1. Professional activity of a customs officer as a process of highly formalized control
2. Psychological characteristics of the customs team
3. Psychological features of communication between customs officials and controlled persons
4. The stressfulness of the professional activity of the customs officer and the problem of increasing stress resistance
5. Psychological aspects of professional selection of customs officials.
1. The customs team is a purposefully organized community of professionals for joint activities to protect economic and other (moral and environmental standards, security, etc.) interests of the state and its citizens in the field of external relations, regulated by the Customs Code. Thus, the professional activity of a customs officer, from the point of view of psychological analysis, is a process of highly formalized control.
2. The main feature of the customs team is the clarity and statutory certainty of its organization... In the customs collective, the relations of subordination (subordination) are precisely and unambiguously expressed. This determines special requirements for the professional and personal qualities of managers of all ranks, for the style of leadership. The head of the customs team is limited in delegating responsibility, he ultimately bears full responsibility for the performance of his unit.
The second consequence of the considered feature is increased demands on the level of discipline of employees. An employee of the customs team is limited in the independence and arbitrariness of decision-making. At the same time, employees of many divisions of the customs authorities, by the nature of the tasks performed, are obliged to constantly make decisions (performing a permissive - prohibitive function). This gives rise to the special task of fostering responsible employee activity. One of the ways to solve this problem can be, for example, the organization of special forms of expression of personal opinion about the progress of work and the existing difficulties (written reports on the given positions, etc.).
The second important psychological feature of the customs collective arising from the task of protecting the interests of the state is high level of cohesion, developed sense of "we" against violators infringing on these interests. This feature makes the customs team related to the army. But there is also a significant difference. For the army collective, cohesion is an immediate condition for survival. For the customs collective, cohesion is mediated by a personal experience of the significance of the goals and objectives of customs activities. The loss, within the framework of professional self-determination, of the sense of serving the Motherland, of understanding the social significance of one's activity not only as skilled labor, but as a mission, leads, of course, not to death, but to the disintegration of the team, to the erosion of the essence of activity. Cohesion is fostered by maintaining traditions and rituals that provide a collective experience of professional pride and honor.
Derived from the above are such psychological characteristics of customs collectives as increased mutual exactingness employees, especially bosses to subordinates, and, at the same time, care for the "honor of the uniform".
The already mentioned regulation of relations in the team, as well as the function of the customs authorities to represent the state in relations with foreign persons and organizations, forms such a feature of customs activities as necessary impersonal, detached, "procedural" or "etiquette" its implementation. This is especially evident in the communication of customs officials with clients.
3. I. N. Kolobova identifies the following characteristic features of communication between customs specialists and controlled persons: 1
Communication between the customs officer and the controlled person is role-playing, given their legal status. Legislative acts on their rights and obligations define the boundaries of their communication and its content. Also, public expectations and attitudes regarding the role of the customs officer play a decisive role. The behavior of a customs officer in the process of role-based communication is standardized, developed, and then fixed in various forms, a special stereotype, pattern or normative pattern of behavior. A "professional mask" is being played - a fixed amount of standard behavioral reactions. Regardless of the specific situation of interaction with the controlled person, the employee seeks to constantly preserve the mask of goodwill, friendliness, restraint and equal attitude. This is ensured by a certain set of speech, mimic and pantomimic signs, the constant reproduction of which in the behavior of an employee creates conditions for optimal conflict-free course of role communication. “Throwing off” a professional mask is tantamount to refusing to perform role functions. The ability to carry out one's role as adequately as possible in the corresponding patterns of behavior is the first sign of the level of professionalism and qualifications of an employee.
However, in the process of inherently role-based communication, the client of the customs authority, as well as the employee, cannot but show their personal interests and individual characteristics. The task of the customs specialist is to create a favorable psychological background for communication. Each specialist develops individual style of role behavior.
Feelings that arise in the employee and the controlled person in the process of their communication can be conjunctive (bringing together, uniting) or disjunctive (separating, alienating). The employee is the organizing and regulating side of communication with the client, therefore one of his important functions is to eliminate conditions for the emergence of a negative emotional background of communication. It is known that a controlled person is often the initiator of disjunctive feelings. Dissatisfaction, distrust, dislike expressed by the client sometimes easily infect the employee and provoke him to respond in kind. You should not tell the controlled person that we do not care about his problems, or that his actions create a problem for us. The constructive (and therefore highly professional) position of the employee should be different. The employee must be able to "absorb" negative emotions, and then find a way to defuse the client's negative emotions, redirect the energy of emotions into a positive channel for jointly solving a common problem.
The employee himself can become the initiator of disjunctive feelings, usually due to emotional overload. Here are some of the causes of emotional overload:
Greater personal responsibility for the performance of duties;
Close attention of special bodies controlling the work of the customs officer;
A variety of constantly changing objects of observation, etc.
Note that the client, as a rule, does not intend to "amortize" the negative emotions of the customs officer; moreover, sometimes he is inclined to stimulate and use them in his interests. At the same time, the client, as a rule, can count on impunity for his emotional incontinence, while the employee, on the contrary, has no grounds for such expectations. Therefore, the employee should form an attitude to restrain emotions by means of conscious self-control. Excessive emotional involvement is professionally harmful. The ability to control oneself, not to take off a professional mask is a necessary professional quality of a customs specialist.
