On March 1, 1881, the emperor Alexander II, II Nikolaevich, died on the hands of the people, and his second son Alexander ascended to the throne. At first he was preparing for a military career, because The heir was his elder brother Nicholas, but in 1865 he died.
In 1868, during a strong disadvantage, Alexander Alexandrovich was appointed chairman of the Committee on the collection and distribution of benefits of the starving. Lastly before joining the throne, he was Ataman Cossack troops, the University of Helsingforce Chancellor. In 1877, he took part in the Russian-Turkish war as a commander of the detachment.
The historic portrait of Alexander III rather reminded the Russian mighty man than the sovereign of the empire. He possessed the hedgehog strength, but did not differ mental abilities. Despite such a characteristic, Alexander III loved the theater, music, painting, studied Russian history.
In 1866, he married Danish Princess Dagmar, in Orthodoxy Maria Fedorovna. She was smart, formed, and in many respects complemented her husband. Alexander and Maria Fedorovna had 5 children.
Internal Policy Alexander III
The beginning of the board of Alexander III had to for the period of the fighting of two parties: Liberal (wishing reforms initiated by Alexander II) and monarchical. Alexander III canceled the idea of \u200b\u200bthe constitutionality of Russia and took the course to enhance autocracy.
On August 14, 1881, the Government adopted a special law "Regulations on measures to protect state-order and public peace." Emergency measures were introduced to combat riots and terror, punitive funds were applied, in 1882 a secret police appeared.
Alexander III believed that all misfortunes in the country go from the liberalness of the subjects and excessive formation of the lower class, which is caused by the reforms of the Father. Therefore, he began the policy of counter-reviews.
Universities were considered the main hearth terror. The new University Charter of 1884 abruptly limited their autonomy, student associations and the student court were prohibited, and access to the formation of the lower estates and the Jews was restricted, severe censorship was introduced in the country.
changes in Zemstvo reform under Alexander III:
In April 1881, a manifesto on independence of autocracy, compiled by KM Victorious. The rights of the nation were strongly cut off, and their work is taken under the tight control of the governors. In urban thinking, merchants and officials were met, and in the zemsti - only rich local nobles. The peasants lost the right to participate in the elections.
Changes in judicial reform under Alexander III:
In 1890, a new statement was adopted. The judges became dependent on the authorities, the competence of the jury court decreased, the world courts were practically eliminated.
Changes in peasant reform under Alexander III:
Powder to submit and community land use were canceled, an obligatory redemption of land was introduced, but the redemption payments were reduced. In 1882, a peasant bank was established, designed to issue a loan to peasants to buy land and private property.
Changes in military reform under Alexander III:
Increased defense capability of border districts and fortresses.
Alexander III knew the importance of army reserves, so infantry battalions were created, reserve shelves were formed. A cavalry division was created, capable of fighting both in horseback and within walking.
Mountain artillery batteries were created to conduct a combat in the mountainous locality, morty shelves were formed, siege artillery battalions. For the delivery of troops and army reserves, a special railway brigade was created.
In 1892, mine river companies appeared, fortress telegraphs, aeronautical detachments, military doves.
Military gymnasiums are transformed into Cadet Corps, educational non-commissioned officer battalions were created for the first time who prepared younger commanders.
A new three-line rifle was adopted, a smokeless form of gunpowder was invented. Military form is replaced by more convenient. The procedure for the appointment of command posts in the army was changed: only for seniority.
Social Policy Alexander III
"Russia for Russians" is a favorite slogan of the emperor. Only the Orthodox Church is considered truly Russian, all other religions were officially defined as "innovative confessions."
The policy of anti-Semitism was officially proclaimed, Jewish persecution began.
Alexander III Foreign Policy
The reign of Emperor Alexander III was the most peaceful. Only once the Russian troops face the Afghan detachments on the Cushion River. Alexander III fence his country from wars, and also helped to extinguish hostility between other countries, for which he received the nickname "Peacemaker".
Economic Policy Alexander III
Under Alexander III, the city, factories and plants grew, inner and foreign trade increased, the length of the railways increased, the construction of the Great Siberian highway was launched. In order to master the new lands, there was a resettlement of peasant families in Siberia and Central Asia.
In the late 1980s, the state budget deficit was managed to overcome the income exceeded the costs.
Results of the Board of Alexander III
Emperor Alexander III called "the Russian king." He defended the Russian population with all their forces, especially on the outskirts, which contributed to the strengthening of state unity.
