The first Congress of Russian Geography Teachers was convened in 1915 and was held in the old building of Moscow State University on Mokhovaya Street. It was initiated by one of the prominent figures of the Russian Geographical Society, Dmitry Anuchin. I Congress of Geography Teachers in modern history Russian Federation was held in October 2011 in Moscow, at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
Teachers discussed the concept geographical education
November 2, 2016 at Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, the second All-Russian Congress of Geography Teachers, organized by Moscow State University named after M.V., began its work. Lomonosov together with the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the Russian Geographical Society, the Russian Academy of Education and the Russian Association of Geography Teachers. More than five hundred geography teachers and methodologists from all regions, including laureates of regional teacher competitions, nominees for grants from the President of Russia in the field of education, mentors of winners of the All-Russian Olympiads for schoolchildren in geography, gathered at Moscow University.
The participants and delegates of the congress were tasked with discussing the draft “Concept for the development of general geographical education in the Russian Federation”, adding their comments and suggestions to it, in order to submit the finalized version to the government. It should be noted that the discussion of the document has been ongoing for several months - both on the Internet and in the framework of seminars and other events. During this time, the developers received more than 500 amendments. To what extent were they taken into account in the version of the document that was presented at the congress? Some participants and delegates noted that their comments were not taken into account during the revision, and the questions that concern them remained unanswered.
The main difference between the version of the Concept presented at the congress and the original one is that the latest version places emphasis on the study of geography in school (the original project considered all levels of geographical education - from preschool to higher education).
Increase the number of hours and introduce mandatory exams
At the congress, discussions took place within the framework of round tables and sections, the topics of which reflected the main directions of implementation of the Concept - from the modernization of the content of geographical education and modern educational technologies in teaching the subject, to the system of training and advanced training of teachers and the popularization of geography.
The main concern of teachers is that in recent years geography at school has become a secondary subject. An insufficient number of hours are allocated for its study - for example, in grades 5-6 - 1 hour per week. During this time, according to teachers, it is impossible to lay a foundation of knowledge and instill a love for the subject. The ineffectiveness of one-hour courses has long been proven: children quickly forget information received in such a volume.
The Concept offers different options for allocating time for studying the subject, including educational institutions are recommended to formulate curriculum according to the following scheme: in grades 6-9 - 2 hours per week, in grades 8-9 - 1 hour per week to study an additional course “Geography of the native land”; V high school at the basic level, include geography as a compulsory academic subject for at least 2 hours in the 10th grade and 1 hour in the 11th grade. The Concept also proposes to significantly expand the number of universities and areas of training that accept the Unified State Exam in Geography as mandatory.
Currently, there are very few such universities, which is why, according to Rosobrnadzor, only about 18 thousand graduates took the Unified State Examination in Geography in 2016 (less than 3% of total number). For comparison, about half of school graduates chose social studies, since the Unified State Examination in this discipline is mandatory for admission to most economic and legal specialties, which are so popular among applicants.
Atlas 1 part of the course “Geography of Russia. Nature. Population" is intended for students of the 8th grade of general education educational institutions. The atlas contains sections: the geographical location of Russia, the formation and study of the territory of the state, relief and mineral resources, climate, water resources, environmental protection and population. To visually analyze statistical data and increase the clarity of the displayed information, the atlas contains anamarphosis maps. The atlas forms a holistic geographical image of Russia. The contents of the atlas correspond to the federal component educational standard.
BuyAnother measure that, according to the authors of the Concept, should solve the problem of attracting attention to geography and strengthening its role is the introduction of mandatory OGE and USE in geography. By the way, Minister of Education and Science Olga Vasilyeva, who spoke on the second day of the congress, approved this initiative, noting that it needs to be discussed in detail, including from the point of view of financing.
“Obligation will not help matters”
True, many experts are skeptical about these proposals. Thus, Academician of the Russian Academy of Education, editor-in-chief of the magazine “Geography at School” Mikhail Viktorovich Ryzhakov draws attention to the fact that “in accordance with the Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” and the Federal State Educational Standard, the content of education is determined by the participants educational process independently, and the reduction in hours for geography indicates, first of all, that school administrations do not see much benefit from studying this discipline.”
“The introduction of mandatory OGE and USE will not help matters either - fundamental changes in the structure and content of the school course are required,” M. V. Ryzhakov is convinced. In his opinion, “today it is a very difficult written subject, the material of which is overloaded and often incomprehensible even to good students.” This position is shared by practical teachers who, in their speeches at the congress sections, said that the complexity of the material being studied does not correspond age characteristics students, and this discourages interest in the subject.Much also depends on textbooks, which should be written in accessible, vivid language. Teachers proposed developing unified approaches to creating ; clarify the list of topics required for study in this subject; agree on scientific interpretations of problematic issues.
An equally important question is how to motivate students to study geography and prove the need for this subject in later life.
How to make geography interesting and in demand?
An interesting discussion took place on this topic within the framework of the congress, in which, along with teachers, well-known TV presenters Anastasia Chernobrovina and Valdis Pelsh, editor-in-chief of the My Planet TV channel Nikolai Tabashnikov and other representatives of the media took part. They shared their vision of how to make geography a fascinating and relevant subject. To do this, it is necessary to use all possible means - from traditional ( fiction about travel, popular science and documentaries about nature) to modern ones - such as distance learning, interactive teaching methods. And yet, by all accounts, no computer technology can replace the live impressions that children can receive during travel, excursions, and trips around their home country. However, this is becoming increasingly difficult to implement in practice due to the financial costs and administrative obstacles associated with ensuring the safety of children.
It all starts with the teacher
But enthusiastic teachers manage to successfully overcome these barriers. As Honored Teacher of the Russian Federation Igor Shidlovsky said, in capital school No. 1282, where he works, training expeditions are carried out regularly - both in Moscow and abroad. Moreover, students do not just walk around cities and villages, but carry out specific teacher tasks related not only to the study of geography, but also other subjects - history, literature, biology.
“We need to return to educational expeditions and integrate geography with other disciplines,” Igor Shidlovsky is convinced. - On such trips, children learn about the culture, history, and nature of their native land. Today, children have scattered knowledge in each subject, but geography unites everything around it and creates a holistic picture of the world.” Natalya Tsvetkova, a geography teacher from the city of Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region, proposed to write down in the concept the requirements for mandatory expeditions, excursions, and the organization of practical classes in the process of studying geography. According to her, as long as these types of activities exist only at the advisory level, teachers themselves have to find the time and money to carry them out.
Contour maps are intended for 8th grade students of general education institutions. The contour maps reflect the topics of the course "Geography of Russia. Nature. Population": the geopolitical position of Russia, administrative-territorial structure, relief and mineral resources, climate and agro-climatic resources, water resources, soil resources and population. The cards are equipped with tasks. Working with contour maps, students will learn to find and remember geographical objects, understand their relationships, and characterize phenomena.
BuyAccording to the general opinion, only a qualified teacher who knows and loves his subject can instill an interest in geography. However, as the congress participants noted, approximately two-thirds of geography teachers in the regions do not have a specialized education. Budget admission to the geography departments of pedagogical universities is minimal and amounts to 5 places in some regions, and even this minimum is not allocated every year. Training in advanced training courses also does not always meet modern requirements.
Unanswered questions, or a set of good wishes
At the same time, the concept does not provide a clear answer to the question of how to effectively solve these problems. For example, it is proposed to “introduce a system of measures aimed at preserving and reproducing the human resources of geography teachers: bonuses and incentive grants for teachers who demonstrate outstanding success in teaching geography; implement material and technical incentive programs (equipping geography classrooms) educational institutions showing the best results in training,” etc. However, it is not indicated with what funds these plans will be implemented.
The document does not give a clear answer to the question in which direction the structure and content of the school geography course should be reformed - it only states that school geography courses lag behind modern achievements in the field of geographical science, and how this lag will be overcome is unclear. All this turns the concept into a set of good wishes and recommendations, not supported by specific sources of funding and a clear strategy for further action. Despite such significant shortcomings, the concept is planned to be submitted to the government as soon as possible - this was stated by both the Minister of Defense, President of the Russian Geographical Society Sergei Shoigu, and Olga Vasilyeva, concluding the work of the congress.
