Environmental protection in the modern world. Summary: Environmental pollution. its protection What is environmental protection

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Russian State University physical education,

sports, youth and tourism

Department "Tourism"

Referat

by discipline: "Environmental protection"

on the topic: " Environmental protection"

Completed by: Ivakhnenko Y.E.

Lecturer: Tseriabina V.V.

Moscow 2014

1. The essence and directions of environmental protection natural environment

2. Objects and principles of environmental protection

3. Regulatory framework for environmental protection

Literature

1. The essence and directions of environmental protection

Types of environmental pollution and directions of its protection.

Various human interventions in natural processes in the biosphere can be grouped according to the following types of pollution, meaning any anthropogenic changes undesirable for ecosystems:

Ingredient (an ingredient is a component of a complex compound or mixture) pollution as a combination of substances quantitatively or qualitatively alien to natural biogeocenoses;

Parametric pollution (environmental parameter - one of its properties, for example, the level of noise, illumination, radiation, etc.) associated with a change in the quality parameters of the environment;

Biocenotic pollution, consisting in the impact on the composition and structure of the population of living organisms;

Stationary-destructive pollution (station - habitat of the population, destruction - destruction), which is a change in landscapes and ecological systems in the process of nature management.

Until the 60s of our century, nature conservation was understood mainly as the protection of its animal and plant world from destruction. Accordingly, the forms of this protection were mainly the creation of specially protected areas, the adoption of legal acts restricting the hunting of individual animals, etc. Scientists and the public were concerned, first of all, with the biocenotic and partially stationary-destructive effects on the biosphere. Ingredient and parametric pollution, of course, also existed, especially since there was no question of installing treatment facilities at enterprises. But it was not as diverse and massive as it is now. So, in rivers with an undisturbed biocenosis and a normal flow rate, not slowed down by hydraulic structures, under the influence of the processes of mixing, oxidation, precipitation, absorption and decomposition by decomposers, disinfection by solar radiation, etc., contaminated water completely restored its properties for 30 km from pollution sources. ... However, by the middle of the XX century. the rate of ingredient and parametric pollution has increased, and their qualitative composition has changed so dramatically that in large areas the ability of nature to self-purify, i.e., the natural destruction of the pollutant as a result of natural physical, chemical and biological processes, has been lost.

At present, even such deep and long rivers as the Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Amur do not self-purify. What can we say about the Volga, the natural flow rate of which is several times reduced by hydraulic structures, or the Tom River (Western Siberia), all the water of which industrial enterprises manage to take for their needs and release it back contaminated at least 3-4 times before she will get from source to mouth.

The ability of the soil to cleanse itself is undermined by a sharp decrease in the number of decomposers in it, which occurs under the influence of excessive use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, growing monocultures, completely harvesting all parts of the grown plants from the fields, etc.

Characteristics of sources of pollution of water bodies

Despite the steady increase in water consumption due to the rapid increase in population, the main problem was not the lack of drinking water in most countries of the world, but the progressive pollution of rivers, lakes and groundwater. The significant growth of industry has led to a sharp increase in the volume of technical waste discharged in the form of untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater into water bodies.

The main sources of water pollution are:

1. atmospheric precipitation containing industrial pollutants that are washed out of the atmosphere;

2. city waste water (household, sewage, containing synthetic detergents that are harmful to health, etc.);

3. industrial waste water;

4. agricultural wastewater (waste from livestock complexes, washing off fertilizers and pesticides from fields by rain and spring melt water, etc.).

The most significant share of water pollution is industrial wastewater, half of which (according to domestic environmental services) is discharged into water bodies without treatment, and most of the second half is not sufficiently purified. Therefore, almost all rivers are polluted with oil products, heavy metals, organic and mineral compounds. Agricultural wastewater carries huge amounts of fertilizers and pesticides into rivers and lakes. Wastewater discharge into water bodies is accompanied by the accumulation of pollutants in bottom sediments in high concentrations, which can lead to a sharp increase in the level of pollution in flood waters and to secondary pollution associated with the formation of new (often more harmful than the original) chemical compounds... biosphere natural animal

Natural resources and their classification

Natural resources (natural resources) - elements of nature, part of the whole set natural conditions and the most important components of the natural environment that are used (or can be used) at a given level of development of productive forces to meet the various needs of society and social production. Classification:

1. Natural (genetic) classification - classification of natural resources according to natural groups: mineral (minerals), water, land (including soil), plant, (including forest), fauna, climatic, energy resources of natural processes (solar radiation, internal heat of the Earth, wind energy and etc.). Often the resources of flora and fauna are combined into the concept of biological resources.

2. The ecological classification of natural resources is based on the signs of depletion and renewal of resource reserves. The concept of exhaustion is used when taking into account the reserves of natural resources and the volumes of their possible economic withdrawal.

Resources are allocated on this basis:

Inexhaustible - the use of which by man does not lead to an apparent depletion of their reserves now or in the foreseeable future (solar energy, internal heat, energy of water, air);

Harvested non-renewable - the continuous use of which can reduce them to a level at which further exploitation becomes economically impractical, while they are incapable of self-healing in terms commensurate with the terms of consumption (for example, mineral resources);

Harvested renewable - resources that are characterized by the ability to regenerate (through reproduction or other natural cycles), for example, flora, fauna, water resources, In this subgroup, resources are allocated with extremely slow rates of renewal (fertile land, forest resources with high quality wood).