As a result of the events held in Russia, a rapid industrial lift occurred, the risk of Russian ruble increased, and the well-being of the population improved.
Alexander III and his counter-processors provided Russia with a peaceful and calm era without wars and internal stem, but also gave the revolutionary spirit in the Russians, which would break out with his son Nicolae II.
"Angel Alexander"
Alexander, the second child of the Grand Prince Alexander Alexandrovich and Maria Fedorovna was Alexander. He, alas, died still in infancy from meningitis. The death of "Angela Alexander" after a silicon disease was seriously survived by his parents, judging by their diaries. For Mary Fedorovna, the death of the Son became the first loss of relatives in life. She tooks her fate for her. Survive all his sons.
Alexander Alexandrovich. Single (posthumous) photo
Handsome Georgy.
Some time, the heir to Nicholas II was his younger brother Georgy
In childhood, George was healthier and strong than his older brother Nicholas. He grew up a high, beautiful, cheerful child. Despite the fact that George was a pet pet, he, like other brothers, was brought up in Spartan conditions. The kids slept on army beds, got up at 6 o'clock and took a cold bath. For breakfast, they usually served porridge and black bread; Lunch from lamb and roast beef with peas and baked potatoes. At the disposal of children there were a living room, a dining room, a games room and a bedroom, furnished with the simplest furniture. The rich was only icon, decorated with precious stones and pearls. The family lived mainly in the Gatchina Palace.
Emperor Alexander III family (1892). Right left: George, Ksenia, Olga, Alexander III, Nikolay, Maria Fedorovna, Mikhail
George was referred to a career on the fleet, but then the Grand Duke fell ill with tuberculosis. From 1890s, George, in 1894, became Cesarevich (the heir to Nicholas had not yet been), lives in the Caucasus, in Georgia. Doctors even forbade him to go to St. Petersburg at Father's Funeral (although he was present at the end of his father in Livadia). The only joy of George was the visits of the mother. In 1895, they traveled to relatives to Denmark. There, another attack happened to him. George for a long time was chained to bed, until finally felt better and did not return to Abastumban.
Grand Duke Georgy Aleksandrovich at a writing table. Abastumba. 1890s.
In the summer of 1899, Georgy was driving from the Zekar Pass to Abastumani on a motorcycle. Suddenly, he had a bleeding from his throat, he stopped and fell to Earth. On June 28, 1899, Georgy Alexandrovich died. The sections were found: the extreme degree of depletion, chronic tuberculosis process in the period of cavernous decay, the pulmonary heart (right ventricular hypertrophy), interstitial jade. George's news about death was a heavy blow for the entire imperial family and especially for Maria Fedorovna.
Ksenia Aleksandrovna
Ksenia was a favorite mother, and appeared on her. The Great Prince Alexander Mikhailovich (Sandro) became the first and only love of her love, who was friends with her brothers and often in Gatchina. Xenia Aleksandrovna was "crazy" from a high, slim brunet, believing that he is best in the world. She kept his love in secret, told her only to her older brother, the future emperor Nicholas II, to a friend Sandro. Alexander Mikhailovich Ksenia accounted for a cousin. They got married on July 25, 1894, and she gave him for the first 13 years of marriage daughter and six sons.
Alexander Mikhailovich and Ksenia Aleksandrovna, 1894
Bulking with her husband abroad, Ksenia attended all those places with him that could be considered "not quite decent" for the royal daughter, even fantunteered at the playing table in Monte Carlo. However, the marital life of the Great Princess did not work out. My husband has new hobbies. Despite seven children, the marriage actually collapsed. But for divorce with the Grand Duke of Ksenia Alexandrovna did not agree. The love of his children's father, in spite of everything, managed to preserve until the end of his days, sincerely worried him in 1933.
It is curious that after the revolution in Russia, Georg V allowed the relative to settle in the cottage near the Windsor Castle, while the husband of Xenia Aleksandrovna appear there was prohibited because of the change. From other interesting facts - her daughter, Irina, married Felix Yusupova, Rasputin's killer, scandalous and shocking personality.
Possible Michael II.
The Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich was perhaps the most significant for all of Russia, except for Nikolai II, the son of Alexander III. Before World War I, after marriage to Natalia Sergeyevna Brasova, Mikhail Alexandrovich lived in Europe. Marriage was unequal, moreover, by the time His conclusion, Natalia Sergeyevna was married. In love, I had to be marred in the Serbian Orthodox Church in Vienna. Because of this, all the estates of Mikhail Alexandrovich were taken under the control of the emperor.
