It is always interesting to imagine very unlikely, but in principle real things. What would happen if all the ice on Earth, which is more than 20 million cubic kilometers, melted?
National Geographic has created a series of interactive maps that show what catastrophic consequences would occur on our planet. Melted ice that would fall into the oceans and seas would lead to a rise in sea levels of 65 meters. It would consume cities and countries, changing general form continents and coastlines, wiping out entire populations.
Scientists believe it will take about 5,000 years for temperatures to rise enough to melt all the ice on Earth. However, a start has already been made.
Over the last century, temperatures on Earth have increased by about 0.5 degrees Celsius, and this has led to a rise in sea levels of 17 cm.
If we continue to burn our coal, oil and gas reserves, the average temperature on our planet will reach 26.6 degrees Celsius instead of today's 14.4 degrees Celsius.
So let's see what happens to the continents...
In Europe, cities such as London and Venice will be under water. The Netherlands and most of Denmark will also be flooded. The Mediterranean Sea will expand and increase the size of the Black and Caspian Seas.
In Asia, China and Bangladesh will be flooded, and more than 760 million people will be underwater. Cities destroyed will include: Karachi, Baghdad, Dubai, Kolkata, Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City, Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tokyo and Beijing. The Indian coastline will also shrink significantly.
IN North America the entire Atlantic coastline in the US will disappear along with Florida and the Gulf Coast. In California, the hills of San Francisco will turn into islands, and the California Valley will become a huge bay.
In South America, the Amazon Lowland and the Paraguay River basin will become straits Atlantic Ocean, wiping out Buenos Aires, coastal Uruguay and parts of Paraguay.
Compared to other continents, Africa will lose less land mass due to rising sea levels. However, rising temperatures will cause most of it to become uninhabitable. In Egypt, Alexandria and Cairo will be flooded by the Mediterranean Sea.
Australia will gain a continental sea, but will lose much of the narrow coastal strip where 4 out of 5 Australians live.
In Antarctica, what once was continental ice, will no longer be either ice or continent. This will happen because underneath the ice there is continental terrain that is below sea level.
What does Antarctica look like without ice?
Antarctica may be the largest ice sheet in the world, but what lies underneath it?
Scientists from NASA have shown the surface of Antarctica, which has been hidden under a thick layer of ice for more than 30 million years. In a project called BedMap2, researchers calculated the total volume of ice in Antarctica to predict future sea level rise. To do this, they needed to know the underlying topography, including wide valleys and hidden mountain ranges.
Some of the most impressive discoveries in Antarctica were the deepest point of all continents, the valley below the Bird Glacier, which lies 2,780 meters below sea level. Scientists also obtained the first detailed images of the Gamburtsev Mountains, which are located under a 1.6-kilometer layer of ice.
The new map is based on surface elevation, ice thickness and base topography, which were made using ground, air and satellite surveys. Scientists also used radars sound waves and electromagnetic instruments to make the map.
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Everyone has heard about global warming, but not everyone understands what it can mean for the planet. These cards show what would happen if all the glaciers on Earth melted. The level of the world's oceans will rise noticeably, this will change the appearance of the continents, and some cities and countries will go under water.
Europe
If the ice melts, scientists say sea levels on Earth will rise by about 65 meters. London, Venice, the Netherlands, Moldova and most of Denmark will disappear from the face of the earth. Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Sea will greatly increase in size.
Asia
The territory now inhabited by 600 million Chinese will go under water, as will the whole of Bangladesh and a large part of India. The mountainous areas of Cambodia will turn into islands.
North America
The entire Atlantic coast of the United States will disappear under water, including the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and most of California.
South America
In Latin America, the capital of Argentina, Buenos Aires, as well as coastal Uruguay and Paraguay will be flooded. The deltas of the Amazon and Parana rivers will turn into seas.
Africa
Compared to other continents, Africa will not lose much territory. But rising temperatures will make much of it uninhabitable. In Egypt, as a result of rising water levels in the Mediterranean Sea, the ancient cities of Alexandria and Cairo will become swampy.
Australia
The continent, most of which is desert, will receive an inland sea. But it will lose much of the narrow coastal strip where four out of five Australians currently live.
Antarctica
The western part of Antarctica will melt almost completely and quite quickly. Already, this area is losing 65 million tons of ice per year.
The eastern part of the continent contains 4/5 of all glaciers on earth. It will survive the first period of warming due to its large mass, but then it will begin to melt.