As the Minister of Education and Science emphasized, “the developed draft Concept should become the basis for systemic changes in school geographical education, which are long overdue.”
Here's what experts think about the last congress and the concept
Viktor Dronov, corresponding member of RAO, author of teaching materials on geography: “The concept needs to be improved - since some of its provisions are incorrectly formulated from the point of view of existing documents. For example, such concepts as “minimum content of education” and “basic curriculum” are a thing of the past with the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard. Their mention in the text of the document indicates that the developers do not fully take into account the educational situation in which the concept should be implemented. It is unclear to me how these archaisms remained in the text of the document after numerous edits. In general, it is not clear why, without fully implementing the new school standards, we began to develop concepts for subjects, because in the form in which they are adopted, they revive the old disease of our school - subject-centrism, which contradicts the meta-subject ideology of the Federal State Educational Standard. The concept also needs to be supplemented with a document on approaches to the creation of new teaching materials in geography (these issues are covered in the document fragmentarily and separately).”
Inna Shimlina, Dean of the Faculty of Natural Geography, Novokuznetsk Branch of Kemerovo State University: “The Concept confuses two concepts - “geographical education” and “geographical enlightenment.” The first is addressed to schoolchildren and students, the second - to the general population. The content of geographical education is not regulated in the document; it does not say in what volume it should be, what level it should correspond to, whether geography will be divided into physical and economic or whether it is a complex study. And there are a lot of such unprocessed moments. Before writing the Concept, we need to answer the question: what results do we want to get from its implementation? The authors of the document do not give an answer to this question - despite the fact that all modern education focuses on the results specified in the standards. The concept needs to be refined and discussed again.” “The congress made a mixed impression. Of course, it’s good that thanks to this event, teachers and methodologists had the opportunity to meet and communicate, but as for the main topic - the concept, I experienced some disappointment. The task of the congress should not be the adoption of the concept, but an interesting, vibrant, professional discussion of the document. However, from the very beginning of the congress, the organizers of this event made it clear to its participants and delegates that the concept would be adopted regardless of the results of the upcoming discussions at the congress. The concept has been discussed for quite a long time; there have been many disputes, proposals, and critical comments expressed by many teachers, methodologists, and scientists. But, according to the admission of many participants in the discussions, they (the proposals) were not only not included in the version presented at the congress, but, as it were, were not even considered. I agree with the opinion of M.V. Ryzhakova, that the concept does not reflect the achievements in the field of teaching school geography courses, that many important ideas of geographical education are considered in the current concept as “from scratch.” It is important that serious and, most importantly, reasoned comments were made at the congress on the structure of the Concept and its content. And these were substantive comments, and by no means just stylistic.
It is sad that even in the final speech of N.S. Kasimov, just before the vote, it was not defined what “general geographical education” is, whether it is synonymous with “school geographical education”. And this is strange, since from the very beginning, at different stages, the “Concept for the development of geographical education ...” was discussed, then the “Concept of general geographical education” appeared. These inaccuracies are extremely significant. It remains unclear who had the right to vote for the adoption of the document under discussion: only the congress delegates or the delegates and participants? In the latter case, it is not clear how the status of those gathered differed? And most importantly, what was ultimately adopted by the participants and delegates of the congress: the congress resolution (but its text was not read out) or the Draft Concept (then which option, with what amendments)? Unfortunately, there are more questions than answers. It is a pity that at the congress there was no continuity with the previous congress: there was no conversation about what was done according to the decisions taken at the First Congress, what did not work out and for what reasons. It seems that such an analysis could become the basis for a more substantive conversation about the new Concept. It’s a pity that they didn’t remember, didn’t honor the memory of those who passed away over the years -V.P. Maksakovsky, G.I. Kotelnikov and others. I sincerely congratulate the teachers and methodologists who were awarded diplomas from the Russian Geographical Society. Without detracting from the merits of those awarded, I am just as sincerely perplexed: why are there so few (!) teachers and methodologists whose work is noted and noticed at least with a diploma. Were there really no other worthy people in the room? Of course, there were more than a dozen. All that remains is to rejoice at the meetings with colleagues.”
Geography education concept in high school
School geography is going through a very difficult period. The prestige of geography is falling. Despite the fact that geography is a core curriculum compulsory subject, the hours spent studying it are reduced.
Society is undergoing profound changes in social and economic life. All this, as well as modern scientific achievements, required the creation of a new concept of school geography. It is necessary to show the importance of geography in the formation of personality as a unique science, which in its complex shows the unity of nature-society-economy, analyzes cause-and-effect relationships, predicts and offers solutions to economic, social and environmental problems.
Without geographical knowledge and skills, without the idea of the Earth as a single whole and at the same time heterogeneous space, without geographical culture modern human activity is impossible.
Goals and objectives of school geographical education
on the basis of specific geographical material, form a system of principles and views in relation to the Earth as one’s home, the only habitat.
based on an integrated approach, create a holistic perception of the world, give an idea of geographical objects and phenomena, their diversity in nature and society, and explain their objectivity. Consider each region as a single territorial social system.
pay special attention to identifying, studying, and analyzing cause-and-effect relationships. Students must understand that everything in the world is interconnected and interdependent, all objects and phenomena develop in time and space. Hence the need to consider everything historically, in development, to be able to predict consequences, to anticipate the emergence of problems, and to be able to propose solutions to them.
Geography is a territorial science, therefore it is necessary to link all objects, phenomena and processes to a specific place. This necessitates the ability to use a map as a source of information.
formation of an ecological culture, understanding of the meaning and role of each person in the nature-man-society system.
Main directions of school geography
Humanitarianization (“humanization”). This is knowledge about the role of outstanding personalities in the development of geography. Consideration of all objects, phenomena, processes in relation to a person. The influence of nature on the development of material and spiritual culture, the role of nature in the formation of morality, national traditions environmental management and farming. The role of man in the formation of modern landscapes.
The local history approach to the study of geography is maximum attention to one’s own region, starting from the surroundings of the school and ending with the territory of one’s region (region). Included is knowledge of factual material in one’s own region and manifestations of general physical-geographical patterns and cause-and-effect relationships in familiar terrain. It is also proposed to introduce comprehensive local history courses in grades VI-X.
Greening geography courses based on the education of love and respect for the Earth as the home where we live. The basic principle: think globally, act locally. The role of each person in solving environmental problems.
Differentiated approach. This is a clear division of geographical content into levels: for reference, a basic level of, in-depth study. In addition, specialized and specialized courses, blocks, etc., this requires alternative programs and textbooks.
An integrated approach to the study of individual regions based on acquired knowledge of general geography.
Structure of school courses
Geography should not be studied in primary school, because... there it is taught by non-specialists. They make mistakes that are difficult to correct later. In addition, children have the impression that they have already studied everything, and this reduces interest in geography in high school.
V grade - course “Natural history” on a local history basis.
Grade VI - physical geography of the world. General geographical patterns, concepts, and ideas are studied. 2-3 hours are allotted to the continents and oceans for a general presentation.
VII class - physical geography of Russia. (Nature of Russia).
VIII class - economic and social geography of Russia.
Class IX - general physical and economic geography.
Class X - economic and social geography of the world.
Material support for the educational process
To ensure a complete study of geography at school, a complete set of teaching aids is required. Each program must have: a textbook, atlas, workbook, teacher’s manual, contour maps, a book for students, a set of wall maps.
A textbook should be not just a book to read, but a guide for independent work, reflection, formation of general educational and special skills.
There should be textbooks in the same volume in their field.
The concept of school geographical education was discussed and approved at a meeting of the Council of the IUU Geography Cabinet.
Kozarenko A.E.
