- (MATROSA) a symbolic monument in honor of the soldiers who died in the battles. First built in Paris (1921); in Moscow in the Alexander Garden near the Kremlin wall in May 1967 (architects D.I.Burdin, V.A.Klimov, Yu. R. Rabaev; sculptor N.V. Tomsky) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
GRAVE, s, g. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
GRAVE OF UNKNOWN SOLDIER, symbolic monument in honor of soldiers who died in battle. First built in Paris (1921). In Moscow, a memorial in the Alexander Garden at the Kremlin wall (opened in May 1967; architects D.I.Burdin, V.A.Klimov, Yu.R. ... ... Russian history
- (MATROSA), a symbolic monument in honor of soldiers who died in battles. First built in Paris (1921); in Moscow in the Alexander Garden at the Kremlin wall in May 1967 (architects D.I.Burdin, V.A.Klimov, Yu. R. Rabaev; sculptor N.V. Tomsky) ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Memorial architectural ensemble Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Tombstone and Eternal Flame Country ... Wikipedia
Near the Kremlin wall, in, a memorial in memory of Soviet soldiers who died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. The remains of the Unknown Soldier, who died in 1941 and was buried in a mass grave at 41 m km, were buried at the wall in December 1966 (25 ... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier - Tomb of the Unknown Soldier … Russian spelling dictionary
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier - … Spelling dictionary of the Russian language
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the Kremlin Wall - Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is a symbolic monument in honor of soldiers who died in battles. The first Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was erected in Paris in memory of the victims of the First World War. The ceremony of its opening and lighting of the Eternal Flame took place on November 11, 1920 ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
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During the First World War, a grave with a rough wooden cross appeared near the French city of Lille. Nobody knew who was buried here. On the cross was written in pencil: "Unknown British Soldier." This grave would have sunk into oblivion if the English chaplain David Railton had not seen it in 1916.
This is how he later described this moment: “How impressed I was by that grave! But who was this soldier, who were his comrades in arms? After all, he could well have been a very young boy? .. I did not have the answer to these questions, I don’t have them even now. And I constantly thought and thought: what can I do to alleviate the grief that befell his father, mother, brother, sister, lover, spouse and friend? The answer came unexpectedly, like out of a fog, but I was firmly convinced that this was the best answer - “it is necessary to carry his remains with honors across the sea to his native land”. And I realized that this is the happiest moment in my life. "
The remains of the unknown soldier from Lille were never transported home, but the British government appreciated the idea of \u200b\u200ba monument to a simple unknown soldier. The remains for the memorial were selected very carefully: the creators wanted to be sure that a real English hero who died for his homeland, and not a random person, would lie in the memorial grave. An unknown soldier of the British regular army was ceremoniously buried at Westminster Abbey on November 11, 1920.
- Tomb of the Unknown British Soldier at Westminster Abbey
- Wikimedia
A similar ceremony was held at the same time in Paris: the French unnamed fighter found peace under the Arc de Triomphe. These two graves became the first monuments to unknown soldiers.
- Tomb of an unknown French soldier under the Arc de Triomphe
- Wikimedia
The idea of \u200b\u200bthis kind of memorials did not appear accidentally during the First World War. Of course, in the battles of previous centuries there were many unknown dead soldiers, but in the Great (as it was then called) war, the phenomenon of namelessness reached frightening proportions.
The initiative of Great Britain and France was picked up all over the world: the graves of the unknown soldier appeared in Western Europe and Australia, Brazil and Indonesia, Zimbabwe and Iraq, Israel and Peru - the memory of hundreds of thousands of unknown heroes united the whole world. In the Soviet Union, such a monument appeared only in 1967.
No man is an island
About the creation of a memorial to the unknown soldier in the USSR started talking 20 years after the end of World War II - in 1965, after Moscow was awarded the title of a hero city. In fact, the monument received the right to exist through the efforts of one person - the first secretary of the Moscow city party committee, Nikolai Grigorievich Yegorychev.
- Wikimedia
The government approved the idea of \u200b\u200ba national memorial, only Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was against it: according to one version, he was afraid that the creation of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier would raise Yegorychev's authority. Nikolai Grigorievich insisted that the monument should be erected under the ancient Kremlin walls, Brezhnev categorically objected to him. Another, probably at this stage, would have abandoned his idea, but Egorychev turned out to be very stubborn. He was ready to start construction on his own. Still, such significant works required the consent of the Politburo, which the head of Moscow eventually received.