Geologists continue to predict possible consequences global warming. The authors of National Geographic magazine wondered what would happen to the Earth if, under the influence of high temperatures, all the ice that is on the planet today melts? Day.Az reports this with reference to Newsru.com.
They calculated all possible consequences and created interactive map, which clearly showed scenarios for the development of events for each of the continents.
Firstly, if the ice melts, according to scientists, the sea level on Earth will rise by approximately 65 meters. As a result, the average temperature on the planet will increase from 14 to 26 degrees.
In North America, the entire Atlantic coast of the United States, including Florida and the Gulf Coast, will be submerged. Most of California will also be under water. In Latin America, the Argentine capital Buenos Aires, as well as coastal Uruguay and Paraguay, will be flooded.
Africa will remain largely untouched, but much of it will become uninhabited.
In Egypt, as a result of rising water levels in the Mediterranean Sea, there will be "swampy" ancient city Alexandria and Cairo. Many famous landmarks in Europe will also be destroyed. London and Venice will disappear. The Netherlands and most of Denmark will be under water.
In Asia, water will flood areas where about 600 million Chinese live today. Bangladesh and the coastal regions of India will be wiped off the face of the Earth.
As for Australia, melting ice there will lead to the formation of an entire sea right in the center of the continent. In addition, vast coastal lands, where more than 80% of the population now live, will be flooded. Antarctica will become completely unrecognizable.
Environmentalists say that the process of melting ice depends on a number of factors. Among them are the rate of increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and others. However, National Geographic warns that there is no need to get too scared just yet. The process of ice melting is being monitored by experts from all over the world, and, according to their calculations, it will take about five thousand years for all the ice on Earth to melt.
North America
All cities located on the east coast and in the Gulf of Mexico will be buried under water. The hills of San Francisco will become islands. Cuba will also suffer, and the Gulf of California will increase.
South America
The Amazon basin will turn into a gulf. The same process will affect rivers in Paraguay. Thus, the water will swallow Buenos Aires, the coast of Uruguay and a large area of Paraguay. Mountain areas along the Caribbean coast will remain in place.
Europe
London, Venice, Holland, Moldova and part of Denmark will disappear from the face of the Earth. The Black and Caspian Seas will increase in size.
Australia
The desert in the center of the continent will become an inland sea. Coastal cities will be flooded.
After the pole shift, the Earth begins to rotate again about its new poles at some position relative to Solar System, as currently. In other words, whatever part of the Earth is magnetic North, a new North Pole will appear after the shift. A pole shift with the resulting magnetic realignment of the poles will lead to New Position of the Equator passing through previously frozen lands. Greenland, Canada, Alaska, Siberia and Europe will be influenced by the new equator.
This will not mean that these areas will bloom immediately. Temperate zones, not those that will begin to flourish wildly, will acquire a warm climate after the cataclysms, but with poor vegetation. Past disasters were constantly reshaped earth geography and climate zones as evidenced by the Earth. Continents, once large masses of land, were torn apart, temperate or tropical regions suddenly froze and were buried under ice and snow that never melted, and frozen desert lands gradually thawed and warmed, once again supporting life. Mountains in areas subject to active mountain building were pushed higher, and shifting platforms suddenly slid under the upper strata.
While the land rearranges itself, the oceans rage around them, but eventually calm down where they are lowest. Coastal areas that were previously above the water level may now be under the waves, and also strata that were submerged may now become dry land. How much land is pushed above the waves depends on how deep and wide the ocean rips are, but historically land masses end up staying in the same place. Continents do not disappear, but strata bordering continents or hidden beneath the surface of the ocean may rise or fall, depending on the behavior of plates near that location and elsewhere on the globe. If the behavior of the plates causes pressure on the submerged land from under the sea, then when the oceans calm down there will be little room for water to settle, and consequently the shoals in any part of the world may rise. Likewise, a sudden failure at a mid-ocean rift can cause shoals to sink anywhere in the world, but inevitably the failure is accompanied by a crash wherever land is reduced.
After the pole shift, the old ice caps will inevitably melt and soften, while the new poles become covered with layer upon layer of ice and snow. The rates of these processes are not consistent, since the formation of the polar cap is stable only at the point where evaporation and melting at the ice edge corresponds to the accumulation of freshly fallen snow several centuries later. Meanwhile, all over the world, the Water Rise a few hundred feet, and then fall again. This process occurs gradually, so that the coastal settlements have a lot of time to change places, and they will have to do this exercise many times.