Geology place
in a modern school geography course
Geology is a fundamental science closely related to geography. Without geological knowledge, the very existence of geography is impossible. The modern appearance of the Earth cannot be explained without the geological past. The lithosphere is the lithogenic basis of the geographic envelope. Rocks are the substrate on which various landscapes are formed. They are also subject to human activities, which can result in environmental disasters.
An analysis of modern school curricula in geography and corresponding textbooks has shown that geological knowledge takes up about 5% of the teaching time allocated to geography. At the same time, for example, the topic “Atmosphere” occupies 15-20% of teaching time. The number and continuity of geological concepts in school geography courses are shown below.
In sixth grade geography textbooks, about 100 geological concepts are given, of which from 20 to 50% are retained in grades VII-XI. In VII grade textbooks, the number of geological concepts is somewhat reduced. About 30-60% of these concepts are used in grades VIII-XI. The maximum amount of geological material falls on class VIII (about 150). Textbooks for grades IX-XI mainly use the names of minerals (16 40 concepts and minerals)
All geography courses and almost all existing school textbooks use the concepts of minerals, deposits, the terms “mineral”, “rock”, “geology” and some others. Unfortunately, many concepts covered and used in grade VI are not used in grades VII-XI. IN textbooks In economic geography, the baggage of previous classes is practically not used. It is also necessary to note not only the depletion of mineral reserves, but also the environmental consequences of anthropogeny for the lithosphere.
A large number of different geography textbooks for high school, released recently, reflects the diversity of approaches to teaching geography. However, many of them suffer from inaccuracies and even gross errors in the presentation of geological knowledge. Outdated geological information is often used. For example, it is argued that the prebiogenic stage of development of the geographical envelope ended 570 million years ago. However, the enormous role of organisms in the formation of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere in the Precambrian is known, as was pointed out by V.I. Vernadsky.
We offer a scheme and sequence for studying geological knowledge in school geography courses.
VIClass. The origin of the Earth as a planet and its internal structure. The main minerals and rocks that make up the earth's crust. The concept of geotectonics and its methods. Internal geological processes: intrusive and effusive magmatism (volcanism). Metamorphism. Minerals of igneous and metamorphic origin. Structural main elements earth's crust: continents and oceans, platforms and moving belts. Common features their structure and development. Tectonic maps. External processes: weathering, geological activity of fluids surface waters, groundwater, glaciers, wind, sea. Sedimentary formation rocks and the most important minerals of sedimentary origin. Participation of living organisms in the formation of the earth's crust, atmosphere and hydrosphere.
VIIClass. Modern ideas about the structure of the lithosphere and the earth's crust. Types of the earth's crust. Basic geotectonic hypotheses. Lithospheric plates: mechanism and reasons for their movement. Development of mobile belts and mountain formation. Destruction of mountains under the influence of external processes. Formation of platforms. Dependence of large landforms on the geological structure of the earth's crust. Minerals platforms and moving belts. Geological cycle of matter.
VIIIClass. Relief and structure of the earth's crust in Russia. Geological chronology. Geochronology and stratigraphy. Geochronological table. Geological map and map of Quaternary deposits. The concept of paleontology and the restoration of physical and geographical settings of the geological past. General patterns development of the Earth: periodicity and direction of geological processes. Baikal, Caledonian, Hercynian, Mesozoic and Alpine tectonic cycles. Geological history of Russia in the Neogene and Quaternary periods. Man as a geological force. The concept of the noosphere V.I. Vernadsky.
IXClass. Mineral resources of Russia and patterns of their distribution. Fuels and ore minerals. Agrochemical and chemical raw materials. Environmental geology is an integral part of geoecology. Ecological functions of the lithosphere: resource, geodynamic and geochemical. Ecological geology of Russia.
XClass. Mineral resources of the world and patterns of their distribution. Global environmental geology and man.
Kornienko E.V.
Moscow, school No. 1314
A new approach to teaching geography
The volume of educational material increases every year, and the number of hours decreases, so what should we teach children in this situation?
The main questions that a geography teacher must answer when considering the next lesson are what kind of thinking ability can be formed in children by working with this geographical material, and whether there are thinking abilities that are more adequately formed in geography lessons.
Reflecting on these questions and testing them in practice, I came to the conclusions that I want to introduce you to.
Geography certainly has its place in common system school subjects. Due to the established schedule of hours in different subjects in different classes, the natural science course begins with geography (natural history). And this confronts the teacher with the task of teaching children to distinguish between subject fields. This is not a trivial task at all, because... in this case, the child must understand what he is exploring together with the teacher and what methods and means are available in the arsenal of this subject. The object of research is nature, and the means are data obtained from physics, chemistry, zoology, which children will begin to study later. Thus, at the first stage, geography is intended to equip the child with cultural means developed in natural science subjects. This is a system of distinctions and the basis (parameters) of these distinctions, obtained primarily in physics. In other words, the student must master the language of the subject and understand how to obtain parameters (temperature, altitude, speed, etc.). In pedagogical practice, this is called mastery of subject concepts. But that's not true. A substitution is taking place in beautiful words real pedagogical activity of a different type. To master a concept means to know in what real situation a given word arose and what real situation was resolved due to this. We must realize that the teacher, as well as the methodologists, do not possess such knowledge. This is not taught either at the university or at the pedagogical institute.
Here a colossal field of creativity opens up for the teacher together with the children. To teach a child to master concepts, and not to know a large number of definitions of concepts - that is the task of geography. In pedagogical activity, it is necessary to strive to create such learning situations in which the student will begin to generate the necessary system of concepts and thereby master them.
Moscow school No. 1314 (Experimental Methodological College) is engaged in the methodology for creating such educational situations. This methodological form was called the Task Form of Class Organization (ZFO).
The main idea of geographical education is to help the child acquire knowledge, not information. Knowledge is understood not only as proficiency in the language of the subject, but also as an understanding of the specifics of obtaining (a set of measuring tools) and the limitations of knowledge (a set of models). As an example, I will give 2 models. This is the theory of geosynclines and the theory of the movement of lithospheric plates, which teachers use to explain the features of the relief and the nature of the occurrence of rocks. Each of the models has its own limitations and it is also necessary to familiarize children with this.
Geographic subjectivity contains a special mental ability - the ability to make a forecast. Therefore, the main goal of geographical education is to develop the ability to forecast. All of the above is part of the ability to predict.
In this regard, each subsequent geography course has its own pedagogical task:
V VI grade - Mastery of the system of distinctions and the formation of concepts;
VII grade - Mastery of model representations;
Grade VIII - Mastering the ability to forecast
At the same time, each course contains what is indicated in the previous one, but the emphasis shifts.
For grades IX-X, didactic work has the goal of developing design abilities and positional analysis various situations. It is in economic geography courses that children must work with knowledge systems of various subjects, understand their limitations and be able to use them for forecasts and analyses.
Lobzhanidze A.A.
Ph.D., Moscow State Pedagogical University
President of RAUG
On approaches to the formation of modern
geographical education
The world facing students studying in the 21st century will be more life-threatening, environmentally critical, and unpredictable in an increasingly competitive and interconnected global economy. In this regard, the importance of geographical education is sharply increasing, which must undergo certain reforms in connection with the transition to a 12-year school.
IN modern world Geography as a science is not limited to collecting various information. Geography deals more with figuring out questions and solving problems than with memorizing isolated facts. These are the basic questions that geographers ask when studying the Earth: “Where is something located?” “Why is it there?” “How did it get there?” “How do these interact with each other?”
What is geography, how academic discipline? Often it is focused specifically on memorizing facts and collecting geographic information. In the context of the transition to a new Concept of geographical education, it is necessary to move away from the factual approach and strengthen the activity approach, creating the necessary conditions to implement the following basic skills in Russian schoolchildren:
answer geographical questions;
acquire geographic information;
organize (present) geographic information;
analyze geographic information;
Ability to answer geographic questions and today it is one of the main skills developed in geography lessons. However, it is important that students develop geographic questions on their own. It is important to teach students to think about possible answers to these questions because various assumptions lead to the development of hypotheses, which in turn lead to the search for geographic information.
