The Sovereign of All Rus', Ivan 3, was born in an era filled with dramatic events associated with the incessant raids of the Tatars and the cruel struggle of appanage princes, full of treachery and betrayal. He entered the history of Russia as This fully expresses his role in the formation of a state that later occupied a sixth of the world.
Darkened childhood
On a frosty winter day on January 22, 1440, the ringing of bells floated over Moscow - the wife of Grand Duke Vasily II, Maria Yaroslavna, was safely delivered of her pregnancy. The Lord sent the ruler a son-heir, named Ivan in holy baptism in honor of St. John Chrysostom, whose memory was to be celebrated in the coming days.
The joys of the young prince’s happy and carefree childhood came to an end when, in 1445, near Suzdal, his father’s squad was completely defeated by Tatar hordes, and the prince himself was captured by Khan Ulu-Muhammad. Residents of Moscow and its temporary ruler Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyaka were in anticipation of an imminent invasion of adversaries on their city, which inevitably gave rise to panic and a feeling of despair.
The treachery of the prince's enemies
However, this time the Lord averted the misfortune, and after some time Prince Vasily returned, but for this the Muscovites were forced to send a ransom to the Horde, which amounted to an unaffordable amount for them. Supporters of Dmitry Shemyaka, who had acquired a taste for power, took advantage of the dissatisfaction of the city residents and formed a conspiracy against their rightful ruler.
It tells how, on the way to a pilgrimage to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Vasily III was treacherously captured and, by order of Shemyaka, blinded. This was the reason for the nickname “Dark” that took root behind him, with which he is known to this day. To justify their actions, the conspirators started a rumor that Vasily deliberately brought the Tatars to Rus' and gave them the cities and volosts under his control.
Alliance with the Tver prince
Future Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich, together with his younger brothers and boyars who remained faithful to his father, fled from the usurper in Murom, but soon he managed to cunningly lure the young prince to Moscow, and then send him to Uglich, where his father languished in captivity. It is difficult to establish the reason for his further actions - whether he was afraid of the wrath of the Lord or, more likely, had his own benefits, but only after several months Shemyaka freed the prisoner he had blinded and even granted him Vologda as his appanage.
The calculation that blindness and the months spent behind bars broke the prisoner turned out to be a fatal mistake for Shemyaka, which later cost him his life. Once free, Vasily and his son went to the Tver prince Boris and, having concluded an alliance with him, soon appeared in Moscow at the head of a large squad. The power of the usurper fell, and he himself fled to Uglich. For greater security, the six-year-old Prince Ivan was engaged to Boris’s daughter, Princess Marya, who by that time was only four years old.
First military campaign
In those ancient times, children grew up early, and it is not surprising that already at the age of nine the heir begins to be called the Grand Duke, and in 1452, the future sovereign of all Rus', Ivan 3, leads the army sent by his father to capture the Ustyug fortress of Kokshengu, where he shows himself to be a fully established commander.
Having captured the citadel and plundered the city, Ivan returns to Moscow. Here, in the presence of the highest clergy and in the presence of a large crowd, he, a twelve-year-old groom, was married to his ten-year-old bride. At the same time, the prince’s loyal people poisoned Shemyaka, who was hiding there, in Uglich, which put an end to his claims to power and stopped the bloody civil strife.
On the threshold of independent rule
In subsequent years, Ivan III Vasilyevich became co-ruler of his father Vasily II and, like him, was called the Grand Duke. Coins of that era with the inscription “donate all Rus'” have survived to this day. During this period, his reign was a chain of incessant military campaigns, in which, led by the experienced commander Fyodor Basenko, he mastered the art of military leadership, the skills in which would be so necessary for him later.
In 1460, Vasily the Dark died, having drawn up a will before his death, according to which the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich III extended to most cities of the country. He did not forget the rest of his sons, giving each of them their own fiefdoms. After his death, Ivan exactly fulfilled his father’s will, distributing to each of the brothers the lands due to him, and became the new sole ruler of the Moscow principality.
First independent steps
Having early found himself drawn into internal political strife and external civil strife, twenty-year-old Ivan III Vasilyevich, having received full power after the death of his father, was a fully established ruler. Having inherited from Vasily II a huge, but administratively weakly organized principality, from the first days of his reign he took a hard line to strengthen and expand it.
Having assumed full power, Ivan first of all took care of strengthening the general position of the state. To this end, he confirmed the previously concluded agreements with the Tver and Belozersky principalities, and also strengthened his influence in Ryazan by placing his own man in charge and, moreover, marrying off his own sister.
Expansion of state borders
In the early seventies, Ivan III began the main task of his life - annexing the remaining Russian principalities to Moscow, the first of which was the possession of the Yaroslavl prince Alexander Fedorovich, who died in 1471. His heir considered it good, having received the rank of boyar, to become a faithful servant of the Moscow ruler.
The Yaroslavl principality was followed by the Dmitrov principality, which also came under the jurisdiction of the Grand Duke of Moscow. Soon the Rostov lands joined him, the princes of which preferred to join the serving nobility of their powerful neighbor.
Conquest of Novgorod and the birth of a new title
A special place in the series of “gathering Russian land,” as this process later came to be called, is occupied by Moscow’s seizure of the hitherto independent Novgorod, which, unlike numerous appanage principalities, was a free trading and aristocratic state. The capture of Novgorod stretched over a fairly long period, from 1471 to 1477, and included two military campaigns, the first of which ended only with the payment of a significant indemnity by the Novgorodians, and the second led to the complete loss of independence of this ancient city.
It was the end of the Novgorod campaigns that became that milestone in history when Ivan 3 became the Sovereign of All Rus'. This happened partly by accident. Two Novgorodians who arrived in Moscow on business, when writing a petition addressed to the Grand Duke, contrary to the previously accepted address “sir,” used the word “sovereign.” Whether it was an accidental mistake or deliberate flattery, but everyone, and especially the prince himself, liked such an expression of loyal feelings. It is customary to date Ivan’s adoption of the 3rd title of Sovereign of All Rus' to this time.
Invasion of the Tatar Khan Akhmat
During the period when the sovereign of all Rus', Ivan 3, was at the head of the Moscow principality, it falls most important event history that put an end to the power of the Horde. It is known as It was preceded by a series of internal conflicts within the Tatar state itself, which resulted in its collapse and significant weakening. Taking advantage of this, Ivan 3, the first sovereign of all Rus', refused to pay the established tribute and even ordered the execution of the ambassadors sent to him.
Such previously unheard-of audacity gave rise to the Tatar Khan Akhmat, having previously agreed with the Lithuanian ruler Casimir, to begin a campaign against Rus'. In the summer of 1480, he crossed the Oka with a large army and encamped on the shore. The Russian army, led personally by Ivan 3, the Sovereign of All Rus', hurried towards him. Briefly describing the subsequent events, it should be noted that they did not develop into large-scale military operations, but were reduced only to a series of enemy attacks repulsed by the Russians.
The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the weakening of Lithuania
Having stood on the Ugra until the onset of winter, without waiting for the help promised by Casimir and fearing the princely squads waiting for them on the opposite bank, the Tatars were forced to retreat. Pursued by the Russians, they went deep into the Lithuanian lands, which they mercilessly plundered in retaliation for the prince’s violation of his obligations.
This was not only the last major invasion of steppe nomads into Rus', ending the period Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also a significant weakening Principality of Lithuania, constantly threatening the western borders of the state. From this period, the conflict with him became particularly acute, since the annexation of significant territories by Ivan III to the Moscow Principality was in conflict with the plans of the Lithuanian rulers.
