (m #, f a / i, with o / e, pl s / and).
Possessive - suffixes in#, ov#, j (but the last one by pronominal type, for example, fox|ij|# - fox|j|a (foxes)). This #, that #, this | th, th | th - alternation of this / / et, that / / t
Problems.
Do I need to consider a short app. along with the full If cr. adj. there is no full form (“rad”), then everything is bad.
Whether to attribute the invariable adjective to adjectives (“zero” declension, are in postposition, are sometimes considered adverbs):
pronouns his, her, their;
color designation: beige, khaki;
mini, maxi, midi, flare.
Almost all relative adj. belong to the adjective type of declension, but some ordinal ones do not (“the third” is a mixed declension). My#, your# is not an adjective, because moj|a, yours|a. Ours, yours is a pronoun. Which, which - adjective.
18. Full and short forms of adjectives. Category of degree of comparison of adjectives. Substantiation of adjectives.
The adjective is the main part of speech that denotes non-procedural sign subject expresses this meaning in syntagmatic inflectional categories case, numbers and gender(successively) and categories short form And comparative degree(inconsistently).
Syntactically, it attributively and / or predicatively defines a noun, in combination with which it can occasionally replace.
Full and short forms of adjectives.
Some argue that, in the narrow sense, Adj are only complete Adj.
They have a truncated paradigm (draw a picture m, f, wed, plural).
- [Vostokov] wanted to classify them as verbs (predicate function), especially since short f. formed inconsistently ( competent essay- ?) and sometimes have a ban on declension by birth ( braid, oblique, But * braid; single, But *single)
In general, between full and short adj. there is a semantic difference: connection with constant quality vs temporal quality (predicative): the child is obedient/obedient.
There are cr. adjectives that do not have a full form, such as "rad". Moreover, some app. cr values differ. and full forms: due(in constructs) vs must(modality), capable / able.
Restrictions on the formation of a short form.
Names of colors of horses.
Color through relation to the subject (pink).
High degree of quality: smartest, furious.
Subjective assessment: amiable, kind.
Some suffixes: sk (comic), ov (business, BUT cheap, harsh - here it enters the root).
Under st.sr. the synthetic form is understood: suffixes -ee, -ee (contraction).
Accent types of adjectives: a (on the basis: beautiful, beautiful, more beautiful), b (on inflection, in the old cf. also on inflection), c (transfer from the stem to inflection, in the old cf. the emphasis falls on the suffix: clever , smart, smarter).
"More", "less" do not have an allomorph -to her, therefore, they are not taken into account as st.sr, but as adverbs.
The suffix e is less common, which attaches to certain bases (ending in back-lingual and - less often - in "t", "d") and causes them to change: dry land, narrow narrower, cheap cheaper.
The suffix appears even more irregularly -sh: thinner, sweeter, later.
Suppletive forms: small - small - but there is still small, big - great - but there is still great, good - better, bad - worse - but there is still thin. It can be seen that the second options are less frequent.
Changes in adjective stems.
If they end in a contraction of consonants, then a fluent vowel becomes clear: light, full, BUT brave.
If the final is “nn”, then the fluent vowel becomes clear: strange, BUT connected. There are adjectives that have 2 forms each: natural - natural and natural; peculiar, significant.
The superlative degree of the adjective in AG is considered as a derivational element, because in addition to the suffix eish / aish, there is also usch, enn, the prefix nai. In other words, this is not a morphology, because value is expressed in several ways. Syntactic means (more, more, most, ... all, most) also do not belong to morphology.
Restrictions on comparative education.
Suits of horses.
Color designation (*bluer).
A quality that cannot be graded (barefoot, deaf, bald, mute).
Difficult to form from adj. with stylistic coloring: greasy, stubby, kind, brave.
Some suffixes: sk, ov, l (sunken, experienced).
Substantiation of adjectives.
Occasionally, an adjective can replace the construction Adj + N (Bronnaya instead of Bronnaya Street).
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Thanks to this amazing part of speech, the language acquires expressiveness and brightness; without it, our speech would not be so colorful and rich. defines an object by its attribute and belonging. They ask him the questions “what? which? which? what?”, and it also answers the questions “whose? whose? whose? whose?"
