Styles and functional-semantic types of speech.
Speech styles
Art style:
Journalistic style:
Business style is used to accurately convey business information. Main function scientific style speech is an accurate presentation of scientific information. Application area conversational style- communication in an informal setting.
The scientific style of speech is a style that has a number of features: preliminary thinking over the statement, strict selection of linguistic means, monologic character. It is characterized by consistency, consistency and clarity.
Although there are five styles of speech in the Russian language: scientific, official business, colloquial, artistic and journalistic, only two styles are represented in the Unified State Exam: artistic and journalistic.
Why aren't there others? The text, in addition to assignment A29, includes such as B8 (definition of pictorial and expressive means) and C1 (writing an essay-reasoning).
Think about how you can talk about the merits of the spoken style or write an essay based on the text of a scientific or formal business style ?!
Therefore, the site focused on the question of how to distinguish between the text of artistic and journalistic styles (pictures above).
Types of speech
| description | narration | reasoning |
| is a verbal representation of someone or something | this is a story about events | this is a verbal presentation, explanation and confirmation of any thought |
| Remember how you describe a photograph or painting. | Remember how you retell a movie or the plot of a book | Remember how you construct a speech when trying to convince someone of your point of view. |
| DESCRIPTION = FEATURE 1 + FEATURE 2 + FEATURE 3 | NARRATION = EVENT 1 + EVENT 2 + EVENT 3 | JUDGMENT = JUDGMENT 1 + JUDGMENT 2 + JUDGMENT 3 |
Analysis of the task.
What type (s) of speech (s) are (s) in sentences 1-5?
1) description
2) narration and reasoning
3) narration and description
4) narration
(1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, sang on his accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher sternly told him: "Valery Petrovich, higher!" (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose was always beet-red, like a clown's. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said: "He looks like Ksyushkin's dad!"
We reason like this. From the first to the third sentences, the events are presented in chronological order. This means that we have a story before us. And in sentences 4-5 there is a portrait of the father, that is, this description.
Instructions
Begin your style definitions by specifying the scope of the text and its main functions. Scientific style in scientific, textbooks, lectures, reviews, etc. These contain information about the phenomena around us and "serve" the material from a scientific point of view. The official business style is used in the field of legal relations, official, industrial, diplomatic. Its main function is information,. It is distinguished by the stereotypical structure of the text when writing various documents, charters, instructions, etc. The journalistic style is the style of newspapers, speeches on topical socio-political topics. In the works of journalism, they usually set two goals: informing about certain social phenomena and at the same time actively influencing the reader or listener. Artistic style in works of fiction and is intended to create images and emotional and aesthetic impact on the reader. Conversational style is the style of lively conversational speech, i.e. its main function is to provide communication between native speakers. In writing, it exists in works of art to convey dialogue and create a speech characterization of the hero.
When determining the style of the text, take into account its language specifics. Scientific texts are saturated with special vocabulary, terms, words are used almost always in their direct meaning in order to avoid ambiguity of their interpretation. In the documents of the official business style, there are many words and combinations that are called clericalisms and give the texts a prescriptive character, for example: it is urgent to prepare, after the expiration of the term, it is not subject to appeal, to be considered in the prescribed manner, etc. In the vocabulary of the journalistic style, there are many turns of a socio-political nature, exclamation and incentive sentences are used in the syntax. A characteristic linguistic device of the artistic style is the wide use of words in a figurative sense to create an image and emotionally evaluative words to express the author's position. In the colloquial style, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary and constructions of incomplete sentences are used in large quantities.
When determining the type of speech, consider how the content of the utterance is "presented". If the text tells about the events that follow one after the other actions - this is a narration. Descriptive texts speak of the simultaneity of the manifestation of signs of objects, phenomena or actions. The reasoning is characterized by the presence of a statement (thesis) that must be proved, and an argumentation base with factual examples.
Every child learning Russian knows what the difference is between a text and a simple set of sentences.
Text signs
Text is sentences that are interconnected. They are united by meaning, integrity. Only the text can have a definite structure, in which all sentences serve one general idea. Distinguish between oral and written text. One sentence cannot be considered coherent text. There should be at least two of them. Idea and theme make up the meaning of all the sentences put together. Each text has its own compositional structure, which includes the traditional three parts: introduction, main part and conclusion. The main idea, theme of the text, problems are revealed in the first part. The main part contains the development of events.
To get to the subject of text types, it’s worth first saying a few words about speech styles. There are two of them: colloquial and book. The second has several subspecies:
- scientific,
- journalistic,
- formal business
- art.
Types of text
There are three main types of texts:
- narration,
- description,
- reasoning.