The soldier, by tradition, was chosen carefully. It was at that time that a large mass grave was found in Zelenograd during a large-scale construction project. From there, the remains of an unknown soldier were recovered in well-preserved form, but without the officer's insignia.
Egorychev himself explained the choice as follows: “If it were a shot deserter, they would have removed his belt. He could not have been wounded, taken prisoner, because the Germans did not reach that place. So it was quite clear that this was a Soviet soldier who died heroically defending Moscow. No documents were found in his grave with him - the ashes of this private were truly nameless. "
With military honors
The solemn funeral of the Unknown Soldier took place on December 3, 1966. The coffin, entwined with an orange-black ribbon, was placed on a combat carriage and taken from Kryukovo station to the Kremlin, accompanied by a guard of honor and a military band. On the final leg of the journey, he was accompanied by prominent members of the party and General Rokossovsky. The remains of the Unknown Soldier were solemnly buried under an artillery salvo.
- Burial ceremony for the remains of the Unknown Soldier, who died in the battle near Moscow, at the Kremlin wall in Moscow.
- RIA News
The memorial was opened on the eve of Victory Day. On the morning of May 8, 1967, a solemn procession arrived in the capital from Leningrad. A crowd of Muscovites met an unusual load - a torch with an Eternal Flame. He was taken in an armored personnel carrier from the Field of Mars to the Alexander Garden.
The eternal flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was lit by Brezhnev, having accepted the torch from the hands of the Hero of the Soviet Union Alexei Maresyev. This is how the secretary general opened the architectural ensemble.
- Wikimedia
The monument is a tombstone covered with a bronze battle banner, on which a soldier's helmet and a laurel branch lie. The eternal flame of glory burns in the center of the memorial, next to it is the inscription: "Your name is unknown, your feat is immortal."
In addition to the grave, the memorial includes a granite alley with dark-red porphyry curbstones, each with the name of the hero-city and an engraved image of the Gold Star medal. The pedestals contain capsules with earth from the hero cities. The ensemble also includes a red granite stele in memory of the cities of military glory.
- Wikimedia
Post number 1
From December 12, 1997, in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia, post No. 1 of the guard of honor was moved from the Lenin Mausoleum to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The guard is carried out by the military personnel of the Presidential Regiment.
- globallookpress.com
- Dmitry Golubovich
Each city that suffered in the Great Patriotic War keeps the memory of its nameless heroes. The glory of the Unknown Soldier spread throughout the country in hundreds of songs and poems, in commemorative plaques and memorials. Poetess Rimma Kazakova dedicated the following lines to unknown heroes:
They covered up life with themselves,
Those who barely began to live
So that the sky is blue
There was green grass.
Historically, in the course of wars, many soldiers died and their remains were not or could not be identified.
In the 20th century, after the end of the bloody First World War, a tradition began to form according to which nations and states erect monuments to the Unknown Soldier, symbolizing the memory, gratitude and respect for all dead soldiers, whose remains have not been identified.
The first monument to the unknown soldier appeared in London in 1920. Usually, such monuments are placed on the grave, which contains the remains of a deceased soldier, whose identity is unknown and it is considered impossible to establish it.
And these are the most revered monuments.
Turkey.
Erected in memory of the unknown martyrs of the Canakkale front who died during the Dardanelles operation of the First World War. Opened August 20, 1960.
Bulgaria, Haskovo.
A sweep of Doubt is a warrior.
Spain Madrid.
Built in 1840, there are the remains of unknown fighters who died in the May 2 Uprising.
Greece. Constitution Square, Athens.
Finland. Hietaniemi War Cemetery, Helsinki.
Peace Tower. Built in 1970 in the city of Tondabayashi (Japan) by the followers of the Ideal Free Church. It is a symbol of peace throughout the World; unidentified human remains are buried inside, and the list of those who died from hostilities is constantly updated, regardless of nationality, religion and race.
Stella of the Unknown Soldier in Mogadishu, Somalia.
Romania. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Karol Park, Bucharest.
Egypt. Cairo: includes the grave of President Anwar Sadat.
Russia. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Alexandrovsky Garden, Moscow.
