Imagine an ordinary morning in one of the high-rise buildings of the sleeping area of \u200b\u200bour beloved city: toilet, shower, shave, tea, brush your teeth, water for a cat (or in any other order) - and go to work ... Everything is on the machine and without hesitation. As long as cold water flows from the cold water tap, and hot water flows from the hot water tap. And sometimes you open a cold one, and from there - boiling water !! 11 # ^ * ¿\u003e.
Let's figure it out.
Cold water supply or cold water supply
The local pumping station supplies water to the mainline from the water utility network. A large supply pipe enters the house and ends with a valve, after which there is a water meter assembly.
In short, the water meter unit consists of two valves, a strainer and a meter.
Some have an additional check valve
and the bypass of the water meter.
The bypass of the water meter is an additional meter with valves that can supply the system if the main water meter is being serviced. After the meters, water is supplied to the house main
where it is distributed along the risers that lead water to the apartments by floors.
What is the pressure in the system?
9 floors
Houses up to 9 floors have a bottom filling from the bottom up. Those. from the water meter through a large pipe, water goes through risers to the 9th floor. If the water utility is in a good mood, then at the input of the lower zone there should be about 4 kg / cm2. Taking into account a pressure drop of one kilogram for every 10 meters of water column, residents of the 9th floor will receive approximately 1 kg of pressure, which is considered normal. In practice, in old houses, the input pressure is only 3.6 kg. And residents of the 9th floor are content with even less pressure than 1kg / cm2
12-20 floors
If the house is higher than 9 floors, for example 16 floors, then such a system is divided into 2 zones. Top and bottom. Where for the lower zone the same conditions remain, and for the upper zone, the pressure is raised to about 6 kg. In order to raise the water to the very top into the supply line, and with it the water flows up to the 10th floor with risers. In houses above 20 floors, the water supply can be divided into 3 zones. With this flow scheme, the water in the system does not circulate, it stands on the backwater. In a high-rise apartment, on average, we get a pressure of 1 to 4 kg. There are other meanings, but now we will not consider them.
Hot water supply or DHW
In some low-rise buildings, hot water is connected according to the same scheme, stands on a backwater without circulation, this explains the fact that when you open a tap with hot water, cold, cooled water flows for a while. If you take the same house with 16 floors, then in such a house the DHW system is arranged differently. Hot water, like cold water, is also supplied to the house through a large pipe, and after the meter it goes into the house main
which raises water to the attic where it is distributed along the risers and lowers to the very bottom in the return line. By the way, DHW meters count not only the amount of lost (consumed) water in the house. These counters also count the temperature loss (gigicolor)
Temperature is lost when water passes through apartment heated towel rails, which play the role of risers.
With this arrangement, hot water always circulates. As soon as you turn on the tap, hot water is already here. The pressure in such a system is about 6-7 kg. at the flow and slightly lower at the return to ensure circulation.
Due to the circulation, we get the pressure in the riser, in the apartment 5-6 kg. and immediately we see the difference in pressure between cold and hot water, from 2 kg. This is the essence of squeezing hot water into cold water in case of malfunctioning plumbing fixtures. If you noticed that your pressure on hot water is still greater than on cold water, then be sure to install a check valve at the cold inlet, and at the hot inlet, you can include control valves in the system that will help equalize the pressure by about one digit with cold. Installation example of a pressure regulator
We have already written many articles related to the water supply of an apartment and a private house, there were articles on how to make a water supply with our own hands,. There were articles on sewage, pipe cleaning, but never once did we write about how the water we are used to is formed. Residents of concrete megalopolises just need to open the tap and water will flow from there, but what path does it take from nature to our apartments and houses? Let's figure it out.
Introduction.
Do you think you can drink tap water? I bet you did this a lot as a kid on hot days, and you're half right about that. The fact is that our body really needs a lot of water, but it (water) must be, first of all, healthy. And the liquid that flows from your tap, alas, is not. We want to believe that all water is the same, and that our body filters it properly. In reality, this is not the case, and all the impurities in the water remain in us, sometimes causing considerable harm.
But first, let's find out which way the water goes before it enters our house.
Long, long way ...
Formation of water in nature.
Let's start from the very beginning. First, evaporation occurs, the water heats up under the influence of the sun, evaporates and turns into water vapor. It floats in the air just like steam from a kettle. The steam then gathers together in the air, cools and forms small water droplets. This is called condensation, and it is because of this that the bathroom mirror sweats when you take a bath. Hundreds of millions of droplets wander through the air and form clouds.