« Narration"Is a story about events connected sequentially in time. A distinctive feature of the narrative is manifested in the structure: the setting of events, their development and denouement. The story is told from the third person and from the first. The verbs are used in the perfect form of the past tense.
Type of " description»Has a consistent description and image of objects, events, people. There is an enumeration of the properties and characteristics that belong to the described character. The description may contain sentences with homogeneous definitions, additions and circumstances. Metaphors, comparisons, epithets and other means of expressiveness of the language are used. The main task of this type of text is to create an idea of the described subject.
Text type " reasoning»Contains the study and research of individual subjects, there is an identification of their relationship with each other. In the reasoning there is a certain scheme and a logically competently built structure. The introduction contains the main idea, makes an assumption or formulates a thesis. Vivid evidence and arguments are presented as confirmation or refutation. Conclusions are contained in the end of the text.
Depending on the content of the statement, our speech can be divided into description, narration, reasoning. Each type of speech has distinctive features.
According to the functional semantic features in the Russian language, the following types of speech are distinguished:
- narration. Transmits an action in development in a temporal sequence.
- description. Characterizes static pictures, conveys their details.
- reasoning. Conveys the development of thought in relation to the subject of thought.
The description can be used in any style of speech, but in the scientific, the description of the subject should be as complete as possible, and in the artistic, the emphasis is on only the most striking details. Therefore, linguistic means in the scientific and artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific one: there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons are very common, various figurative uses of words.
Examples of descriptions in scientific and artistic style.
1. Apple tree - purple ranet - frost-resistant variety. Fruits are round, 2.5-3 cm in diameter. Fruit weight 17-23 g. Juice is average, with a characteristic sweet, slightly astringent taste.
2. Linden apples were large and transparent yellow. If you look at the sun through an apple, it shines through like a glass of fresh linden honey. In the middle were black grains. You used to shake a ripe apple near your ear, you could hear the seeds thundering.
(According to V. Soloukhin)
Narration is a story, a message about an event in its temporal sequence. The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about the following actions. For all narrative texts, the common thing is the beginning of the event (the outset), the development of the event, the end of the event (the denouement). The narration can be conducted from a third person. This is the author's story. It can also go in the first person: the narrator is named or designated by the personal pronoun I.
In such texts, verbs are often used in the form of the past tense of the perfect form. But, in order to give the text expressiveness, others are used simultaneously with them: the verb in the form of the past tense of the imperfect form makes it possible to highlight one of the actions, denoting its duration; present tense verbs allow you to imagine actions as if taking place in front of the eyes of the reader or listener; forms of the future tense with a particle like (how it jumps), as well as forms like clap, jumping help to convey the impetuosity, unexpectedness of an action.
Storytelling as a type of speech is very common in genres such as memories, letters.
Sample storytelling:
I began to stroke Yashkina's paw and think: just like a baby's. And he tickled his palm. And the baby will pull his paw - and me on the cheek. I didn't even have time to blink, but he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. He sat down and grins.
(B. Zhitkov)
Reasoning- this is a verbal presentation, explanation, confirmation of any thought.
The composition of the reasoning is as follows: the first part is a thesis, that is, a thought that must be logically proved, substantiated or refuted; the second part - justification of the expressed thought, evidence, arguments, supported by examples; the third part is a conclusion, a conclusion.
The thesis must be clearly provable, clearly formulated, convincing arguments and in sufficient quantity to support the thesis put forward. There must be a logical and grammatical connection between the thesis and the arguments (as well as between the individual arguments). For the grammatical connection between the thesis and the arguments, introductory words are often used: firstly, secondly, finally, so, therefore, in this way. In the text-reasoning, sentences with unions are widely used, however, although, despite the fact that, because. An example of reasoning:
The development of the meanings of a word usually goes from the particular (concrete) to the general (abstract). Let us ponder the literal meaning of such, for example, words as education, disgust, previous. Parenting literally means feeding, disgust - turning away (from an unpleasant person or object), the previous one - walking in front.
Words-terms denoting abstract mathematical concepts: "segment", "tangent", "point", originated from very specific verbs of action: cut, touch, stick (poke).
In all these cases, the original concrete meaning acquires a more abstract meaning in the language.
Also see the article about
AND ) - it is a set of speech elements (specific for each style of speech, words and ways of constructing sentences).
And the type of speech – it is a way of presenting, constructing words and sentences in a logical order.
Depending on the content of the text, the following speech types are distinguished - narration, description, reasoning.
Tired of homework and essays?
Try your luck and maybe you will get lucky today. Just imagine how your life will change if you hit the jackpot 🙂In general, sign up - it's absolutely free. And then you will decide for yourself what you are lucky in.