Mikhail Alexandrovich
Some monarchists called Mikhail Alexandrovich Mikhail II
With the beginning of the First World War, Nikolai's brother was asked to Russia, fight. As a result, he headed the Native Division in the Caucasus. Wartime was noted by many preparing conspiracy against Nicholas II, but Mikhail did not participate in anyone, being a faithful brother. However, Mikhail Alexandrovich's name was increasingly mentioned in various political combinations compiled in the courtiers and political circles of Petrograd, and Mikhail Alexandrovich himself did not participate in the preparation of these plans. A number of contemporaries pointed to the role of the Great Prince's wife, which became the center of "Basova Salon", preaching liberalism and nominated Mikhail Alexandrovich on the role of the head of the reigning house.
Alexander Alexandrovich with his wife (1867)
The February Revolution found Mikhail Alexandrovich in Gatchina. The documents testify that in the days of the February revolution, he tried to save the monarchy, but not because of the desire to take the throne himself. On the morning of February 27 (March 12), 1917, he called him a chairman of the State Duma M. V. Rodzianko to Petrograd. Arriving in the capital, Mikhail Alexandrovich met with the Temporary Committee of the Duma. Those convinced him in fact to legalize the coup: become a dictator, send the government to resign and ask his brother to create a responsible ministry. By the end of the day, Mikhail Alexandrovich managed to convince the power in the most extreme case. Subsequent events will reveal the indecision and inability of Brother Nicholas II to engage in serious policies in an emergency.
Great Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich with Morganotic wife N. M. Brasova. Paris. 1913 year
It is appropriate to recall the characteristic given by Mikhail Alexandrovich by General Mosolov: "He was distinguished by exceptional kindness and gullibility." According to the memoirs of Colonel Mordvinov, Mikhail Alexandrovich was the "character of soft, though hot-tempered. It is inclined to succumb to someone else's influence ... But in the actions affecting the issues of moral debt, always shows perseverance! "
Last Great Princess
Olga Alexandrovna lived to 78 years and died on November 24, 1960. She survived the older sister Ksenia for seven months.
In 1901, he went for the Duke of Oldenburg. The marriage was unsuccessful and ended in divorce. Subsequently, Olga Alexandrovna reached Nikolai Kulikovsky. After the fall of the Romanov dynasty, I left the Crimea with my mother, husband and children, where they lived in conditions close to home arrest.
Olga Aleksandrovna as an honorary commander of the 12th Akhtyr Gusar Regiment
She is one of the few Romanovs who saved after the October Revolution. He lived in Denmark, then in Canada, survived all other grandchildren (granddaughters) of Emperor Alexander II. Like the Father, Olga Alexandrovna preferred a simple life. For its life, more than 2000 paintings wrote, income from which they allowed to support her family and engage in charity.
Protopresswiter Georgy Shavelsky so recalled her:
"The Great Princess Olga Aleksandrovna among all the empires had an extraordinary simplicity, affordable, democraticness. In his estate of the Voronezh lips. She completely broke out: she walked around the village of rustic, nursery of peasant children, etc. In St. Petersburg, she often went on foot, went on simple excuses, and he loved to talk with the latter. "
Imperial couple in a circle of approximate (summer 1889)
General Alexey Nikolaevich Kuropatkin:
"The following my dating led. By Princess Olga Aleksandrovna was November 12, 1918 in the Crimea, where she lived with the second her husband, the Rotmistrome of the Hussar Regiment Kulikovsky. Here she even more surprised. Its unfinished it would be difficult to believe that this is a great princess. They occupied a small, very poorly furnished house. The Grand Duchess itself nursing her baby, threw up and even soap underwear. I found her in the garden, where she drove her baby in the stroller. Immediately she invited me to the house and treated there with tea and their own products: jam and cookies. The simplicity of the situation, which bordered with the god, did her even more cute and attractive. "
Alexander III Aleksandrovich (February 26 (March 10) 1845, Anichkov Palace, St. Petersburg - October 20 (November 1) 1894, Livadia Palace, Crimea) - Emperor All-Russian, King Polish and Grand Prince Finland from 1 (13) March 1881 . Son of Emperor Alexander II and the grandson of Nicholas I; Father of the last Russian monarch Nicholas II.
Alexander III is a significant figure in the history of Russia. During his reign, in Europe, Russian blood has not flowed. Alexander III has secured many years of calm for Russia. For peace-loving politics, he entered the Russian history as "King is a peacemaker."
He adhered to conservative and protective views and conducted a policy of counter-reviews, as well as Russification of national outflows.