Acquisition of geographic information. To answer geographic questions, students must begin collecting geographic information
Schoolchildren should be able to collect data from various sources: scientific papers, field research materials, periodicals, various types maps, use sources of graphic information, interviews, statistical data.
Sources of geographical information, especially the results of field work carried out by students, are important in the geographical study of schoolchildren, arouse their curiosity, and make geography a more useful and practically relevant subject. This promotes the active study of theoretical issues of geography in order to formulate new questions and problems through observation, and enhances the perception of natural and social processes.
Organization of geographic information. All collected geographic information must be organized and displayed in various ways through analysis and interpretation. Data must be systematized and presented in visual (graphical) forms: graphs, charts, tables, photographs, cartograms and maps. This approach is especially useful when the visual forms students produce are accompanied by oral or written comments. The creative potential of schoolchildren should be fully demonstrated in the development of various types of maps, graphs and diagrams (including electronic ones). They best reflect the data collected by the student.
Making your own maps can mean using sketch maps, in written work, or as a result of observations in the field. For schoolchildren, making a map should become as simple and natural as writing a paragraph. Students must be skilled in creating map symbols, using scale, and being able to critically evaluate information displayed on maps.
Geographic Information Analysis includes selection significant examples or phenomena in natural or social environment. Analytical processes lead to answers to the questions that were originally the purpose of the study and should lead to the development of geographical models and generalizations. Developing generalizations and conclusions based on collected, organized and analyzed data is the pinnacle of student research activity.
Skills associated with answering geographic questions include the ability to draw conclusions based on information obtained in graphical form (maps, tables, graphs) or in oral and written responses.
Scale is important in developing answers to geographic questions. This skill includes the ability to distinguish generalizations that apply at the local level from those that apply at the global level of the problem.
Developing generalizations requires students to use information that they themselves have collected, processed, and analyzed. Generalizations can be made using inductive or deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning requires students to synthesize geographic information to answer questions and draw conclusions. Deductive reasoning requires students to identify questions, collect and evaluate evidence, and determine whether generalizations are appropriate by testing them in real-world work.
Schoolchildren, in the course of geographical research, must master a civic position, disseminating the results of their own research into real actions in the natural and social environment. If a student is able to connect the results obtained that answer geographical questions with life, then this is the skill of a real citizen.
Geographic information can be presented in the form of an artistic or literary work, a game or a video. Computer multimedia programs and the international computer network “Internet” provide a wide opportunity for obtaining modern geographic information. Selecting the optimal means of providing answers to geographic questions is an important skill for schoolchildren. It is important that students understand that there are alternative ways to obtain geographic information and know how to use them.
DocumentResults of licensing of educational activities, certification, state accreditation and inspection of educational institutions and municipal educational authorities of the Chelyabinsk region for the 2001-2002 academic year
The influence of Orthodox culture on spiritual life in Siberia in the 17th and early 20th centuries
BookProstak S.L., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of Humanities and Public Relations of the Novokuznetsk branch of the St. Petersburg Institute of Foreign Economic Relations, Economics and Law.
New concept of geographical education
in a Russian high school
Unfortunately, schoolchildren's interest in geography is steadily declining. School geography does not ensure the formation of the geographical, political, economic, and environmental culture of children. The school's geography rating is extremely low. This attitude of schoolchildren is shared, sadly, by many adults. If you only need to take study hours from somewhere at school in the interests of one or another “fashionable” subject, then, first of all, geography suffers. A low-priority attitude towards geography is also typical of some people at the helm of national education. This refers to the Moscow Committee of Education, which tried to exclude geography altogether from grades VI and X, some employees of the Ministry of Education and others.
The question arises as to why geography is becoming an unloved school subject. The answer, in my opinion, is threefold: over the past 10-20 years, radically:
the world has changed, including our country;
children have changed;
Geographical science itself has changed.
At the same time, secondary geographical education has not changed at its core for many decades, although “cosmetic renovations”, of course, were carried out: something was removed, something was added, and emphasis was changed in some places.
Therefore, we urgently need a new federal concept, a new strategy for the development of secondary geographical education, radically different from the one that has existed for more than half a century. Only after the adoption at the federal level of the concept of average geographicaleducation, it will be possible to begin developing state standards,new programs, textbooks, etc., but in no case vice versa as they are trying to do now. In addition, the new concept should take into account the world experience in the development of geographical education, focused in the relevant documents of the International Geographical Union.
I believe that the current program (the concept, it seems to me, does not exist at all) of secondary geographical education suffers from the following shortcomings:
1. The entire geography course is overly difficult, drawn out and academic; it does not correspond to the age characteristics of children. It contains a lot of repetitions, a lot of questions that are quite complex and at the same time secondary for a student.
2. For children, the transition from primitive natural history in the 5th grade to a very complex course in general physical geography in the 6th grade is extremely painful.
3. There is a “gap” between physical geography, studied in grades VI-III, and economic and social geography, studied in grades IX-X.
4. Courses in the physical and economic geography of Russia are too isolated; they seem to pull Russia out of the world community and are given in isolation from global processes and phenomena. One of the fundamental principles of geographical research is missing: comparison. This refers to a comparison of processes and phenomena in Russia with similar manifestations in various regions of the world. This approach is the inertia of old thinking, when the former USSR existed in a closed bloc system.
5. The course in economic and social geography of the world, on the contrary, is given without Russia, which, in the context of increasing integration processes and Russia’s entry into the world economy, also raises serious doubts.
6. Geography courses are oversaturated with rather narrow issues, while such priority areas as regional studies, geoecology, geopolitics, global studies, concept sustainable development and a number of others are extremely poorly lit.
7. Geography courses are in no way consistent with the world experience of geographical education.
8. Geography textbooks are objectively very good, but they do not correspond to the level or needs of the average Russian schoolchild, who, as a rule, is not used to working with literature. Textbooks in their form remained at the level of the 50-70s, while foreign textbooks (even in former socialist countries) have undergone fundamental changes.
Taking into account the stated shortcomings, the following conceptual structure of secondary geographical education (for a 12-year school) is proposed.
1. In order to ensure a painless transition from primary school To study geography as a science, it is proposed to begin studying geography at an older age, and it is advisable to “build” a kind of “bridge” from primitive natural history to very difficult issues of geography, while simultaneously getting children interested and teaching them to work with maps. As such a bridge VVIIclass offers the course “History of Geographical Ideas and Discoveries.” In passing, we note that such an important cultural layer as the history of geographical discoveries and settlement of the Earth in geography and history courses is given superficially, without any systematicity.
2. At an older age, i.e. VVIIIclass offers the course “General Geography”, significantly simplified compared to the current program, where general physical and geographical concepts are taught over three years.
3. INIX Xclasses offer an integrated course “Country Studies”, within which the topic is provided “Russia” (entirelyXClass). It studies both individual regions and some countries that play a significant role in international relations or stand out in some way from other countries. In each region, nature, population, its traditions, way of life, economy, and social problems will be studied. In this case, the emphasis will be on the most characteristic features inherent in this region. Of course, the physical-geographical and economic-geographical components when considering Russia are reduced and, conversely, the ethnographic, geopolitical, geodemographic, geoecological and socio-geographical components are strengthened. The main strength of this course is its complexity so that the student feels the “portrait” of a region or country, with priority, naturally, being given to Russia.
4. B XIand partly inXIIclasses offer a much more complex course - “Geography of the Modern World”. Unlike the current course “Economic and Social Geography of the World,” the proposed picture of the world is given through the prism of global problems, with Russia being a full-fledged, if not the main, participant in this “picture.” In this course, sectoral and regional components will be significantly reduced. At the same time, problematic, even philosophical questions that concern humanity are intensifying. The last two courses - “Country Studies” and “Geography of the Modern World” are based on the conceptual idea of a single, indivisible and at the same time contradictory world, where Russia takes its rightful place. Having studied a geography course, a student should feel not only like a citizen of an open, free Russia, but also a citizen of the planet, responsible for its safe and “sustainable” future. The gap between physical and economic geography is also being bridged; starting from grade IX, children actually study simply “geography”, while its social vector is clearly strengthened. And finally, the concept implies the creation of appropriate programs and textbooks. They should be simpler and more intelligible. More colorful bright maps, charts, graphs, tables, photographs, drawings and even comics.