Let's consider the features of each type of speech.
Narration - This is a story about an event that occurs in a certain period of time. Actions reflected in the event are sequential, logically related to each other. The narration can go both from the third person and from the first, and it is characterized by such elements as the setting (the beginning of the event), the development of the action and the denouement (the result of the described event).
Since the narration is an event text, its speech feature is a large number of verbs and the chain development of the action. The text answers the questions “what? where? when?" - what's happened? where and with whom did it happen? when did it happen?
Narration happens pictorial(emphasis is on changing images that "show" the event) and informative(the text not only tells about the event, but also explains it, includes interesting facts).
An example of a storytelling text:
“At night, a strong wind rose and it began to rain. It drummed softly on the roof and flowed down the glass, turning the world outside the window into a blur. Streams of water washed away dust from trees and sidewalks, murmured in gutters, cooled the city hot from the summer heat. And those who did not sleep opened the windows, breathed in the damp coolness and turned their faces to icy drops. They waited for rain in the city for two months, and now, when it came, people silently smiled, blessing the weeping sky ... "
Sample text - pictorial storytelling - answers the following questions:
- what's happened? - it started raining in the city;
- where and with whom did it happen? - city dwellers waited for rain;
- when did it happen? - it started raining in the summer.
Description Is a verbal image of an object, phenomenon, event. The description lists and discloses the main features of the selected subject. The goal is to present the reader of the text with an image that is easy to imagine in paints. The unity of time and place of manifestation of signs is important..
The description text consists of the following parts:
- general characteristics of the subject, general impression;
- signs, details;
- general assessment of the subject.
For example, the description can be portrait, landscape; the object of scripture can be anything - and a person, and his emotional state, and an animal, and a plant, and a place (city, hotel house, park, village), and the weather. The speech feature is the predominance of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, a minimum of action and the static nature of the text.
Descriptive text answers the questions “which? what kind?" (what object is described? what does it look like? what are its qualities and properties?).
Example of description text:
“It was raining for the third day. Gray, shallow and harmful. Unpredictable, like a low gray sky. Endless. Endless. He restlessly knocked on the windows and rustled softly on the roof. Gloomy and reckless. Annoying. Bored. "
Sample text answers descriptive questions:
- what subject is being described? - rain;
- what is the subject? - gray, small, harmful, unpredictable, endless, etc.
Reasoning - this is the development and confirmation of thought, the explanation of the phenomenon (properties of the object) and the expression of one's own opinion. Reasoning answers the questions “why? why?".
The reasoning consists of the following parts:
- thesis - a thought that needs to be proven;
- substantiation of the thesis, supporting argumentation with examples, evidence;
- summary - results, conclusions.
The text of the reasoning is aimed at convincing, explaining, proving. The reasoning is characterized by the active use of rhetorical questions and introductory words - ligaments: firstly ... secondly ... thirdly ... therefore (thus, respectively); meanwhile, because, so.
The reasoning is as follows:
- reasoning-proof (why so and not otherwise? What follows from this?);
- reasoning-explanation (what is it? where did it come from? Why is the subject just like that?);
- reasoning-thinking (how to be? To be or not to be? What to do?).
Example text-reasoning:
“So, the night will pass, and the rain will stop, the thunder will thunder. So, what is next? Again - the exhausting heat of a stifling summer? Again - hot asphalt? Again - a city choking in dust? Or will the weather take pity on tired city dwellers and give at least a week of coolness? As forecasters' predictions are blurry and hazy, we can only wait and watch. ”
A sample text - reasoning-thinking - answers the following questions:
- why? - because the rain will end and the heat that has bothered everyone will return;
- why? - to imagine what to expect from a capricious nature.
Types of speech are ways of presentation that solve the following author's tasks:
- narration - dynamically reflects reality, tells about its events; narration is a clip, a movie, a change of frames;
- description - depicts static reality, studies the object of interest from all sides; a description is a photograph, a frozen frame;
- reasoning - looking for causal relationships between events and phenomena, expresses the author's opinion, "because ..."; This is a diagram with blocks of theses and proofs and arrows - logical questions.
And finally, a reminder: do not confuse functional speech styles and speech types. 😉 After all, for example, a newspaper article in a journalistic style of speech can be both narrative (reporting from the scene), and descriptive (a note about a missing person; advertising a new building), and reasoning (analytical article).
All materials posted on the site are intended for non-commercial use and are protected by the legislation of the Russian Federation (Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part Four).
Copying is prohibited.
Partial citation of articles and training materials is possible only with the obligatory indication of the source in the form of an active link.