2. Objects and principles of environmental protection

Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific pollutant and ensure his interest in fulfilling these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.

Environmental protection consists of:

Legal protection formulating scientific environmental principles in the form of binding legal laws;

Material incentives for environmental activities, seeking to make them economically profitable for enterprises;

Engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.

According to the law Russian Federation"On environmental protection" the following objects are subject to protection:

1. Natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere;

2. The earth, its bowels, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.

State nature reserves, nature reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare or endangered species of plants and animals and their habitats are especially protected.

There are more than 100 reserves in the Russian Federation, of which 18 are biosphere and 70 are located in the subject of the federation. The largest are Altai, Barguzinsky, Caucasian, Yugansky. On the territory of state nature reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects of nature conservation, scientific, ecological and educational significance are completely withdrawn from economic use, as samples of a natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the gene pool of flora and fauna.

State nature reserves are a territory or water area of particular importance for the preservation of the restoration of natural resources and complexes, as well as maintaining the ecological balance. State nature reserves can have the status of federal or regional significance. State nature reserves can have a different profile, including:

1. Integrated (landscape) - designed to preserve and restore natural complexes or natural landscapes

2. Biological (botanical and zoological) are created to protect rare endangered species of animals and plants.

3. Paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects

4. Hydrological are designed to preserve and restore valuable objects and ecological systems

5. Geological, for the preservation of valuable objects and complexes of non-living nature

Natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable, natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.

The main principles of environmental protection should be:

Priority to ensure favorable environmental conditions for life, work and recreation of the population;

Scientifically grounded combination of environmental and economic interests of society;

Taking into account the laws of nature and the possibilities of self-healing and self-purification of its resources;

Prevention of irreversible consequences for the protection of the natural environment and human health;

The right of the population and public organizations to timely and reliable information about the state of the environment and the negative impact on it and on people's health of various production facilities;

Inevitability of liability for violation of the requirements of environmental legislation.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental activity of enterprises

Environmental protection is any activity aimed at maintaining the quality of the environment at a level that ensures the sustainability of the biosphere. It includes both large-scale activities carried out at the national level to preserve reference samples of untouched nature and preserve the diversity of species on Earth, organize scientific research, train environmental specialists and educate the population, as well as the activities of individual enterprises to clean up wastewater and wastewater from harmful substances. gases, lowering the norms for the use of natural resources, etc. Such activities are carried out mainly by engineering methods.

There are two main areas of environmental protection activities of enterprises. The first is the purification of harmful emissions. This path "in its pure form" is ineffective, since with its help it is far from always possible to completely stop the flow of harmful substances into the biosphere. In addition, a reduction in the level of pollution of one component of the environment leads to an increase in the pollution of another.

And, for example, installing wet filters in gas cleaning can reduce air pollution, but lead to even more water pollution. Substances captured from waste gases and waste waters often poison large areas of land.

The use of treatment facilities, even the most efficient ones, sharply reduces the level of environmental pollution, but does not completely solve this problem, since the process of operation of these plants also generates waste, albeit in a smaller volume, but, as a rule, with an increased concentration of harmful substances. Finally, the operation of most of the treatment facilities requires significant energy consumption, which, in turn, is also unsafe for the environment.

To achieve high environmental and economic results, it is necessary to combine the process of cleaning harmful emissions with the process of utilizing the captured substances, which will make it possible to combine the first direction with the second.

The second direction is the elimination of the very causes of pollution, which requires the development of low-waste and, in the long term, non-waste production technologies that would make it possible to comprehensively use the feedstock and utilize a maximum of substances harmful to the biosphere.

However, not all industries have found acceptable technical and economic solutions to drastically reduce the amount of waste generated and their disposal, so at present we have to work in both of these areas.

Types and principles of operation of treatment equipment and facilities

Many modern technological processes are associated with crushing and grinding substances, transportation of bulk materials. In this case, part of the material turns into dust, which is harmful to health and causes significant material damage. national economy due to the loss of valuable products.

Various apparatus designs are used for cleaning. According to the method of collecting dust, they are subdivided into mechanical (dry and wet) and electrical gas cleaning devices. In dry apparatus (cyclones, filters), gravitational sedimentation by gravity, sedimentation by centrifugal force, inertial sedimentation, filtration are used. In wet apparatus (scrubbers), this is achieved by flushing the dusty gas with a liquid. In electrostatic precipitators, deposition on electrodes occurs as a result of imparting an electric charge to dust particles.

To purify gases from harmful gaseous impurities, two groups of methods are used - non-catalytic and catalytic. The methods of the first group are based on removing impurities from a gaseous mixture using liquid (absorbers) and solid (adsorbers) absorbers. The methods of the second group consist in the fact that harmful impurities enter into a chemical reaction and turn into harmless substances on the surface of the catalysts.

Waste water refers to water used by industrial and municipal enterprises and the population and to be purified from various impurities. Depending on the conditions of formation, wastewater is divided into domestic, atmospheric and industrial. All of them contain mineral and organic substances in varying proportions.