The total number of hours allocated to geography - 374 hours - has not changed compared to the current program. This Concept is offered as an alternative.
Zorin Yu.V.
teacher-researcher
school No. 102, Perm
On the issue of the concept of updating geographical education
in a Russian school on the threshold of the 21st century
Undoubtedly, it is relevant to raise the question of the need to revise the content of geographical education, its goals and objectives.
Geography is a classic school discipline involved in the formation of a scientific picture of the earth's world. In the same time distinctive features Geography is broad in scope, interdisciplinary in nature and methodology, which extends from the natural to the social sciences.
Thus, in conditions modern school Geography should become the link, practically the only one, that helps students understand the close relationship between natural and social disciplines, nature and society as a whole.
The structure of school geography should help solve these problems.
Studying geography should help change the consciousness of students, rethinking personal responsibility for everything that happens in this world.
Updating the content of geographical education should begin in primary school. Children are open to new knowledge and skills, which is why the study of other peoples, their cultures, lifestyles, and places of residence should begin at this stage, naturally at a highly generalized figurative and descriptive level accessible to the child.
Particular attention should be paid to the subject of natural history studied in grades IV (V). It should be filled with geographic information. Perhaps it is in this course that schoolchildren should begin to become acquainted with the history of geographical discoveries and exploration of our planet.
The further structure of training can be presented as follows:
In the sixth grade, on the basis of local history material, students are introduced to the elements of the geographical environment and a geographical map.
In the 7th grade, the study of the geography of Russia begins and at the same time the study of the fundamentals of general geoscience continues using examples related to one’s own country.
VIII-IX grades. Study of continents, oceans, countries of the world on a territorial basis. Characteristics of the characteristics of nature, resources, population, lifestyle, economy, both individual regions and individual states are given.
At the beginning of the course certain theoretical material, which should help better understand some issues of economic and social geography.
In the 10th grade, it seems to me, a course of the type offered by V. Gorbanev is needed (Geography at school, No. 6, 1996, under the code name “Modern World”). In it, among other things, students will gain an understanding of subjects not studied in most schools, for example, sociology, political science, etc., which will help them in their future choice of profession.
I am teaching a similar course this year in the 11th grade of school No. 102 in Perm for students who are studying geography in depth according to the program I have compiled.
The course is called “Territorial organization of social life”. The course program was approved by Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Head. Department of Economic and Social Geography of Perm State University Sharygin.
I really wanted there to be a place for geography in the 11th grade. This suggests a course that generalizes everything previously studied at a higher theoretical level. Such a course would help shape the scientific worldview of schoolchildren. I would create a holistic understanding of the patterns of economic and social distribution, the role of geographical sciences in optimizing the relationship between man and nature.
Ivanov Yu.P.
Pedagogical Institute, Novokuznetsk
Contemporary issues
school geographical education
Modern geographical science is experiencing a revolutionary information revolution, enhanced by other achievements of scientific and technological revolution. There is a rethinking of the place of geography among other geosciences, a restructuring of its theoretical basis. Revolutionary transformations in geography are far from complete, and the coming millennium will likely be marked by major discoveries in geographical science, in particular at the intersection of geography with biology, chemistry, physics, ecology, astronomy, psychology, medicine and other sciences. The “groundedness” of geographical science comes into conflict with the range of its interests. Thanks to diverse research, the comic nature of geography has become more obvious.
The school course “geography” is undergoing a rapid transformation, which is mainly associated with the general restructuring of the education system. The content plan of school geography remains largely the same. The descriptive-explanatory direction of school geography remains dominant.
The activity approach to teaching geography, started by V.P. Sukhov. (1997), finds more and more supporters every year. However, the methodological support of the educational process remains extremely unsatisfactory. Personally-centered learning, as it were, goes tangentially around school geography, which indicates that the reassessment of values associated with the reorientation of learning is in many ways not yet completed. School geography remains, as before, not a means for students to learn about the world around them, but a subject that loads the student with information about geographical objects, phenomena, and processes. The traditional attitude of students towards the principle “we are being taught” slows down their cognitive activity. The acquired knowledge does not become part of the student’s personality and is therefore easily forgotten. Calls from enthusiasts to transform the educational process into research activities remain largely unclaimed, since many do not understand why this is necessary. “Any attempt by a teacher educator to introduce knowledge and moral standards into a child, bypassing the child’s own activity in mastering them, undermines the very foundations of the child’s healthy mental and moral development, the education of his personal properties and qualities” (1).
New problems cannot be solved using old methods. The goal of the school is personal development. This has become an axiom, but is it meaningful? Personality is brought up by personality, therefore, when talking about the developing personality of a student, we must not forget about developing personality of the teacher himself. A geography teacher not only presents the material, but also organizes knowledge. This leads to the need to revise programs, textbooks, and the entire educational and methodological complex in geography. Big problems arise in connection with the training and retraining of geography teachers, as well as teachers of pedagogical universities.
The dynamically developing education system and revolutionary changes in geographical science lead to the fact that teaching aids largely become obsolete at the production stage. To this we can add the increasing flow of information with which the teacher has to work every year.
The functions of the teacher have become more complex: the student-oriented approach takes into account the individuality of each student, which causes difficulties with traditional means of teaching geography. During lessons, students often encounter processes and objects that are unfamiliar to their immediate senses. Knowledge that is not supported by emotions is perceived superficially, does not arouse interest, and therefore does not become part of their personality.
The above problems can be solved with the help of new educational information tools, which are currently only partially used. The paradox of the current situation is that in Russia there are currently virtually no producers of geography curriculum. Only “pirate” encyclopedia-reference books, collections of primitive maps, and illustrations of the most general content are known.
At the EHF NGPI since 1995. Work is underway to create an electronic geography textbook. As a result of 3 years of work, a working model of an electronic textbook was created. It was based on the manuscript of a textbook on the initial course of geography by V.P. Sukhov, an abridged version of which has already been published by the Prosveshcheniye publishing house.
During a small experiment (school No. 8, Novokuznetsk), we obtained the first results of using an electronic geography textbook. In particular, it has been established that the impact of the “revived” geography of the planet with the help of multimedia is very great. For example, students were given the opportunity to observe the dynamics of the ozone hole over Antarctica in different rays of the spectrum.
“A bad teacher presents the truth, but a good teacher teaches to find it” - this statement by A. Disterweg is known to everyone. However, is this provision fully used in relation to school geography? The “nomenklatura” direction of school geography, which was sharply criticized by V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, still has a very strong position.
Appealing to the student’s personality cannot by itself lead to the implementation of the ideas of developmental education in geography lessons. The amount of knowledge given to a student outside of his activities, without taking into account his “internal” content, cannot lead to the development of personal qualities, especially the creative abilities of the student. The goal of a modern school is not so much the enrichment of knowledge as the mastery of methods of activity. The provision “students must know and be able” still applies invisibly in regulatory documents. Doesn't this seem like an echo of the old political system? It's high time to understand the student owes nothing to anyone.
For successful cognitive activity of students, firstly, it is necessary to transform their natural initial interest in the world around them into their personal conviction of active cognition. The principle of “small geographical discoveries”, discoveries not for the sake of assessment, but “for oneself”, should become fundamental in the new concept of school geographical education.
But what do students want to study in geography lessons, and in what form? How do the educational and cognitive motives of students change with age, how do the “small geography” factors and the personality of the teacher themselves influence their activity? Currently, there are not enough studies that can fully answer these and other questions that are very pressing in school geography. Without the participation of the majority of geography teachers in research to develop and experimentally test the main provisions of the new concept of school geography, these problems are insoluble.