The secret is depending
In a sentence, the adjective is usually associated with nouns and pronouns. This part of speech is always dependent on them. This connection will tell us how to determine the case Cases in Russian: nominative, followed by genitive, then dative, followed by accusative, then instrumental, and then prepositional. It is easy to find out the endings of adjectives by case if you ask them a question from the part of speech on which they depend. Usually the ending that is in the question is the same as that of the adjective.
What to Consider
Changing adjectives in cases depends on the number and gender of this part of speech. And there are two things to remember here. First, adjectives can be changed by gender only when they are in the singular. Secondly, they can be changed by numbers. Let's look at both theses with examples.
masculine, feminine and neuter
Let's take the phrase "noun + adjective in the singular" and see how the ending of the adjective changes in different genders. The gender of an adjective is always the same as the noun to which it refers.
- Masculine adjective endings: -oy, -y, -y. Here is an example: a person (what?) is businesslike, smart, sensitive.
- Graduation adj. in the feminine: -aya, -ya. For example, clothes (what?) are spacious, summer.
- Graduation adj. in the middle gender: -oh, -ee. For example, a plant (what?) Tall, perennial.
Endings of adjectives in different numbers
Adjectives change freely in numbers. In the singular, they designate a sign of one object or group of objects and answer the questions “what, what, what?” For example: a smart question, a wide road, a gentle sun, a cheerful team, a large crowd, a noisy crowd.
In names, adjectives denote a variety of objects, answering the question “what?” For example: high hopes, small disappointments. As you can see, the number of an adjective depends on the number of the noun with which it is associated.
Spelling of unstressed endings in adjectives
To determine this point, you can act on a simple algorithm. First you need to ask a question from a noun to an adjective.
If the question is “what?”, you need to check if the ending is under stress. If yes, then we write -th, if not, then we write -th (th).
If a question from a noun sounds like “whose?”, then at the end you should write -y
If only questions can be asked from a noun to an adjective, then the same ending that sounds in the question should be written (taking into account the hard and soft declension). Let us consider the last statement in more detail.
Changing adjective names by case
Now let's get acquainted with the features of the declension of adjectives in cases. This information will help you figure out the name of the adjective in each case.
First group
These are singular adjectives that are feminine. They lean like this:
- Nominative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -ya, -ya.
- Genitive case: plums (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
- Dative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
- Accusative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -yu, -yu.
- Instrumental case: plum (what?) ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
- Prepositional case: about a plum (what?) ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
Note that the endings of adjectives coincide in four cases: genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional.
Second group
These are singular adjectives that are masculine. They lean like this:
- Nominative case: ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Adjective endings: -oy, -y, -y.
- Genitive case: ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -his.
- Dative case: ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -mu, -him.
- To determine the ending of an adjective in the accusative case, you must first find out whether it refers to an animate or inanimate noun. In our example, adjectives refer to an inanimate noun that answers the question "what?". Then the question for the adjective will sound like this: the ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Endings of adjectives with an inanimate noun: -oy, -y, -y. But if the noun is animate, in the accusative case, the question “whom?” should be asked to it. Accordingly, the form of the adjective will change. For example, a father (what?) Strict, loving. Endings of adjectives with an animated noun: -th, -his.
- Instrumental case: with a ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
- Prepositional case: about the ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -om, -em.
Third group
These are singular adjectives in the neuter gender. They bend like this.
- Nominative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Adjective endings: -oh, -ee.
- Genitive case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -his.
- Dative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -mu, -him.
- Accusative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -her.
- Instrumental case: in the morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
- Prepositional case: about the morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -om, -em.
We see here that in all three groups the answer to the question of how to determine the case of an adjective comes down to one thing - it is recognized by the case of the noun on which this adjective depends.
Fourth group
These are adjectives that are in the plural. Let's say the following about them:
- Nominative case: flowers (what?) Yellow, autumn. Adjective endings: -s, -s.
- Genitive case: colors (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -them.
- Dative case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
- Accusative case: adjectives related to inanimate nouns are declined according to the principle of the nominative case: flowers (what?) Yellow, autumn. Endings: -s, -s. Adjectives related to animate nouns are declined according to the principle of the genitive case: relatives (what?) Cheerful, close. Endings: -s, -ih.