He was a second child in the family of Alexander II and Mary Alexandrovna Romanov. According to the rules of the Prestoland, Alexandra did not prepare for the role of the ruler of the Russian Empire. The throne was supposed to take the elder brother - Nikolay. Alexander, did not hurt her brother, did not experience the slightest jealousy, watching Nicholas prepare for the throne. Nikolay was a diligent student, and Alexander defeated boredom in class.
Teachers Alexander III were such well-deserved people like historians of Solovyev, Grott, a wonderful military tactic of Dragomirov, and Konstantin Victoronians. It was the last one that was a great influence on Alexander III, in many respects by defining the priorities of the internal and foreign policy of the Russian emperor. It was the victorious Russians in Alexander III of the true Russian Patriot and Slavophila. Little Sasha attracted no more student, but physical exertion. The future emperor loved horse riding and gymnastics. Even before his adulthood, Alexander Alexandrovich showed no power, easily raised her gravity and immediately bent the horseshoes. He did not love secular entertainment, he preferred to spend his free time for improving the skills in horseback riding, and the development of physical strength. The brothers joked, they say, "Sasha is a Hercules of our family." Alexander loved the Gatchina Palace, and adored to spend time there, progging the days on the park, thinking about the day of the pressing day.
In 1855, Nikolai proclaimed Cesarevich. Sasha was glad for his brother, and even the fact that he himself would not have to be the emperor. However, fate still prepared the Russian throne to Alexander Alexandrovich. Nikolai's health staggered. Cesarevich suffered with rheumatism received from the spinal injury, later he picked up and tuberculosis. In 1865, Nicholas did not. Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov was proclaimed by the new heir to the throne. It is worth noting that Nikolai had a bride - Danish Princess Dagmar. It is said that dying Nikolai took the hands of Dagmar and Alexander with one hand, no matter how calling two close people, after his death.
In 1866, Alexander III goes on a trip to Europe. His path lies in Copenhagen, where he wovers to the bride of his brother. Dagmar and Alexander became close when they were taking care of the sick Nikolai. Their engagement took place on June 17 in Copenhagen. On October 13, Dagmar accepted Orthodoxy and became referred to as Maria Fedorovna Romanova, and on this day, young wrapped.
Alexander III and Maria Fedorovna Romanov lived a happy family life. Their family is a real imitation standard. Alexander Alexandrovich was a real, exemplary family man. Russian Emperor loved his wife very much. After the wedding, they settled in Anichkov Palace. Chet was happy, and brought up three sons and two daughters. The primient of the imperial couple was the son of Nikolay. Alexander loved all his children very much, but the second son was a special fatherly love - Bear.
The high morality of the emperor gave him the right to ask her and from the courtiers. Under Alexander III, in the opal of the Russian self-adjustment fell for marital treason. Alexander Alexandrovich was modest in everyday life, did not like the idleness. Witte - Minister of Finance of the Russian Empire, witnessed how the emperor vinener dotted him wipes.
The sovereign loved the paintings. The emperor had even his own collection, which by 1894 consisted of 130 works of various artists. On his initiative, the Russian Museum opened in St. Petersburg. With great revelation referred to the work of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. Alexander Romanov liked Alexander Romanov and the artist Alexey Bogolyubov, with whom the emperor had a good relationship. The emperor provided all sorts of support to young and talented cultural figures, under his patronage, museums, theaters and universities opened. Alexander adhered to true Christian postulates, and protected the Orthodox faith in every way, without tired of defending her interests.
Alexander III entered the Russian throne after killing revolutionaries - Alexander II terrorists. It happened on March 2, 1881. For the first time to the oath, the emperor was brought to the peasants, along with the rest of the population. In the domestic policy, Alexander III stood on the path of counterposses. The new Russian emperor was distinguished by conservative views.
During his reign, the Russian empire has achieved great success. Russia was a strong, developing country with which all European powers were looking for friendship. In Europe, some political movements constantly happened. And once, by Alexander, who surprised the fish, came the minister, talking about affairs in Europe. He asked the emperor somehow respond. To which Alexander replied - "Europe can wait until the Russian king catches the fish." Alexander Alexandrovich really could afford such statements, because Russia was on the rise, and its army was the most powerful in the world. Nevertheless, the international situation obliges Russia to find a reliable ally. In 1891, the friendships between Russia and France began to be issued, which ended with the signing of the Union Agreement.