Literature
1. Rubinshtein S.L. Problems of general psychology. M., 1976
Ivanova T.V.
methodologist of the Central Educational Institution, Vyborg
Epstein E.A.
teacher at school 1243, Moscow
Why spend today
school geography olympiads
School Geography Olympiad, for what purpose, is it necessary to hold it right now?
The question posed has three levels of answers. One is from the point of view of geography teachers; the other is from the students' point of view; the third is from the point of view of all levels of education management.
The separation of these levels allows us to better understand the functions performed by geographical Olympiads and give a scientifically based answer to the question regarding the role of school geographical Olympiads.
From the teachers' point of view, we see three main functions:
1) stimulating schoolchildren’s interest in geography;
2) identifying students interested in geography to improve the quality of applicants to geography faculties and economics faculties of higher educational institutions;
3) identifying the most typical mistakes made by schoolchildren in order to adjust their teaching methods.
From the point of view of students, we can talk about two main functions of Olympiads:
1) the possibility of self-expression while simultaneously receiving relatively objective information for self-assessment of one’s intelligence;
identifying one’s suitability for a particular type of activity.
From the point of view of educational authorities, two main functions of school Olympiads can be distinguished:
1) fiscal, which allows one to obtain an objective assessment of the quality of work of teachers (at the level of the school director), schools (at the level of district and city education departments), territorial education departments (at the level of the Ministry of Education of Russia;
2) corrective - to adjust course programs, textbooks and methods of teaching the subject at school; to identify territorial differences in the state of teaching school geography, its personnel and material base.
From the above, it is clear that geographical Olympiads (as well as in other subjects) cannot be a private matter of the teacher, school director or territorial education administration. The Olympics should be a mandatory element of state policy in development and management school education. And this means:
1) the obligation to hold Olympiads in the existing list of subjects in each school;
2) the unity of the methodology for constructing questions with the simultaneous diversity of the nature of the Olympiad questions being formed, based on the specifics of the territory;
3) the appropriate procedure for financing Olympiads, including all levels;
4) a methodology for analyzing the results of Olympiads by higher levels of education management for the implementation of their control functions;
5) we consider it unacceptable to combine questions for grades 8-9, as well as grades 10-11, into one parallel, with the possible exception of the All-Russian Olympiad, because the level of training of some is different;
Based on the above, we believe that there is a need for clear, stable regulations on Olympiads for the school, district, and city levels, similar to the existing regulations on Olympiads at the regional and federal levels;
7) it seems to us that it is necessary to recommend that the organizers of the Olympiads must provide information to the local press about the Olympiads held and their winners in order to once again draw the attention of higher authorities to the activities of educational institutions and, most importantly, so that students feel the attention of society.
At the same time, one cannot turn the analysis of Olympiad work into a cudgel punishing teachers. It is important to always distinguish between the reasons for the mistakes of students participating in the Olympiad.
low quality of teaching by a particular teacher;
low level of material and technical base for teaching geography in a particular school (lack of textbooks, atlases);
funding for teacher training);
frequent illness of teachers or his children;
the level of mental development of the main contingent of students in a given school, and their ability to master the modern school curriculum in geography;
miscalculations of the developers of the questions themselves, the organizers of the Olympiad;
miscalculations of the school curriculum itself, which does not direct the teacher to carry out practical work of a generalizing nature, namely generalization questions are the most common at olympiads and answering them causes the greatest difficulties for the overwhelming majority of schoolchildren.
All this should be taken into account in the Regulations on school geography Olympiads. In particular, they should stipulate:
who can be the organizers of Olympiads at different levels and who should compose questions for each of these levels;
how should tasks and assessment methods be differentiated for students of different types of schools (with in-depth study of individual subjects, gymnasiums and lyceums, on the one hand; secondary schools, on the other);
how to analyze the results of Olympiads for educational authorities at different territorial levels. At the same time, take into account current state the material and technical base of schools of different types of schools in different regions of Russia, as well as in terms of the quality of school programs.
The Regulations should indicate the obligation to bring to the attention of geography teachers the results of geographical Olympiads, analysis of the results and existing proposals for improving the methods of conducting Olympiads at various levels and the content of school programs.
In addition, this Regulation should officially provide for an appeal to teachers with requests to submit to the organizing committees their proposals for improving the teaching of geography and the conduct of the Olympiads themselves.
DocumentResults of licensing of educational activities, certification, state accreditation and inspection of educational institutions and municipal educational authorities of the Chelyabinsk region for the 2001-2002 academic year
The influence of Orthodox culture on spiritual life in Siberia in the 17th and early 20th centuries
BookProstak S.L., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of Humanities and Public Relations of the Novokuznetsk branch of the St. Petersburg Institute of Foreign Economic Relations, Economics and Law.
The development of conceptual approaches to the study of various school subjects has become a current trend of our time. Concepts have already been developed for a number of disciplines (Russian language, literature, Russian history, mathematics), now the turn has come to geography ( Concept for the development of geographical education in the Russian Federation).
The draft of this document was created by an interdepartmental working group under the auspices of Russian Geographical Society And Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. It represents a system of views on the basic principles, priorities, goals, objectives and main directions of development of school geographical education and enlightenment.
According to the authors of the draft document, modern system geographical education does not meet the needs of the time and requires significant correction. The draft concept presents proposals for the development of a new standard for school geographical education and requirements for the structure of the educational and methodological complex; recommendations were given for holding a competition and creating new lines of geography textbooks; organizing advanced training courses for teachers.
In July - August 2016 in Russian Academy of Education A series of congresses of representatives of subject teacher associations will be held to discuss the problems of teaching school subjects. The series of these events was opened by a congress of chemistry teachers, held on July 19, and on August 26, a congress of representatives of the association of geography teachers will take place, where, among other things, the draft Concept will be discussed. Academician of the Russian Academy of Education, editor-in-chief of the journal “Geography at School” will take part in the congress. Mikhail Viktorovich Ryzhakov.
– How would you justify the need to develop a Concept for the Development of Geographical Education in the Russian Federation?
– The concept is a very important, necessary and responsible document. It is based on deep analysis, reflection, forecast, and a draft of the main directions of development in the future. Therefore, the concept cannot be created “from scratch”. Especially a concept of this level. After all, it is stated that this is the concept for the development of geographical education in the largest country in the world - Russia!
Why do I say “from scratch”? Over the past 20 years, at least two concepts have been developed and the concept of the federal state educational standard in geography, which was recognized as the best at the All-Russian standards competition. The impression is that the authors of the text under discussion know nothing about this. Here we see the first and extremely serious methodological omission. Without a serious analysis done before you in the area you are interested in, nothing worthwhile can come of it. And you will be doomed to repeat what has already been known for a long time, “walking in circles,” which is what the text of the project under discussion demonstrates. For the same reason, those problems remained beyond the attention of the authors, the solution of which, first of all, determines the vectors of development of geography as a school subject, and geographical education in general. We are talking about the legal field that has changed. We are talking about scientific geographical knowledge, which has long moved away from the “we study what is where” paradigm. By the way, the term “constructive geography” will soon turn 40 years old, and we are still engaged in regional studies. A completely new information environment has appeared, and even virtual reality. Many have become aggravated and are realizing in a new way ecological problems, geopolitical issues. The ideas of globalization are encountering increasingly active resistance, especially in large states. And many many others. This is where we need to look for justification for the new concept, but we don’t see anything like that. This approach inevitably leads subsequently to professional decompetence and loss of professionalism.
– Do you agree with the statement of the authors of the draft concept that “the system of geographical education and enlightenment that has developed in Russia over many years is currently in a state of degradation, which is manifested, in particular, in the constant decrease in the number of hours allocated to teaching geography in primary and high school?