- Instrumental case: colors (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -s, -s.
- Prepositional case: about flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -them.
Note that in this group adjectives have similar endings in the genitive, accusative (if they refer to animate nouns), prepositional cases.
Determining the case of an adjective: a sequence of actions
- Let's write the adjective on a piece of paper.
- Let's highlight the ending.
- Determine the gender and number of the adjective.
- Let's choose which of the four groups described above the given word belongs to.
- Let's determine the case of the adjective at the end.
- If in doubt, let's pay attention to the noun on which our word depends, ask a question to it and determine the case of the adjective from it, since it has the same ending.
If it is difficult to figure out whether a noun (and an adjective dependent on it) is used in the nominative or accusative case, you should look at it. If the noun in the sentence acts as a subject, then it has a nominative case. The cases of adjectives will be the same. If the noun is a minor member of the sentence, then it is used in the accusative case. Therefore, adjectives will have the same case.
We looked at how to determine the case of an adjective and made sure that it is not difficult at all.
The meaning of the adjective, its morphological features and syntactic function
Adjective is an independent part of speech that indicates a sign of an object and answers questions Which? whose?
Feature value expressed adjectives, can combine a variety of characteristics of an object, namely: 1) the shape and position of an object in space (straight, curve, vertical); size 2 (big, tall, wide, narrow); 3) physical characteristics (warm, oily, bitter); 4) character traits, physiological and intellectual properties (kind, brave, young, smart); 5) spatial and temporal characteristics (rural, Siberian, morning, early); 6) the material from which the object is made (woolen, linen, wood, metal); 7) actions and states of the object (reading, sleeping, spinning, weaving); 8) belonging of the subject (Colin, mother, fox, hare).
initial form adjective- nominative singular masculine.
adjectives change by gender, number and case (new table, new hat, new things, about new things and gender, number and case adjective depend on the gender, number and case of the noun to which the given adjective applies.
By meaning and grammatical features adjectives divided into three categories: 1) quality adjectives (big, evil, blue) 2) relative adjectives (spring, rural, wooden), 3) possessive adjectives (mother's, father's, hare).
In a sentence adjectives act as a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. For example:
The sky shines through the window,
Evening sky, quiet, clear.
My lonely heart is crying with happiness,
Rado it is what the sky is beautiful.
(3. Gippius)
quality adjectives
quality adjectives denote a sign of an object that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent.
Most often they denote the shape, size, color, property, taste, weight, smell, temperature, sound, internal qualities of living beings.
Quality adjectives have a number of features, which include: 1) the presence of a full and short form (A young man- young man, young woman- woman is young, young generation- generation is young, young people- people are young) 2) the presence of two forms of degrees of comparison - comparative and excellent (smart- cleverer- smartest - the smartest, smarter than everyone); 3) the ability to form adverbs in -o, -e (good- ok the best- better); 4) the ability to form nouns with an abstract meaning in a suffixed and non-suffixed way (blue- blue- blue, red- red, green- greenery); 5) the ability to form synonymous rows and antonymic pairs (cold- fresh- cold, sad- sad- sad; good- bad, cheerful - sad); 6) the ability to combine with adverbs of degree (very young, extremely important); 7) the ability to form forms of subjective assessment (young- young, smart- smart).
Relative adjectives
relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that is not manifested to a greater or lesser extent.
Sign that expresses relative adjectives, can manifest itself through various relationships: 1) to the material (glass product - glass product, chintz dress- print dress); 2) to action (a machine that drills- drilling machine; machine that washes- washing machine); 3) by the time (sport in winter- winter sports, task for the day - daily task); 4) to the place (square at the station - station square, a resident of the city- city dweller) 5) to face (dormitory for students - student hostel, playground for children- playground); 6) to the number (the price is three times greater,- triple price, mistake made twice,- double fault).
The basis relative adjectives always derivative. These adjectives do not have short forms and degrees of comparison.
Possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives indicate that the object belongs to a person or animal and answer the question whose?