According to the historian P. A. Zayonchkovsky, "Alexander III was rather modest in personal life. He did not love lies, was a good family man, was hardworking "Working on public affairs is often up to 1-2 hours of the night. "Alexander III possessed a certain system of views ... to protect the purity of the" Fathers' faith ", the inviolability of the principle of autocracy and develop Russian people ... - These are the main tasks that the new monarch set themselves ... In some issues of foreign policy, he discovered and probably common sense. ".
As I wrote S. Yu. Witte, "Emperor Alexander III had completely outstanding nobility and purity of the heart, the purity of morals and mental. As a family man - it was an exemplary family; As the boss and the owner, it was an exemplary boss and an exemplary owner ... There was a good owner not because of the feeling of rolling, but because of the sense of duty. I am not only in the royal family, but also in Sanovnikov, never met that feeling of respect for the state ruffle, to the state penny, who possessed the emperor ... He knew how to inspire confidence in the border, on the one hand, that he will not do unfairly in relation to anyone, will not wish any seizures; Everyone was deceased that he would not start any adventures ... The Emperor Alexander III never had a word with the case. What he said was feeling them, and he had never retretated himself ... Emperor Alexander III was a man extremely courageous ".
The emperor was a passionate collector, yielding in this respect except Catherine II. Gatchina castle turned literally in the warehouse of invaluable treasures. Acquisition of Alexander - paintings, art objects, carpets and the like - no longer placed in the Gallery of Winter, Anichkov and other palaces. An extensive collection of paintings, graphics, objects of decorative and applied arts collected by Alexander III, after his death was transferred to Nikolai II established by the Russian emperor in memory of his parents of the Russian Museum.
Alexander was fascinated by hunting and fishing. Often in the summer, the royal family went to Finnish Schhers. The favorite place of the Emperor's hunt was Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Sometimes the imperial family, instead of rest in Schkers, left for Poland to the fishing principality, and there with Azart indulged in hunting fun, especially the hunt for deer, and completed vacation most often a trip to Denmark, to the castle of Bernstorf - the birth castle of Dagmara, where they were often gathered from all over Europe Her crowded relatives.
With all its external severity in relation to their loved ones, it remained invariably by a devoted family man and a loving father. Not only never in his life touched and the finger of children, but also did not offend a sharp word.
On October 17, 1888, an attempt was held at Alexander III and the entire royal family. The terrorists allowed the train in which the emperor was located. Seven wagons were broken, a lot of victims. The king and his family remained alive by the will of fate. At the time of the explosion they were in the car restaurant. When the explosion, the roof hit the wagon with the royal family, and Alexander literally held her on himself until the help arrived. After some time, he began to complain about the back pain. During the examination, it turned out that the king had a kidney problem. In the winter of 1894, Alexander was very cold, soon on the hunt, the emperor became very bad, diagnosed - acute jade. Doctors sent the emperor to the Crimea, where November 20, 1894, Alexander III and died.
Alexander III left a big mark in the history of Russia. After his death, the following lines were written in one of the French newspapers: - "He leaves Russia, greater than he received."
Spouse: Dagmara Danish (Maria Fedorovna) (November 14, 1847 - October 13, 1928), daughter of the Danish king Christian IX.
Children:
1.Nikolai Alexandrovich (later Emperor Nicholas II) (May 6, 1868 - July 17, 1918, Ekaterinburg);
2.Aleksandr Alexandrovich (May 26, 1869 - April 20, 1870, St. Petersburg);
3. Georgiy Alexandrovich (April 27, 1871 - June 28, 1899, abastumba);
4. Aleksandrovna (March 25, 1875 - April 20, 1960, London);
5. Mikhail Alexandrovich (November 22, 1878 - June 13, 1918, Perm);
6.olga Aleksandrovna (June 1, 1882 - November 24, 1960, Toronto).
The name of Emperor Alexander III, one of the greatest statesmen of Russia, for many years was committed to crigngement and oblivion. And only in recent decades, when it became possible to unbialy and freely talk about the past, to evaluate the present and think about the future, the state ministry of Emperor Alexander III is of great interest of all who are interested in the history of their country.
Emperor Alexander III was not designed to reign by birth. Being the second son of Alexander II, he became the heir to the Russian throne only after the premature death of his older brother Zesarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich in 1865. At the same time, on April 12, 1865, the highest manifesto announced Russia about the proclamation of the Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich heir-Zesarevich, and in the year Cesarevich was married to the Danish princess Dagmara, named in marriage Maria Fedorovna.