4. All of the above allows us to assert that the professional activity of a customs officer is characterized by increased stress. Organizational measures to help reduce the emotional stress of employees:
Psychological relief rooms;
Sports halls, exercise equipment;
Comfortably organized food outlets, etc.
A healthy atmosphere in the work collective is of great importance in the prevention of psycho-emotional overload of employees. General business spirit and optimism, labor achievements, support for employees' initiatives create a favorable moral and psychological climate, contribute to confident and accurate work and good mood.
5. The problem of professional selection of customs officials has two interrelated aspects: diagnostics of personal and operational qualities that ensure the effectiveness of professional activities and qualities that prevent professional deformation of the personality of a TO professional.
Here are the conclusions drawn by R.A. Safarov on this issue. 2
“The main socio-psychological characteristics that determine the appearance of a customs officer include:
The breadth and versatility of knowledge and ideas, combined with a pronounced desire for their development, for expanding their horizons and cultural level (cultural and cognitive aspect of the socio-psychological image),
Ability to correctly comprehend your life experience, to develop rational behavioral rules on its basis, to correct your behavior (auto-pedagogical aspect);
The stability of beliefs, the ability to implement them in the practice of professional activity, to act in accordance with them, and not in spite of them in all, including difficult situations (value-behavioral aspect);
Developed volitional qualities, perseverance, determination, ability to mobilize oneself in extreme conditions (volitional aspect);
Developed ability to communicate, the ability to correctly understand others and be correctly understood by them, the ability to receive and correctly evaluate the information coming from them (the communicative aspect);
A high level of loyalty to executives, to employees, to citizens whose interests are affected by his professional activities, the ability to keep himself within normative boundaries (characterological aspect).
R.A. Safarov notes the general and special aspects of the formation of professional deformation of customs officers:
The professionalization of mental processes (ideas, perception, emotions, aspirations), mental properties (character, motivational characteristics, temperament) and psychological formations (characteristics of communication and interaction) of such employees, being objectively conditioned, can go beyond expediency and cause them inadequate reactions to the outside world. The composure of an operational or investigative officer of a law enforcement structure, which protects him from excessive emotional information, can, in some cases, develop into indifference, emotional "deafness", skepticism, cynicism, etc. Caution, as a professionally necessary quality, - grow into suspicion, distrust, bias, etc. Due to this, resistance to professional deformation should also be considered as one of the most important qualities of a customs officer, which forms his socio-psychological portrait.
This quality appears in organic unity with those named above. First of all, its formation is directly dependent on the cultural-cognitive, auto-pedagogical, value-behavioral, volitional, characterological and communicative characteristics of the employee. The breadth of horizons, the cultural level, the nature of life experience, the degree of stability of beliefs, the degree of development of volitional qualities, the level of loyalty - this, in its totality, determines the likelihood of the occurrence and development of professional deformation of the psyche.
It is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that the consequences of the occurrence of professional-psychological deformation are the weakening of self-control and self-correction, unwanted changes in value orientations, and a decrease in the level of professional loyalty of the employee. A further increase in the deformation process can lead to persistent deactualization (long-term lack of demand) of the considered socio-psychological qualities and, ultimately, to their loss.
Professional deformation of the psyche is a hypertrophied defensive reaction of an employee to the action of psychogenic (stress) factors. No less, however, is the likelihood of the formation of such a defensive reaction, which consists, on the contrary, in weakening the level of exactingness towards persons violating the law. This negative phenomenon is always associated with a change in the employee's motivation. Due to this, among the social and psychological qualities that professionally characterize a customs officer, one should include his psychological stability and motivational stability.
The motivational sustainability of customs officers is of particular importance. Law enforcement practice knows cases related to attempts by criminal organizations to recruit an officer and persuade him to transfer official information. At the same time, in recruiting conversations with an employee, for example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, influence on him is usually limited to bribery combined with a threat. Similar conversations with customs officers are most often based on different tactics, which include, along with the use of traditional measures of influence, an appeal to the "civil" feelings of the recruited person. In this case, the following arguments are given:
- "many entrepreneurs violate customs legislation not intentionally, but due to the presence of contradictions and uncertainties in federal laws and regulations of the State Customs Committee - therefore, they cannot be treated as criminals";
- "Irrational customs rules impede the development of Russian entrepreneurship. Therefore, it is in the country's interests to support the most capable businessmen, to provide them with favorable conditions for expanding production, even if due to some violation of these rules"
Undoubtedly, such an approach is able to reduce the severity of the motivational conflict among an employee who has embarked on the path of an official crime, which makes the problem of motivational stability of a customs officer especially important, and particularly important.
The professiogram of a customs specialist reflects the main features of his activity. It is characterized by structure, logic and content, adequate to this activity.
I. General information about the profession.
1.1. Name, purpose, responsibility.
In the structure of the customs post - an employee of the group for combating customs offenses, the inspection group.
In the structure of the customs: an employee of the department for combating customs offenses, an employee of the inquiry department, an employee of the customs investigation department, an employee of the anti-smuggling department, an employee of the legal department, an employee of the customs protection department.