Possessive adjectives formed in a suffix way. According to the method of formation, the following are distinguished: 1) adjectives with suffixes -in- (un, -nin), -oe- (-ev): grandmother's scarf, sister's cloak, brother's pencil, father's hat, son-in's coat; 2) adjectives with a suffix - j- (graphic th): bear] and a den, for-yach [w] tail, fox [w] next. All of them have a zero ending in the initial form.
Adjectives with suffixes -in- (-yn-), -oe- (ev-) are used in colloquial speech to a limited extent, are found in stable phrases (crocodile tears, pansies, Achilles' heel, the sword of Damocles, Anton's fire). Instead, combinations are often used noun+ +noun- type father's study (=father's study), mother's dress (=mother's dress), butterfly rustle, teacher's book, Dahl's dictionary. In addition, on the basis of these adjectives, a large number of proper nouns are formed - the names of people and the names of settlements. (composer Borodin, writer Chekhov, the village of Borodino, the city of Chekhov).
Transition of adjectives from one category to another
Some adjectives can be used in a figurative sense and acquire features that are not characteristic of the words of their category. As a result, there may be cases transition of adjectives from one category to another. So, possessive adjectives (mostly with the suffix - j) can move into the category of relative and qualitative, relative - into the category of qualitative, qualitative (rarely) - into the category of relative.
Qualitative value | Relative value | possessive meaning |
fox look | fox collar | Fox's tail |
hare nature | hare hat | hare footprint |
cordial attitude | cardiac muscle | |
wooden gait | wooden sculpture | |
color pictures | Non-ferrous metals | |
Easy character | Light industry |
At transition from one category to another not only the meanings change, but also the grammatical features of adjectives. So, for example, qualitative adjectives, used in relative and possessive meanings, lose the ability to form simple forms and adverbs in -o, -e, and relative adjectives, becoming qualitative, on the contrary, acquire this ability. Wed: tripping(kach.) - walking is easy, breathing is easy, But: light industry(rel.); wooden cabinet(rel.), but: wooden walk(kach.) - gait is wooden, look stupid, wooden.
Full and short forms of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have complete And brief form. Full form of adjective denotes a sign conceivable outside of time (steep coast, cheerful girl, round face).Short form of adjective denotes an attribute of an object at a particular moment in time (steep coast- steep coast, cheerful girl- cheerful girl, round face- round face).
Short form adjectives do not change in cases, but change in gender and number, that is, they take the corresponding endings of masculine, feminine, neuter and plural, which are attached to the stems of full adjectives.
At education short forms masculine, the following features can be observed: 1) the appearance of fluent vowels about or e (strong- strong, smooth- smooth, harmful - harmful, sick - sick); 2) crowding out short forms masculine on -enen short forms for -en (insensitive- insensitive, meaningless- meaningless, numerous- numerous).
In a sentence short form usually serves as the nominal part of the compound predicate, for example: Rest in vain. Road cool. Evening beautiful. I knock on the gate (A. Blok). It can also act as a separate definition related to the subject. For example: Dika, sad, silent as a forest doe, timid, she seemed like a stranger to her family (A. Pushkin).
Traces of indirect cases short forms preserved in some stable phrases, as well as in folklore: on bare feet, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, from young to old; good fellow, red girl, green wine.
Some adjectives (glad, much, must, love, need etc.) are used in modern Russian only in short form. In sentences, like most short forms, are part of the predicate. For example:
glad to forget, let me not forget; Glad to fall asleep let me not fall asleep. (D. Merezhkovsky)
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives
Majority quality adjectives It has degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. Comparative and superlative forms can be simple (synthetic) and compound (analytical).
comparative
comparative indicates that this feature is contained in one object to a greater extent than in another.
Simple form with comparative degree formed from the base of the initial form with the help of suffixes -her (she), -e, -she, -same.
Productive suffix her (her) forms a shape comparative degree from stems to a consonant (except for non-derivative stems to g, x, d, t, cm): light- lighter, weak- weaker, charming - more charming, envious- more envious.
Unproductive suffix -e observed in the forms comparative degree, formed: 1) from non-derivative bases on g, x, d, t, an(expensive-oh - more expensive, dry ~ drier, young- younger, rich - richer, simple ~ simpler); 2) from adjectives with a suffix -To-, having a short form of the masculine gender -ok: short-to-th (short) - shorter, low-cue (low) - lower, loud-to-th (loud)- louder); 3) from some other adjectives (high - higher, wide- wide, cheap - cheaper). Formation of forms of the comparative degree with the help of a suffix -e usually accompanied by an alternation of the final consonants of the stem: Expensive- expensive, loud- louder, dry- dry, cheap - cheap.
