Verbs, names and adverbs in a sentence can act as introductory words, which in one way or another - grammatically, lexically, intonation - express the speaker’s attitude to what he is reporting.
Compare two sentences:
This question, it seemed made it difficult for the guest.
Face his it seemed calm.
In both examples the word is used it seemed , but only in the second case is this word included in the members of the sentence: there it is part of a compound nominal predicate.
In the first example the word it seemed serves only to express the speaker’s attitude towards what he is reporting. Such words are called introductory words; they are not part of the sentence and can easily be omitted, for example: This question... made the guest difficult. Please note that in the second sentence, skip the word it seemed impossible.
Compare some more examples in the table:
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Take it with you By the way, our books. |
These words are spoken By the way. This phrase was said by the way. |
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Words separated by commas can be removed from a sentence without destroying its meaning. |
By the way, from the first sentence you can ask the question HOW? |
Many words can be used as introductions. But there is a group of words that are never introductory. Read two sentences:
There will obviously be a good harvest this year;
There will certainly be a good harvest this year.
The first sentence uses the word obviously, in the second – certainly . Although these words are very close in meaning, only the word from the first sentence is separated by commas and is introductory. The words presented below need to be remembered: they are very similar to introductory ones, but they are not commas are not separated:
PERHAPS, SUDDENLY, SUDDENLY, SO, HARDLY, STILL, EVEN, EXACTLY, AS IF, JUST, CAREFULLY, MANDATORY, ALMOST, ONLY, ALLEGEDLY.
Introductory words can convey five different types of meaning:
Most often, with the help of introductory words, the speaker conveys various degree of confidence in what he reports. For example: You will undoubtedly do well on the exam. or It seems like you need to study more. This group includes the words:
OF COURSE, OF COURSE, UNDOUBTEDLY, UNDOUBTEDLY, WITHOUT A DOUBT, UNCONDITIONALLY, ACTUALLY, SEEMED, PROBABLY, POSSIBLY, POSSIBLY.
Introductory words can also convey feelings and attitude speaker to what he is communicating. For example: Unfortunately, you did not pass the exam very well.
FORTUNELY, UNFORTUNATELY, SURPRISINGLY, UNFORTUNATELY.
Sometimes introductory words indicate on The source of information, which is reported by the speaker. Introductory phrases in this case begin with the words BY MESSAGE, BY WORDS, BY OPINION. For example: According to doctors, you need to stop training for a while.
The source of the message may also be the speaker himself (IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION) or the source may be uncertain (THE SAY IS HEARD). For example: They say you will have to stop training.
ACCORDING TO THE MESSAGE, ACCORDING TO WORDS, ACCORDING TO OPINION, ACCORDING TO RUMORS, SAYING, HEARD, IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION, IN YOUR OPINION.
Introductory words are also used For organizing thoughts and indications of their connections with each other. For example: Firstly, this participle is formed from the verb perfect form; secondly, it has dependent words. Therefore, it must contain two letters N.
FIRSTLY, SECONDLY, THIRDLY, FINALLY, CONSEQUENTLY, MEAN, SO, OPPOSITE, FOR EXAMPLE, ON THE CONVERSE.
There are also sentences where introductory words indicate on way of organizing thoughts. For example: In a word, everything went well.
IN OTHERWISE, IN ONE WORD, IT IS BETTER TO SAY, TO SPEAK SOFTLY.
Introductory words also include words that serve to attract attention interlocutor:
YOU KNOW (KNOW), UNDERSTAND (UNDERSTAND), LISTEN (LISTEN), SEE (SEE) and others.
These same meanings can be expressed not only by introductory words, but also by similar predicative constructions (introductory sentences). Compare: The snowfall will probably end soon And The snowfall, I think, will end soon. In addition to commas, parentheses or dashes can be used to highlight introductory sentences. This is done when the introductory construction is very common and contains additional comments or explanations. For example:
We're passing through our village once, years ago - how can I tell you without lying - about fifteen years old. (Turgenev)
Alexei (the reader already recognized him) Meanwhile, he gazed intently at the young peasant woman. (Pushkin)
The rule for separating introductory words and sentences has several very important notes.
If the introductory word is preceded by the conjunction A or BUT, then a comma is not always placed between the introductory word and the conjunction. Compare a couple of sentences:
The doctor finished the appointment but of course, will look at a seriously ill patient.