On the anniversary of the death of Brother on April 12, 1866, he recorded in his diary: "I will never forget this day ... The first memorial thing over the body of a cute friend ... I thought in those moments that I would not survive my brother that I would constantly cry only at one thought that there is no more brother and friend. But God reinforced me and gave the strength to take for a new appointment. Maybe I often forgot in my eyes of my destination, but in my soul there was always this feeling that I should not live for myself, but for others; Heavy and difficult duty. But: "May will be the will of yours, God". These words I strangle constantly, and they console me and always support, because everything that neither does not happen to us, all this is the will of God, and therefore I am calm and I hope for the Lord! ". Awareness of the gravity of obligations and responsibility for the future of the state, entrusted to him over, did not leave the new emperor throughout his short life.
The educators of the Grand Prince Alexander Alexandrovich was the adjutant general, Count V.A. Perovsky, a man of strict moral rules appointed by his grandfather Emperor Nikolai I. The formation of the future emperor was headed by a well-known economist, Professor of Moscow University A.I. Civilev. Academician Ya.K. Grotto taught Alexander story, geography, Russian and German; A prominent military theorist M.I. Dragomirov - Tactics and Military History, S.M. Solovyov - Russian history. Political and legal sciences, as well as Russian legislation, the future emperor studied at K.P. Pobedonostseva, who had a particularly important influence on Alexander. After graduation, the Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich has repeatedly traveled in Russia. It was these trips that not only the love and basics of deep interest in the fate of the Motherland laid in it, but formed an understanding of the problems facing Russia.
As the heir to the throne, Cesarevich participated in the meetings of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers, was Chancellor of the University of Helsingfors, Ataman Cossack troops, commander of the Guards Parties in St. Petersburg. In 1868, when Russia is a strong hunger, he got up at the head of the Commission formed to assist victims. During the Russian-Turkish war, 1877-1878. He commanded a Rushchuksky squad, who played a tactically important and difficult role: held back the Turks from the East, facilitating the actions of the Russian army, which deposited the Pulve. Understanding the need to strengthen the Russian fleet, Cesarevich turned with hot appeals to the people of donations into the Russian fleet. In a short time, the money was collected. The vessels of the Volunteer Fleet were built on them. It was then at the heir to the throne, the conviction arose that Russia has only two friends: its army and the fleet.
He was interested in music, visual art and history, was one of the initiators of the creation of Russian historical society and his chairman, was engaged in collecting the collections of antiquities and the restoration of historical monuments.
 |
Government formed with the participation of the Ober-Prosecutor of the Holy Synod KP Pobedonosseva, focused on the strengthening of "traditionalist" began in politics, economics and culture of the Russian Empire. In the 80s - mid-90s. A series of legislative acts appeared, which limited the nature and actions of those reforms of the 60s 60s, which, according to the emperor, did not correspond to the historical destination of Russia. Trying to prevent the destructive power of the opposition movement, the emperor introduced restrictions in Zemsky and city self-government. The elected start in the world court was reduced, in the counties, the execution of judicial duties was transferred to the newly established Zemstvo chiefs.
At the same time, steps were made to develop the state economy, strengthening finances and conduct military transformations, the decision of agrarian-peasant and national-religious issues. The young emperor drew attention to the development of material well-being of his subjects: he founded the Ministry of Agriculture to improve agriculture, established noble and peasant land banks, with the assistance of which noblemen and peasants could acquire land ownership, patronized the domestic industry (by exaltation of customs duties to foreign goods ), and holding new channels and railways, including through Belarus, promoted the revival of the economy and trade.
 |
The state policy in Belarus dictated, first of all, the reluctance of the "violent breaking of the historically established building of the life" of the local population, the "violent eradication of languages" and the desire to "the interemphetics were made by modern sons, and not remained eternal acceptance of the country." It was at this time that the general-first legislation, administrative political management and the education system were finally established on the Belarusian lands. At the same time, the authority of the Orthodox Church was raised.
In foreign policy affairs, Alexander III tried to avoid military conflicts, therefore, he entered the story as "a peacekeeper". The main direction of the new political course was the provision of Russian interests due to the search for support on "herself". Right with France, with which Russia did not have controversial interests, he concluded a peace treaty with her, establishing an important balance between European states. Another extremely important policy for Russia was the preservation of stability in Central Asia, shortly before the reign of Alexander III, which became part of the Russian Empire. The borders of the Russian Empire prone advanced to Afghanistan. On this huge space, the railway was laid, connecting the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea with the center of Russian Central Asian possessions - Samarkand and R. Amuaria. In general, Alexander III persistently sought to complete unification with the indigenous Russia of all the outskirts. With this purpose, he abolished Caucasian governance, destroyed the privileges of the Baltic Germans and banned foreigners, including the Poles, acquire land in Western Russia, including Belarus.