Over time, the drops become heavier and at some point fall to the ground in the form of rain. On the ground, they fall into rivers and reservoirs, which are also called the water horizon. Part of the water goes further underground, from there we can get it with the help of wells. By the way, soil, sand, rocks are a kind of natural filters, but today this is not enough. Although in the village no one has ever additionally purified water from a well of 7-10 meters. As we said, then the water will undergo a purification procedure (we will dwell on it a little later) in order to be usable.
What do people do with water?
Purified water is pumped into specially designated storage tanks. And from such reservoirs, as needed, water is supplied to your houses and apartments through special highways. No need to think that these are simple pipelines connected with flanges and bolts, they include numerous pumps, butterfly valves, balancing valves, filters and sedimentation tanks. If everything is simple with the butterfly, you turn the valve, and the hole is closed by a plate, the axis of rotation of which is in the middle. That, the balancing valve has a much more complicated design. Here the principle of operation is the same - regulation of the volume of water passing through the valve occurs by changing the flow area. If in a butterfly valve (a conventional valve) the cross-section was regulated by a plate, then here the valve has an original shape that determines the fluid flow rate. There is also a regular ball valve in the pipeline system (such as this one: http://akvalend.ua/catalog/armatura-zapornaya -i-reg / armatura-balansirovochnaya), where a sphere (ball) with a hole in the middle acts as a shutter.
The mains deliver water from the reservoirs to the water treatment plant, then from there the treated water enters the city water supply system. Probably, you have often seen that pipelines have U-shaped sections, there are 300 meters of flat mains, suddenly a U-shaped section. This is done in order to reduce the effects of a water hammer.
So, the water reached our apartments and houses and ... The used water automatically goes into the category of "waste water", which is collected, transported, purified and returned to nature. For this, there are also treatment facilities, thanks to which wastewater can be poured into rivers without any negative consequences.
The river transports water to the sea, where the cycle begins again: evaporation, condensation, and so on.
How water is purified
As mentioned earlier, water is pumped out of the water horizon and enters the treatment plant, where it goes through several stages of filtration. Water is collected from different reservoirs, therefore, its quality can be different. Therefore, cleaning is required so that only clean water flows from your tap.
Here are the cleaning steps.
Stage One: Accumulation
Before going through the treatment, water is collected in special tanks. There are several reasons for this:
1. Accumulation implies one of the stages of purification - when the water settles, heavy substances settle to the bottom.
2. If it does not rain for some time, then the water from the tanks will be a kind of reserve. So, some reservoirs in some cities are so large that they can provide its inhabitants with water for several months.
Second stage: Mechanical cleaning
The water goes through a special filter that traps branches, leaves, and other objects that can clog the system.
Stage Three: Particle Removal
This procedure is also called flocculation. A special substance is added to the water, making the foreign particles larger and heavier, so that it is more convenient to remove them.
Stage Four: Filtration
Then the water passes through two filters. The fast gravity filter is a sand reservoir, after which water enters the gravity filter. There, thanks to the use of a special material, all grains of sand are caught.
Fifth stage: Post-treatment
After filtration, the water will also undergo additional purification. Chlorine is added to it (in a proportion of one milligram per liter of water), which kills all microorganisms.
Sixth step: Water supply
After all stages of purification, water is stored in special tanks, if necessary, it enters the cities through water mains.
Caution: the water we drink. The latest data, topical research O. V. Efremov
Chapter 1. Where does the tap water come from?
First, let's see where the water comes from in the tap, how it gets there and what kind of cleaning it goes through on its way. Water can enter the city water supply from two sources: with the help of a water intake on the river and from artesian wells, which are drilled specifically for these purposes.
How is water withdrawn from the river? On the shore, hydraulic jacks are laid, with the help of which the river bottom is pierced with steel pipes. The water, partially filtered by sand and clay, enters the intake structure through pipes. Here, large mechanical impurities are retained with the help of meshes and gratings. Then the water enters the purification stations, passes through numerous filters, is freed from the remaining suspension, while moving rather slowly and undergoing chemical treatment before entering the sedimentation tanks. Then the water passes through filters, while the treatment plant is able to retain 99% of the bacteria contained in natural water, and the water is considered potable. However, in each city or village, the degree of purification, despite all-Russian standards, may be different. The time of the year also matters - during a flood, when melting snow penetrates the water intakes, the water will be dirtier and the risk of catching any infection increases.