– I share this opinion. But we need to justify the reason why this happened. Reducing the number of hours is not a cause, but a consequence. And the main reason is that in its current form, school geography is of little interest to anyone. Its educational value is constantly decreasing. We can say that school geography is performing its assigned tasks (functions) worse and worse. You, of course, ask, what are these functions? I would also ask, but the authors of the concept, it seems, did not even ask this question. Therefore, I will try to express a number of positions without claiming to be the ultimate truth. We must proceed from the uniqueness of geographical knowledge, including school knowledge. We will definitely not be mistaken here: the Earth is the main and only object of geographical education. And geography is the only academic subject that gives a holistic idea of the Earth, how celestial body and the planet of people. Geographical knowledge is a reliable basis for educating a responsible, thrifty citizen of his country and the entire planet as the common home of humanity. After this, you can form a range of goals and get a fairly complete picture of the possible structure and content of our subject.
Please note that in accordance with the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” and Federal State Educational Standards, the content of education is determined by the participants in the educational process independently. The reduction in hours for geography indicates, first of all, that school administrations do not see much benefit from studying this discipline. The situation is further aggravated by the fact that geography now has “competitors” in the form of such subjects as social studies, life safety, economics, and ecology, within which many topics are studied that are also presented in the geography course. Examples are not required here; teachers know this very well.
The same thing happens in the higher education system. IN economic universities and in geographical faculties, geography has ceased to be a compulsory subject in entrance exams. It is quite possible that geography will soon leave pedagogical universities. The fact is that in November last year, an All-Russian conference was held in Moscow to discuss the results of projects for the modernization of teacher education, at which a new profile of training was seriously discussed and continues to be discussed: “teacher of basic general education.” Not a teacher of geography, physics, biology or chemistry, but a teacher of basic general education. One can only guess what will happen to the relevant faculties.
If the authors of the concept claim that existing system has degraded, which means we need to look for systemic solutions. And here we see another fundamental mistake, which is that they consider the existing structure of school geography to be unshakable and do not propose any changes in this direction, limiting themselves to only cosmetic “subject-scale” measures. At the same time, the authors do not even ask questions: are the courses that are available in school curriculum Now? Do they meet the needs of modern society? Are they studied in the correct sequence, or should they be replaced by others? But the current structure of the course was created more than half a century ago. It seems to me that it is long outdated. Indeed, why do we need regional studies courses when there are a huge number of sources of information on this topic? Maybe it’s better to focus on explaining causes or consequences? Teaching children to think rather than memorize and relay?
– How effective, in your opinion, are the main directions for implementing the concept proposed by the authors, including maintaining the number of hours in the subject geography in the amount of 2 hours per week in each class (from 6th to 9th grade), introducing the course “Geography of the native edge" for grades 8–9, 1 hour per week in each class due to part of the curriculum formed by the participants in the educational process?
– Today we live in new realities. The basic curriculum, approved at the federal level, has been cancelled, and the state does not regulate the number of hours for academic subjects. Only the maximum permissible remains study load. If the developers of the concept address their wishes to school principals, then I repeat, few people will want to waste precious school time studying a subject that, in their opinion, is useless. If we recall history, the largest amount of time for studying geography - 17 hours a week - was allocated in the USSR in the pre-war years. This is at least 40% of teaching time. At that time, the only source of information on geography was a textbook, which opened a window to the world for children. After the Great Patriotic War, our country opened up more and more to the world, and the world opened up to us. Human contacts developed rapidly. Let us recall, for example, the World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow, the rapid development of television, etc. People began to receive a huge amount of geographic information outside of school, and naturally, the time allocated to studying the subject was reduced. Finally, programs and textbooks began to change radically, especially in connection with the transition to new content of secondary education (70s of the 20th century). For the first time in history, regional geography courses received general sections that preceded the study of countries and territories. This was the first serious attempt to organically fit the theory into the regional context. Geography “learned” not only to describe, but also to explain objects and phenomena. The term “concept formation” has become a leading term in the methodology for many years. But the course structure of the subject generally remained the same. Although so far no one can explain why, for example, plate tectonics or climate patterns should be studied in grades 5–6, and not in high school.
– Maybe the introduction of mandatory OGE and USE in geography will help change the situation for the better?
“It’s hard to imagine that this will ever happen.” But if this decision is put into practice, then it will be necessary to introduce as compulsory OGE and Unified State Examinations in chemistry, physics, biology - subjects whose general educational significance is beyond doubt. Moreover, they are the ones who define what we call today scientific and technological progress. Following the natural sciences, the humanities will follow, shaping the worldview - history, social studies, literature, economics, foreign languages. And so we will return to the system from which we have been diligently running away for so many years. It is possible to introduce geography as a mandatory entrance test for admission to study in a number of specialties/areas of training, as proposed by the authors of the concept. Yes, they will teach it, but this will not make the subject interesting, educational, or formative for the student’s personality. Let's not forget that geography has always been a powerful means of patriotic education. You just have to do it skillfully, and it doesn’t require a lot of hours. And “obligation” definitely won’t help here.
- According to Federal Institute pedagogical measurements (FIPI), less than 3% of 11th grade graduates take the Unified State Exam in Geography, but 20–25% of 9th grade students take the Unified State Exam in this subject. How would you explain such strange statistics?
– With high school graduates, everything is clear: they are pragmatists and choose only those subjects that are required to enter a university. As for 9th grade graduates, I will share an interesting observation: when I was at school, geography was considered one of the easiest subjects. Preparing for it did not require much effort; there were no failures in this discipline. I think the reason for the preference of ninth-graders is clear - it lies in the fact that it is easier to prepare for an exam in geography than for any other. But I'm afraid that very soon the situation will change for the worse. Modern Moscow schoolchildren claim that this is a very difficult subject, the material is overloaded, and is often incomprehensible even to good students. I regard this phenomenon as very alarming, because it is better to be easy and interesting than difficult and incomprehensible.
– The developers of the concept propose to strengthen the practical orientation in teaching geography, as well as to develop various forms of additional education – traditional and new: excursions and hikes, rallies and competitions, Olympiads, intellectual tournaments, quests and discussion clubs, design and research activities... Maybe Will such forms of activity captivate teenagers?
– I don’t see anything new in these proposals; all this has happened before. Often up to half of science lessons in Soviet schools were devoted to practical and laboratory classes. There were active excursions, rallies, local history work and much more. Project activities also developed, only it was called differently. Tens and hundreds of books have been written on this topic. Only one question arises: why did such proposals appear? The most logical answer seems to be the following: most likely because there is nothing of this kind in school now. And they practically don’t teach this in universities. In a word, again we are only at the beginning of the journey, but we came here, as they say, “on our own.”
– What changes and amendments to the draft concept would you propose?
– I would write it again and highlight three large blocks in it: 1) school geography; 2) university geography; 3) geographical educational activities. And in each block he would indicate the direction of development. As for the school course, radical changes in structure and content are required. In order to understand exactly what changes will be required, serious research is needed. I am convinced that if we involve leading scientists, professional teachers, and practicing teachers, then it is possible to prepare such a Concept, and it will serve the current generation and future generations of geography teachers for a long time.
Interviewed by Olga Dashkovskaya
Brief overview of the project of a scientifically based concept for modernization of content and technologies for teaching the subject “Geography”. Contains information about the transformation of the subject geography until 2020
View document contents
"Overview"
G Geography is a subject of an ideological nature that shapes students’
a comprehensive, systemic and socially oriented view of the Earth as a planet
people, introducing them to the territorial (regional) approach as a special method
scientific knowledge and an important tool for influencing socio-economic
processes through regional policy.
Slide 2.
The purpose of geographical education is the formation of geographical
culture of students as a necessary quality of a person living in conditions
globalized world, as part of universal human culture. common goal
geographical education reflects the social order of society, correlates with the general
the purpose of education aimed at the development and self-development of individuality.
Geographical culture- an integral part of a comprehensively educated
personality. Geographical culture is a historically formed
social experience of humanity associated with cognition, development and transformation
geographical space. UNESCO has classified geography as one of the
four leading school subjects, which bear special responsibility not
only for the formation of a humanistic worldview among future generations and
socially responsible behavior in the modern world.