Serbia. Monument to the Unknown Hero (since 1938), Mount Avala, Belgrade.
Estonia. "Bronze Soldier", War Cemetery, Tallinn.
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Carabobo, Venezuela.
Canada. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Confederation Square, Ottawa.
Indonesia. "Field of Honor", Bandung
Memorial to the unknown soldier, next to it is the grave of an unknown sailor at the Kembang Kuning military cemetery in Surabaya.
Belgium. Congress Column, Brussels: The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is at the base of the column.
Syria. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Damascus.
Hungary. Heroes' Square, Budapest.
Ukraine. Park of Eternal Glory, Kiev
The Monument of Eternal Glory, opened on November 6, 1957, is an obelisk 27 meters high. At the foot of the obelisk, at the tomb of the Unknown Soldier, the Eternal Flame is burning. The alley of Fallen Heroes leads to the obelisk. On both sides there are tombstones over the graves of 34 warrior-heroes.
Czech. National Memorial on Zizkov (Vitkov) Hill, Prague.
Argentina. Cathedral, Buenos Aires: Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Independence.
Israel. “Garden of the Missing”, Mount Herzl, Jerusalem.
Memorial of Heroes. Zimbabwe, Harare.
Germany. Unter den Linden, Berlin
In the 19th century guardhouse (Neue Wache).
Brazil. National Monument to those killed in World War II, Rio de Janeiro.
Lithuania. Kaunas, Vienybes square
Tomb of Nezinomas kareivis, with the remains of a soldier who died during the Lithuanian wars of independence in 1919.
Poland. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Marshal Piłsudski Square, Warsaw
Built as an arcade of the Saxon Palace, destroyed in 1944. The remains of soldiers who died between 1918 and 1920 are found.
Portugal. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Batalha Monastery.
Italy. Tomb of Milite Ignoto in the Vittoriano complex. Rome, Venice square.
Tomb of the Unknown, Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia, United States of America.
France. Under the Arc de Triomphe, Paris.
Great Britain. The Unknown Warrior, Westminster Abbey, London.
India. Amar Jawan Jyoti (Flame of the Immortal Warrior), India Gate, New Delhi.
Australia. Australian War Memorial, Canberra.
Monument to the fallen soldiers in the fight for freedom. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Austria. Heldenplatz (Heroes' Square), Vienna.
Peru. Plaza Bolivar (Bolivar Square), Lima: remains of a soldier who died in 1881 during the Second Pacific War.
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier - a nationwide memorial of military glory, located under the walls of the Kremlin.
The memorial is dedicated to those killed in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, as well as to the hero cities and cities of military glory. In its center there is a niche with the inscription "Your name is unknown, your feat is immortal", in the middle of which there is a bronze five-pointed star: in its center the Eternal Flame of Glory is burning - a constantly burning fire symbolizing the eternal memory of those who died in the Great Patriotic War. Behind the Eternal Flame is a tombstone with a bronze sculptural composition depicting a soldier's helmet and a laurel branch, lying on a Soviet battle banner that seems to cover the grave. A guard of honor is posted at the grave and the Eternal Flame.
In the left part of the memorial there is a wall of crimson quartzite with the inscription "1941 For the Fallen for the Motherland 1945", in the right - an alley with dark red porphyry bollards, inside which capsules with earth from hero cities are immured. Each pedestal bears the name of the hero-city, as well as an engraved image of the Gold Star medal. In total, 12 pedestals were installed in honor of 11 cities of heroes and the Brest fortress (hero fortress):
Leningrad;
Stalingrad;
Sevastopol;
Novorossiysk;
Brest Fortress;
Murmansk;
Smolensk.
A red granite stele in honor of the cities of military glory is installed to the right of the alley of hero cities. In appearance, the stele is similar to the pedestals of the hero cities, but exceeds them in size; the names of 45 cities of military glory are written on the 10-meter plate: Belgorod, Kursk, Oryol, Vladikavkaz, Malgobek, Rzhev, Yelnya, Elets, Voronezh, Luga, Polyarny, Rostov-on-Don, Tuapse, Velikie Luki, Veliky Novgorod, Dmitrov, Vyazma, Kronstadt, Naro-Fominsk, Pskov, Kozelsk, Arkhangelsk, Volokolamsk, Bryansk, Nalchik, Vyborg, Kalach-on-Don, Vladivostok, Tikhvin, Tver, Anapa, Kolpino, Stary Oskol, Kovrov, Lomonosov, Kamchatka, Tikhvin-Tikhvin , Maloyaroslavets, Mozhaisk, Khabarovsk, Staraya Russa, Grozny, Gatchina, Petrozavodsk, Feodosia.