Without little, the emperor was bothering and to improve military affairs: the Russian army was significantly increased and armed with new weapons; On the Western border several fortresses were built. Military fleet with it became one of the strongest in Europe.
 |
The extremely important business of the era of Alexander III was church parish schools. The emperor saw one of the forms of cooperation between the state and the church in the parish school. The Orthodox Church, according to his conviction, an invarius was an educator and teacher of the people. School centuries at churches were the first and only schools in Russia, including white. Up to half of the 60s. XIX century almost exclusively priests and other members of the party were mentors in rural schools. On June 13, 1884, the emperor approved the "Rules on Church Parish Schools". Arriving them, the emperor on the report written about them: "I hope that the parish clergy will be worthy of its high calling in this important matter." Church-parish schools began to open in many places in Russia, often in the most deaf and remote villages. Often they were the only source of enlightenment for the people. Upon joining the throne of Emperor Alexander III in the Russian Empire, there were only about 4,000 church and parish schools. In the year of his death, there were 31,000 and more than a million boys and girls were studied.
Along with the number of schools, their position was strengthened. Initially, these schools were based on church funds, to the means of church fractors and guardians and individual benefactors. Later came to their help state treasury. For the head of all church-parish schools, a special School Council, exploring textbooks and literature necessary for education, was formed with the Holy Synod. The guardianship of church-parish school, the emperor realized the importance of the compound in the national school of the Fundamentals of Education and Education. This upbringing that protects people from the harmful effects of the West, the emperor saw in Orthodoxy. Therefore, Alexander III applied to the parish clergy. Before him, the parish clergy of only a few diocesses received content from the treasury. Under Alexander III, leave was launched from the treasury amounts to ensuring the clergy. This order was laid on the improvement of the life of the Russian parish priest. When the clergy brought gratitude for this test, he said: "I will be quite happy when I manage to provide all the rural clergy."
With such care, Emperor Alexander III also belonged to the development of higher and secondary education in Russia. During his short reign, Tomsk University and a number of industrial schools were opened.
Family life of the king was perfectness. According to his diary, which he led daily by his heir, it is possible to study the daily life of the Orthodox person not worse than at the famous book of Ivan Shmelev "Summer Lord". True delight was delivered to Alexander III church chants and spiritual music, which he put a lot above the secular.
Emperor Alexander reign thirteen years and seven months. Standing worries and strengthened classes were early to donate his strong nature: he began to make all more dismissed. Before the death of Alexander III confessed and sacraged St. John Kronstadt. For a minute, a consciousness did not leave the king; Spreading with relatives, he said to his wife: "I feel the end. Be deceased. I am completely fuddled "..." About half 3, he met, - he recorded in his diary on the evening of October 20, 1894. New Emperor Nicholas II, - soon began light convulsions, ... and the end quickly came! O. John more hours stood at the head of the head and held his head. It was the death of the saint! " Alexander III died in his Livadia Palace (in Crimea) without reaching the fiftieth anniversary.
The identity of the emperor and its importance for the history of Russia is fairly pronounced in the following verses:
At the hour of the Troubles and the struggle, going up under the stench of the throne,
He is a powerful hand.
And froze around the noisy Kramol.
Like a swelling fire.
He understood Rus Spirit and believed in her power,
Loved the worst of her and shir
He lived like a Russian king, and he went to the grave,
As an expired Russian bogatyr.
It is about such kings that the current monarchists sigh. Perhaps they are right. Alexander III was truly great. And man and emperor.
"Keeps me!"
However, some dissidents of that time, including Vladimir Lenin, rather evil joked over the emperor. In particular, it was nicknamed "Pineapple". True, Alexander himself gave reason. In the manifesto "About our addiction for the throne" of April 29, 1881, it was clearly stated: "And we assign a sacred debt on us." So, when the document is announced, the king inevitably turned into an exotic fruit.
In fact, it is unfair and dishonest. Alexander was distinguished by an amazing force. He could easily break the horseshoe. Could easily bend in palm of silver coins. Could raise a horse on the shoulders. And even make him sit in doggy - this is fixed in contemporary memoirs. At dinner in the Winter Palace, when the Austrian ambassador began the conversation that his country against Russia is ready to form three corps of soldiers, bent and tied the knot. Threw her toward the ambassador. And he said: "That's how I will do with your buildings."