He gave his word and consequently, must restrain him.
Introductory word can be rearranged or removed without a conjunction only in the first case, therefore a comma is necessary between the introductory word and the conjunction. It is impossible to do this in the second sentence, which means there is no comma.
Very often difficulties arise in sentences with the words HOWEVER and FINALLY. The word HOWEVER is highlighted only when it cannot be replaced by the conjunction BUT. Compare two sentences:
However we understand that this figure is still low(HOWEVER = BUT) . Bye, however, we don't yet have a clear picture of what's happening(HOWEVER – introductory word) .
The word FINALLY is introductory only when it does not have a spatial or temporal meaning, but indicates the order of thoughts. For example:
I hope that in the near future this project finally will be implemented. AND, finally, The last thing I would like to draw your attention to.
Introductory words can begin a separate construction, for example, a clarifying phrase. In this case, a comma is not placed after the introductory word (in other words, the comma, which was supposed to “close” the introductory word, is moved to the end of the separate phrase).
I saw, or rather felt, that she was not indifferent to me.
In addition, a comma is not placed before an introductory word located at the end of a separate phrase.
For the holidays we decided to go somewhere, to Kolomna for example.
If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate construction, then it is separated by commas on a common basis.
I decided to declare my love, feeling, it seems, in my heart that she was not indifferent to me.
If introductory words are located before a phrase beginning with the words “how” or “so that,” then they are separated by commas.
The day she lived seemed meaningless to her, in fact, like all life.
He thought for a moment, probably, to find the right words.
Exercise
- The portraits hung opposite the mirror.
- On the contrary, he didn’t even change his face.
- On the one hand_ I completely agree with you.
- On one side, the coin depicted a double-headed eagle.
- The truth is always better than a lie.
- I_really_ was somewhat surprised by this news.
- In spring_possible_flooding.
- There may be a flood in the spring.
- Everyone in our city is already talking about this.
- In Greece_ they say_ everything is there.
- Maybe you deigned to express yourself this way for the beauty of the style? (Gogol).
- According to weather forecasters, it will be colder next week.
- As scientists say, global warming awaits us.
- The train leaves in an hour_ therefore_ we need to leave the house.
- Fortunately_ Pechorin was deep in thought (Lermontov).
- We have gathered here_first_to resolve the issue of the timing of the work.
- He didn’t want to shoot himself - thank God - he didn’t want to try... (Pushkin).
- Of course_ you have seen the district young lady’s album (Pushkin) more than once.
- In one word, you got off easy.
- So_ now we can draw a conclusion.
- “You don’t bother me at all,” he objected, “if you please, shoot yourself, but as you please; your shot remains behind you; I am always ready at your service (Pushkin).
- She suffered for a very long time after separation, but as you know, time heals any wounds.
- The wind, however, was strong.
- Fedya brought flowers_ however_ Masha didn’t like it.
- A strong, yet warm wind blew through the window.
- A good upbringing, as we know, can be achieved in boarding schools (Gogol).
- However_ there are various improvements and changes in methods... (Gogol).
- You_ definitely_ should come to us.
- I took the ace of hearts from the table, as I remember now, and threw it up (Lermontov).
- However, General Khvalynsky himself did not like to talk about his career; He seems to have never been to war (Turgenev).
- You will become wild_ you know_ if you live locked up all the time (Gogol).
- He was probably a grateful person and wanted to pay for his good treatment.
- You supposedly had to come to his office and report on the trip.
- Yes_ I confess_ I thought so myself.
- I still decided to do it my own way.
- Ivan Petrovich, you know, was an extraordinary man.
- Nobody, of course, went to see him (Turgenev).
- Gleb, as far as I knew, studied well at the Bryansk gymnasium (Paustovsky).
- But perhaps the reader is already tired of sitting with me at Ovsyannikov’s house, and therefore I eloquently fall silent (Turgenev).
- My arrival—I could have noticed it—at first somewhat confused the guests.
- However_ the political process began to develop in a different way.
- In my last report, I hastened to inform you that we finally managed to solve this problem.
- The experiences of transformations that happened around us had, without a doubt, a strong influence on the thoughts of the majority of people involved in them (M. M. Speransky).
- A group of border guards led by an officer approached the violators with the intention, as had happened before, to protest and demand that they leave the territory.
- Finalization of the agreement will probably take several more months.