Honor Guard at the Eternal Flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
The Guard Post of Honor at the Eternal Flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier near the Kremlin Wall, also known as Post No. 1, is the main guard post in Russia.
The post was established in 1924: initially sentries were stationed at the Mausoleum of V.I. Lenin on Red Square, but in 1993 the guard was abolished. In 1997 it was rebuilt at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
The honor guard at the Eternal Flame emphasizes the significance of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, as well as the memorial dedicated to the soldiers who fell in it. The sentries monitor the observance of order at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and are armed with models of Simonov's self-loading carbines; in the event of a threat, they have the right to use physical force, as well as defend themselves with a stock and stab with a bayonet. Usually the sentries stand without any movement, if they need to recover, a third soldier approaches them and performs the necessary actions. The servicemen of the special guard company are subject to increased requirements for physical training, discipline and growth.
The ceremony of changing the Guard of Honor, which takes place every hour from 08:00 to 20:00, has become a popular ritual among tourists and townspeople: many come to the memorial just to see how it happens. When changing the guard, the sentries move synchronously and symmetrically, raising their legs straight at the knee from the hip, the coordination of their actions is brought to the ideal.
Memorial history
The history of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the Kremlin Wall began on December 3, 1966, when, in commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, the remains of the Unknown Soldier from the mass grave at the 41st kilometer of Leningradskoye Highway (at the entrance to Zelenograd) were transferred and solemnly buried in Alexander Garden. The coffin with the remains, entwined with a black and orange ribbon, was lowered into the grave under an artillery salvo, and on May 8, 1967, the memorial ensemble "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier", created by architects Dmitry Burdin, Vladimir Klimov, Yuri Rabaev and the sculptor Nikolai Tomsky, was opened at the burial site ...
The eternal flame was lit by Leonid Brezhnev, who received the torch from the Hero of the Soviet Union Alexei Maresyev. The flame on the armored personnel carrier was delivered to Moscow from Leningrad, from the fire on the Field of Mars.
In 1997, at the Eternal Flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Post No. 1 of the Guard of Honor was organized, which was previously located at the Vladimir Lenin Mausoleum, but was abolished in its former place in 1993. From that time on, a ritual of changing the Guard of Honor was held at the memorial.
With the establishment of the honorary title "City of Military Glory" in 2006, the idea arose to reconstruct the monument, adding to it a stele with the names of cities of military glory. On November 17, 2009, the monument was given the status of the National Memorial of Military Glory, which is a particularly valuable object of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation. The reconstruction of the memorial lasted from December 2009 to May 2010, its grand opening took place on May 8, 2010: a new element appeared in the ensemble - a memorial sign in honor of the cities of military glory. For the period of reconstruction, the Eternal Flame with military honors was transferred to, then returned back.
Initially, the names of 40 cities were written on the stele in honor of the cities of military glory, later 5 more were added. In total, there is space for 48 cities.
Over the years of its history, the memorial has become one of the most famous sights of Moscow, which attracts tourists from different cities of Russia and foreign countries, as well as townspeople and newlyweds. On the days of memory dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, wreath-laying ceremonies are held at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, in which statesmen, heads and delegations of foreign states, veterans and pupils of educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense take part.
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier located in the Alexander Garden, between the Corner Arsenalnaya and the Srednaya Arsenalnaya towers of the Kremlin. You can get to it on foot from metro stations "Okhotny Ryad" and "Lenin's Library" Sokolnicheskaya line, as well "Alexander Garden" Filyovskaya.
- a symbolic monument in honor of the soldiers who died in battles. The first Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was erected in Paris in memory of the victims of the First World War. The ceremony of its opening and lighting of the Eternal Flame took place on November 11, 1920. In Soviet Russia, the first memorial structure in memory of heroes who fell in armed struggle against enemies during the February and October revolutions and the Civil War was opened in the center of the Field of Mars in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg) on \u200b\u200bNovember 7, 1919 (it has been burning since 1957 Eternal flame).