Purpose:
ensuring compliance with customs legislation, protecting the interests and rights of the state, individuals and legal entities during customs control and clearance;
control over the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border of the Russian Federation;
physical examination of goods and vehicles of persons crossing the state border of the Russian Federation;
the fight against smuggling and illicit trafficking in drugs, weapons or ammunition, weapons of mass destruction, cultural values, in relation to which special rules for movement across the customs border of the Russian Federation are established (Articles 188, 189, 190 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation);
fight against non-return of funds in foreign currency from abroad (Art. 193 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation);
combating evasion of customs payments (Article 194 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation);
implementation of preventive measures to combat violation of customs regulations and offenses committed by participants in foreign economic activity;
checking the correctness of the provision of customs preferences - transit and tax benefits;
control functions at economic facilities and in transport;
organization and conduct of operational-search activities;
organization of a customs protection service. A responsibility:
the specialist bears personal responsibility (up to and including criminal) in full for the performance of functional duties and violations of the current legislation;
increased moral responsibility, confirmed by a publicly accepted oath.
1.2. Characteristics of the workplace, tools and tools:
premises and areas specially equipped for the performance of functional duties;
work with computer equipment, communication facilities, technical means of customs control, special means;
contact with weapons and special equipment;
work with specially trained service dogs.
1.3. Necessary general and special training of specialists:
higher (secondary specialized) education;
special customs preparation.
1.4. Professional excellence.
1.4.1. Required knowledge:
knowledge of regulations on criminal and customs law and business;
knowledge of the rules and instructions governing the activities of customs departments (customs post), as well as organizations, enterprises, legal entities and individuals - participants in foreign economic activity;
knowledge of the mechanisms and methods of criminal behavior in the field of foreign economic activity of legal entities and individuals;
knowledge of the peculiarities of paperwork involved in the customs process;
knowledge of the design and other features of vehicles and means of delivery of goods crossing the customs border;
knowledge of the main ways of smuggling drugs, weapons and ammunition and other objects of smuggling, their characteristics, techniques and ways of sheltering from customs control;
knowledge of the psychological characteristics and behavioral reactions of typical smugglers;
knowledge of the basics of working with computers, communications, technical means of customs control, standard weapons and special equipment;
knowledge of customs infrastructure facilities, security and safety features of customs premises, warehouses, etc .;
knowledge of the legal basis and principles of operational-search activity.
1.4.2. Required skills:
the ability to think logically and organize their activities in the face of time pressure;
the ability to organize and conduct inquiries in cases within the competence of the customs authorities;
the ability to conduct urgent investigative actions: examination, search, seizure, examination, detention, interrogation of a suspect, interrogation of a witness and a victim, etc .;
the ability to make a decision with the awareness of personal responsibility for its consequences;
the ability to work effectively with people, to establish psychological contact in the interests of completing the task;
the ability to competently and fully draw up competent opinions, protocols on the facts of customs violations, to reflect in maximum detail the subjective side of the offenses;
the ability to comply with the established procedure for non-disclosure of information related to official activities;
the ability to monitor the safety of technical means of customs control, standard weapons and ammunition, the technical condition of special equipment;
the ability to resist the negative impact of participants in foreign economic activity;
the ability to quickly navigate in various conditions of the environment;
the ability to apply various approaches to assessing the situation that has arisen, the absence of templates and stereotypes of thinking.
II. Conditions of activity.
2.1. Sanitary and hygienic conditions:
microclimate of the customs premises (customs post);
closed room with abrupt changes in microclimate;
open space of a technological nature;
vehicles (types of transport: road, rail, sea, river, aviation);
outdoors in natural conditions;
unusual conditions (enterprises with harmful or hazardous production).
2.2. Organization and working regime:
unregulated working day;
business trips, trips, raids;
special operations;
duty roster;
protection of customs infrastructure facilities.
III. Socio-psychological factors of activity.
3.1. Characteristics of structural units.
The structural subdivisions of the law enforcement block bear the main burden of preventing customs crimes and offenses, protecting the economic interests of the state, health and morality of its population.
3.2. The role and place of a specialist in the system of intracollective ties.
The specialist is directly subordinate to the direct superior, is closely linked by the technological chain of customs control with other specialists of his department, other departments of customs involved in customs control and clearance. High importance of successful performance of functional duties for the specialist himself, for his department and customs in general. The possibility of increasing effective work when showing
attentiveness, vigilance, observation, composure, accuracy, strict adherence to job descriptions, a creative approach to performing their official duties and a decrease in labor productivity in the absence of these and other qualities.
3.3. Motivational aspects of the activity.
The quality of the activity is strongly conditioned by the personal qualities of the customs specialist:
worldview, moral and ethical qualities, orientation of the individual towards socially significant goals, moral and psychological mood, the presence of certain inclinations, interests, hobbies;
a firm life position, a conscious desire to work in the system of customs authorities;
honesty, integrity, decency, patriotism;
high sense of duty, professional pride;
craving for justice, professional ethics;
a tendency to communicate with people;
interest in self-improvement, work on oneself;
erudition, broad outlook;
knowledge of foreign languages;
resistance to attention and influence from participants in foreign economic activity, outsiders;
resistance to long-term monotonous and strenuous work, continuous maintenance of a high level of attention, composure and purposefulness during the working day.
Motivational value is the possibility of a fairly rapid career advancement (early assignment of a special rank, promotion to a higher position, cash bonuses, referral to additional professional training and the application of measures of moral encouragement directly from practical results of activity).