- Secondly, there are a lot of abuses in the field of international tourism.
- However, if we remain committed to the spirit and letter of this document, it could not have been otherwise.
- We all know well, and everyone here knows well, that on the western, or as they say, the second front, about 1.5 million Allied troops and about 560 thousand German troops were concentrated.
- This modest, symbolic gesture seems to me to be full of deep meaning.
- Fortunately, the examples mentioned above are the exception, not the rule.
- Increased baggage value may be claimed for certain types of items.
- The reason for this is obvious: when the mind begins to recognize the price of freedom, it dismisses with carelessness all the children's toys, so to speak, with which it amused itself in its infancy (M. M. Speransky).
- Pravda_ spoke to me politely, did not force me to do anything, and I remember having the impression that he did not look at all these accusations seriously.
- But in our case, the truth quickly came out, and we were soon released.
The Russian language is diverse and unique. He is one of the richest in vocabulary, thanks to him Russian literature has unprecedented success, as it perfectly accurately conveys the mood of the author. At the same time as one of the most complex languages. Children in schools study the subject of the Russian language for eleven years, and at the end of their studies they take exams in it. The difficulty lies in its ambiguity - in different cases the spelling is radically different. It happens that teachers doubt many issues, which forces them to open special dictionaries. Many people are probably confused about such moments because school knowledge are forgotten over time.
Introductory words
With the help of introductory words and constructions, the speaker is able to express his emotions. Such designs can convey joy, regret, surprise, confidence, fear and many other feelings. They are also used to evaluate an action and attract attention. In the text, such words and constructions are separated by commas. However, some people have doubts about writing introductory words and separating them.
"Unfortunately" is an introductory word
This introductory phrase refers to the category of feelings of regret and disapproval. Like all other introductory words, “unfortunately” stands out in writing and in the text, regardless of where this phrase appears. This construction is never written together. It is allowed to dilute the design with some semantic words.
Introductory word "unfortunately" - examples:
- To my regret, he was not able to visit the art gallery, although I had long wanted to visit there.
- Unfortunately, I do not share your point of view; it seems too unfounded to me.
- Unfortunately, you weren't home for a long time.
- Unfortunately, the abundance of unnecessary noise made it difficult to concentrate on important thoughts.
- To your regret, he does not have free time that he could devote to you.
- Thank you for the invitation to work, but, unfortunately, I got a job in another branch and have to decline your invitation.
It can be seen that the introductory construction fits harmoniously into any part of the sentence, while the semantic load does not change.
Noun with preposition
The introductory construction can change into a noun with a preposition. It depends on the meaning of the sentence. Then the phrase is not isolated in writing and is written separately, as before.
- Unfortunately, there was an added feeling of inevitable melancholy.
- Unfortunately, a feeling of resentment was also added.
Sometimes users of our site have problems related to the fact that they cannot leave comments on the site.
Those. When trying to leave a message or register, the user receives messages like this:
1. Unfortunately, you cannot register on our website because it has been recorded that your IP address was previously used to send spam.
If you have never spammed, it means your IP address has been used by spammers before, you need to change your IP address with your Internet provider and you will be able to register on our website.
2. You cannot add comments because spam was sent from your IP address or mailbox.
If you have not done this, contact your provider; perhaps your IP address has previously been used to send spam.
3. Or the user receives messages that the verification code was entered incorrectly.
I can tell you right away: I cannot influence this situation.
The message clearly indicates a possible reason for denial of access to registration or the ability to write messages:
- the verification code was typed incorrectly (if you see that the characters are hard to read, you can update the code)
- your email address was used to send spam, or
- your IP address is included in the spam list of specialized services.
Service for checking whether an IP address is in the spam list
How to get out of the situation:
1
- the verification code was entered incorrectly
No options - you entered the code incorrectly.
If you see or are not sure that you can repeat the code that needs to be copied, simply update it with a button specially designed for this. Until you find one that you can repeat.
2
Previously, the email address was used to send spam
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Please use a different email address.
3
It has been detected that your IP address has previously been used to send spam.
Possible reasons:
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- you use "public" access to access the network.
There are several options to solve the problem.
As a rule, providers allocate a large number users have a random IP address to access the network and someone could be sending spam.
And it took its toll on you.
In this case, some sites will be closed to you, and not only the www site....