Unproductive suffixes -she, -the same form forms comparative degree in isolated cases: far- further, thin- thinner, deeper- deep.
Some adjectives form forms of degrees of comparison from different bases: good- worse, bad - better, small- less.
In colloquial speech forms comparative degree can be used with attachment By-, mitigating the degree of manifestation of the symptom: cheaper - cheaper, more expensive- more expensive, lighter- lighter.
comparative degree formed by combining the initial form of the adjective with the words more or less: fresh- more fresh - less fresh, difficult- more difficult- less difficult, perfect - more perfect- less perfect.
comparative degree do not change by gender, number, case. In a sentence, they usually play the role of the nominal part of the compound predicate, for example: more tolerable many was Eugene ... (A. Pushkin). They can also act as an inconsistent definition, in this case they stand after the word being defined, for example: A short * beard, slightly darker than hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin (I. Turgenev). Complex (analytical) forms function in a sentence in the same way as regular full forms of qualitative adjectives.
Superlatives
Superlatives shows that one of the many homogeneous objects has this feature to the highest degree.
The simple superlative form is formed from the stem of the initial form with the help of suffixes -eysh, -aysh, -sh: kind- kindest, smartest- smartest, tallest- supreme, strict- the strictest. In book speech, a prefix can be added to words nai-, reinforcing degree of manifestation of the symptom: good- best, bad- worst, small- least.
Composite (analytical) form superlatives is formed in three ways: 1) by combining the initial form with words the most beautiful- most handsome, tallest- highest); 2) by connecting the initial form with words most, least (successful- most successful, interesting- least interesting) 3) by combining a simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective with pronouns everything, everyone in the genitive (funny- more fun than everyone, wide- widest, warm- warmest).
complex shapes superlatives have not only grammatical, but also stylistic differences:
Construction type | Use in speech | Examples |
|
The most complete adjective. | Has a neutral character. | He is the smartest student in our class. |
|
Most-gender- new adjective. | Has a book character. | This is the brightest representative of the "Silver Age" poets. |
|
Simple form of the comparative degree - total / everyone. | Has a conversational character. | He ran the fastest. |
Simple (synthetic) forms superlatives change by gender (famous singer, famous singer), numbers (famous singers) cases (I'm talking about the famous singer). In the form proposal superlatives perform the function of the nominal part of a compound predicate or agreed definition, for example: Noise was huge(E. Krenkel). Her huge eyes looked sad.
Declension of adjectives
The case forms of adjectives have a dependent character, since they express the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun with which the given adjective is agreed. Therefore, the case forms of adjectives seem to repeat the functions of the corresponding forms of nouns. For example: new hat, new hat, new hat, new hat, new hat, (o) new hat.
Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives
There are three type of declension of qualitative and relative adjectives: 1) hard declension, 2) soft declension, 3) mixed declension.
The spelling of the endings of adjectives in some cases sharply diverges from their sound composition, for example: white- white [yv], summer- summer [b].
The declension of adjectives with a stem into a hard consonant is called hard (except for stems on c type stubby, and also on sh with a percussive ending big).
Singular | Plural |
|
White, -th, -th | ||
White-oh, oh, oh | ||
White-mu, -mu, -oh | ||
White (with inanimate noun), -th, -th; White-th (with animate noun), -th | How I.p. with insufficiency noun; like R.p. with breath. noun |
|
White th, th, th | ||
(Oh) white-ohm, -ohm, -oh |
Soft is called the declension of adjectives with a stem into a soft consonant (except g", k", x").
Singular | Plural |
|
Letn-ik, -her, -ya | ||
Letn-his, -his, -her | ||
Letn-him, -him, -she | ||
Summer-th (with inanimate noun), -her, -yu; Letn-his (with animate noun), -yu | ||
Letn-im, -im, -her | ||
(0) summer-em, -em, -ee | (0) summer-them |
Mixed is called the declension of adjectives with a stem on g, k, x (g", k", x"), and sh with a percussive ending. These adjectives have both hard and soft endings.