3.4. Features of socio-psychological and professional adaptation:
12-month (6-month) probationary period;
mentoring, assistance from an experienced, trained specialist;
the possibility of reducing the probationary period due to the success of the activity, due to the individual characteristics of the personality.
IV. The content of the activity.
4.1. The content of the main tasks and operations performed by a specialist:
physical examination of passengers and cargo crossing the customs border of the Russian Federation;
combating the smuggling of drugs, weapons, cultural, archaeological and historical values;
checking customs declarations and other documents for escorting cargo and baggage;
fight against non-return of funds in foreign currency from abroad;
control of baggage and carry-on baggage for the detection of items not allowed for movement across the border;
inspection of vehicles;
verification of the accuracy of the submitted documents;
control over the payment of customs duties;
verification of the reliability of the declaration of goods and vehicles;
control over the delivery of goods and vehicles to the place of delivery and over the delivery of documents for them; control over the evasion of customs payments;
making a decision on the release or impossibility of releasing goods and vehicles across the border;
carrying out operational-search activities in the interests of combating organized criminal structures;
security and defense of customs infrastructure facilities;
conducting an inquiry on the offenses under Art. 188, 189, 190, 193, 194 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;
conducting investigative actions provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (interrogation, examination, search, interrogation of a suspect, interrogation of a witness, etc.);
registration of decisions and actions in the case by resolutions and protocols.
The main psychological content of a specialist's activity: logical-analytical, controlling, cognitive activity associated with a high level of personal responsibility and the need to independently make decisions with a certain time deficit.
4.2. Sources for receiving information on violation of customs regulations:
direct detection of signs of violation of customs regulations;
messages and statements of Russian and foreign persons, as well as messages in the media;
materials received from other customs authorities of the Russian Federation,
materials received from other law enforcement, regulatory and other government agencies;
information received from customs and other law enforcement services and competent authorities of foreign states, international organizations.
4.3. Features of receiving information:
obtaining from various sources (documents in various languages, explanations of participants in foreign economic activity, visual channel, data of technical means of control, etc.);
receipt of information in a limited time and through several channels simultaneously;
possible interference from the controlled person;
constant stress on the senses;
stable voluntary attention with good switchability.
4.4. Features of information processing and decision-making:
tight deadlines for processing information and making decisions;
dependence of labor results on the quality of memory;
high importance of logical thinking, its speed, flexibility, independence, criticality;
the influence of a sense of personal responsibility;
the situation of the possible influence of a participant in foreign economic activity (persons accompanying him).
4.5. The structure of performing actions:
the working posture depends on the performance of a specific function and varies from static (working at a table, X-ray apparatus, special means) to the predominance of motor acts;
active work of fingers, hands, upper and lower extremities;
good coordination of movements;
speech culture, the ability to listen to the interlocutor, substantiate their point of view and substantiate it with evidence, knowledge of professional terminology.
4.6. Errors in the activities of a specialist:
a) sensory-perceptual (errors of reception and primary assessment of information);
b) gnostic (errors of information processing and decision-making);
c) motor (psychomotor and speech deficiencies);
d) personal (due to the characteristics of motivation, character, will, emotional sphere, etc.)
Inadmissibility of gross mistakes in activity.
4.7. Load during the activity of various psychological functions:
the distribution of efforts, as well as time, depends on the number and intensity of the flow of passengers, cargo, the activities of related services (schedules of arrival and departure of aircraft, movement of trains, ships, etc.);
predominance of workload of sensory-perceptual, logical and intellectual processes;
priority of mindfulness and psychomotor skills.
V. Dynamics of the mental state of a specialist in the process of activity.
5.1. The nature and degree of changes in the psychophysiological functions and performance of a specialist:
rather high dependence of labor productivity on the emotional sphere and psycho-emotional state of a specialist and a controlled person;
a tendency to decrease attentiveness and performance in the second half of the working day (or shift), at night;
the possibility of the influence of various external factors (from weather conditions to moral pressure from outside);
the possibility of reducing the dynamics of working capacity by the end of the working week.
5.2. The main ways to overcome unfavorable situations:
psycho-self-regulation skills, autogenic training;
prevention of monotomy, physical education and sports;
improving vocational training;
the formation of moral and psychological attitudes towards the unconditional fulfillment of their functional duties and official duty.
Psychogram of a customs specialist. The psychogram includes a structured list of psychological qualities that a specialist must have in accordance with the requirements of the professiogram.
1. Direction, motivation, inclinations, volitional qualities:
focus and interest in the customs business;
tendency to work with people, to communicate;
ability to learn, interest in acquiring new knowledge;
strong will;
persistence, determination, courage;
self-control, self-confidence, emotional and neuropsychic stability.
2. Sensory-perceptual properties:
the stability of the functions of the analyzers and the quality of perception (visual, auditory, tactile; shape, size, speed, volume, etc.);
predominance of the visual channel of perception;
sustained attention, wide distribution, fast switching and large volume;
the ability to highlight essential features, notice minor changes in the object under study.
3. Features of higher mental functions:
sufficient volume, speed and accuracy of memorization and perception;
efficiency, clarity and criticality of thinking; the ability to retain a large amount of information in memory for a long time;
developed memory for the appearance and behavior of a person;
the ability to notice changes in the environment without consciously focusing attention on them;
the ability to observe simultaneously a large number of variables of the object under study, as well as a large number of objects;
the ability to quickly navigate in a new and unfamiliar environment, to assess the importance of incoming information;
the need for the development of imagination.