Heir to Zesarevich Alexander Alexandrovich with his wife Zesarean and Grand Digger Maria Fedorovna, St. Petersburg, the end of the 1860s. Photo: Commons.Wikimedia.org.
Growth - 193 cm. Weight - more than 120 kg. It is not surprising that the peasant who accidentally saw the emperor at the railway station, exclaimed: "This is the king so king, damn me!" A wicked man immediately grabbed the "utterance of indecent words in the presence of a sovereign." However, Alexander ordered to let go of Squarelov. Moreover, awarded his ruble with his own image: "Here is my portrait!"
And his view? Beard? Crown? Remember the cartoon "Magic Ring"? "Ampirator tea rock. Samovar Materushest! Each lip of the pounds of three! " This is all about him. He could really eat for tea 3 pounds of a bit of bread, that is, about 1.5 kg.
In the home setting, loved to wear a simple Russian shirt. But necessarily with sewing on the sleeves. The pants fired in boots, soldier. Even on official receptions, he allowed himself to go out in the worn pants, a voorer or a sermon.
Often repeat its phrase: "So far, the Russian king is fishery, Europe can wait." In reality it was so. Alexander was very correct. But I loved fishing and hunting. Therefore, when the German ambassador demanded an immediate meeting, Alexander said: "Keeps! Keeps me! Germany can wait. I will arrive tomorrow at noon. "
Right soul
Conflicts with Great Britain began in his rule. Dr. Watson, the hero of the famous novel about Sherlock Holmes, got his wound in Afghanistan. And, apparently, in battle with Russians. There is a documented episode. Cossack travel delayed a group of Afghan smugglers. They had two Englishman - instructors. The commander of the road, Esaul Pankratov, shot Afghans. And the British ordered to send beyond the limits of the Russian Empire. True, the Nagayki is pre-spinning.
On the audience with the British ambassador Alexander said:
I will not allow encroachment on our people and our territory.
Ambassador replied:
It can cause an armed clash with England!
The king calmly noticed:
Well, ... probably like it.
And mobilized the Baltic Fleet. It was 5 times less than those of the British at sea. And yet the war did not happen. The British calmed down and passed their position in Central Asia.
After that English interior Minister Dizraelii called Russia "a huge, monstrous, terrible bear who hangs over Afghanistan, India. And our interests in the world. "
Death Alexander III in Livadia. Hood M. Zichi, 1895. Photo: Commons.Wikimedia.org. In order to list Alexander III, it is necessary not a newspaper strip, and a scroll of 25 m long. To the Pacific Ocean gave real way out - the Trans-Siberian Highway. Gave civil liberties to the Old Believers. Gave real freedom to peasants - the former serfs with it got the opportunity to take solid loans, redeem their lands and farms. He made it clear that before the supreme power, everyone was equal - deprived the privileges of the great princes, reduced them from the treasury. By the way, each of them was "allowance" in the amount of 250 thousand rubles. Gold.
About such a sovereign and really can be wandering. Senior Brother Alexander Nikolay (He died, not going to the throne) said about the future of the emperor as follows: "Clean, truthful, crystal soul. In us, the rest, there is something wrong, fox. Alexander is one truthful and regulated by soul. "
In Europe, his death was talked about the same as well as: "We lose the arbitrator, which has always been headed by the idea of \u200b\u200bjustice."
The largest acts of Alexander III
The emperor is attributed to, and, apparently, a failed, invention of a flat flask. And not just flat, but bent, the so-called "supoding". Alexander loved to drink, but did not want to know others about his preferences. The flask of such a form is ideal for mystery.
It is he who owns the slogan, for which today it is possible to pay seriously: "Russia - for Russians." Nevertheless, his nationalism was not aimed at the training of national minorities. In any case, the Jew-C-kaya deputation led by baron Ginzburg Expressed the emperor "Impressed gratitude for measures taken to the fence of the Jewish population in real time."
The construction of Transsiba has begun - so far it is almost the only transport artery, which somehow connects the whole of Russia. The emperor also established the day of the railway. He did not even cancel the Soviet power, despite the fact that Alexander appointed the date of the holiday for his grandfather of his grandfather Nikolai I, in which the railways began to build.
Actively fought with corruption. Not in words, but in practice. In shameful resignation for bribes, Minister of Communications Krivoshein, Minister of Finance of Abaza, were sent for bribes. He did not go around his relatives - due to the corruption of his posts, the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich and Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich were deprived of his posts.