Policy towards the Crimean and Kazan Khanates
An intelligent and far-sighted politician Ivan III Vasilyevich, whose years of reign became a period of incessant struggle for independence Russian state, in order to suppress the aggression of the Lithuanians, entered into an alliance with the one that separated as a result of internecine struggle from the once mighty Golden Horde. According to the agreements concluded with Moscow, its rulers more than once devastated territories hostile to the Russians with their raids, thereby weakening their potential opponents.
The relationship between the Sovereign of All Rus' and the Tatars was much worse. Frequent raids by the Tatars forced the Russians to take a number of retaliatory actions that ended in failure. This problem remained insoluble until the end of the reign of Ivan III and was inherited by his successor.
Construction of Ivangorod
The annexation of Novgorod to the Moscow Principality gave rise to a new problem - Livonia became the northwestern neighbor of the Russians. The history of relations with this state knew different stages, among which relatively peaceful periods were replaced by armed conflicts. Among the measures taken by the Sovereign of All Rus' Ivan 3 for border security, the most important place is occupied by the construction of the Ivangorod fortress on the Narva River in 1492.
Further expansion of the Moscow principality
After the conquest of Novgorod, when Ivan 3 began to be called the Sovereign of All Rus', his annexation of new lands intensified significantly. Since 1481, Muscovy was expanded to include territories that previously belonged to the Vologda ruler Andrei Menshoy, and then to the Vereisky prince Mikhail Andreevich.
A certain difficulty was the subordination of the Tver principality to Moscow, which ultimately resulted in an armed conflict that ended in Ivan’s victory. The Ryazan and Pskov lands also failed to maintain their independence, the ruler of which, after a long but unsuccessful struggle, was the Moscow Prince Ivan III Vasilyevich.
The biography of this outstanding ruler of the Russian land is inextricably linked with the transformation of the relatively small appanage principality he inherited into a powerful state. It was this state that became the basis of all future Russia, in the chronicle of which he entered as Ivan the Great. In terms of the scale of the transformations he accomplished, this ruler ranks among the most honored figures in Russian history.
He completed his life's journey on October 27, 1505, only briefly outliving his wife Sophia Paleologus. Anticipating his imminent death, Ivan the Great retired. He devoted his last months to visiting holy places. The ashes of the “gatherer of the Russian land” have been resting for four centuries in the Archangel Cathedral, located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, the walls of which were erected during his reign and remained for centuries a monument to the era, the creator of which was Ivan III. The title of Sovereign of All Rus' after him became permanent everyday life and belonged to everyone who happened to ascend to the Russian throne.
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IVAN III VASILIEVICH(1440–1505) – Grand Duke of Moscow (from 1462). Born on January 22, 1440 in Moscow. Father - Vasily II the Dark, mother - Maria Yaroslavna, Borovsk princess. In 1445, after his father was blinded during the struggle for succession to the throne by his nephew Dmitry Shemyaka, Ivan was taken to the city of Pereyaslav-Zalessky, then to the city of Uglich, and from there, together with his mother and father, to Tver. In 1446 he was engaged to the Tver princess Marya Borisovna. In 1448 “he went with the regiments to repel the Kazan people from the Vladimir and Murom lands.” In 1450 he was declared co-ruler of the father of Vasily II the Dark. In 1452 he was married to Princess Maria Borisovna. In 1459, with his army, he drove the Tatars from the banks of the Oka. In 1460, having provided assistance to the Pskovites from the raids of their neighbors, he was named Prince of Pskov. In 1462, after the death of his father, he officially became the Grand Duke of Moscow, continuing his father’s fight against the separatism of the appanage princes to unite the Russian lands into a sovereign state.
In 1463, the Yaroslavl principality was annexed to Moscow, although in 1464 it had to confirm the independence of Ryazan and Tver. In 1467 he sent an army to Kazan, but the campaign was unsuccessful. In April of the same year, his wife Marya Borisovna died (possibly poisoned), leaving behind a nine-year-old son – soon the future co-ruler of Ivan III, and then the Tver prince Ivan the Young. From 1468, Ivan III began to go with him on military campaigns, and later, during his campaigns, he left his son to rule (“in charge”) of Moscow.
In 1468, the Russians, having penetrated Belaya Voloshka, found themselves east of Kazan. In 1470, Ivan Vasilyevich, having quarreled with Novgorod, demanded a ransom from the city. July 14, 1471 at the Battle of the River. Sheloni defeated the Novgorodians, who promised to pay Moscow 80 pounds of silver.
In the summer of 1472, having repelled the invasion of Khan Akhmet in the south, Moscow troops in the northeast invaded the lands of Great Perm. The Perm land came under the rule of the Moscow Grand Duke. This opened the way for Moscow to the North with its fur wealth, as well as towards the Kama River and the seizure of the eastern lands of the Kazan Khanate to weaken the Horde.
In November 1472, at the suggestion of the Pope, Ivan III married the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor Constantine Paleologus, Sophia Fomineshna Palaiologos. After the wedding, Ivan III “commanded” the Moscow coat of arms with the image combining the serpent-slaying St. George the Victorious with the double-headed eagle - the ancient coat of arms of Byzantium. This emphasized that Moscow was becoming the heir to the Byzantine Empire. The idea that arose at that time about the worldwide role of “Moscow - the third Rome” led to the fact that Ivan III began to be viewed as “the king of all Orthodoxy”, and the Russian Church as the successor of the Greek Church. Attributes royal power During the ceremony of crowning the kingdom, in addition to the coat of arms with a double-headed eagle, Monomakh's hat with barms became available. (According to legend, the latter were sent Ivan III Byzantine emperor).
The marriage with Sophia Paleologus contributed to increasing the authority of the Moscow prince among other Russian princes and facilitated his task of collecting Russian lands.
In 1473, Ivan III began to move his army westward towards Lithuania. In 1474, the Principality of Rostov annexed Moscow and concluded a friendly alliance with the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey. In 1476, Ivan III took an important step towards liberation from the Horde, ceasing to pay it an annual monetary “exit” (“tribute”). In 1477, leaving Ivan the Young in Moscow, Ivan III went to Veliky Novgorod and, having subjugated this city with its vast lands, by 1478 he strengthened his position on the western borders. The symbol of Novgorod “liberty” - the veche bell - was taken to Moscow. Prominent representatives of the boyars, hostile to Moscow, including Marfa Boretskaya, were arrested and sent into exile in the “lower cities”.
In 1479, the most acute moment of Ivan III’s struggle with the appanage princes came, which the Horde Khan Akhmat took advantage of. When Ivan III and his army were on the western borders, the Horde moved towards Moscow. Ivan the Young, who was “in charge” of Moscow, led the regiments to Serpukhov and on June 8, 1480 became our r. Eel. Fearing for his son’s life, Ivan III ordered him to leave, but Ivan the Young began to “wait for the Tatars,” and Ivan III hastily began to strengthen his positions on the approaches to the river. Oka near Kolomna and Tarusa. On September 30, he arrived in Moscow to “make peace” with the appanage princes and mobilize them to fight the Tatars. In Moscow, Ivan III met the discontent of the people who were preparing to repel the invasion and began to “speak evilly” to him, demanding that he go to the troops to defend Moscow. On October 3, Ivan arrived with his detachment of troops on the left bank of the Ugra River at its confluence with the river. Oku (near Kaluga). In October 1480, Khan Akhmet also approached the Ugra, trying to cross to the left bank, but was repulsed by the Russians. A confrontation between Russians and Tatars began (“Standing on the Ugra”), which lasted until the end of the year. The Tatars did not dare to fight the main battle. The onset of frost and hunger strike, lack of food forced Akhmet to leave. Standing on the river Eel actually put an end to the Horde yoke, which lasted more than 240 years.