4. Psychomotor properties and physical qualities:
good physical endurance, resistance to physical fatigue;
good coordination of movements, resistance to tremors;
stability of speech and motor characteristics to psychophysical stress, the tendency to quickly establish communicative contact, clearly and clearly express their thoughts;
the ability to abruptly change the type of activity;
the ability to use muscle strength, both explosive and static;
possession of techniques of self-defense and hand-to-hand combat.
5. Personal and professional characteristics:
communication;
willingness to cooperate, responsiveness, adaptability, ease of inclusion in group activity, having their own opinion;
emotional maturity, stability, equanimity;
a tendency to comply with public moral standards;
a sense of responsibility, the ability to convince the group to work on a practical and realistic basis;
efficiency in situations requiring constancy, perseverance and perseverance;
discretion, caution and vigilance;
self-control, concern for social reputation.
6. Contraindications to activity:
neuropsychic and emotional instability;
severe mental accentuation and deviations;
alcohol, drug or drug addiction;
medical contraindications.
The stated psychological characteristics of the activity and personality of a customs specialist should be taken into account in the professional selection and placement of personnel, in predicting the ability to adapt to customs activities and the degree of success in its implementation.
The current system of training customs specialists is not optimal, since it does not fully ensure a high professional level of their activities, which is one of the factors that reduce the effectiveness of state customs control in Russia.
It is possible to change the situation by further studying the professional activities of customs specialists and creating a system of its psychological support. Such a system should include the development of criteria and indicators of effective professional activity, substantiation of the content and structure of customs activities, including a description of the distinctive features of various invariants of customs activities, extreme factors acting in them, the most common functional states arising from a customs officer, the development of a regulatory model of professionalism of some categories of customs officers and the algorithm for its application.
12.4. Psychology of customs activities
Law enforcement activity of customs authorities and its psychological characteristics.The system of customs authorities occupies important positions in the economic, legal and social policy of the state. It is based on effective customs control in the interests of ensuring Russia's economic security, protecting the health and morals of its population. It includes the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, regional customs, customs posts. Its main functions are: participation in the development of state customs policy and its implementation; ensuring compliance with legislation, protecting the rights and interests of citizens, enterprises, institutions and organizations in the implementation of customs; implementation and improvement of customs control and customs clearance, creation of conditions for accelerated trade through the customs border of the Russian Federation; maintaining customs statistics of foreign trade and special customs statistics; currency control within its competence, etc.
Law enforcement activities of customs authoritiesis an integral part of their activities. In accordance with the 1994 Regulation on the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, its tasks are: protection of the economic interests of Russia; participation in the implementation of measures to protect state security and public order, morality of the population, human life and health, as well as measures to protect animals and plants, the natural environment; combating smuggling and other crimes in the field of customs control, combating violations of customs regulations and administrative offenses that infringe on the normal activities of customs authorities; assistance to the competent authorities in the fight against international terrorism; control over the observance of legality by customs officials; protection of customs infrastructure and customs border.
The activities of customs officials are different psychological characteristics, which are determined by its external conditions (environment, results and their impact on the psyche), internal (goals, methods), as well as the possibilities of management and self-government. It is carried out under constant strong-willed control,whose strength is largely determined by the duration of the work of the customs officer, the complexity of relationships with various categories of persons undergoing customs control, the physiological state of the customs officer (neuropsychic fatigue, stress, illness).
Power emotional stress(from moderate to emergency) customs activities depend on the nature of the actions performed, professional experience and individual psychological characteristics of the customs official. It is affected by:
Great personal responsibility;
Availability of competent authorities supervising the work, and the ability to identify the specialist who committed the violation;
The need for constant preparedness for unexpected situations;
The impact of constantly changing objects of observation, external factors;
Sufficiently high level of conflict situations arising during customs control and clearance;
Constant influence of criminal structures seeking to exert psychological pressure, blackmail, bribery of customs officials, to create opportunities for violation of existing legal norms;
Confrontation that occurs often enough.
Some persons undergoing customs control see the customs officer as the main culprit of the difficulties that arise and try to vent their irritation on him, threatening all kinds of punishments or offering bribes to ease their lot.
The listed features of the activity make high demands on any official of the customs authority, on his moral and moral qualities.
Professiogram of a customs specialist. The professiogram of a customs specialist reflects the main features of his activity. It is characterized by structure, logic and content, adequate to this activity.
I. General information about the profession.
1.1. Name, purpose, responsibility.
In the structure of the customs post - an employee of the group for combating customs offenses, the inspection group.
In the structure of the customs: an employee of the department for combating customs offenses, an employee of the inquiry department, an employee of the customs investigation department, an employee of the anti-smuggling department, an employee of the legal department, an employee of the customs protection department.
Purpose:
Ensuring compliance with customs legislation, protecting the interests and rights of the state, individuals and legal entities during customs control and clearance;
Control over the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border of the Russian Federation;
Physical examination of goods and vehicles of persons crossing the state border of the Russian Federation;
Fight against smuggling and illicit trafficking of drugs, weapons or ammunition, weapons of mass destruction, cultural values, in respect of which special rules for movement across the customs border of the Russian Federation are established (Articles 188, 189, 190 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation);
Fight against non-return of funds in foreign currency from abroad (Article 193 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation);
Fight against evasion of customs payments (Art. 194 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation);
Implementation of preventive measures to combat violation of customs rules and offenses committed by participants in foreign economic activity;
Checking the correctness of the provision of customs preferences - transit and tax benefits;
Control functions at economic facilities and transport;
Organization and conduct of operational-search activities;
Organization of a customs protection service. A responsibility:
The specialist is personally liable (up to and including criminal) in full for the performance of functional duties and violations of current legislation;
Increased moral responsibility, secured by a publicly accepted oath.
1.2. Characteristics of the workplace, tools and tools:
Premises and areas specially equipped for the performance of functional duties;
Work with computer equipment, communication facilities, technical means of customs control, special purpose equipment;
Contact with weapons and special equipment;
Working with specially trained service dogs.
1.3. Necessary general and special training of specialists:
Higher (secondary specialized) education;
Special customs preparation.
1.4. Professional excellence.
1.4.1. Required knowledge:
Knowledge of regulations on criminal and customs law and business;
Knowledge of the rules and instructions governing the activities of customs units (customs post), as well as organizations, enterprises, legal entities and individuals - participants in foreign economic activity;
Knowledge of the mechanisms and methods of criminal behavior in the field of foreign economic activity of legal entities and individuals;
Knowledge of the specifics of processing documents involved in the customs process;
Knowledge of the design and other features of vehicles and means of delivery of goods crossing the customs border;
Knowledge of the main ways of smuggling drugs, weapons and ammunition and other objects of smuggling, their characteristics, techniques and methods of sheltering from customs control;
Knowledge of the psychological characteristics and behavioral reactions of typical smugglers;
Knowledge of the basics of working with computers, communication facilities, technical means of customs control, standard weapons and special equipment;
Knowledge of customs infrastructure facilities, security and safety features of customs premises, warehouses, etc .;
Knowledge of the legal basis and principles of operational-search activity.
1.4.2. Required skills:
Ability to think logically and organize their activities in conditions of time pressure;
Ability to organize and conduct inquiries in cases within the competence of the customs authorities;
Ability to conduct urgent investigative actions: examination, search, seizure, examination, detention, interrogation of a suspect, interrogation of a witness and a victim, etc .;
Ability to make a decision with an awareness of personal responsibility for its consequences;
Ability to work effectively with people, establish psychological contact in the interests of completing the task;
Ability to competently and fully draw up competent opinions, protocols on the facts of customs violations, to reflect in maximum detail the subjective side of the offenses;
Ability to comply with the established procedure for non-disclosure of information related to official activities;
Ability to monitor the safety of technical means of customs control, standard weapons and ammunition, technical condition of special equipment;
Ability to resist the negative impact of participants in foreign economic activity;
Ability to quickly navigate in various conditions of the environment;
Ability to apply various approaches to assessing a situation that has arisen, lack of patterns and stereotypes of thinking.
II. Conditions of activity.
2.1. Sanitary and hygienic conditions:
Microclimate of the customs premises (customs post);
Closed room with sharp changes in microclimate;
Open space of a technological nature;
Vehicles (types of transport: road, rail, sea, river, aviation);
Outdoors in natural conditions;
Unusual conditions (enterprises with harmful or hazardous production).
2.2. Organization and working regime:
Unregulated working day;
Business trips, trips, raids;
Special operations;
Duty roster;
Protection of customs infrastructure facilities.
III. Socio-psychological factors of activity.
3.1. Characteristics of structural units.
The structural subdivisions of the law enforcement block bear the main responsibility for preventing customs crimes and offenses, protecting the economic interests of the state, health and morality of its population.
3.2. The role and place of a specialist in the system of intracollective ties.
The specialist is directly subordinate to the direct superior, is closely connected with the technological chain of customs control with other specialists of his department, other customs departments involved in customs control and clearance. The high importance of successful performance of functional duties for the specialist himself, for his department and customs in general. The possibility of increasing effective work when showing
attentiveness, vigilance, observation, composure, accuracy, strict adherence to job descriptions, a creative approach to the performance of their official duties and a decrease in labor productivity in the absence of these and other qualities.
3.3. Motivational aspects of the activity.
The quality of the activity is strongly conditioned by the personal qualities of the customs specialist:
World outlook, moral and ethical qualities, orientation of the individual towards socially significant goals, moral and psychological mood, the presence of certain inclinations, interests, hobbies;
A firm life position, a conscious desire to work in the system of customs authorities;
Honesty, integrity, decency, patriotism;
A high sense of duty, professional pride;
Craving for justice, professional ethics;
Propensity to communicate with people;
Interest in self-improvement, work on oneself;
Erudition, broad-minded;
Knowledge of foreign languages;
Resistance to attention and influence from participants in foreign economic activity, outsiders;
Resistance to long-term monotonous and strenuous work, continuous maintenance of a high level of attention, composure and determination during the working day.
Motivational value is the possibility of a fairly rapid career advancement (early assignment of a special rank, promotion to a higher position, cash bonuses, referral to additional professional training and the application of measures of moral encouragement directly from practical results of activity).
3.4. Features of socio-psychological and professional adaptation:
12-month (6-month) probationary period;
Mentoring, assistance from an experienced, trained specialist;
The possibility of reducing the probationary period due to the success of the activity, due to the individual characteristics of the personality.
Physical examination of passengers and cargo crossing the customs border of the Russian Federation;
Combating the smuggling of drugs, weapons, cultural, archaeological and historical values;
Checking customs declarations and other documents for escorting cargo and baggage;
Fight against non-return of funds in foreign currency from abroad;
Control of baggage and carry-on baggage for the detection of items not allowed for movement across the border;
Vehicle inspection;
Checking the accuracy of the submitted documents;
Control over the payment of customs duties;
Verification of the accuracy of the declaration of goods and vehicles;
Control over the delivery of goods and vehicles to the place of delivery and over the delivery of documents for them; control over the evasion of customs payments;
Making a decision on the release or impossibility of releasing goods and vehicles across the border;
Implementation of operational-search activities in the interests of combating organized criminal structures;
Security and defense of customs infrastructure facilities;
Carrying out an inquiry on the offenses under Art. 188, 189, 190, 193, 194 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;
Carrying out investigative actions envisaged by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (interrogation, examination, search, interrogation of a suspect, interrogation of a witness, etc.);
Registration of decisions and actions on the case by resolutions and protocols.
The main psychological content of a specialist's activity: logical-analytical, controlling, cognitive activity associated with a high level of personal responsibility and the need to independently make decisions with a certain time deficit.
4.2. Sources for receiving information on violation of customs regulations:
Direct detection of signs of violation of customs regulations;
Messages and statements of Russian and foreign persons, as well as messages in the media;
Materials received from other customs authorities of the Russian Federation,
Materials received from other law enforcement, regulatory and other government agencies;
Information received from customs and other law enforcement services and competent authorities of foreign states, international organizations.
4.3. Features of receiving information:
Obtaining from various sources (documents in various languages, explanations of participants in foreign economic activity, a visual channel, data of technical means of control, etc.);
Receipt of information in a limited time and through several channels simultaneously;
Possible interference from the controlled person;
Stable voluntary attention with good switchability.
4.4. Features of information processing and decision-making:
Short terms for processing information and making a decision;
Dependence of labor results on the quality of memory;
The high importance of logical thinking, its speed, flexibility, independence, criticality;
The influence of a sense of personal responsibility;
The situation of the possible influence of a participant in foreign economic activity (persons accompanying him).
4.5. The structure of performing actions:
The working posture depends on the performance of a specific function and varies from static (work at a table, an X-ray machine, special means) to the predominance of motor acts;
Active work of fingers, hands, upper and lower extremities;
Good coordination of movements;
Speech culture, the ability to listen to the interlocutor, substantiate your point of view and substantiate it with evidence, knowledge of professional terminology.
4.6. Errors in the activities of a specialist:
a) sensory-perceptual (errors of reception and primary assessment of information);
b) gnostic (errors of information processing and decision-making);
c) motor (psychomotor and speech deficiencies);
d) personal (due to the characteristics of motivation, character, will, emotional sphere, etc.)
Inadmissibility of gross mistakes in activity.
4.7. Load during the activity of various psychological functions:
The distribution of efforts, as well as time, depends on the number and intensity of the flow of passengers, cargo, activities of related services (schedules of arrival and departure of aircraft, movement of trains, ships, etc.);
The predominance of the workload of sensory-perceptual, logical and intellectual processes;
The priority of mindfulness and psychomotor skills.
V. The dynamics of the mental state of a specialist in the process of activity.
5.1. The nature and degree of changes in the psychophysiological functions and performance of a specialist:
Sufficiently high dependence of labor productivity on the emotional sphere and psychoemotional state of the specialist and the person under control;
A tendency to decrease attentiveness and performance in the second half of the working day (or shift), at night;
Possibility of the influence of various external factors (from weather conditions to moral pressure from outside);
Possibility of reducing the dynamics of working capacity by the end of the working week.
5.2. The main ways to overcome unfavorable situations:
Psycho-self-regulation skills, autogenous training;
Prevention of monotomy, physical education and sports;
Improving vocational training;
Formation of moral and psychological attitudes towards the unconditional fulfillment of their functional duties and official duty.
Psychogram of a customs specialist. The psychogram includes a structured list of psychological qualities that a specialist must have in accordance with the requirements of the professiogram.
1. Direction, motivation, inclinations, volitional qualities:
Focus and interest in customs;
Propensity to work with people, to communicate;
Ability to learn, interest in acquiring new knowledge;
Strong will;
Perseverance, determination, courage;
Self-control, self-confidence, emotional and neuropsychic stability.
2. Sensory-perceptual properties:
The stability of the functions of the analyzers and the quality of perception (visual, auditory, tactile; shape, size, speed, volume, etc.);
The predominance of the visual channel of perception;
Steady focus, wide spread, fast switching and large volume;
The ability to highlight essential features, notice minor changes in the object under study.
3. Features of higher mental functions:
Sufficient volume, speed and accuracy of memorization and perception;
Efficiency, clarity and criticality of thinking; the ability to retain a large amount of information in memory for a long time;
Developed memory for the appearance and behavior of a person;
The ability to notice changes in the environment without consciously focusing attention on them;
Ability to observe simultaneously a large number of variables of the investigated object, as well as a large number of objects;
The ability to quickly navigate in a new and unfamiliar environment, assess the importance of incoming information;
The need for the development of imagination.