The memory of the heroism of Soviet soldiers during the Great Patriotic War has been immortalized by many memorial structures, including the graves of the Unknown Soldier in several cities of the country. In Moscow, the memorial Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was built in the Alexander Garden near the Kremlin wall. The remains of the Unknown Soldier were transferred here in the days of the 25th anniversary of the defeat of Hitler's troops near Moscow in 1966 from a mass grave from the 41st kilometer of the Leningradskoye Highway - the place of bloody battles.
On December 2, 1966, a mass grave was opened, the ashes of one of the buried were placed in a coffin entwined with an orange-black ribbon - a symbol of the soldier's Order of Glory, and a 1941 helmet was placed on the coffin lid. Until the next morning, changing every two hours, young soldiers and war veterans stood guard at the coffin. And on December 3, at 11:45 am, the coffin was installed in an open car, and the funeral procession moved along the Leningradskoe highway to Moscow. In the capital, the coffin was transferred to an artillery carriage and, accompanied by soldiers of the guard of honor and participants in the war, with an unfurled battle banner to the sounds of a mourning march of a military brass band, was taken to a permanent burial place near the Kremlin wall.
After the end of the funeral meeting, the coffin was lowered into the grave in the Alexander Garden. An artillery salute thundered; battalions of all branches of the armed forces marched solemnly along Manezhnaya Square, paying their last military honors to the Unknown Soldier.
On May 8, 1967, the memorial architectural ensemble "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" was opened on this site and the Eternal Flame of Glory was lit, which bursts out from the middle of a bronze star, placed in the center of a mirror-polished black Labrador square, framed by a red granite platform. The torch was brought from Leningrad, where it was lit from the Eternal Flame on the Field of Mars.
On the granite slab of the tombstone is inscribed: "Your name is unknown, your feat is immortal."
To the left of the tombstone - a wall of crimson quartzite with the inscription: "To those who fell for their Motherland. 1941-1945".
On the right is a granite alley, where blocks of dark red porphyry are located with capsules with the earth of hero cities embedded in them: Leningrad (taken from the Piskarevsky cemetery), Kiev (from the foot of the Obelisk to the participants in the defense of the city), Volgograd (from Mamayev Kurgan), Odessa (from the defense lines), Sevastopol (from the Malakhov Kurgan), Minsk, Kerch, Novorossiysk, Tula (the land was taken from the front lines of the defense of these cities) and the hero fortress Brest (the land from the foot of the walls).
Each block contains the name of the city and the engraved image of the Gold Star medal.
According to the order of Russian President Vladimir Putin, on the stone parapet near the tomb of the Unknown Soldier, the word "Volgograd" was changed to "Stalingrad".
Further from the alley of hero cities in honor of the cities of military glory, opened in 2010. The monument is a block about 10 meters long, made of red granite. On it there are inscriptions - "Cities of military glory" and a list of names of the cities themselves.
The tombstone of the grave-monument is crowned with a volumetric bronze composition - a soldier's helmet and a laurel branch, lying on a battle banner (installed in 1975).
By decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 8, 1997, a permanent guard of honor from the Presidential Regiment was established at the Eternal Flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow. According to the document, the changing of the guard at the post takes place every hour from eight to 20 hours. In exceptional cases, by decision of the head of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, the guard of honor may be exhibited at a different time.
By the decree of the President of Russia, in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation, the memorial "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" was given the status of the National Memorial of Military Glory. It was included in the State Code of Especially Valuable Cultural Heritage Sites of the Peoples of Russia.
In the same year, the reconstruction of the memorial began. In connection with the work, the Eternal Flame on December 27, 2009 was moved to Poklonnaya Gora in Victory Park. On February 23, 2010, after the completion of the repair work, it was returned to the Kremlin wall.
On May 8, 2010, the National Memorial of Military Glory was inaugurated after reconstruction.
Wreaths and flowers are laid at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in memory of those killed for Russia on the battlefields. Here, the heads of delegations of foreign states pay tribute to the heroes during their visits to Russia.
In recent years, a tradition has been born: early in the morning on Victory Day, veterans of the Patriotic War and youth gather at Post No. 1 for a watch in memory with lighted candles in their hands.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources