GAPOU NSO
"Barabinsky Medical College"
Curator of group 219:
Vashurina T.V.
2016
The Time of Troubles began with the suppression of the Rurik dynasty on the Russian throne.
Rice. from left to right: I. E. Repin “Tsar Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan”,
“The death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich” (engraving from the beginning XIX c.), “Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich” (parsuna XVII V.)
In 1598 Zemsky Sobor- a meeting of elected representatives from the Russian estates elected Boris Fedorovich Godunov, Tsar Fedor Ivanovich’s closest assistant, as Tsar. But his reign was unsuccessful.
Rice. Election of Boris Godunov to the throne. 19th century engraving
1601 - per country
a terrible famine struck.
King to reassure
hungry, began to distribute
alms. But his people
still hated it
cursed.
Boris Godunov
The Kingdom of Poland tried to take advantage of popular discontent with the rule of Boris Godunov.
Rice. left: “False Dmitry I » Engraving XVII V.
Rice. right: K.E. Makovsky “The Murder of Fyodor Godunov”
agents of False Dmitry"
The atrocities of Polish mercenaries in Moscow turned the townspeople against False Dmitry.
Rice. from left to right: “Polish horsemen” (Fig. XVII c.), “The Death of False Dmitry I "(engraving XIX V.),
“Tsar Vasily Shuisky” (miniature XVII V.)
Residents of Western and southern regions Russia refused to recognize Vasily Shuisky the rightful king and began to fight with him.
Rice. from left to right: E.E. Lissner “Bolotnikovites”, “False Dmitry” II "(engraving XVII V.)
War with Poland
Rice. from left to right: “Polish King Sigismund III "(engraving XVII
c.), “Boyarin Mikhail Shein” (drawing of our time), “Siege
Smolensk. 1609-1611." (engraving XVII V.)
The defeat of the Tushino camp
Sigismund III ordered the Poles who were in the Tushino camp to leave it and go to Smolensk, which weakened the army of False Dmitry II .
Fig. above: “M.V.Skopin-Shuisky” (parsuna XVII V.)
Fig. below: S.V. Ivanov “Impostor Camp”
In the spring of 1610, shortly after the defeat of the Tushino camp Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky died.
Rice. J. Matejko “Presentation of the captive Tsar Vasily Shuisky to Sigismund III »
The Seven Boyars entered into an agreement with the Polish king Sigismund III about inviting his son Vladislav to Russian throne subject to his conversion to Orthodoxy.
Rice. top: Korolevich Vladislav. (Engraving XVII V.)
Rice. below: Moscow boyars. (Engraving XVI V.)
The Poles began to rob residents in Moscow and desecrate Orthodox churches
Rice. P. P. Chistyakov “Patriarch Hermogenes refuses the Poles to sign the letter”
- The townspeople vowed to sacrifice everything for the liberation of their native country and began to create a people's militia.
“If we really want to save
Moscow state, then we will not regret anything; Let's sell our yards, mortgage our wives and children, and we will
beat with our foreheads who would stand up for the faith and be our leader.”
Prince D. M. Pozharsky became the military leader of the militia.
The atrocities of foreign invaders and former Tush residents continued
Swedes under the pretext of an invitation
to the Russian throne of the prince
Vladislav captured Novgorod.
The Poles captured Smolensk
and Moscow.
False Dmitry appeared in Pskov III .
Rice. “Siege of Novgorod by the Swedes. 1611 (Detail of the icon XVII V.)
Kuzma Minin
Dmitry Pozharsky
The Polish garrison settled in the Kremlin and kept him for 2 months
For a long time in Rus'
autumn holiday
Kazan icon
Mother of God
as a state -
in honor of liberation day
Moscow from the Poles in 1612.
After the liberation of Moscow, the “Council of the Whole Earth” gathered in the capital the Zemsky Sobor to elect a new tsar
elected a 16-year-old to the kingdom
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
Rice. top: “Zemsky 1613” (miniature XVII V.)
Fig. below: A.D. Kivshenko “The First Romanov”
Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky - Russian national heroes
- Monument to Minin and Pozharsky
- Installed in 1818 on Red Square.
- There is an inscription on it: “To Prince Pozharsky and citizen Minin, grateful Russia 1818.”
“Russia was founded by victories and unity of command, perished from disagreement, and was saved by a wise autocracy. History called Minin and Pozharsky the Saviors of the Fatherland; Let us give justice to their zeal, no less to the citizens, who at this decisive time acted with amazing unanimity... Never before have the people acted more solemnly and freely; “I never had the most holy motives, everyone wanted one thing - integrity, the good of Russia.”
History of Russian Goverment
N. M. Karamzin
"Day of National Unity".
The explanatory note to the draft law noted: “November 4, 1612 during the war of the people’s militia led by Kuzma Minin And Dmitry Pozharsky They took China Town by storm, liberating Moscow from Polish invaders and demonstrating an example of heroism and unity of the entire people, regardless of origin, religion and position in society.”
For the glory of those heroes
We live by one destiny
Today is the Day
Unity
We celebrate with
by you!
Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II:
“Let the new holiday serve the unity of the people, the awareness that Russia is our common Motherland.
Worldview, national, social and other differences that are inevitable in any modern state should not hinder our common efforts for the prosperity of the Fatherland and the well-being of the people living in it.”
Conversation with elements of frontal questioning
"Revived holiday"
Target. Cultivate an interest in studying the history of your country, a sense of pride and respect for the defenders of the state.
Introduce students to the history, meaning and significance of the national holiday;
Give an idea of the events of the early 17th century;
Contribute to the education of patriotic feelings, a sense of pride for the Motherland;
Equipment: multimedia projector, screen, Pover Point presentation.
Slide 1
November 4 in Russia National Unity Day is celebrated .
Our task is to find out why the holiday is “revived”.
Slide 2
National Unity Day was established in December 2004 by Russian President Vladimir Putin in memory of the events of 1612, when the people's militia led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky liberated Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian occupiers.
This is the youngest public holiday was celebrated for the first time in Russia on November 4, 2005.
This is a revived holiday having its own centuries-old history.
Slide 3.
Historically, this holiday is associated with the end of the Time of Troubles in Russia in the 17th century. V Troubles,
The Time of Troubles is the name of the tragic period in the history of our fatherland from 1598 to 1613. Chronologically, this period can be designated as 1584 - 1613. After the death of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible in 1584, his heir Fyodor Ioannovich ascended the throne, who showed little interest in state affairs. Tsar Fedor had no heirs, and his only successor, Tsarevich Dmitry, died in Uglich as a child. In 1598, Fyodor Ioannovich died, and the royal Rurik dynasty ended with him.
15 years in the history of Russia included so many events that in the history of any other state they would be more than enough for a good hundred years:
V
– three kings - Boris Godunov (1598–1605), False Dmitry I (1605–1606) and Vasily Shuisky (1606–1610);
Seven Boyars;
V Slide 4-5.
Boyar conspiracies and intrigues, V terrible famine (1601 - 1603), drought, plague epidemic.
V Slide 6-8
Cossack, Polish and simple bandits were rampant everywhere, mocking the Russian people with impunity, robbing, killing, and mocking shrines. Fires and violence started.
The Polish lords took advantage of the terrible situation, trying to enslave Rus'. In their insidious plans they used impostors False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II, who acted under the name of Tsarevich Dmitry.
Slide 9
Today it is difficult for us to imagine what the Russian people had to endure then. Here are just three historical fact Polish intervention:
– The siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery lasted 16 months (from September 1608 to January 1610). 15 thousand Poles could not break the spirit of two and a half (!) thousand Russians, of whom only every tenth remained alive by the last assault on July 31, 1609;
Slide 10 V 11
–
in September 1609, the Polish king Sigismund besieged Smolensk. The city is steadfast
V
lasted 20 months, although due to terrible scurvy (there was just no salt!) its population decreased by 9 times;
Open Polish intervention began.
V
- in March 1611, the Poles burned Moscow to Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin, where they took refuge themselves. There were about 60 thousand killed and burned Muscovites.
“..everything threatened the Russian land with inevitable destruction”...
Slide 12
And there would have been destruction if not for the faith and patriotism of the Russian people. Throughout the Russian land, indignation grew against the Poles and their dashing people.
Nizhny Novgorod took over the banner of the liberation struggle.
At a meeting of elected people who had gathered to talk about the disasters of the earth, the zemstvo elder and merchant Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk rose from his place. Nizhny Novgorod residents knew him as an active and practical person. At a city meeting, Kuzma Minin made his famous speech: “Orthodox, let us help the Moscow state, we will not spare our bellies, and not just our bellies - we will sell our yards, we will pawn our wives and children. It's a great thing! But God will help us."
The next day, a sacrificial impulse swept the entire city. People gave their last.
Slide 13
To lead the militia, Nizhny Novgorod residents decided to call upon the prince and governor, 30-year-old Novgorod prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, who was being treated nearby after being wounded, and sent delegations of Nizhny Novgorod townspeople to him for negotiations.
Pozharsky agreed, but on one condition: the treasury of the militia must have a special person with exceptional powers. This person was Kuzma Minin.
Kuzma Minin began to manage the militia treasury.
Slide 14
So these two people, elected by the people, became the heads of the Nizhny Novgorod militia.
From that time on, Pozharsky and Minin began to represent the only legitimate power in the Moscow state.
Slide 15
At the beginning of March 1611, the Nizhny Novgorod militia set out on a campaign. He was hurried by both time and the coming spring, which threatened the road with mud.
Slide 16
The Polish occupiers had their last refuge - the Kremlin, which came under a strong siege.
Slide 17
In August 1612 Militia detachments defeated the Polish army near the capital. October 22 / November 4, 1612 militia fighters led by Minin and Pozharsky took Kitay-Gorod by storm.
Slide18-19-20
With the militia, which was led by Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, was the miraculous icon of the Mother of God of Kazan. The Most Holy Lady took the militia under Her protection, and Russia was saved through Her intercession. Before the decisive battle, the Orthodox army endured a three-day fast and tearfully prayed to the Queen of Heaven in front of Her Kazan Icon for the granting of victory. The icon became the main shrine of the militia, a kind of battle banner.
On Sunday, October 25, Russian squads solemnly, with a procession of the cross, went to the Kremlin, carrying the Kazan Icon. The Poles, besieged in the Kremlin, exhausted by hunger and having lost hope of outside help, were forced to surrender. The command of the interventionist garrison signed the surrender. This day became a day of national celebration.
Slide 21
The confidence that it was thanks to the icon of the Kazan Mother of God that the victory was won was so deep that Prince Pozharsky, with his own money, specially built the Kazan Cathedral on the edge of Red Square. Amazingly beautiful, it is decorated with a large mosaic icon of the Kazan Mother of God. Above the entrance is an icon of the Savior.
Slide 22
By decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who reigned in 1645-1676, the obligatory celebration of November 4 was established in 1649 as a day of gratitude to the Blessed Virgin Mary for her help in liberating Russia from the Poles (celebrated until 1917). IN church calendar This day became known as the Celebration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in memory of the deliverance of Moscow and Russia from the Poles in 1612.
In 2004, the holiday was approved as National Unity Day by President V.V. Putin
Thus, National Unity Day is essentially not a new holiday at all, but a return to an old tradition. On National Unity Day in different cities our country's political parties and social movements organize rallies, processions and concerts, charity events and sporting events.
Slide 23 -24
Heroes and heroes in Rus', it seemed, had already disappeared. But there were two honest people who timidly and even seemingly reluctantly emerged from the faceless mass of Russian people - and only then, after their unparalleled feat, went back into the shadows. These two - a Russian peasant and a Russian service man - showed a rare example of selfless service to the fatherland. Therefore, it is no coincidence that their descendants, and only their image, decided to decorate Red Square.
Slide 25
A copy of the monument in Nizhny Novgorod. And in other cities of our country
Slide 26
The merits of Minin and Pozharsky were highly appreciated by the new autocrat: Pozharsky was granted a boyar, and Minin - a Duma nobleman (an act unprecedented at that time).
In the new Moscow government, Minin was entrusted with collecting treasury from all cities. He performed this work until his early death in 1616.
Prince Dmitry Pozharsky successfully led troops in battles against the Polish invaders. Since 1619 he actively worked in the Russian government, heading a number of Orders. Dmitry Pozharsky died on April 30, 1642.
Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky are among the most revered Russian national heroes.
Slide 27
Summary of the conversation. This historical page of our Fatherland has once again shown that in difficult times for the country, Russian people’s patriotic feelings are especially clearly manifested and their best qualities: selfless love for the Fatherland, greatest valor and heroism,
the ability to withstand the most difficult trials and defend one’s independence.
Additional Help
Monument to Minin and Pozharsky the work of the sculptor I. P. Martos (1752 - 1835) is one of the most famous monuments in Moscow. It was created from 1804 to 1815. on public donations and was installed on February 20, 1918 (old style) on Red Square opposite the entrance to the Upper Trading Rows.
The sculptor depicts the moment when Kuzma Minin, pointing his hand towards Moscow, hands Prince Pozharsky an ancient sword and calls on him to stand at the head of the Russian army. Leaning on the shield, the wounded governor rises from his bed, which symbolizes the awakening of national self-awareness in a difficult hour for the Fatherland. On the pedestal of the monument, decorated with two bas-reliefs, there is an inscription: "Grateful Russia to Prince Pozharsky and citizen Minin. 1818" .
In 1930, it was decided to move the sculpture so that it would not interfere with parades. From this time to the present day, the first monument in Moscow is located at the Intercession Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral).
Kazan Cathedral, consecrated in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, was built in the 20s of the 17th century at the expense of Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky in gratitude for his help and intercession in the fight against the Polish-Lithuanian invaders. The wooden Temple was consecrated by the Patriarch in the presence of the Tsar and Prince Pozharsky himself, who brought the revered icon of the Kazan Mother of God from the Church of the Presentation, where it was kept until the construction of the Kazan Cathedral.
A few years later, the Temple was seriously damaged by a fire and was restored from brick by the architects Glebov and Petrov in 1635-1637 by order of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. After the revolution, the Cathedral, like many other Temples, was destroyed. At first it was closed and turned into a canteen and warehouse, and in the summer of 1936 it was demolished, thus marking its three hundredth anniversary. Fortunately, the architect P. Baranovsky, carrying out the restoration in 1920, managed to make drawings and measurements. By decision of the Moscow government, the Kazan Cathedral on Red Square was restored according to the design of O. Zhurin, a student of P. Baranovsky.
www.kazaki-narod.ruhttp://famouspeople.ucoz.r u/news/4_nojabrja_1612_goda_osvobozhdenie_moskvy_ot_poljakov
http://pro 100-mica.livejournal.com/63696.html
1 slide
2 slide
On Unity Day we will be close, We will be together forever, All the nationalities of Russia In distant villages and cities! To live, work, build, sow bread, raise children, create, love and argue, protect the peace of people, honor ancestors, remember their deeds, avoid wars, conflicts, to fill life with happiness, to sleep under a peaceful sky!
3 slide
In 1612, the entire Russian land stood up against the Polish invaders and traitors. The battles for Moscow began. Prince Pozharsky turned out to be a talented commander. And Kozma Minin, not sparing his life, fought under the walls of the capital like a simple warrior.
4 slide
And then the glorious day came: the enemy army surrendered to the mercy of the victors! Prince Pozharsky entered Kitai-Gorod with Kazan icon Mother of God and vowed to build a temple in memory of this victory
5 slide
In 1649, by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, November 4, was declared a public holiday for the deliverance of Moscow and all of Russia from the invasion of the Poles in 1612. This day was celebrated for centuries until 1917.
6 slide
The reward for Minin and Pozharsky was people's memory. It is not for nothing that a monument to them stands on Red Square - in the very heart of Russia.
7 slide
The monument to Minin and Pozharsky is the very first in Moscow! However, it was initially planned to install it in Nizhny Novgorod - in the city where the militia was gathered. Fundraising began in 1803, and the work was entrusted to Ivan Martos. The sculptor depicted the moment when Kuzma Minin, pointing his hand towards Moscow, hands Prince Pozharsky an ancient sword and calls on him to stand at the head of the Russian army. Leaning on the shield, the wounded governor rises from his bed, which symbolizes the awakening of national self-awareness in a difficult hour for the Fatherland. They decided to erect the monument in Moscow, on Red Square.