4. Psychomotor properties and physical qualities:
Good physical endurance, resistance to physical fatigue;
Good coordination of movements, resistance to tremors;
The stability of speech and motor characteristics to psychophysical stress, the tendency to quickly establish communicative contact, clearly and clearly express their thoughts;
Ability to abruptly change the type of activity;
Ability to use muscular strength, both explosive and static;
Possession of self-defense and hand-to-hand fighting techniques.
5. Personal and professional characteristics:
Communication;
Willingness to cooperate, responsiveness, adaptability, ease of inclusion in group activity, having your own opinion;
Emotional maturity, stability, equanimity;
Tendency to comply with public moral standards;
A sense of responsibility, the ability to convince the group to work on a practical and realistic basis;
Effectiveness in situations requiring constancy, perseverance and perseverance;
Discretion, caution and vigilance;
Self-control, concern for social reputation.
6. Contraindications to activity:
Neuropsychic and emotional instability;
Severe mental accentuations and deviations;
Alcohol, drug or drug addiction;
Medical contraindications.
The stated psychological characteristics of the activity and personality of a customs specialist should be taken into account in the professional selection and placement of personnel, in predicting the ability to adapt to customs activities and the degree of success in its implementation.
The current system of training customs specialists is not optimal, since it does not fully ensure a high professional level of their activities, which is one of the factors that reduce the effectiveness of state customs control in Russia.
It is possible to change the situation by further studying the professional activities of customs specialists and creating a system of its psychological support. Such a system should include the development of criteria and indicators of effective professional activity, substantiation of the content and structure of customs activities, including a description of the distinctive features of various invariants of customs activities, extreme factors acting in them, the most common functional states arising from a customs officer, the development of a regulatory model of professionalism of some categories of customs officers and the algorithm for its application.
Dominant way of thinking
Basic knowledge area # 1 and their level
Basic knowledge area No. 2 and their level
Professional area Interpersonal interaction Dominant interest Additional interest Working conditions customs inspector
application - regulation
law, legal sciences, level 3, high (theoretical)
commodity science, customs, level 2, intermediate (practical use of knowledge)
taxation
frequent as "near"
realistic
social
indoor / outdoor, mobile
Dominant activities: collection of customs duties for the import and export of goods; control over compliance with foreign trade legislation; combating violations of customs regulations; fight against smuggling; search for contraband goods; customs inspection of things and passengers traveling abroad of the Russian Federation; provision of reports on the work to higher government organizations.
Qualities that ensure the success of performing professional activities:
Abilities:
a high level of development of concentration and stability of attention (the ability to focus on one important activity for a long time); selectivity of attention; development of short-term and long-term memory; developed attention to detail; speed of reaction; ability to make quick decisions in the face of time pressure; communication skills (ability to get in touch); verbal ability; the ability to analyze and organize a large amount of information; the ability to engage in monotonous work for a long time.
decency; observation; good intuition, ability to understand people; organization, clarity; discipline; determination; exactingness towards oneself and people; curiosity; the ability to quickly navigate in the environment; good physical and mental endurance; emotional stability, self-control.
Qualities that hinder the effectiveness of professional activity: dishonesty, self-interest; distraction; irascibility; impulsiveness; disorganization, indiscipline; fast fatiguability; exposure to other people's influence;
rudeness, bad manners; irresponsibility.
Fields of application of professional knowledge: government agencies that control the transportation of goods across the border and collect customs duties and fees; customs terminals.
History of the profession
Customs is a government agency that controls the transportation of goods (including luggage and mail) across the state border and collects customs duties and taxes.
The origins of this profession go back to the distant past. Even in ancient times, merchants, when crossing borders, paid off the rulers of states with a part of their profits.
In Russia, customs arose in the XIII century. Along with the port and border customs, there were local (internal) customs at the borders of local markets and cities.
In the XVI-XVII centuries, the so-called customs books were compiled at customs. They registered the results of the examination and assessment of goods, the payment of duties by those selling in local markets, the collection and transportation of goods, as well as the expenditure of the collected money for state needs. With the abolition of internal customs in 1754, the keeping of customs books ceased.
Modern customs offices are located directly near the border, as well as at international airports and seaports.
Some professions that may suit a person with this personality type (realistic and social) are mechanic-controllers; electrician-radio technician; manufacturer of seals, stamps; silversmith.
Educational institutions teaching this profession:
The profession of a customs inspector can be obtained in specialized higher educational institutions. Russian Customs Academy. 140009, Moscow region, Lyubertsy, Komsomolsky pr., 4. Tel. 559-94-45. Russian State Academy of Labor and Employment. Moscow, st. Kolskaya, 2; st. Stalevarov, 30. Tel. 918-98-30, 180-98-11. International Academy of Marketing and Management "MAMARMEN". 125499, Moscow, Kronstadtsky blvd., 376. Tel. 456-74-51, 454-31-61, 454-31-00, 454-33-47, 454-30-91.
More on the subject of Professiogram "Customs Inspector":
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- The amounts of customs payments paid when importing goods into the customs territory of the Russian Federation and not subject to refund to the taxpayer
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