Waste water is purified from impurities by mechanical, chemical, physicochemical, biological and thermal methods, which, in turn, are subdivided into recuperative and destructive ones. Recuperation methods provide for the extraction from wastewater and further processing of valuable substances. In destructive methods, water pollutants are destroyed by oxidation or reduction. Degradation products are removed from the water in the form of gases or sediments.

Mechanical cleaning is used to remove solid insoluble impurities using sedimentation and filtration methods using grates, sand traps, and sedimentation tanks. Chemical methods cleaning is used to remove soluble impurities using various reagents entering into chemical reactions with harmful impurities, resulting in the formation of low-toxic substances. Physicochemical methods include flotation, ion exchange, adsorption, crystallization, deodorization, etc. Biological methods are considered basic for the neutralization of wastewater from organic impurities that are oxidized by microorganisms, which assumes a sufficient amount of oxygen in the water.

Industrial wastewater that cannot be purified by the above methods is subject to thermal neutralization, i.e., incineration, or injection into deep wells (as a result of which there is a danger of groundwater pollution). These methods are carried out in local (shop), general plant, district or city cleaning systems.

One of the most important problems of environmental protection is the problem of collection, removal and liquidation or disposal of solid industrial waste "and household waste, which accounts for 300 to 500 kg per year per capita. It is solved by organizing landfills, processing waste into composts with subsequent use. as organic fertilizers or biofuel (biogas), as well as incineration in special plants.Specially equipped landfills, the total number of which in the world reaches several million, are called landfills and are quite complex engineering structures, especially when it comes to storing toxic or radioactive waste.

3. Regulatory framework for environmental protection

System of standards and regulations

One of the most important components of environmental legislation is the system of environmental standards. Its timely scientifically grounded development is necessary condition practical implementation of the adopted laws, since it is these standards that polluting enterprises should be guided by in their environmental activities. Failure to comply with standards entails legal liability.

Standardization is understood as the establishment of a single and mandatory for all objects of a given level of the management system of norms and requirements. Standards can be state (GOST), industry (OST) and factory. The system of standards for nature protection has been assigned a general number 17, which includes several groups in accordance with the protected objects. For example, 17.1 means "Nature protection. Hydrosphere", and group 17.2 - "Nature protection. Atmosphere", etc. This standard regulates various aspects of the activities of enterprises to protect water and air resources, up to the requirements for equipment for monitoring air quality and water.

The most important environmental standards are environmental quality standards - maximum allowable concentrations(MPC) harmful substances in natural environments.

On the basis of MPC, scientific and technical standards for maximum permissible emissions (MPE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere and discharges (MPD) into the water basin are developed. These standards are set individually for each source of pollution in such a way that the cumulative impact on the environment of all sources in a given area does not lead to an excess of the MPC.

In addition to a clean environment, a person for normal life you have to eat, dress, listen to a tape recorder and watch movies and TV shows, for which the production of films and electricity is very "dirty". Finally, you need to have a job in your specialty near your home. It is best to reconstruct ecologically backward enterprises so that they cease to harm the environment, but not every enterprise can immediately allocate funds for this in full, since environmental equipment and the reconstruction process itself are very expensive.

Therefore, such enterprises can be set temporary standards, the so-called TSV (temporarily agreed emissions), allowing increased above the norm of environmental pollution within a strictly defined period, sufficient to carry out the environmental measures necessary to reduce emissions.

The size and sources of payment for environmental pollution depend on whether or not the enterprise fits into the standards established by it and which ones - MPE, MPD or only in the VES.

Law on guard of nature

Earlier it was noted that the state ensures the rationalization of nature management, including the protection of the natural environment, by creating environmental legislation and monitoring its observance.

Environmental legislation is a system of laws and other legal acts (decrees, decrees, instructions) that regulates environmental relations in order to preserve and reproduce natural resources, rationalize nature management, and preserve public health.

In our country, for the first time in world practice, the requirement for the protection and rational use of natural resources is included in the Constitution. There are about two hundred legal documents related to environmental management. One of the most important is the comprehensive law "On Environmental Protection", adopted in 1991.

It states that every citizen has the right to health protection from the adverse effects of a polluted natural environment, to participate in environmental associations and social movements and receive timely information about the state of the environment and measures to protect it.

At the same time, every citizen is obliged to take part in the protection of the natural environment, to increase the level of his knowledge about nature, ecological culture, to comply with the requirements of environmental legislation and the established standards for the quality of the natural environment. If they are violated, then the perpetrator bears responsibility, which is subdivided into criminal, administrative, disciplinary and material.

In addition to the declaration of the rights and obligations of citizens and the establishment of responsibility for environmental offenses, the aforementioned law formulates environmental requirements for the construction and operation of various facilities, shows the economic mechanism of environmental protection, proclaims the principles of international cooperation in this area, etc.

It should be noted that the Environmental legislation, although it is quite extensive and versatile, in practice is still not effective enough. There are many reasons for this, but one of the most important is the discrepancy between the severity of the punishment and the severity of the crime, in particular the low rates of fines levied.