So, "the stage is set", and the stages of crustal movement during the hour of the shift will be as follows: 
- As the South Pole, captured by the N Pole of the transiting 12th Planet, moves towards north, then the crust is torn away from the core and thus freed, allowing the tensions that pre-existing in some places to weaken. Therefore Europe and Africa will move further east, allowing the Atlantic to rip apart and expand as it slides north.
- The direct impact of the moving massive plate on which Europe, Russia and the Middle East are located will be greatest in India as the Himalayas move above at this moment, effectively plunging this country into the abyss.
- The influence of the Indo-Australian Plate subducting beneath the Himalayas will ease the tension along the African Rift, so that it rips quickly, but does so in vibrating steps with hesitant corrective pauses between twitches. Essentially, the impulse that creates this gap is movement African continent V eastern direction.
- In the process of tearing the Atlantic and being pulled away north or the North American continent, the already existing rift along the St. Lawrence Seaway is torn even further at many points on the far side of the Atlantic, essentially being the weak link of this land mass. Canada moves north while the rest of the Americas hugs the Atlantic Rift as it pulls apart.
- When moving the massive platform that contains Europe, Russia and Asia, East it is also expected to rupture along the line of the Himalayas, forming, as we have argued, in the Russian lands an internal gulf exactly to the place where the northern part of the Himalayas is now located. This will occur during the hour of the shift, accompanied by tremors and ruptures, along with the widening of the African Rift.
- When the oceanic zone adjacent to the Brazilian bulge reaches the position of the modern North Pole, the crustal sliding will stop, creating a different drama. Large platforms of the northern hemisphere will stop, and everything that followed them will be destroyed by them. In the case of America, this will lead to destruction Central America and Caribbean islands.
- In the case of Africa already moving eastward, the force will arise as a result further its movement in the easterly direction, since the subsidence of the Indo-Australian Plate has already begun, the weaker link will already become stronger, and an impulse will arise (in this direction).
- What formed the former northern hemisphere will pile up into a common heap, and the compression of the Pacific Ocean will create counteraction, as the plates move under both Americas, Japan will explode, and Indonesia will collapse.
- This will release pressure from the plates in the southern tips of South America and Africa. Since pressed against Antarctica Pacific Ocean will change its shape reluctantly, the only place on the globe, Not experiencing compression of the platforms, will make it possible for a new landmass to appear between the tips of South America and Africa.
After the cataclysms, the existing polar ice will melt, forming anew at the same time at the new poles. Melting will occur faster than new formation, since ice formation requires more factors than melting. Let me explain. The ice at the old poles will now be under the sun, and the rate of melting will depend on the air temperature and absorption of sunlight, which will be high since the old poles will now be located essentially on the new equator. Any water at the new poles will freeze, but the build-up of ice at the pole is not only due to the water that ended up there when the pole took its position. The buildup occurs due to precipitation, and it accumulates over more than a hundred years. At some point, due to the calving of icebergs and their drift in a direction more warm waters and so on. equilibrium is established. Therefore, the Earth will contain more water in its oceans for some time after the cataclysms.
Scientists estimate that the complete melting of Antarctic ice would lead to a rise in global sea levels of 200 feet (60 m). This takes into account the influence of melting ice located above the melting line, its return to the body of water and leveling. More the uplift occurs during the shift and for some time after it, when the existing poles are exposed to the equatorial sun and all the active volcanoes of the world explode. What level of heat will be generated by the separation of the crust from the core and the core moving under the crust? How much heat is required to melt solid rock during the rapid movement of one plate upon another as described by the West Coast Indians and witnesses of the last pole shift in the Middle East? How quickly does heat dissipate, even from the exposed ashes of a campfire, or from a seat from which its owner has recently risen? Most of The surface of the Earth after the shift will be covered with vast oceans that are completely warmed, with no cold spots, and cold spots will not re-emerge until several centuries have passed. This warmer water also explains the rise in sea levels.
Due to the circulation of core mass and heating as a result of the crust separating from the core and moving it under the crust all the surface of the earth will be heated to such an extent that heat can sometimes escape to the surface. What will be the result? There will be swelling of the earth's mass, the earth's surface lying under water, the bottom under the oceans in many places will move to taller level, and the water will be forced to go to other places, and since the bottom moves up, sea levels can also only rise. Thus, the total rise in global sea levels will reach 675 feet (206 meters).