Slide 1
Slide 2
Slide 3
Since 2005 it has been celebrated as National Unity Day. On December 16, 2004, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted amendments to the Federal Law “On Days of Military Glory (Victory Days of Russia).” One of the amendments was the introduction of a new holiday - National Unity Day - and the actual transfer of the state holiday from November 7 (Day of Accord and Reconciliation) to November 4. Currently, November 7 is the Day of Military Glory of Russia.
Slide 4
Few people know that back in 1649, by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God (October 22, old style) was declared a public holiday. In addition, at the beginning of the 20th century, on May 8, according to the old style, Kuzma Minin was remembered, whom Peter I called “the savior of the Fatherland.”
Slide 5
KUZMA MININ
Slide 6
Later, due to the revolution of 1917 and subsequent events, the tradition of celebrating the liberation of Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists and the day of the death of Kuzma Minin was interrupted. Thus, we can say that National Unity Day is not a new holiday, but a return to an old tradition.
Slide 7
Motherland and unity...Russia has been tested many times, and has more than once experienced times of chaos and hostility. When the country weakened, its neighbors attacked it, rushing to snatch a bigger and fatter piece. Internal and external storms shook the country to its very foundations. But the country rose from the ashes again and again. After each tragedy, she only became stronger, the envy of her enemies.
Slide 8
Slide 9
In the Russian capital at that time, supreme power was in the hands of a handful of boyars. Behind the backs of the masses, the boyars agreed with the interventionists to transfer the Moscow throne to the Polish prince Vladislav. Under cover of darkness, 8 thousand enemy soldiers secretly occupied the Kremlin.
Slide 10
Slide 11
But the people's strength was already maturing. Ryazan, Suzdal, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities gathered their militias. The people's army moved to liberate Moscow. Having learned about this, Muscovites perked up. On March 19, 1611, an uprising broke out in the city. Bloody battles raged for two days. The warriors of Zaraisky governor Dmitry Pozharsky fought in the most dangerous places.
Slide 12
PRINCE DMITRY POZHARSKY
Slide 13
Taking refuge in the stone Kremlin, the enemies set Moscow on fire. The wooden city burned like a giant bonfire. The uprising was drowned in fire, blood and tears. The militias approached Moscow too late, they didn’t have time. Nizhny Novgorod townsman Kuzma Minin looked sadly at the ashes. For four months the militia unsuccessfully besieged Moscow. It turned out to be powerless against the interventionists, because there was neither agreement nor a single leadership within it.
Slide 14
Soon after returning to Nizhny Kuzma, Minin was elected mayor. His fellow countrymen respected him for his remarkable intelligence, straightforwardness and patriotism. On October 1, 1611, thousands of Nizhny Novgorod residents and residents of surrounding villages gathered at the market square at the call of the elder Minin. He calls them into a new militia: “Let us stand with one mind as a whole and fall en masse on our enemies!”
Slide 15
Captivated by his speech, people donate money, rings, earrings, expensive furs, weapons and clothes to the common cause. Here, on the square, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was elected governor of the militia. His assistant was “the man elected from the whole earth” - Kuzma Minin. Minin and Pozharsky addressed letters to all Russian cities. They called for uniting in the struggle for the liberation of their native land from foreigners.
Slide 16
Thousands of peasants and townspeople, nobles, Cossacks, and boyar children marched under the banners of the militia. The Volga peoples also responded to the call. In a fierce battle on August 24, the selected army of the Polish king was defeated. The enemy units besieged in the Kremlin delayed negotiations for a long time and only signed capitulation on October 26.
Slide 17
KUZMA MININ IN THE DECISIVE ATTACK
Slide 18
On November 1, 1612, the people's militia solemnly entered the Kremlin to the sound of bells. The inspirers and organizers of the militia, Minin and Pozharsky, rode ahead on horses, followed by detachments of fighters with flying banners. Jubilant crowds greeted the winners. Our people saved their homeland, saved their faith and statehood.
Slide 19
The militia of Minin and Pozharsky is the only example in Russian history when the fate of the country and state was decided by the people themselves, without the participation of the authorities as such. This test helped Russia realize its national unity and appreciate the forces it had to defend it.
Slide 20
Tell me, guys, do you know how the Russians thanked the militia heroes? Even those who have not been to Moscow know this monument.