In 1481, Ivan III reconquered the lands of the Livonian Order, and in 1481–1482, the terms of the treaty letters of the Grand Duke with the appanage princes of the Moscow house were revised with the prospect of their annexation to Moscow. In 1485 Moscow annexed the Tver Principality, Ivan the Young was declared the Prince of Tver. In 1487, Russian troops captured Kazan, where in place of the captured Khan Ali, Ivan III placed his brother Muhammad-Emin, who was related by family ties to the Crimean Khan, which strengthened Ivan III’s relations with the Crimea and allowed him to launch a new offensive against Lithuania, which lasted from with a break until 1503.
Power-hungry and prudent, cautious and decisive at the right moment, Ivan III led consistently and purposefully both external and domestic policy aimed at creating a strong monarchical power. According to the Belozersk charter of Ivan III in 1488, all classes in Moscow and lands subordinate to Moscow turned out to be dependent on the Grand Duke; his possessions extended further and further: in 1489 Vyatka was conquered, the northeastern lands were absorbed by the Moscow principality.
As the power of the Moscow prince strengthened, his prestige in other countries strengthened. So, in 1489, Ivan III received the first friendly letter from the German Emperor Frederick III. The strengthening of Moscow's position in Europe further strengthened the political and ideological positions of Ivan III within the state. In 1490, he convened a church council to consider and condemn the heresy of the “Judaizers,” giving freedom to the Russian Orthodox Church in the fight against dissidents. In 1491 he imprisoned his brother the Uglich prince, and annexed his inheritance to Moscow. In the same year, having received the discovery of silver mines on the Tsylma River in the Pechersk region, he accelerated the completion of the construction of a secular building in the Kremlin - the Faceted Chamber for receiving foreign ambassadors and other special occasions.
In 1492, Ivan III managed to establish friendly relations with the Turkish Sultan, and in the west, to continue the interrupted war with Lithuania; there the borders were strengthened by construction stone fortress in Ivan-gorod (near Narva). In 1494, the first stage of the war with Lithuania ended in peace and family union. But Ivan III could be irreconcilable and cruel: in 1495, irritated by the Livonian Order, he ordered all the Hanseatic merchants who were then in Moscow to be thrown into prison; in 1496, while fighting with the Swedes, he devastated Finland.
In the internal life of Moscow, Ivan III introduced major changes to the grand-ducal palace and patrimonial administration, changing it to the so-called “mandatory system”. New institutions – orders- grew out of the personal orders of the Grand Duke to persons from among the ruling class. In 1497, at the “order” of Ivan III, clerk Vladimir Gusev compiled Code of Law 1497– a kind of code of feudal law (procedural, civil, criminal, etc.). The Code of Law defended the feudal landowners, oppressing the freedom of the peasants: now their transition from one landowner to another was limited by the so-called. “St. George’s Day” (the week before November 26 and the week after this date) and became common for all of Rus'. Under Ivan III, local land ownership expanded and the role of the nobility began to increase, although the service landowners were greatly inferior to the boyar nobility.
Ivan III sought to maintain contact with Constantinople. In 1497 he sent ambassadors there with gifts. But this did not stop him in 1498 from “putting disgrace” on his “Byzantine” wife Sophia Palaeologus, who was accused (as it turned out later - by slander) of participating in an attempt on his princely power. Ivan III assigned guards to his wife and their eldest son Vasily, executed the alleged initiators of the conspiracy and solemnly crowned his grandson from the son of Ivan the Young, Dmitry, to the throne in the Assumption Cathedral. But already in 1499 he radically changed his decision: he made peace with Sophia and Vasily, and partly executed those who slandered them, and partly tonsured them as monks. Now Dmitry and Ivan the Young’s wife, Elena Voloshanka, suspected of participating in the conspiracy, were subjected to severe disgrace. Dmitry was put in a “stone” (prison), where he died “in want” 10 years later.
In 1499, another land was annexed to Moscow - Yugorskaya. In 1500, the war began again with the Lithuanians, who were defeated on July 14 of the same year at the Vedrosha River. In 1501, Russian troops, having occupied the lands of Livonia, reached almost Revel. The Livonian Order undertook to pay tribute to Moscow for the city of Yuryev. On March 25, 1503, according to the peace treaty with Lithuania, Moscow received 19 cities (Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Gomel, Bryansk, etc.), as well as 70 volosts, 22 settlements, 13 villages. In 1504, according to the will of his brother Boris and in connection with the death of his son, Ivan III annexed Ruza and the lands around it to Moscow.
In 1503, Ivan III convened a council, according to the verdict of which many heretics who opposed the prevailing ideology – Josephites – were burned, subjected to imprisonment or exile. On April 7 of the same year, Sophia Paleolog died. Having been married to Ivan III for 30 years, she gave birth to five sons, the eldest of whom soon became the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily IV, as well as four daughters. Shortly before his death, Ivan III traveled a lot to monasteries, “writing spiritual letters.”
Ivan III died on October 27, 1505 in Moscow at the age of 65 and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin.
Under Ivan III, most of the estates were liquidated and turned into simple estates, into local land ownership. The strengthening of Ivan III’s positions within the state was accompanied by the strengthening of the Russian population’s national unity and successes in foreign policy. The territory of the Moscow Principality increased from 24 thousand to 64 thousand square meters. km. Its diplomatic ties were established from the German Empire with Rome, Hungary, Moldavia, Crimea, Turkey and Iran.
Under Ivan III on its approaches Fortress walls were erected near Moscow near Kolomna and Tula. In the Kremlin, the construction of the Orthodox cathedrals - the Assumption and the Annunciation - was completely completed, and the construction of the tomb of the great princes - the Archangel Cathedral - was almost completed. A magnificent and solemn etiquette was established in the palace life of Moscow. Was accepted and new form state seal with the image of a double-headed eagle, a mythical genealogy was compiled specifically to substantiate the royal origin of the Russian princes, which traced the ancestor of the Russian princes Rurik from the Roman Caesar Augustus. It seemed that Rurik was a descendant of Caesar Augustus, and in the 14th generation - Ivan III himself. Under Ivan III, with the formation of the main territory of the Moscow State on the model of Byzantium, his full title was introduced: “John, by the grace of God, Sovereign of All Rus' and Grand Duke of Vladimir, and Moscow, and Novgorod, and Pskov, and Tver, and Ugra, and Perm, both Bulgarian and others.” During diplomatic relations with Livonia and German cities, Ivan III called himself “Tsar of All Rus'” , the Danish king called him “emperor”, later Ivan III in one of the letters called his son Vasily “autocrat of all Rus'”.
Lev Pushkarev
APPLICATION
IN THE SUMMER OF THE 7006TH MONTH OF SEPTEMBRIA, THE GREAT PRINCE IVAN VASILIEVICH OF ALL Rus' WITH HIS CHILDREN AND WITH THE BOYARS CONSIDERED THE COURT, HOW TO JUDGE THE BOYARS AND THE BOYARS
1. Judge the court of the boyars and okolnichy. And at the trial, the life of the boyars and okolnichi deacons. But do not make promises to the boyars, and the okolnichy, and the deacon from the court and from sorrow; Likewise, every judge should not make a promise from the court to anyone. And the court does not take revenge or befriend anyone.
2. Whenever a complainant comes to the boyar, do not send away the complainants from yourself, but give justice to all the complainants in the seven who are most suitable. And if the complainant is unsuitable to manage, then tell the Grand Duke, or send him to the one to whom people are ordered to take charge.
3. And give the boyar and the deacon in court from the ruble case on the guilty one, who will be guilty, the defendant or the defendant, and the boyar on the guilty one two altyns, and the deacon osm money. And whether the matter is higher than the ruble or lower, the boyar will be paid according to that calculation.
4. ABOUT FIELD DUTIES. And they get to the field, but without standing at the field, they make peace, and the boyar and the deacon, according to that calculation, the boyar has two altyns per ruble, and the deacon eighty money; but there is no field duty for a monk, or a deacon, or a laborer
5. And standing by the field they will make peace, and pay the boyar and deacon their duties according to the same calculation; and for the okolnik a quarter and for the deacon four altyns per dengo, and for the non-worker a quarter, and for the non-worker two altyns.
6. If they are beaten on the field in a borrowed matter or in battle, and the boyar and the deacon take a baking sheet on the killed one against the plaintiff; and for the okolnik half a tien, and for the deacon a quarter, and for the non-worker half a ruble, and for the non-worker 4 altyns.
7. And if they are beaten to death in burning, or in murder, or in robbery, or in tatbba, then bring justice to the murdered person; and for the slain man half a ruble and armor, and for the deacon a quarter, and for the non-worker half a ruble, and for the non-worker 4 altyns. And he himself was killed in execution and sold to the boyar and deacon.
8. A TATBE. And if someone is accused of tatba, or robbery, or murder, or snitching, or some other evil deed, then he will be led by the evil one, and order that boyar to execute him death penalty, and order the plaintiff to take it from his estate, and whatever is left from the estate, otherwise the boyar and deacon should take it for themselves. And divide the pan and the sale between the boyar and the deacon: the boyar will receive two altyns, and the deacon will receive eighty dollars. But if he has no money to pay the plaintiff, and the bad boyar will not be given the plaintiff his death, but order him to be executed with the death penalty by the tyun of the Grand Duke of Moscow. yes to the courtier.
9. And the goudar killer and the koromolnik, the church thief, and the head man, and the lifter, and the lighter, the leading dashing man, will not be given the belly, he will be executed with the death penalty.
10. ABOUT TA TECH. And whoever the thief will be caught with any crime for the first time, especially church prisons and criminal charges, and in the next crime in the previous one there will be no evidence against him, otherwise he will be executed with a trade penalty, beaten with a whip and sued for him, and the judge will sell him. But that thief will not have anything to pay the plaintiff with, otherwise he will be whipped, and the plaintiff will be handed over to the plaintiff after his death for sale, and the judge will not take anything from him.
11. If the other guy catches him with the other guy, otherwise he will be executed with the death penalty, and the plaintiff will have to pay from his income, and his income will go to the judge. But that thief will not have a statka with the death of Ystsev, otherwise he will not be handed over to the plaintiff in death, he will be executed with the death penalty.
12. And against whom will the children of the boyars say five or six good men, according to the Grand Duke by kissing the cross, or black men five good Christian kissers, that he is a thief, but there will be no evidence against him in the previous case, from whom he stole or to whom he paid the tatbu , otherwise the plaintiff will die without trial.
13. ABOUT RED CANDY. And they will bring him in red-handed for the first time, and five or six people will say against him, kissing the Grand Duke on the cross, that he is a thief, and has stolen more than one before, and that he will be punished with death, and the plaintiff will have to pay from his wealth.
14. ABOUT TATI'S SPEECHES. And against whomever the thief speaks, test him otherwise: if the right person comes up with an argument, otherwise torture him in the tatba; and if there is no evidence against him in any case in the previous case, if you don’t believe Taty’s speech, give him bail until the search.
15. ABOUT RIGHT LITERATURE. And for the right letters, get nine money from the seal from the ruble, and an altyn from the signature from the ruble, and for the clerk who writes the right letter, get three money from the ruble.
16. ABOUT THE REPORT LIST. And the boyar has to print the report list with his own seal, and the deacon has to sign it. And the boyar gets an altyn from the list from a ruble, and the deacon from a signature from a ruble gets four money, and the clerk who writes on the list gets two money from a ruble.
17. ABOUT HOLPIA ABOUT RIGHT LITERATURE. And from a slave and from a robe, from the right letters and from the release, give the boyar nine money from the seal per head, and to the deacon from the signature, an altyn from the head, and to the clerk for whom he writes the right letter or the release, three money from the head.
18. ABOUT THE LEAVE CARD. And someone puts a release document without a boyar’s report and without a signature, or from cities without a governor’s report, for which the boyar is fed with the boyar’s court, or that release document is not a release document, other release documents that the sovereign writes with his own hand, and that release letter is a release document. .
19. ABOUT WRONG TRIAL. And whoever the boyar accuses not according to the court, and the deacon will give him a letter of justice, OTHERWISE THAT CREDIT is not a letter, but give back what was taken, but the boyar and the deacon will not be penalized for that, but the plaintiff will be judged on his head.
20. ABOUT THE GOVERNOR'S DECREE. And the governor and the volost, who hold feedings without a boyar court, cannot issue a holon and robe without a report, nor a runaway letter or date; Likewise, the rightful certificates cannot be given to a slave and a robe for the sovereign without a report, and vacation pay cannot be given to a slave and a robe.
21. ABOUT THE GRAND DUKE. And from the Grand Duke's court and from the children of the Grand Duke, impose a judgment on the guilty in the same way as from the boyar court, from a ruble, two altyns, to whom the prince orders a great deal.
22. ABOUT RIGHT LITERATURE. From the right charter the printer of the Grand Duke and the children of the Grand Duke will receive nine money per ruble, and the clerk from the signature from the ruble will receive an altyn, and the clerk to whom he writes the right letter will receive three money from the ruble.
23. And from a serf and from a printer's robe, take nine money from the head of the right letter, and from the head of the clerk, take an altyn from the signature, and from the head of the clerk, who writes the letter, three money from the head.
24. ABOUT THE REPORT LIST. And the report list from the Grand Duke to the report and from the children of the Grand Duke to the report to print the Grand Duke to the printer and the children of the Grand Duke to the printer; from the press imati from the list from the ruble to nine money; and the clerk who writes on the list receives two money from the ruble for an altyn per signature.
25. ABOUT THE COURT-FREE LIST. And for a non-judgmental letter, give the printer an altyn from a ruble, and the clerk from a signature, an altyn from a ruble, and a clerk, two money from a ruble.
26. ABOUT URGENT. And from the urgent ones, the clerk receives two money from the urgent ones. And from the urgent signatures, the clerk gets three money from the signature from the ruble. And the clerks will charge two money per letter per ruble. And if the seeker or the defendant both want to meet the deadline, they both pay half of the signature and half of the letter, and the non-dealer gets his due. And whoever the seeker or the defendant does not go by the deadline, but will send the deadline to write off, and he will pay everything to one from the urgent ones from both and what was left. And the clerk keeps the urgent ones at home.
27. ABOUT THE JUDGMENTLESS. And how to give the extrajudicial ones, the clerk to carry out the urgent ones themselves instead, and collect the urgent ones with the clerk himself, and tell the clerks to give the extrajudicial ones and write off the deadlines. But we won’t give urgent ones. And the criminals will give from the osmago day.
28. ABOUT THE ATTENDANTS. And from the extras, get the printer from the non-dealers according to the travel: from which the extra rubles are given to the non-dealer, and for the clerk from the signature, take an altyn from the non-dealer from the ruble, and for the printer from the press, take an altyn from the non-dealer, and the travel will be more than a ruble or less to which city, and the deacon and the printer will have to pay according to the same calculation. But there will be a shorter ride in the attached claim, and the clerk of those bailiffs will not sign; and without the work-dealers, the assistant clerks cannot be signed. And no matter how harshly you howl in the attachment, the workman has only one ride to the city in which the city of the attachment is written.
29. And what goes around in Moscow is worth ten times the money for the trader, but twice as much for the truth; and on bail, do not give them funerals. And the non-worker takes the ride to which city, but in reality they get twice the ride.
30. DECREE ABOUT DRIVING. And the ride from Moscow to Kolomna is half a rubina, to Koshira is half a ruble, to Khotun is ten altyns, to Serpukhov is half a ruble; to Tarusa 20 altyn, to Aleksin half a third and a half ruble, to Koluga a ruble, to Eroslavets half a ruble, to Vereya half a ruble, to Borovsk half a ruble, to Vyshegorod half a ruble, to Kremensk 20 altyn, to Mozhaisk half a ruble, and to Medyn 30 altyn, to Vyazma half 2 ruble, to Zvenigorod 2 hryvnia, to Vorotynsk 40 altyn, to Odoev 40 altyn, to Kozelsk a ruble and a quarter, to Belev also, to Mezetsk 40 altyn, to Obolensk half a ruble, to Dmitrov 10 altyn, to Radonezh a quarter, to Pereslavl 20 altyn, to Rostov a ruble, to Yeroslavl a ruble and a quarter, to Vologda half-3 rubles, to Belaozer half-3 rubles, to Ustyug five rubles, to Vechegda 7 rubles, to Dvina and to Kolmogory 8 rubles Moscow, to Volodymer a ruble and a quarter, to Kostroma half-2 rubles, to Yuryev a ruble, to Suzdal a ruble and a quarter, to Galich half-3 rubles, to Murom half-2 rubles, to the Starodub princes of the fatherland half-2 rubles, to Meshchera two rubles, to Novagorod Nizhny half-3 a ruble, to Uglech a ruble, to Bezhitskoye Verkh one and a half rubles, to Romanov a ruble and a quarter, to Klin a ruble and a half, to Kashin a ruble, to Tver a ruble, to Zuptsev and to Opok a ruble, to Khlepnya 40 altyn, to Rzheva a ruble and a quarter, to Novagorod to Velikago half - 3 rubles from Moscow.
31. And ride as a workman and give bail yourself with guards or send your nephews and people with guards. And they can’t send them lesson books with extras. And they and their accompanying drivers won’t get anything from bail. DECREE ON INVESTIGATORS. And in which city a busybody lives, otherwise he should not travel with his guards in that city, nor should he be sent with his guards to his place in any matter.
32. And who will send a bailiff to whom, and what will be the loss to him in red tape, or what will he give from urgent and from the right letters or from extrajudicial ones, and the right one will take everything to blame.
33. And as a non-worker in court, do not ask or make a promise against the boyar, and the okolnichi, and the deacons, and do not make promises yourself from the bail.
34. And to whomever they give the thief, and they order him to be tortured, and the taty will torture him artlessly, and whoever the thief says something about, tell him that to the Grand Duke or the judge who is for him. Tatya will give it, but do not order anyone to rivet him, taty. And they will send someone who is a thief to the thief, and give him the thief unsophisticatedly, and do not try to force him on anyone. And having taken away his taty, he would not let him go, nor would he take the promise; and don’t take the people like him.
35. And whoever has a thieves who are working hard, and the tatey will not give him bail without a report and do not sell him to the tatey.
36. And whoever is given bail in any case, do not drag plaintiffs and defendants, but bring them before the judges. And it is not red tape to write off urgent Christians and give them without trial, and they should not take anything from Christians without trial. And if the deadline is written down to both the plaintiff together, he will take one thing that was taken on both sides, and otherwise he will not take anything. And he will give bail for his ride until the search is completed, until the case is over, and he will take the ride on the guilty person. And whoever the investigator or the defendant does not go to the answer himself, but sends it to his place of the deadline to write off, and the non-worker will take what he has done on the one who goes to his place of the deadline to write off.
37. DECREE BY THE GOVERNOR ON THE CITY COURT. And in which city or volost to which a trader or his person with an assistant arrives, and the assistant present him to the governor or volost, or their tiun. If both plaintiffs of that city or volost are judged, he shall bring both plaintiffs before the governor, either before the volost or before their tiuna.
38. And the boyars or the boyar’s children, who are in court with the boyar, shall be judged, and at the court they shall be the Dvorsky, and the elder and the best people. And without a courtier, and without a headman, and without the best people, the governor and volost cannot judge the court; but do not make a promise to them from the court, and do not make a promise from the court to their tyun and their people, neither against your sovereign, nor to the tyun, and do not ask the duty officer for promises from the court. And if he gets it from the court, if he gets what he wants, and if he gets a tray on the guilty person according to the letters, then he will receive the tiun; and if there are no certificates anywhere, he will sue the plaintiff. If he doesn’t get his way, the seeker will be to blame, and he will be given two altyns per ruble for his search, and his tiun will be given a ruble worth of money. But whether the case is higher than the ruble or lower, otherwise consider it according to the same calculation. And the door closer must walk and drive properly. And they will go to the field and make peace, and give him a letter. And they beat him in the water, and give him wine and a baking tray according to the letter. And where there is no letter, but they make peace, and give him a baking sheet half the size of the plaintiff, then he and the tiun. And if they get beaten in a borrowing matter, or in a battle, they will file a lawsuit against the plaintiff. And if they are beaten to death in burning, or in murder, or in robbery, or in tatba, otherwise the murdered person will be brought to justice, and the murdered person himself will be executed in execution and sold to the governor, then he and the tiun.
39. ABOUT TATEH DECREE. If someone is accused of a crime, or robbery, or murder, or snitching, or some other evil deed, and he is the leader of the evil one, order him to execute him with the death penalty, and take the plaintiff out of his estate, and what will be left from the estate, otherwise imati the governor and his tiun. If the dashing person doesn’t have enough money to pay the claim, don’t hand over that dashing claim to him for his death, order him to be executed by death.
40. ABOUT RIGHT LITERATURE. And from the right letter give to the boyar or the boyar’s son, for whom feeding with the court with the boyar, from the ruble to half a third altyn from the seal, then to him and tiun; and the clerk who writes the right letter receives three money from a letter from a ruble. And the tiun will give the right letter, and he will receive from the stove from the ruble half a third of an altyn for his sovereign and for himself, and his clerk will receive from the ruble three dengi. And from the slave and from the robe from the right, letters of release from the boyar or the boyar's son, for whom feeding with the court of the boyar, from the stove for the head of half a third altyn. And the clerk gave him three money per head.
41. And his tyun for feeding a slave cannot be given legal certificates without a report from the sovereign and letters of release.
42. ABOUT THE LEAVE CARD. But someone will put a letter of release without a boyar’s report and without a sexton’s signature, or from cities without a governor’s report, followed by feeding for the boyar’s son with a court with a boyar, and that letter of release is not a release document, other release documents that the sovereign writes with his own hand, and that certificate of release as a document of release.
43. The governor and the volost, who are obliged to feed without a boyar's court, and the tiun of the Grand Duke and the boyar's tiun, for whom feeding with a boyar's court, slaves and robes are not issued without a report and are not given vacation pay; but the taty and the murderer will not be allowed in, and any dashing person will not be sold without a report, nor executed, nor released.
44. ABOUT BAILIFFS. And to the viceroy in the city, he gets what he walks around the city and drives according to a letter, and where there is no letter, and he gets what he walks in the city for four dengas, and he drives a mile for a denga, but in fact in the city and in the volost it is twice as much.
45. IF someone sends a bailiff to the governor, and to the volost, to the boyar, and to the boyar’s son, and to their tiuns, and to the Grand Duke of tiuns, and to the governor and volost, and their tiun, and the Grand Duke tiun, and the dovotchik to answer by the deadline go; If he doesn’t go to the deadline himself, send him an answer to the deadline in his place.
46. ABOUT TRADERS. And whoever buys something new at a trade, like a horse, and buys from someone without knowing him, and two or three good people know and are caught from him, and those good people will rightfully say that they bought it in front of him at a trade, otherwise he right, whoever was caught and kissed is not allowed to him.
47. And whoever buys something on someone else’s land is caught from him, and only two or three good people testify with him as witnesses that he bought before them in a trade, otherwise he is right from whom he was caught, and he will not be kissed; but he will not have witnesses, otherwise he will be given the truth.
48. ABOUT OBEDIENCE. And whoever the servant listens to in battle or in robbery or in borrowing, otherwise judge the will of the one on whom they are looking, he wants to climb into the field to listen, or standing by the field, he lays at the cross, they search for him, and the plaintiff will take the demon of his kiss, and the defendant will pay the field duties, but those killed are not guilty of him. And not standing by the field, he will lay it at the cross, and he will pay the judge the duty according to the list, but there will be no field duties for him. 49. But against the rumor, the defendant will be old, or small, or immortal, or a priest, or a monk, or a monk, or a woman; otherwise, against the rumor, he will hire a wave, but against the rumor, the hirer will not be hired. And whatever loss is caused to the right person or to his knowledge, those losses will be on the guilty one.
50. But the hearing will not go before the judge, whether there are speeches behind it or not, otherwise at that hearing the plaintiff will claim damages and collect all the fees. And with the righteous man about the time of this, I hear the court.
51. But the listener does not speak in court before the judges, and the plaintiff is guilty of this.
52. And from whomever a woman, or a small child, or who is old, or infirm, or maimed in some way, or a priest, or a monk, or a monk, or whoever is in obedience to someone from them, asks for anything, otherwise he will hire a wave. And kiss the plaintiff or hearken, but fight the hireling; and he will hire the plaintiff or the defendant against those hirelings; but he wants to, and he himself fights on the ground.
53. And whoever catches someone with a bailiff in battle, or in barking, or in borrowing and will not want to go to trial, and they report to the judge and make peace, but the judge does not sell them, otherwise they drive and walk.
54. But the hireling does not complete his lesson, but goes away, and he is deprived of the hire.
55. ABOUT LOAN. And if a merchant, going to trade, takes money or goods from someone, but on the way the goods are lost ingenuously, becomes exhausted, or burns, or is taken away by the army, and the boyar, having searched, orders that the deacon of the Grand Duke be given a flight certificate from the Grand Duke's seal , pay the plaintiff the truth without increase. And whoever takes something from someone for trade and ends up drinking it away or through some other madness destroys his goods without feasting, I am suing for his death to hand over his head for sale.
56. But a slave will overwhelm the Tatar army, but he will run out full, and he will be free, but not a slave to the old sovereign.
57. ABOUT CHRISTIAN REFUSAL. And Christian refused to leave the volost, and settled in the village, one term per year, a week before Yuryev, autumn days and a week after Yuryev, autumn days. Elderly households pay a ruble per yard in the fields, and half a ruble in the forests. And if a Christian lives for a year, then he goes away, and he pays a quarter of the yard, but if he lives for two years and then goes away, he pays half the yard; and he lives for three years and goes away, and he pays three-quarters of the yard; and he lives for four years, and he pays the entire yard.
58. ABOUT FOREIGNERS. And to whom a foreigner seeks something from a foreigner, or the will of the one on whom they are looking, wants to kiss him, that he is not guilty of it, or at the cross he puts what they are looking for on him, and the plaintiff, having kissed the cross, will take it.
59. But the priest, and the deacon, and the monk, and the monk, and the builder, and the widow, who feed from the church of God, then the saint or his judge will judge. And there will be a simple person with a church person. foreign court of vocchi. But if a widow does not feed from God’s church, but lives in her own home, then the court is not of the saint’s.
60. And where a man dies without spiritual letters, and he does not have a son, or the whole wealth and the land of a daughter; and if he does not have a daughter, otherwise his neighbor will take it from his family.
61. ABOUT FENCES. And between the villages and villages there are fences in halves; and whose garden the mordant is done, or else pay him whose garden it is. And where there is reaping from villages or villages, otherwise the married sovereign does not fence, he fences the entire garden, whose land is arable for reaping.
62. ABOUT BETWEEN. And whoever cuts off the boundaries or edges from the land of the great prince of the boyar and the monastery, or the boyar and monastery land of the great prince, or the boyar or monastery land of the boyar, or the boyars from the monastery, and whoever tore the boundary or the edges of the monastery, and beat him with a whip, yes the plaintiff should take a ruble from it. And Christians will divide themselves in one volost or in a village, whoever breaks or distorts someone’s boundary, another volost or village will charge two altyns for a boran and for a wound they will be awarded, regardless of the person and the wound and according to reasoning.
63. ABOUT LANDS COURT. But a boyar will exact punishment from a boyar, or a monastery from a monastery, or a boyar from a monastery, or a monastery from a boyar, otherwise judge for three years, but not to judge beyond three years. But a black on a black will be exacted, or a landowner will demand the land of a landowner who has the land of the Grand Duke, or a black or rural land on a landowner, or a landowner on a black and a rural landowner, otherwise judge for three years. and don’t judge for three years. But they will exact punishment on the boyar or the monasteries of the Grand Duke of the land, otherwise judge for six years, but not judge further. And which lands are behind the bailiff in court, and those lands are to be explored.
64. And the gossiper charges two hryvnias on the guilty person, but there is not less than a ruble of gossip. But from the list from the ship and from the slave and from the land there is no gossip. And from the field there is all sorts of gossip. But the list will be deceived by those who follow the truth, otherwise that is gossip. And the lads of the right dozen get 4 money, and they pay for the guilty one.
65. And in which city there will be two governors or in a volost there will be two volostels, and they will collect duties according to this list, both for one governor, and their tiun for one tiun, and they divide themselves in half.
66. ABOUT FULL LITERATURE. Fully certified slave. According to tiunstvo and according to the key, according to the rural serf with and without report, and with wife and children, who are with the same sovereign; and if his children learn to live with someone else or for themselves, then do not become slaves; but according to the Gorodtsky key, he is not a slave; a slave by robes, a slave by robes, a dowry slave, a spiritual slave.
67. ABOUT SUCCESS AND OBEDIENCE. Yes, order to shout at the auctions in Moscow and in all cities of the Moscow lands and Novogorodtsk lands and command throughout all the volosts that the seeker and the defendant do not make promises to the judges and the bailiff in court, but by hearsay, having not seen, do not obey, but having seen, tell the truth. But the hearsay listens falsely without seeing it, but it is searched later, otherwise on that hearsay the plaintiff’s entire death and loss.
68. ABOUT FIELD DUTIES. And the okolich and the deacon will come to the field, and the okolnichi and the deacon will ask the plaintiffs, the seekers and the defendants, who are the attorneys and sureties behind them, and who will be named as the attorneys and sureties behind them, and order them to stand, and the attorneys and the attorneys and the clubs and the oslops will Do not hold him as a guarantor. And those who have guards standing by the field, send them away to the guard and clerk. If the oprichniya people don’t go away, tell the okolnichy and the deacon to punish them. bring the plaintiffs to justice and with duties and order them to be given bail and brought before the Grand Duke.
Literature:
Cherepnin L.V. Formation of the Russian centralized state in the XIV–XV centuries. M., 1969
Alekseev Yu.G. Sovereign of All Rus'. Novosibirsk 1991
Pchelov E.V. Rurikovich. History of the dynasty. M., 2001
Ivan III Vasilyevich was born on January 22, 1440, the son of Vasily II. WITH early years He helped his blind father as much as he could in government affairs and went on hikes with him.