Criminal liability and compensation for damages are applied much less frequently than it should be. And it is impossible to fully compensate for it, since it often reaches many millions of rubles or does not lend itself to monetary measurement at all.

Other reasons for the weak regulatory effect of environmental legislation are the insufficient provision of enterprises with technical means for the effective treatment of wastewater and polluted gases, and the inspection organizations - with instruments for monitoring environmental pollution.

Finally, great importance has a low ecological culture of the population, their ignorance of the basic environmental requirements, a condescending attitude towards the destroyers of nature, as well as a lack of knowledge and skills necessary to effectively defend their right to a healthy environment, proclaimed in the law. Now it is necessary to develop a legal mechanism for the protection of environmental human rights, that is, by-laws that concretize this part of the law, and turn the stream of complaints to the press and higher administrative instances into a stream of claims to the judiciary. When every resident, whose health has suffered from the harmful emissions of any enterprise, files a lawsuit demanding material compensation for the damage caused by assessing his health at a sufficiently large amount, the enterprise will simply be economically forced to urgently take measures to reduce pollution.

Literature

1. Demina T.A. Ecology, Nature Management, Environmental Protection: A Manual for High School Students

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The main types and causes of environmental pollution:

Air pollution

Coniferous forest after acid rain

Smoke from chimneys, factories, vehicles or from burning wood and coal makes the air toxic. The consequences of air pollution are also evident. The release of sulfur dioxide and hazardous gases into the atmosphere causes global warming and acid rain, which in turn increases temperatures, causing excessive rainfall or droughts around the world, and makes life difficult. We also breathe every contaminated particle from the air and as a result, the risk of asthma and lung cancer increases.

Water pollution

It caused the loss of many species of flora and fauna of the Earth. This is due to the fact that industrial waste discharged into rivers and other water bodies causes imbalances in the aquatic environment, which leads to serious pollution and death of aquatic animals and plants.

In addition, the spraying of insecticides, pesticides (such as DDT) on plants, pollutes the groundwater system. Oil spills in the oceans have caused significant damage to water bodies.

Eutrophication in the Potomac River, USA

Eutrophication is another important cause of water pollution. It occurs due to untreated wastewater and fertilizer washing from the soil into lakes, ponds or rivers, due to which chemicals penetrate the water and prevent the penetration of sunlight, thereby reducing the amount of oxygen and making the body of water uninhabitable.

Pollution of water resources harms not only individual aquatic organisms, but the whole, and seriously affects the people who depend on it. In some countries of the world, outbreaks of cholera and diarrhea are observed due to water pollution.

Soil pollution

Soil erosion

This type of pollution occurs when harmful substances enter the soil. chemical elements is usually caused by human activity. Insecticides and pesticides absorb nitrogen compounds from the soil, making it unsuitable for plant growth. Industrial waste, and also negatively affects the soil. Since plants cannot grow as needed, they are unable to hold onto the soil, resulting in erosion.

Noise pollution

Appears when unpleasant (loud) sounds from the environment affect the human hearing organs and lead to psychological problems, including stress, high blood pressure, hearing impairment, etc. It can be caused by industrial equipment, aircraft, cars, etc.

Nuclear pollution

This is a very dangerous type of pollution, it occurs due to malfunctions. nuclear power plants, improper storage of nuclear waste, accidents, etc. Radioactive contamination can cause cancer, infertility, loss of vision, birth defects; it can make the soil infertile, and also negatively affect air and water.

Light pollution

Light pollution of the planet Earth

Occurs when there is noticeable excess illumination of the area. It is common in large cities, especially from billboards, gyms, or entertainment venues at night. In residential areas, light pollution greatly affects people's lives. It also interferes with astronomical observations, making the stars nearly invisible.

Thermal / thermal pollution

Thermal pollution is the deterioration of water quality by any process that changes the temperature of the surrounding water. The main cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant in power plants and industrial plants. When the water used as a refrigerant returns to its natural environment at a higher temperature, the change in temperature reduces the oxygen supply and affects the composition. Fish and other organisms adapted to a specific temperature range can be killed by a sudden change in water temperature (or a rapid increase or decrease).

Thermal pollution is caused by excess heat in the environment creating undesirable changes over long periods of time. This is due to the huge number of industrial plants, deforestation and air pollution. Thermal pollution is increasing the temperature of the Earth, causing dramatic climatic changes and extinction of wildlife.

Visual pollution

Visual pollution, Philippines

Visual pollution is an aesthetic problem and refers to the effects of pollution that impair the ability to enjoy the world around you. It includes: billboards, outdoor trash storage, antennas, electrical wires, buildings, cars, etc.

Overcrowding of the territory with a large number of objects causes visual pollution. Such pollution contributes to distraction, eye fatigue, loss of identity, etc.

Plastic pollution

Plastic pollution, India

Includes the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affect wildlife, animal or human habitats. Plastic products are inexpensive and durable, which has made them very popular with people. However, this material degrades very slowly. Plastic pollution can adversely affect soil, lakes, rivers, seas and oceans. Living organisms, especially marine animals, become entangled in plastic waste or suffer from exposure to chemicals in plastic that cause interruptions in biological functions... People are also affected by plastic pollution, causing hormonal disruption.

Objects of pollution

The main objects of environmental pollution are such as air (atmosphere), water resources (streams, rivers, lakes, seas, oceans), soil, etc.

Pollutants (sources, or subjects of pollution) of the environment

Pollutants are chemical, biological, physical or mechanical elements (or processes) that harm the environment.

They can be harmful in both the short and long term. Pollutants come from natural resources or are produced by humans.

Many pollutants are toxic to living organisms. Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) is an example of a substance that is harmful to humans. This compound is absorbed by the body instead of oxygen, causing shortness of breath, headache, dizziness, heart palpitations, and in severe cases it can lead to serious poisoning and even death.

Some pollutants become hazardous when they react with other naturally occurring compounds. Nitrogen and sulfur oxides are released from impurities in fossil fuels during combustion. They react with water vapor in the atmosphere to form acid rain. Acid rain negatively affects aquatic ecosystems and leads to the death of aquatic animals, plants, and other living organisms. Terrestrial ecosystems are also affected by acid rain.

Classification of pollution sources

By type of occurrence, environmental pollution is subdivided into:

Anthropogenic (artificial) pollution

Deforestation

Anthropogenic pollution is the impact on the environment caused by human activities. The main sources of artificial pollution are:

industrialization;
invention of automobiles;
the growth of the world's population;
deforestation: destruction of natural habitats;
nuclear explosions;
overexploitation of natural resources;
construction of buildings, roads, dams;
the creation of explosive substances that are used during hostilities;
the use of fertilizers and pesticides;
mining.

Natural (natural) pollution

Eruption

Natural pollution is caused and occurs naturally, without human intervention. It can affect the environment for a certain period of time, but it is capable of being regenerated. To sources natural pollution relate:

volcanic eruptions, with the release of gases, ash and magma;
forest fires emit smoke and gas impurities;
sandstorms raise dust and sand;
decomposition organic matter, during which gases are released.

The consequences of pollution:

Environmental degradation

Left photo: Beijing after rain. Right photo: smog in Beijing

The environment is the first victim of air pollution. The increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere leads to smog, which can prevent sunlight from reaching the earth's surface. In this regard, it becomes much more difficult. Gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide can cause acid rain. Water pollution in terms of an oil spill can kill several species of wild animals and plants.

Human health

Lung cancer

Decreased air quality leads to some respiratory problems, including asthma or lung cancer. Pain in chest, sore throat, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease can be caused by air pollution. Water pollution can cause skin problems, including irritation and rashes. Likewise, noise pollution leads to hearing loss, stress and sleep disturbance.

Global warming

Male, the capital of the Maldives, is one of the cities facing the prospect of being flooded by the ocean in the 21st century

Greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2, lead to global warming... Every day, new industries are being created, new cars appear on the roads, and the number of trees is dwindling to make way for new homes. All of these factors, directly or indirectly, lead to an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere. The rise in CO2 is causing the polar ice caps to melt, raising sea levels and posing a threat to people living near coastal areas.

Depletion of the ozone layer

The ozone layer is a thin shield high in the sky that prevents ultraviolet rays from reaching the ground. As a result of human activities, chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons are released in, which contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer.

Badlands

The constant use of insecticides and pesticides can make the soil unfertile. Various types of chemicals from industrial waste end up in water, which also affects soil quality.

Protection (protection) of the environment from pollution:

International protection

Many are particularly vulnerable as they are susceptible to human influence in many countries. As a result, some states are joining together and developing agreements aimed at preventing damage or managing anthropogenic impacts on natural resources. These include agreements that affect the protection of the climate, oceans, rivers and air from pollution. These international environmental treaties are sometimes binding documents that have legal consequences in the event of non-compliance, and in other situations are used as codes of conduct. The most famous are:

The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), approved in June 1972, provides for the protection of nature for the current generation of people and their descendants.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) was signed in May 1992. The main goal of this agreement is "to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system."
The Kyoto Protocol provides for the reduction or stabilization of the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere. It was signed in Japan at the end of 1997.

State protection

Discussions on environmental issues often focus on government, law, and law enforcement. However, in the broadest sense, protecting the environment can be seen as the responsibility of the entire people, not just the government. Solutions that affect the environment will ideally involve a wide range of stakeholders, including industrial sites, indigenous groups, environmental groups and communities. Environmental decision-making processes are constantly evolving and becoming more active in different countries.

Many constitutions recognize the fundamental right to protect the environment. In addition, in various countries there are organizations and institutions dealing with environmental issues.

While protecting the environment isn't just a responsibility government agencies Most people regard these organizations as paramount in creating and maintaining basic standards that protect the environment and the people who interact with it.

How to protect the environment on your own?

The population and technological advances based on fossil fuels have seriously affected our natural environment. Therefore, now we need to contribute to eliminating the consequences of degradation so that humanity continues to live in an ecologically safe environment.

There are 3 main principles that are still relevant and important more than ever:

use less;
reuse;
recycle.

Create a compost pile in your garden. This helps to dispose of food waste and other biodegradable materials.
When shopping, use your eco-bags and try to avoid plastic bags as much as possible.
Plant as many trees as you can.
Think about how you can reduce the number of trips you make using your vehicle.
Reduce car emissions by walking or cycling. These are not just great alternatives to driving, but health benefits as well.
Use public transport whenever you can for your daily commute.
Bottles, paper, waste oil, old batteries and used tires must be disposed of properly; all this causes serious pollution.
Do not pour chemicals and waste oil on the ground or into drains leading to bodies of water.
Recycle some biodegradable waste, if possible, and work to reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste used.
Reduce the amount of meat you eat or consider a vegetarian diet.

Environmental protection. Basic Provisions

Nature or the environment, as well as its components, are not only natural resources, which it is rich in, the most important thing is the environment of a person's permanent residence, his habitat. The science of ecology is engaged in the protection of the environment, its components, as well as the study of the impact of living organisms on the environment.

Definition 1

Environmental protection or nature conservation activities Is a complex of engineering, engineering, technical, legal, organizational, economic and administrative and other measures aimed at compliance of environmental indicators with established standards, elimination or minimization of negative impact on the environment in the process of anthropogenic activities.

Environmental protection and ecological safety are an urgent and priority direction of economic activity of organizations of all forms of ownership, as well as state and other forms of government.

Regulatory framework for environmental protection

Finished works on a similar topic

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Environmental legislation serves as the basis for environmental protection activities in Russia.

Definition 2

Environmental legislation Is a system of state measures, enshrined in regulatory legal acts (laws, regulations, etc.) and aimed at preserving, restoring and improving the conditions necessary to create a safe and secure environment for humans and other living organisms, and the development of material production as well as minimizing or eliminating the consequences of past environmental damage.

The main objectives of environmental legislation are:

protection of environmental components (air, water, soil, bowels, forests, flora and fauna) from negative anthropogenic impact;
biodiversity conservation;
rational use of natural resources;
implementation of the best available technologies;
environmental education and improvement of environmental culture among the population;
elimination of past environmental damage;
implementation of supervisory activities.

The basis of the environmental legislation of Russia is formed by:

Legislative acts. These include the main regulatory environmental acts (Constitution, International treaties, Federal laws, laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, etc.)
Regulations. These include acts adopted by the President, the Government, and the executive authorities (Rosprirodnadzor).
System state standards (GOSTs of the "Nature Protection" system), sanitary rules and regulations (SanPiNs), building codes and regulations (SNiPs), sanitary standards (SN).

The main regulatory document in the country, including in terms of environmental legislation, is the Constitution of the Russian Federation. All types of laws, by-laws, GOSTs, etc. are developed on the basis of the Constitution. Not a single normative legal act can contradict the Constitution. The Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines:

rights and obligations of citizens for rational use of natural resources and environmental protection;
fundamentals of property rights to natural resources;
delimitation of the environmental functions of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
powers of state authorities in the field of environmental relations.

These norms are represented by articles of the Constitution that are directly related to environmental protection, ecological safety and nature management. The main articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation reflecting environmental norms are №7, №9, №36, №41, №42, №72.

Remark 1

In addition to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, environmental foundations are laid down in the codes. So, in Russia there are Water, Forest, Air and Land codes. However, the last two codes are indirectly related to environmental issues and to a greater extent reflect the issues of air traffic and cadastral relations.

The main laws governing the activities of individuals, legal entities, as well as environmental structures in terms of environmental protection are:

ФЗ-№7 "On environmental protection" dated 10.01.2002.
ФЗ-№89 "On production and consumption waste" dated 24.06.1998.
ФЗ-№96 "On protection of atmospheric air" dated 04.05.1999.
ФЗ-№416 "On water supply and sewerage" dated 07.12.2011.
ФЗ-№52 "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" dated 03.30.1999.
Law of the Russian Federation No. 2395-1 "On Subsoil" dated 02.21.1992.
ФЗ-№174 "On ecological expertise" dated 23.11.1995.

In addition to Federal laws, there are many orders, decrees, decrees, GOSTs, methods, regulations and other regulatory legal acts regulating different kinds activities that pose a clear or potential threat to the environment: transportation of dangerous goods, emission of greenhouse gases, production and use of substances that deplete the ozone layer, classification of waste to a specific hazard class, payment for negative impact on the environment, and many others.

Environmental Protection. Environmental Engineering

Engineering environmental protection is a set of engineering measures aimed at reducing or eliminating the negative impact on the environment through the implementation of engineering, technical and design solutions, as well as the use of the best available technologies.

This set of measures is usually carried out by organizations (individuals and legal entities) of various forms of ownership, which have on their balance sheet sources of negative impact on the environment. In turn, these sources are divided into:

sources of emissions of pollutants into the air;
sources of discharges of pollutants into the centralized water disposal system and water bodies;
sources of production and consumption waste generation.

In order to reduce emissions of pollutants into the air, enterprises are taking measures to introduce gas-cleaning and dust-collecting installations (cyclones, scrubbers, filters, etc.). These installations provide purification of exhaust gases from 80 to 98%, as a result of which significantly smaller volumes of pollutants enter the atmosphere, which ensures high quality of atmospheric air (Fig. 1). Also, for these purposes, measures are being taken to plant trees and shrubs, which retain some of the pollutants.

In order to preserve the quality of water bodies at enterprises discharging wastewater, a wastewater treatment system is being introduced, which may consist of:

mechanical cleaning systems (screens, sand traps, primary sedimentation tanks, pre-aerators, etc.)
biological treatment systems (biological filters, aerotanks, secondary sedimentation tanks, facilities for removing nitrogen and phosphorus, etc.)

To reduce the negative impact on the environment in terms of carrying out activities with production and consumption waste, the following measures are applied:

sorting production and consumption waste by fractional and component composition in accordance with the hazard class;
introduction of waste compaction systems (Fig. 2.);
introduction of systems for the neutralization and reuse (disposal) of waste in its own production.

Activities of public organizations

The main function of public environmental organizations in preserving the environment is to work on environmental education and instilling environmental culture among the population.

This function is fundamental. After all, it is not clean where they clean, but where they do not litter.

Environmental protection I Environmental protection

a system of measures aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions for the environment and human activity. The most important environmental factors are atmospheric, residential air, soil. O. about. with. provides for the preservation and restoration of natural resources in order to prevent direct and indirect negative impact of the results of human activities on nature and people.

In the context of scientific and technological progress and the intensification of industrial production, the problems of o.o. with. have become one of the most important national tasks, the solution of which is inextricably linked with the protection of human health. For many years, the processes of environmental degradation were reversible. affected only limited areas, individual areas and were not of a global nature, therefore, effective measures to protect the human environment were practically not taken. In the last 20-30 years, irreversible changes in the natural environment or dangerous phenomena began to appear in various regions of the Earth. In connection with the massive pollution of the environment, the issues of its protection from regional, intrastate have grown into an international, planetary problem. Everything developed states identified O. about. with. one of the most important aspects of humanity's struggle for survival.

The advanced industrial countries have worked out a number of key organizational, scientific and technical measures for organizational development. with. They are as follows: determination and assessment of the main chemical, physical and biological factors that adversely affect health and the population, in order to develop the necessary strategy to reduce the negative role of these factors; assessment of the potential impact of toxic substances polluting the environment to establish the necessary risk criteria for public health; development of effective programs for the prevention of possible industrial accidents and measures to reduce the harmful effects of accidental emissions on the environment. In addition, the special importance in O. about. with. acquires the establishment of the degree of danger of environmental pollution for the gene pool, from the point of view of the carcinogenicity of some toxic substances contained in industrial emissions and wastes. To assess the degree of risk mass diseases caused by pathogens in the environment, systematic epidemiological studies are needed.

When solving issues related to O. about. with., it should be borne in mind that from birth and throughout his life he is exposed to various factors (contact with chemicals in everyday life, at work, the use of drugs, getting into chemical additives contained in food, etc.). Additional exposure to harmful substances entering the environment, in particular from industrial waste, can have a negative impact on human health.

Among environmental pollutants (biological, physical, chemical and radioactive), one of the first places is occupied by chemical compounds. More than 5 million chemical compounds are known, of which over 60 thousand are in constant use. The world volume of production of chemical compounds increases 2 1/2 times every 10 years. The most dangerous is the release into the environment of organochlorine compounds of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, asbestos.

The most effective measure of O. about. with. these compounds are the development and implementation of waste-free or low-waste technological processes, as well as waste or their processing for secondary use. Another important direction of O. about. with. is a change in the approach to the principles of placement of various industries, the replacement of the most harmful and stable substances with less harmful and less stable ones. The mutual influence of various industrial and agricultural facilities is becoming more and more significant, and the social and economic damage from accidents caused by the neighborhood various enterprises may outweigh the benefits associated with proximity to a resource base or transportation facilities. In order for the tasks of placing objects to be solved optimally, it is necessary to cooperate with specialists of different profiles, who are able to predict the unfavorable impact of various factors, and to use methods of mathematical modeling. Quite often, due to meteorological conditions, areas far from the direct source of harmful emissions are polluted.

In many countries since the late 70s. centers for O. about. pp., integrating world experience, exploring the role of previously unknown factors that harm the environment and public health.

The most important role in the implementation of the planned state policy in the area of O. with. belongs to hygiene science (see Hygiene). In our country, research in this area is carried out by more than 70 institutions (hygienic institutes, departments of communal hygiene medical institutes, institutes for advanced training of doctors). The research institute of general and communal hygiene is the head on the problem "Scientific bases of environmental hygiene". A.N. Sysina.

The scientific foundations for regulating adverse environmental factors have been developed and implemented, established for many hundreds of chemicals in the air of the working area, water of reservoirs, atmospheric air settlements, soil, food; permissible levels of exposure to a number of physical factors - noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation (see Hygienic standards) have been established, methods and criteria for environmental quality control have been substantiated for some microbiological indicators. Research continues on the study of the combined and complex effects of harmful substances, the development of calculation and express methods for their regulation.

Bibliography: Hygiene of the environment, ed. Mr. I. Sidorenko, M., 1985; Sidorenko Mr. I. and Mozhaev E.A. Sanitary state of the environment and public health, M., 1987.

II Environmental protection

system of legislative acts, state and public events aimed at rational use of natural resources, conservation and reproduction of natural resources in the interests of protecting the health of the present and future generations of people on Earth.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M .: Medical encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First health care... - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. encyclopedic Dictionary medical terms. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

See what "Environmental Protection" is in other dictionaries:

- (a. environment protection; n. Umweltschutz; f. protection de l environnement; and. proteccion de ambiente) a set of measures to optimize or preserve the environment. Objective O. o. c. counteraction to negative changes in ... Geological encyclopedia

A complex of international, state, regional and local administrative, economic, technological, political and social measures to ensure socio-economic, cultural, historical, physical, chemical and ... Financial vocabulary

environmental protection- Protecting the environment from the adverse effects of products, processes and services. [GOST 1.1 2002] environmental protection environmental protection Activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities ... ... Technical translator's guide

Environmental protection- - the activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, public and other non-profit associations, legal and physical ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

1) prevention, limitation and reduction of the negative impact of the consequences of natural and environmental disasters, accidents, catastrophes, economic and industrial activities on humans and the environment by conducting a complex ... ... Emergency Dictionary

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION- a set of scientific, legal and technical measures aimed at the rational use, reproduction and conservation of natural resources and outer space in the interests of people, to ensure biological balance in ... ... Ecological Dictionary

Environmental protection- activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, public and other non-profit associations, legal entities and individuals, ... ... Official terminology

A set of measures for the preservation, restoration, improvement of the natural environment. Dictionary of business terms. Academic.ru. 2001 ... Business glossary

environmental protection- A set of conservation measures, rational use and restoration of natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the wealth of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere. Syn .: nature conservation ... Geography Dictionary

Environmental protection- a system of measures aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions for the environment and human life. The most important environmental factors are atmospheric air, home air, water, soil. Environmental protection provides for the preservation and restoration of natural resources in order to prevent direct and indirect negative impact of the results of human activities on nature and human health.

In the context of scientific and technological progress and the intensification of industrial production, problems environmental protection have become one of the most important national tasks, the solution of which is inextricably linked with the protection of human health. For many years, the processes of environmental degradation were reversible. affected only limited areas, individual areas and were not of a global nature, therefore, effective measures to protect the human environment were practically not taken. In the last 20-30 years, irreversible changes in the natural environment or dangerous phenomena began to appear in various regions of the Earth. In connection with the massive pollution of the environment, the issues of its protection from regional, intrastate have grown into an international, planetary problem. All developed countries have identified environmental protection one of the most important aspects of humanity's struggle for survival.

The advanced industrial countries have developed a number of key organizational, scientific and technical measures for environmental protection... They are as follows: determination and assessment of the main chemical, physical and biological factors that negatively affect the health and performance of the population, in order to develop the necessary strategy to reduce the negative role of these factors; assessment of the potential impact of toxic substances polluting the environment to establish the necessary risk criteria for public health; development of effective programs for the prevention of possible industrial accidents and measures to reduce the harmful effects of accidental emissions on the environment. In addition, special importance in environmental protection acquires the establishment of the degree of danger of environmental pollution for the gene pool, from the point of view of the carcinogenicity of some toxic substances contained in industrial emissions and wastes. Systematic epidemiological studies are needed to assess the risk of mass diseases caused by pathogens in the environment.

When dealing with issues related to environmental protection, it should be borne in mind that a person from birth and throughout his life is exposed to various factors (contact with chemicals in everyday life, at work, the use of drugs, the ingestion of chemical additives contained in food products, etc.). Additional exposure to harmful substances entering the environment, in particular from industrial waste, can have a negative impact on human health.

The most effective measure environmental protection from these compounds are the development and implementation of waste-free or low-waste technological processes, as well as waste disposal or recycling. Another important area environmental protection is a change in the approach to the principles of placement of various industries, the replacement of the most harmful and stable substances with less harmful and less stable ones. The mutual influence of various industrial and agricultural facilities is becoming more and more significant, and the social and economic damage from accidents caused by the proximity of various enterprises may exceed the benefits associated with the proximity of the raw material base or transport facilities. In order for the tasks of placing objects to be solved optimally, it is necessary to cooperate with specialists of different profiles, who are able to predict the unfavorable impact of various factors, and to use methods of mathematical modeling. Quite often, due to meteorological conditions, areas far from the direct source of harmful emissions are polluted.

In many countries since the late 70s. centers for environmental protection integrating world experience, exploring the role of previously unknown factors that harm the environment and public health.

The most important role in the implementation of planned state policy in the field environmental protection belongs to hygiene science (see. Hygiene). In our country, research in this area is carried out by more than 70 institutions (hygienic institutes, departments of communal hygiene of medical institutes, institutes for advanced training of doctors). The head of the problem "Scientific foundations of environmental hygiene" is the Research Institute of General and Communal Hygiene named after V.I. A.N. Sysina.

The scientific foundations for regulating unfavorable environmental factors have been developed and introduced, standards have been established for many hundreds of chemicals in the air of the working area, water of reservoirs, atmospheric air of populated areas, soil, food products; established permissible levels of exposure to a number of physical factors - noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation (see. Hygienic standards), methods and criteria for environmental quality control for some microbiological indicators have been substantiated. Research continues on the study of the combined and complex effects of harmful substances, the development of calculation and express methods for their regulation.