As sea levels worldwide rise 650 to 700 feet in two years, survivors living below that level will be repeatedly displaced as rivers begin to overflow and wetlands turn into lakes. Those marking sites for their survival should also consider them as a route to rescue those survivors who may be trapped by rising waters. Survival sites must be chosen to be connected to other landmasses that remain above sea level so that technology and skills can be shared with other survivors. Those who have survived and settled next to what may seem like an endless sea will thus find that visiting each other is more possible than impossible in a new world without maps and, of course, without sailing directions for ships.
See maps of the flooded area due to melting polar ice caps within 2 years of the 210 meter pole shift. Anyone can make a map for their region using the sea level link, the flood area is highlighted in red.
Where you shouldn’t build a family house “for centuries” and buy out a cemetery plot in advance: cities and countries that will go under water as a result of climate change on Earth
Scientists from the world's leading scientific centers They have been trying to predict the consequences of global warming for many years. The worst of them is the melting of glaciers, which will lead to an increase in water levels in the world's oceans and, as a result, flooding of a number of territories, including large cities.
The figures are different every year - some say that in just a few decades almost half of modern megacities will go under water.
Others are sure: neither we nor our children and grandchildren have anything to fear - humanity will feel the serious consequences only in hundreds of years. And yet, the fear of a new global flood is becoming more and more real every year - just remember the large-scale flood in Europe, the flood on Far East and the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in New York.
The forecast of scientists from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Change Research (Germany) states: by 2100, the level of the World Ocean will rise by 0.75 - 1.5 meters due to the melting of continental ice.
In this case, within 100 years Venice will go under water, in another 50 (by 2150) Los Angeles, Amsterdam, Hamburg, St. Petersburg, and then it’s not far from other large cities.
But Russia, in this case, is threatened not so much by water as by refugees from other countries - according to scientists, if the water rises by a meter, 72 million Chinese will be forced to change their place of residence. And where should they run if not to Russia, what do you think?
The forecast of Russian scientists was set out in the Climate Doctrine adopted by the Government and is perhaps the most optimistic in the world. But, nevertheless, the minister natural resources Russian Federation Yuri Trutnev, presenting the draft document, said that there is a real threat to our cities already in a hundred-year perspective.
Over the previous century, the water level rose by 10 cm, while if the sea level rises by the same amount, by 2050-2070 a significant part of the territory of St. Petersburg and almost the entire Yamal could be flooded. With an increase of 20 cm, parts of the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions and a number of other territories of the country are at risk of flooding.
The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research predicts that global sea levels could rise by 1.4 meters by 2100. Scientists have not calculated the consequences for Russians, but if our experts consider even 10 cm to be a critical figure, imagine what will happen with an increase of almost one and a half meters!
The island states will definitely disappear into oblivion (the Maldives in the Indian Ocean or Tuvalu in the Pacific), Calcutta will be flooded, and London, New York and Shanghai will have to spend approximately 15 billion dollars each on flood protection (the Americans calculated this figure for themselves) . 100 million Asians and 14 million Europeans will become refugees, and while the latter can still find a place for themselves in unflooded areas, the former will most likely “flock” to Russia.
The forecast of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) turned out to be quite vague - scientists do not give exact figures, but they say that by the end of the 21st century the consequences of global warming will threaten flooding major cities, including St. Petersburg, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Kolkata.
Russian experts, however, commenting on the report said that they are ready to vouch for the safety of St. Petersburg with their heads - according to their calculations, the level of the world's oceans, if the current rate is maintained, will rise by 30 centimeters in 100 years, and nothing threatens the city on the Neva. I wonder why then their colleagues who wrote the national doctrine worry even about 10 cm?
National Geographic's forecast is one of the most pessimistic. True, it is designed for an indefinite period, but the rate of melting of glaciers is increasing from year to year, so that a thousand years may well be reduced to a couple of centuries. According to scientists, with the complete melting of glaciers, the level of the world's oceans will rise by approximately 65 meters, and the average temperature on the planet will increase from 14 to 26 degrees.
In this case, Florida, the Gulf Coast and most of California will be flooded in North America. In Latin America, Buenos Aires, as well as coastal Uruguay and Paraguay, will go under water. In Europe, London, Venice, the Netherlands and most of Denmark will be destroyed by the elements.
But scientists believe that Russia will suffer the most due to the flood of the Black and Caspian Seas. The entire Volga-Akhtuba floodplain will go under water, along with Volgograd, as well as parts of the Astrakhan and Rostov regions and the Republic of Kalmykia. In northern Russia, St. Petersburg, Petrozavodsk and other smaller cities will fall into the flood zone.