In March 1462, Vasily II became seriously ill and died. Shortly before his death, he made a will. The will stated that the eldest son Ivan received the grand-ducal throne, and most of the state, its main cities. The remaining part of the state was divided among the remaining children of Vasily II.
Ivan III led a very productive, wise policy. In domestic politics, he, like his father, continues to collect Russian lands under Moscow's leadership. He annexed the Rostov, and Tver, Ryazan, Belozersk and Dmitrov principalities to Moscow.
Domestic policy of Ivan III
The union of Russian lands with Moscow was very successful and productive. It is worth saying that these lands were annexed peacefully. The Novgorodians wanted independence, but the forces of the Moscow principality were clearly superior to those of Novgorod.
Then, the Novgorod boyars decided to flirt with the Lithuanian prince Casimir. This course of affairs did not suit Ivan III, who sought to unite all Russian lands under Moscow's leadership.
On June 6, 1471, the Moscow army launched a campaign against Novgorod. The troops of Ivan III do not disdain robbery and violence, trying to instill more fear in the Novgorod boyars.
The Novgorod boyars also did not sit idly by; they hastily assembled a militia from the townspeople, the number of which amounted to about 40 thousand people. However, the hastily assembled army was completely untrained in military affairs. The Novgorodians moved in the direction of Pskov in order to prevent the connection of Moscow and Pskov troops.
But on the Sheloni River, the Novgorod army, by chance, collided with detachments of one of the Moscow governors, where they were completely defeated by their enemy. Novgorod was under siege. During negotiations with Ivan III, Novgorod retained its independence, paid indemnity, and no longer had the right to flirt with Lithuania.
In the spring of 1477, complainants from Novgorod arrived in Moscow. In presenting their case, the complainants named Ivan III sovereign, instead of the traditional Mr. “Mr.” - assumed the equality of “Mr. Grand Duke” and “Mr. of Great Novgorod.” Muscovites immediately seized on this pretext and sent an ultimatum to Novgorod, according to which Novgorod was to join Moscow.
As a result of the new war, Novgorod was annexed to Moscow, the position of the Novgorod mayor was abolished, and the veche bell was taken to Moscow. This was in 1478. After the capture of Novgorod, the tsar continued collecting Russian lands. This was the essence of his domestic policy. He extended his power in the Vyazma land, seized the land of the Komi and Great Perm, and also established his order in the land of the Khanty and Mansi.
As the country's power grew, the grand ducal power also grew stronger. Under Ivan III, a system of service for land arose in Russia. This progressive innovation became the basis for the formation of a layer of nobility, a new support for the grand duke, and subsequently the royal power. A centralized state could not exist without general legislation.
In 1497, the all-Russian Code of Law of Ivan III was published. The Code of Law established the legal norms for the life of Russian society.
Foreign policy of Ivan III
The ruler's foreign policy was also not without major successes. Rus' finally ceased to depend on the Golden Horde and to pay tribute to it. This event took place in 1480, marked by the “Standing on the Ugra”. Khan Akhmat moved large troops to Rus', for a long time prepared for a decisive battle, but eventually turned back. Thus ended the Horde Yoke.
Ivan III died on October 27, 1505. His name is forever included in the History of Russia.
Results
During his reign, he achieved great success in domestic and foreign policy, completed the process of collecting Russian land, and once and for all put an end to the Horde Yoke. It is not for nothing that Ivan III Vasilyevich received the nickname “The Great” in science and journalism.
Ivan III Vasilievich (Ivan the Great) b. January 22, 1440 - died October 27, 1505 - Grand Duke of Moscow from 1462 to 1505, sovereign of all Rus'. Collector of Russian lands around Moscow, creator of an all-Russian state.
In the middle of the 15th century, Russian lands and principalities were in a state of political fragmentation. There were several strong political centers towards which all other regions gravitated; each of these centers pursued a completely independent internal policy and resisted all external enemies.
Such centers of power were Moscow, Novgorod the Great, beaten more than once, but still mighty Tver, as well as the Lithuanian capital - Vilna, which owned the entire colossal Russian region, called “Lithuanian Rus”. Political games, civil strife, foreign wars, economic and geographical factors gradually subjugated the weak to the strong. The possibility of creating a unified state arose.
Childhood
Ivan III was born on January 22, 1440 in the family of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily Vasilyevich. Ivan's mother was Maria Yaroslavna, daughter of the appanage prince Yaroslav Borovsky, Russian princess of the Serpukhov branch of the house of Daniel. He was born on the day of memory of the Apostle Timothy and in his honor received his “direct name” - Timothy. The nearest church holiday was the day of the transfer of the relics of St. John Chrysostom, in honor of which the prince received the name by which he is best known in history.
In his childhood, the prince suffered all the hardships of civil strife. 1452 - he was already sent as the nominal head of the army on a campaign against the Ustyug fortress of Kokshengu. The heir to the throne successfully fulfilled the order he received, cutting off Ustyug from the Novgorod lands and brutally ruining the Koksheng volost. Returning from the campaign with a victory, on June 4, 1452, Prince Ivan married his bride. Soon, the bloody civil strife that had lasted for a quarter of a century began to subside.
In subsequent years, Prince Ivan became his father's co-ruler. The inscription “Ospodari of All Rus'” appears on the coins of the Moscow State; he himself, like his father, Vasily, bears the title “Grand Duke”.
Accession to the throne
1462, March - Ivan's father, Grand Duke Vasily, became seriously ill. Shortly before this, he had drawn up a will, according to which he divided the grand-ducal lands between his sons. As the eldest son, Ivan received not only the great reign, but also the bulk of the territory of the state - 16 main cities (not counting Moscow, which he was supposed to own together with his brothers). When Vasily died on March 27, 1462, Ivan became the new Grand Duke without any problems.
Reign of Ivan III
Throughout the reign of Ivan III, the main goal of the country's foreign policy was the unification of northeastern Rus' into single state. Having become the Grand Duke, Ivan III began his unification activities by confirming previous agreements with neighboring princes and generally strengthening his position. Thus, agreements were concluded with the Tver and Belozersky principalities; Prince Vasily Ivanovich, married to the sister of Ivan III, was placed on the throne of the Ryazan principality.
Unification of principalities
Beginning in the 1470s, activities aimed at annexing the remaining Russian principalities intensified sharply. The first was the Yaroslavl principality, which finally lost the remnants of independence in 1471. 1472 - Prince Yuri Vasilyevich of Dmitrov, Ivan’s brother, died. The Dmitrov principality passed to the Grand Duke.
1474 - the turn of the Rostov principality came. Rostov princes sold “their half” of the principality to the treasury, finally turning into a serving nobility. The Grand Duke transferred what he received to his mother's inheritance.
Capture of Novgorod
The situation with Novgorod developed differently, which is explained by the difference in the nature of the statehood of the appanage principalities and the trade-aristocratic Novgorod state. An influential anti-Moscow party was formed there. A collision with Ivan III could not be avoided. 1471, June 6 - a ten-thousandth detachment of Moscow troops under the command of Danila Kholmsky set out from the capital in the direction of the Novgorod land, a week later the army of Striga Obolensky set out on a campaign, and on June 20, 1471, Ivan III himself began a campaign from Moscow. The advance of Moscow troops through the lands of Novgorod was accompanied by robberies and violence designed to intimidate the enemy.