Singular | Plural |
|
Kuts-th, -her, -th | ||
Kuts-his, -his, -her | ||
Kuts-him, -him, -she | ||
Kuts-th (with inanimate noun), -her, -th; Kuts-his (with animate noun), -th | How I.p. with insomnia noun; like R.p. with breath. noun |
|
Kuts-th, -th, -her | ||
(0) cuts-em, -em, -ey |
Declension of possessive adjectives with suffixes -in- And -oh- form a special type.
Singular | Plural |
|
SisterD, fathers P, -o, -a | Sisters, fathers |
|
Setrin-a, fathers-a, -a, -oh | Sisters, fathers |
|
Sostrin-u, fathers-u, u, oh | Sisters, fathers |
|
How I.p. with an inanimate noun, | like R.p. with an animate noun |
|
Sister-th, father-th, th, th | Sisters, fathers |
|
(Oh, oh) sisters, fathers, oh, oh | (Oh, oh) sisters, fathers |
The adjectives under consideration have noun endings in the nominative, genitive and accusative cases of the masculine and neuter, as well as in the nominative and accusative cases of the feminine and in the same cases of the plural. In other case forms, they have the usual endings of qualitative and relative adjectives.
In the genitive and dative cases of the masculine and neuter gender, instead of the endings of nouns, the endings of full adjectives can be used:
R. Sister of the table, windows Sister of the table, windows
D. Sister table, window Sister table, window
When declining adjectives with the suffix -y-, the latter does not receive a uniform letter designation in writing.
Singular | Plural |
|
Foxy \ \, foxes[ j ]-th, -th | Fox[ j ]-i |
|
Fox[ j ]-his, -him, -her | Fox[ j ]-them |
|
Fox[ j ] -him, -him, -her | Fox[ j ]-im |
|
Fox \ \ (with inanimate noun), -e, -yu; Fox[ j ]-his (with animate noun), -yu | How I.p. with insomnia noun; like R.p. with breath. noun |
|
Fox[ j ] -im, -im, -her | Fox[ j ]-mi |
|
(O) fox[ j ]-em, -em, -ee | (O) fox[ j ]-them |
Adjectives of this variety in the forms of the nominative and accusative (when combined with inanimate nouns) cases have noun endings, and in other cases - the usual endings of qualitative and relative adjectives of a soft variety.
Morphological analysis of the adjective includes the selection of two permanent features (rank by value, degree of comparison for quality adjectives) and three non-permanent features (gender, number, case).
Scheme of morphological analysis of the name of the adjective I. Part of speech. II. Morphological features:
1) rank by value; 2) Degree of comparison (for quality adjectives).
III. syntax function. A long blue scar on his cheek and forehead stretched across his almost bronzed face. (N. Gogol) | Sample morphological parsing of an adjective I. Long is an adjective, as it denotes a sign of an object. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is long. 2. Permanent signs: 1) quality; 2) forms forms of degrees of comparison; comparative degree - longer, more (less) long; superlative - the longest, the longest, the longest of all. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) masculine; 2) Singular number; 3) nominative case. III. The adjective name "long" is consistent with the noun "scar", therefore, in the sentence it performs the function of an agreed definition. |
case
Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Instrumental | Prepositional |
hot hot hotter mother's mother's mother's | hot hot hot mother's mother's mother's | hot hot hot mother's mother's mother's | hot hot hotter mother's mother's mother's | hot hot hot mother's mother's mother's | about hot oh hot about hot about my mother about my mother about my mother |
Note: Only adjectives in the short form and adjectives in the simple form of the comparative degree (tea delicious, tea taste..?, tea taste..?; this tea tastier, no tea tastier I prefer tea tastier).
Number
Singular | Plural |
||||
k a k o v s? | |||||
hot | hot | mother's | hot | hot | mother's |
Note: By numbers, only adjectives in a simple form of a comparative degree do not change (he hotter, They hotter).
Genus
Adjectives in the singular are either masculine, feminine, or neuter.
Male | average | feminine |
Which? what? whose? | which? what is it? whose? | which? what? whose? |
delicious, hot | delicious, hot, mommy | delicious, hot |