Water comes from artesian wells in a slightly different way. Conventionally, it can be considered cleaner, because in this case the water is raised from a depth of 100 or even more meters - at such a depth it is sufficiently filtered by the soil and is less susceptible to environmental pollution. Iron removal stations are usually installed on artesian wells, which make it possible to remove excess salts and metals from the water, the rest of the cleaning is carried out according to the already described plan.
But the greatest danger to the population is not the water that enters the water supply system, but the one that comes out of it. The fact is that in large cities, the water supply system is a giant complex and branched network, to maintain which in the proper condition requires considerable efforts and funds. Over time, the pipes become overgrown with all kinds of deposits, and the walls corroded by corrosion burst. And while the water purified at the station reaches the apartment, it is again "saturated" with harmful impurities. The water gets what is called "secondary pollution". As a result, the water that flows from the tap is not suitable for drinking and cooking without additional treatment.
Water pipes are continuously exposed to corrosion, rust and thinning. Rust itself is a very “breeding ground” for the development of various pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms that have adapted to chlorine. And, I must say, there are many.
There may be various insoluble impurities in tap water - sand, rust and sediment, "flaking" from pipes corroded by corrosion; various construction waste that enters the water supply system after repair work, etc.
Salts of heavy metals, which can be contained in drinking water, are especially dangerous for our health. The worst thing is that heavy metals have the ability to accumulate in the body. And if you use such "enriched" water for many years, the concentration of heavy metals can reach an alarming value and cause extremely negative changes in the human body. The source of heavy metals in case of "secondary pollution" can be copper pipes, various adapters, taps, valves made of non-ferrous metals, low-quality solder, which was used when welding water pipes, etc.
This text is an introductory fragment.27.09.13 15:15
The lion's share of the budgetary funds of any city, district center, small settlement is spent on water supply. We are accustomed to the constant presence of water at the tap and rarely think about where and how this life-giving force enters our home.
The communicative device of water supply systems is a complex mechanism in which the failure of only one separate mechanism can cause serious problems for the entire city.
From time immemorial, the development of civilization was unthinkable without close human contact with water. Nowadays, natural springs are also located near large cities, as well as wells drilled by man. The power of these wells, the water level are parameters of special importance, which were of high value both in ancient times and in our time are the object of close attention. According to the Bedouins, water is much more expensive than gold. So how does this jewel get into our home and pour a healing stream from the tap?
To provide houses with water, water intake stations are being built. They, by pumping out, take water from the source, place it in special huge containers, from where, through pumping communications, water is supplied under pressure to the pipes. water tanks are special tanks with a complex design that allows you to purify and disinfect water.
The water in the tanks is filtered by a large water filter. Mechanical impurities remain outside the containers. Also, special solutions are used to purify water from various harmful impurities. After the purification process, water is pumped into the pipes.
Pumping devices (units) are mounted directly at water intake stations. The minimum and maximum water supply requirements must be taken into account. There are also standby pumps that are used in case of major fixtures repair or emergency situations.
The name of the pumping station unit means not only the pump, but also the engine located inside and ensuring the movement of the pump.
It is very important to provide the water intake station with power at all times. Stations that pump and purify water, the role of which is played by a water purification system for an apartment, are objects of the first importance. They belong to the first category, which, according to the existing rules, is supplied with two power sources that are independent of each other. The first is the central electricity supply, the second is the local generator. Generators can be diesel or gasoline-powered. If an emergency occurs in the central power supply system, the spare is immediately turned on. Diesel generators are fully compatible with the powerful equipment of the pumping station, however, they are designed for a minimum water supply regime in order to provide vital city facilities.
All complex equipment of the water intake station is inspected daily. The slightest faults are eliminated immediately. Chemical analysis of water is constantly carried out, its composition is under the control of sanitary and epidemiological supervision in order to prevent infectious diseases caused by E. coli and other bacteria.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
basic general education school
named after Hero of the Soviet Union V.F. Tarasenko
village Sharovka of the municipal district Belebeyevsky district
Republic of Bashkortostan
Project work
"How water gets into our home"
Completed:
Alexey Pavlov,
2nd grade student
MBOU OOSH village Sharovka
Leader:
primary school teacher
MBOU OOSH village Sharovka
Logonya I.M.