Novgorod also did not sit idle. A militia was formed from the townspeople; the number of this army reached 40,000 people, but its combat effectiveness, due to the hasty formation of townspeople not trained in military affairs, was low. On July 14, a battle began between the opponents. In the process, the Novgorod army was completely defeated. The losses of the Novgorodians amounted to 12,000 people, about 2,000 people were captured.
1471, August 11 - a peace treaty was concluded, according to which Novgorod was obliged to pay an indemnity of 16,000 rubles, retained its state structure, but could not “surrender” to the rule of the Lithuanian Grand Duke; A significant part of the vast Dvina land was ceded to the Grand Duke of Moscow. But several more years passed before the final defeat of Novgorod, until on January 15, 1478 Novgorod surrendered, the veche order was abolished, and the veche bell and the city archive were sent to Moscow.
Invasion of the Tatar Khan Akhmat
Ivan III tears up the Khan's letter
Relations with the Horde, which were already tense, completely deteriorated by the early 1470s. The horde continued to disintegrate; on the territory of the former Golden Horde, in addition to its immediate successor (the “Great Horde”), the Astrakhan, Kazan, Crimean, Nogai and Siberian Hordes were also formed.
1472 - Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat began his campaign against Rus'. At Tarusa the Tatars met with a large Russian army. All attempts of the Horde to cross the Oka were repulsed. The Horde army burned the city of Aleksin, but the campaign as a whole ended in failure. Soon, Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Khan of the Great Horde, which inevitably should have led to new clashes.
1480, summer - Khan Akhmat moved to Rus'. Ivan III, having gathered his troops, headed south to the Oka River. For 2 months, the army, ready for battle, was waiting for the enemy, but Khan Akhmat, also ready for battle, did not begin offensive actions. Finally, in September 1480, Khan Akhmat crossed the Oka River south of Kaluga and headed through Lithuanian territory to the Ugra River. Fierce clashes began.
Attempts by the Horde to cross the river were successfully repulsed by Russian troops. Soon, Ivan III sent ambassador Ivan Tovarkov to the khan with rich gifts, asking him to retreat away and not ruin the “ulus”. 1480, October 26 - the Ugra River froze. The Russian army, having gathered together, retreated to the city of Kremenets, then to Borovsk. On November 11, Khan Akhmat gave the order to retreat. “Standing on the Ugra” ended with the actual victory of the Russian state, which received the desired independence. Khan Akhmat was soon killed; After his death, civil strife broke out in the Horde.
Expansion of the Russian state
The peoples of the North were also included in the Russian state. 1472 - “Great Perm”, inhabited by the Komi, Karelian lands, was annexed. Russian centralized state became a multinational superethnos. 1489 – Vyatka, remote and largely mysterious lands beyond the Volga for modern historians, was annexed to the Russian state.
The rivalry with Lithuania was of great importance. Moscow's desire to subjugate all Russian lands constantly encountered opposition from Lithuania, which had the same goal. Ivan directed his efforts towards the reunification of the Russian lands that were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. 1492, August - troops were sent against Lithuania. They were led by Prince Fyodor Telepnya Obolensky.
The cities of Mtsensk, Lyubutsk, Mosalsk, Serpeisk, Khlepen, Rogachev, Odoev, Kozelsk, Przemysl and Serensk were taken. A number of local princes went over to Moscow’s side, which strengthened the position of the Russian troops. And although the results of the war were secured by a dynastic marriage between the daughter of Ivan III Elena and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander, the war for the Seversky lands soon broke out with new strength. The decisive victory in it was won by Moscow troops at the Battle of Vedrosh on July 14, 1500.
By the beginning of the 16th century, Ivan III had every reason to call himself the Grand Duke of All Rus'.
Personal life of Ivan III
Ivan III and Sophia Paleologue
The first wife of Ivan III, Princess Maria Borisovna of Tver, died on April 22, 1467. Ivan began to look for another wife. 1469, February 11 - ambassadors from Rome appeared in Moscow to propose that the Grand Duke marry the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Sophia Paleologus, who lived in exile after the fall of Constantinople. Ivan III, having overcome his religious rejection, sent the princess out of Italy and married her in 1472. In October of the same year, Moscow welcomed its future empress. The wedding ceremony took place in the still unfinished Assumption Cathedral. The Greek princess became the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Vladimir and Novgorod.
The main significance of this marriage was that the marriage to Sophia Paleologus contributed to the establishment of Russia as the successor to Byzantium and the proclamation of Moscow as the Third Rome, the stronghold of Orthodox Christianity. After his marriage to Sophia, Ivan III for the first time dared to show the European political world the new title of Sovereign of All Rus' and forced him to be recognized. Ivan was called “the sovereign of all Rus'.”
Formation of the Moscow State
At the beginning of Ivan's reign, the Moscow principality was surrounded by the lands of other Russian principalities; dying, he handed over to his son Vasily the country that united most of these principalities. Only Pskov, Ryazan, Volokolamsk and Novgorod-Seversky were able to maintain relative independence.
During the reign of Ivan III, the final formalization of the independence of the Russian state took place.
The complete unification of Russian lands and principalities into a powerful power required a series of cruel, bloody wars, in which one of the rivals had to crush the forces of all the others. Internal transformations were no less necessary; V state system Each of the listed centers continued to maintain semi-dependent appanage principalities, as well as cities and institutions that had noticeable autonomy.
Their complete submission central government ensured that whoever could do this first would have a strong rear in the fight against neighbors and an increase in their own military power. To put it another way, the greatest chance of victory was not the state that had the most perfect, softest and most democratic legislation, but the state whose internal unity would be unshakable.
Before Ivan III, who ascended the grand-ducal throne in 1462, such a state had not yet existed, and hardly anyone could have imagined the very possibility of its emergence in such a short period of time and within such impressive borders. In all of Russian history there is no event or process comparable in significance to the formation at the turn of the 15th–16th centuries. Moscow State.
Ivan the Third was born into the family of the Great Moscow Prince Vasily. Before his death, his father drew up a will, according to which the territories were distributed among all his sons. At the same time, Ivan received sixteen central cities (together with Moscow).
Having taken over the domain after his father’s death, Ivan issued a decree according to which coins (in gold) began to be minted with the names of the tsar himself and his son. The first wife of Ivan the Third did not live long. In order to become related to Byzantium, the king remarried Sophia Paleologus. From this marriage union Vasily is born, but the tsar does not appoint him to the throne, replacing him with his grandson Dmitry, whose father was Ivan (Young), the son from his first marriage.
After the death of his second wife, the king became seriously ill, going blind in one eye and having obvious brain damage (arm paralysis).
Tsar Ivan the Third dies on October twenty-seventh, 1505, and his power passes to his son Vasily the Third.
Domestic policy:
· Ending dependence on the Golden Horde.
· The final formation of an independent state begins.
· Annexation of the Kazan Khanate.
· Foreign masters are invited to the state for further development architecture (Renaissance).
· The Russian coat of arms (double-headed eagle), etc. appears.
In addition, one of the important moments of the reign is the Code of Laws of 1497, which was a set of laws applied in this period of time in Rus'. This municipal act recorded the rights and lists of peasants and officials.
Also, this legal code of Ivan the Third introduced a new local form of agriculture, according to which farmers work on the land and obey the tsar.
During the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich, most of the territories (the so-called lands) around Moscow united, making the city itself the center of the new state. This composition included the Rostov principality, as well as the Yaroslavl, Tver and Novgorod principalities. After the victory over Lithuania, Novgorod-Seversky, Bryansk and Chernigov also joined Moscow.
It is thanks to an active policy that the Russian state receives the right to make independent decisions. An order control system appears. An active policy of centralization of the state is being pursued, chronicle literature and architecture are developing.
The reign of Ivan Vasilyevich is considered the most successful for Russia over the entire period.