What can be done:
- register on the website www.aikidoka.ru (or its subdomain) from another computer from another location.
- contact your provider with a request/demand to change your dynamic IP address
- contact your provider to allocate you a personal static IP address (this costs money... on average 150-200 rubles per month), but such an IP will be yours personally.
You can try to change your dynamic IP address yourself:
- turn off all equipment with which you connect to the network for at least an hour (you can turn it off at night).
As a rule, after turning the equipment back on, the dynamic IP address is reset and another dynamic IP address is allocated and there is a chance that it is not on the spam list.
In this chapter:
§1. Sentences with introductory words
Introductory words are highlighted in oral speech by intonation, and in written speech by commas.
The problem of punctuation in sentences with introductory words is not related to punctuation marks as such, but to the recognition of introductory words. Since introductory words are not members of the sentence and are not syntactically related to any members of the sentence, they can always be removed from the sentence. This can serve as a check to determine whether a word is introductory.
Luckily, you're right.
(fortunately- introductory word, it can be omitted: You are right. The main content of the sentence and its structure will not be affected)
The dishes break fortunately.
(fortunately, it is a member of a sentence; it cannot be omitted, since the meaning and grammatical structure of the sentence will be violated. The dishes are breaking. And Dishes break fortunately- it's not the same thing)
Introductory words with preceding conjunctions
1. Often introductory words appear in simple sentences immediately after coordinating conjunctions. In this case, conjunctions and introductory words are not separated by commas, for example:
Call me this evening, or whenever it is more convenient for you.
Or maybe she got sick?
(union A and the introductory word are not separated by a comma)
Indeed, we never met again.
(union And and the introductory word are not separated)
2. If introductory words appear after conjunctions in complex sentences, then the conjunction and the introductory word are separated by a comma, for example:
He came to us, but, unfortunately, I was away.
(the conjunction but and the introductory word are separated by a comma)
Vitka knew that, unfortunately, he shouldn’t trust her.
(the subordinating conjunction and the introductory word are separated by a comma)
Introductory words as part of a separate construction
Separated by commas
1) if they stand in the middle of a turn:
Having read, in my opinion, all the books in school library, the boy signed up for the city school.
2) if they stand before phrases beginning with conjunctions like and so, for example:
In the morning she woke up and could no longer sleep, in essence, as always.
He fell silent, probably to end the conversation.
Not separated by commas
1) often introductory words begin a clarifying turn. There is no comma after them, for example:
In the house opposite, more precisely on the third floor, a girl lived.
2) a comma is not placed before the introductory word at the end of a separate phrase.
He constantly uses dictionaries, Ozhegov for example.
Sentences with the word however.
The word however can be:
1) an introductory word,
2) union,
3) interjection.
Homonyms can be distinguished by meaning, place in a sentence, role.
1.However, it is an introductory word in the middle or at the end of a sentence and must be separated by commas:
I should, however, meet him.
I should have met him, though.
2. At the beginning of a sentence or at the beginning of a part complex sentence however - a conjunction, a comma after it is not needed. However - a conjunction synonymous with the conjunction but. Examples:
He promised to come to us more often. However, he didn't call again.
We waited for him, but he did not come.
3. However, it is used as an interjection. In this case, the word is highlighted with a comma or exclamation point, for example:
However! What a downpour!
However, what frost!
§2. Sentences with introductory sentences
1. Constructions with introductory sentences are separated by commas.
I think you're wrong.
I think you are wrong.
You're wrong, I think.
(many introductory sentences have synonyms among the introductory words. For example: I think, I think, I believe, I believe, I believe, I think and in my opinion are synonymous)
2. If the proposal is complicated homogeneous members, separators and other components that require commas, then introductory sentences may be separated by dashes or parentheses. The same is possible in complex sentences.
§3. Offers with plug-in structures
Plug-in structures more diverse and independent. They are highlighted by dashes or parentheses. Inside the insert, punctuation marks are placed according to punctuation rules. Plug-in structures are easy to recognize: they carry Additional information and are pronounced in a special way: they are distinguished by pauses, pronounced at a higher tempo, most often in a lower voice.
The arrival of Lyudmila - it was she - turned out to be a complete surprise for everyone.
Following the Phoenicians in the 7th century. BC. The Greeks (Phoceans) came to Spain, especially after the founding of Massalia (now Marseille) around 600 BC (Dictionary of Antiquity).
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