Today we are witnessing an unprecedented information explosion,
irreversible invasion of the educational process by computer technologies and methods
modeling and simulation, multimedia teaching aids, space and
aerial photographs, graphical, network and dynamic models. Unfortunately, at the same time, we are seeing a slight decline in the status of geography (the number of hours is decreasing)
Slide 3.
overcoming.
1. Problems of a substantive nature 8 problems (
In geographical courses, when studying their regional part, it is necessary to pay more attention to the study of the population, its traditions, way of life, management, and social problems. At the same time, it is necessary to focus on the most characteristic features inherent in a given region, while the ethnographic, geopolitical, geodemographic, geoecological and socio-geographical components of the course are strengthened.)
2. Technological problems: 3 problems ( in teaching geography, the dominant position of the teacher takes place, the translating method of teaching is preserved, the personal experience of the subject is not taken into account, and the value-semantic depths of reflection of the subject of the educational process are not affected)
3.Personnel problems – 2 problems (in pedagogical universities, admissions in the field of “Geography” are decreasing or not being accepted at all, which in the very near future will lead to a personnel shortage)
4. Motivational problems 4 problems ( low demand for geography as a subject in entrance exams, including in specialized universities)
Slide 4.
In order to further develop cognitive interest and enhance motivation in
studying geography in general education organizations, identifying and providing assistance
gifted students, increasing the prestige of the subject, as well as increasing the level
teaching this discipline requires a system of olympiads in the subject of geography
The sets must differ in parallels; Olympiad assignments must be original; it is allowed to use problems and other types of assignments published in collections, specialized periodicals and
sources on the Internet only as prototypes (models) for their compilation;
Slide 5. Purpose of the Concept: In a narrower sense, this goal is to create conditions for students with a complete system of geographical knowledge, as well as their mastery of a system of basic competencies,
theoretical and worldview tasks of geographical education
applied tasks of geographical education
Slide 6. "geography".
Studying geography in primary school - goals and blocks
The goals of studying geography in high school are at the basic and specialized levels. Course structure
Slide 7. Priority areas, teaching methods:
Pedagogical technology
Interactive training
Work in small groups (game technology, dialogue training)
Problem-based learning.
Modular training
Technology for the development of critical thinking.
Developmental education technology
Project technology.
Information and communication technologies
For example. 1) The teacher informs the students educational information and determines the paths, forms,
means and methods of mastering and acquiring knowledge and skills, directs research
And creative search students; is an active participant in the formation of their
professional choice. 5 instructions.
Slide 9. Tools and logisticsprovision provided in the form of a table, which contains the name, required quantity and note (part of the table).
Slide 10. Basic forms and types of educational activities.
The methods and their characteristics are listed, 5 teaching methods are indicated (verbal, visual). The types of educational and cognitive activities and their subjects are indicated with a description (observation, work with a book)
Slide 11.
Federal State Educational Standards requirements for educational outcomes(personal, meta-subject, subject) bybasic general education programs
Exemplary general education programs for primary, basic and secondary
general education should clarify and specify personal, meta-subject and subject educational results (Federal State Educational Standard requirements) in the process of implementing the content of the subject “Geography”
Requirements for personnel conditions for implementationbasic general education programs inin accordance with Federal State Educational Standards
Requirements for personnel conditions for the implementation of the main educational program
basic, basic and secondary general education for the organization of educational
process within the subject “Geography” (qualification level of teaching staff of the organization organizing the training and education of students within the subject “Geography”)
Educational and methodological complex "Polar Star"
Educational and methodological complex "Sphere"
Educational and methodological complex of the classical line of the publishing house "Drofa"
Features of teaching materials have been identified
Answers to the following questions are given: What are the innovative features of the modern teaching and learning complex in geography?
What are the best traditions of national pedagogy that he preserves and develops?
Slide 13. Description of the most effective approaches toteaching the subject “geography”, factors contributing to improving the quality of teachingsubject "geography", recommendations for theiruse taking into account regional specifics
Today there are quite a large number of pedagogical
teaching technologies, both traditional and innovative. Can't say which one
better for achieving positive results. The choice of one technology or another depends
on many factors: the number of students, their age, level of preparedness, topic
classes, etc.
In the context of the implementation of the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standards LLC, the most relevant are
technologies like:
Information and Communication Technology;
Technology for the development of critical thinking;
Project technology;
Technology of developmental education;
Technology problem-based learning;
Gaming technology;
Modular technology;
Workshop technology;
Case technology
Science-based proposals for modernizationcontent and teaching technologies in the subject"geography"
At the federal and regional levels, as well as for the association of geography teachers, for managers ( Develop outreach programs for testing and review
programs of continuous geographical education taking into account regional
(variable component), in accordance with the requirements for the implementation of the Federal
state educational standard for learning outcomes, based on educational and methodological materials.)
Slide 14.
Implementation planning systemconcepts in accordance with the goals andtasks and a description of the procedure for their implementation, mechanisms
monitoring the results of the implementation of concepts,key indicators and indicators of the effectiveness of the implementation of concepts (at least 20 indicators and
indicators).
Goal, objectives and criteria.
Criteria educational organization:
17. Number of teachers who completed internships in other regions 18. Number of teachers who completed internships from other regions 19. Place of the organization in the regional assessment of the quality of education by
regional (all-Russian) competition for the current year 20. Unified State Examination result (average) in geography 21. State State Examination result (average) in geography 22. Number of student winners of regional Olympiads, competitions in geography 23. Number of student winners of All-Russian Olympiads (international
Slide 15 Conditions for the effectiveness of the implementation of the concept of the subject area “geography” (including key indicators and indicators of the effectiveness of the implementation of the concept, mechanisms for monitoring the results of the implementation of the concept of the subject
field of "geography") 9 conditions
Slide 16. Roadmap (action plan) for implementation andapprobation of the draft concept of teaching the subject"geography" in Russian Federation relevance, goals, objectives, prerequisites, directions are available in the appendix (part of the table on slide 17 )
View presentation content
"Overview"
Project of a scientifically based concept for modernization of content and technologies for teaching the subject "Geography"
brief review by Skurikhina D.A. Artyugino village
THE PURPOSE OF GEOGRAPHICAL FORMATION is the formation of the geographical culture of students as a necessary quality of a person living in a globalized world, as part of universal human culture.
Problems of the school geographical education system and ways to solve them overcoming
Personnel problems
Technological problems
Problems of a substantive nature
Motivational problems
Purpose of the Concept: in creating conditions for students with a complete system of geographical knowledge, as well as their mastery of a system of basic competencies
applied tasks of geographical education
theoretical and ideological tasks of geographical education
Main content lines of the academic subject "geography
Basic school
High school (profile level)
Course structure
High school (basic level)
Course structure
Basic school
- Pedagogical technology
- Interactive training
- Work in small groups (game technology, dialogue training)
- Problem-based learning.
- Modular training
- Technology for the development of critical thinking.
- Developmental education technology
- Project technology.
- Information and communication technologies
- The teacher informs students of educational information and determines the ways, forms, means and methods of mastering and acquiring knowledge and skills, directs the students’ research and creative search; is an active participant in the development of their professional choice
TOOLS AND MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL FACILITIES SECURITY
- Federal State Educational Standards requirements for educational outcomes (personal, meta-subject, subject) for basic general education programs.
- Requirements for personnel conditions for the implementation of basic general education programs in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard.
Training and metodology complex
"Polar Star"
Training and metodology complex
classic line of the publishing house "Drofa"
Line of regional studies textbooks "Bustards"
- Description of the most effective approaches to teaching the subject “geography”,
factors contributing to increased
quality of teaching the subject “geography”,
regional specifics.
- Scientifically based proposals for modernizing the content and technologies of teaching in the subject "geography".
- Organizational scheme for monitoring the implementation of new content and new technologies for teaching the subject “geography”.
- Description of the processes of regulatory, scientific, methodological, personnel, material and technical, software and information and resource support for educational activities.