Table of contents
Introduction ___________________________________________________ 3
The history of the water supply system in Russia ___________________________________ 4-6
Water supply system of the village of Sharovka _________________________________ 7-8
Practical work
Experimental part _________________________9
Simulation _________________________________________ 10
Conclusions _____________________________________________________ 11
References ___________________________________________ 11
Introduction
Among all the benefits given to us by nature, water takes a special place. Water is a unique wealth of wildlife. There is no such person who does not know what water looks like. Every day we wash our face, brush our teeth, wash our hands, take a shower.This is so commonplace that we do not think at all about the question, where does water come from in our house? Why does it happen that there is no water in the tap?In the first grade, they explained to us a little how this happens, but then I did not think about this question. Now it became interesting for me to understand and myself to design such a model of a water supply system, which will clearly show the movement of water along it.
Objective of the project:
Find out where the water comes from in our home.
Object of study:
Plumbing system.
Subject of study:
The movement of water through the plumbing system
Problem formulation
What path does water take and why does it move through pipes?
Hypothesis : After studying the material about plumbing, I will understand how it works and I will be able to construct a working model of it
Methods:
Study of popular science literature
Conversations with adults
Finding information on the Internet
Observation
Experiments
Modeling
Product of design work: Plumbing system model.
The history of water supply in Russia
The settlements of the ancient Slavs were usually located on elevated, safe places located near the source of water - the river; stream or spring.there was no problem with clean drinking water. True, her had to be worn from afar by hand. Then people came up with wells. So the path to the water became noticeably shorter. The cities also used spring, river and well water.
But the population of the cities grew rapidly. There was not enough water. Steel used imported water. It was transported around the city in barrels by water carriers. It is not surprising that with such a poor availability of clean water, epidemics of terrible diseases often occurred: cholera, plague. If a fire broke out, many houses burned out, because there was nothing to extinguish, and the houses were then mostly wooden. The city often burned down completely.
The first water supply system was built back in 1491 by order of the Grand DukeIvan III... The water supply served exclusively the Kremlin and was intended in case of an enemy invasion or, as the chronicle indicated, "siege for the sake of sitting." The source of water was a spring in the underground of one of the towers, from which water flowed by gravity through a brick pipe towards the other towers.
In the XVII century. pressurized water pipelines were arranged for the Kremlin palaces in Moscow. Water from the Moskva River was taken by a horse-drawn machine and fed under pressure to a tank on the tower, and from there it was fed to the palace through lead pipes.
At the same time, a prototype of a water supply system for residents was built. He was not at all what he is now. A canal was built from the river, along which the water moved by self-propelled along the path that people needed. The bottom of the channel was laid out with stone. Slopes were built for people where water could be drawn. IN In some places along the canal, water wells were built.
However, by that time the city had grown beyond the Kremlin. And most of the population continued to take water from the polluted rivers.
This, of course, contributed to the rapid spread of diseases, plague and cholera epidemics, and simply did not bring aesthetic pleasures to the inhabitants of the city. One of these epidemics hit Moscow in 1771 and claimed the lives of almost half of the townspeople.
Catherine II ordered the construction of the first city water supply system in the empire, allocating 1 million 100 thousand rubles for it and 400 soldiers for construction work every day. The empress entrusted such a responsible task to the talented engineer Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm Bauer. The members of the commission examined many springs in Moscow and its environs. It was decided to stop at the springs near the village of Bolshiye Mytishchi to the north of the city. The water in them was of excellent quality. It was also taken into account that the water could reach its destination by gravity. The construction of the water supply system proceeded slowly - more than 25 years! Bauer did not have time to complete the construction, and the work he had begun was completed by others. However, his name remained in the history of Russia as the name of the first builder of the city water supply system.
To collect spring water and groundwater in Mytishchi, many pools with a depth of about 2 m, fenced with brick walls and covered with wooden roofs, were arranged. The water flowed by gravity through a brick gallery about 20 kilometers long square, where a special water intake basin was built. From it, cast-iron pipes delivered water to the water wells.
Has arrivedXIX century.Moscow continued to grow steadily, and the demand for water also grew.The railway engineer Baron Andrei Ivanovich Delvig has really rebuilt the city water supply system. He was one of the most educated engineers of his time. According to his projects, a huge number of bridges and roads were built in Russia. And it is not surprising that it was this talented and energetic person who was commissioned in the middle of the last century to head the Moscow water supply system. Baron Delvig managed to do a lot: he built boreholes, pumping stations, cast iron pipelines (instead of brick galleries), reservoirs, 26 fountains and water intakes. They even began to introduce water into houses, make special wells for firefighters.
INIn the 19th century, the construction of a water supply system in cities began everywhere using water towers, water into which was supplied from wells by steam machines. These were not just service buildings, but real architectural works, which are still historical monuments.
In 1936, engineer A.A. Rozhnovsky. suggested designall-metal unheateda water tower that was easy and inexpensive to install everywhere. at firstthe towers were used for rail transport. Subsequently, they became widespread in transport in the war and post-war years, when the conditions of the time required the manufacture of such structures in the factory, installation on site within a few days and, most importantly, the refusal to use fuel that was in short supply at that time for heating them.
In the villages of Rozhnovsky towers (residents call them water pumps)is still used today.
Water supply system of Sharovka village
The water supply system of our village consists of: an artesian well, an electric pump, a water tower, a network of water pipes, water columns. We went on an excursion to the water tower. It is located on the northern edge of the village. Its height is 16 meters. Bthe ashnya consists of a cylindrical steel tank with a volume of 15 cubic meters and a support, also filled with water. When there is enough water in a water tower, pressure builds up that forces the water down the pipes into our homes.
The tank also creates a water reserve that is consumed in the event of a power outage.
Responsible for water supply of the settlement Vasilyeva M.E. told us that in the village of Sharovka a water supply system using a water tower was built in 1979. The source of water supply is groundwater, which is pumped out by an electric pump from an artesian well. The depth of the well is 80 meters.
We went to the pumping station. We did not see the pump because it is located in a special closed well. It pumps out 36 cubic meters per day. water.
Vasilyeva M.E. said that the water supply network in the village is in poor condition. In summer, people use a lot of water for irrigation. For this reason, water does not accumulate in the tower, and it does not reach houses located on a hill at all. There is often a lack of water due to losses in emergency pipe sections. It is necessary to introduce a mode of alternately disconnecting the streets from the water supply.
We also visited an old abandoned well. According to old-timers, there used to be about 15 such wells in the village. Now he is left alone. They are hardly used.
Water is collected in the wells due to the precipitation that falls in the area. As it percolates through several layers of earth, it enters the waterproof clay layer. There it accumulates.
Currently, due to interruptions in the supply of water in summer, some residents have begun to build wells with an electric pump in their yards.
In the village, there are only two active standpipes left. They are used by residents who do not have a centralized water supply at home. Water enters the column as well as into our houses, through pipes. In winter, the column has to be insulated, because it can freeze over.
Experimental part
Why does water move through pipes? We decided to do experiments with communicating vessels.
Experience 1. If you pour water into one of the containers of the communicating vessels, then it will quickly fill the second vessel. The water will stop at the same level in both vessels.
Experience 2.
If one vessel with water is lifted, then the water will flow through the connecting tubes into another vessel, which is located at a lower level. This is due to the fact that pressure is created, the pressure of the liquid.
Experience 3. If you press down on the plastic container with water at the bottom, the water will flow through the connecting tubes into the container at a higher level.
Modeling
In order to correctly construct a model, it was first necessary to think over where what objects would be located, where the water supply system would pass, how to connect. We drew a diagram. Construction began on it.
The mock-ups of a water tower, pumping station, houses, etc. were made from the materials at hand. These objects were connected with pipes to the water supply system.
We were very worried the first time we tried the model. Water came to the toy house. But it turned out that it drips at the joints. I had to dry the details of the model and carefully coat with special glue.
The very last stage of the work was the decoration of our work.
conclusions
The goal of the project has been completed. We learned that water comes to our house through a plumbing system from groundwater, with the help of a water tower. It became clear to us that the water moves through the pipes due to the water pressure in the tower. As a result, we have constructed a working model of the plumbing system.
The model can be used to show the world around students in grade 1 in class. It will be interesting and useful for the guys.
I enjoyed working on the project. I learned to look for the necessary information in books, on the Internet. Something I learned from adults, and something from friends. I liked to conduct experiments, observe, compare, draw conclusions.
In the course of collective work, we learned to work in a group, to help each other.
List of used literature
Internet resource:Water pipelines of Russia. History of water supply
Moscow
Internet resource:Water museums
A book to read in physics. 6-7 grade. Comp. I.G. Kirillova. M .: "Education", 1986, p. 67-71
Encyclopedia for Children: Vol. 3 (Geography). - Comp. S.T. Ismailova. M .: Avanta +, 1994.S. 583-585