Implementation of the social policy of the Soviet state during the NEP years (based on materials from the Yenisei and Irkutsk provinces). Agriculture of the province during the NEP New economic policy in Siberia

The economic situation of Siberia after the civil war

Socially political situation in Siberia before the introduction of the NEP

Introduction of the New Economic Policy and its first results

Economic and socio-political life of Siberia in 1922-1927.

The collapse of the NEP.

Literature for preparation:

Oleh L. G. History of Siberia Tutorial for universities. Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2013, - 380 p.

History of Siberia. Ed. A.V. Dmitrienko. Moscow, 2004.

History of Siberia. Ed. M.N. Zueva. Moscow, 2005.

History of Siberia. Ed. V.P. Ostrovsky. Moscow, 2005.

History of Siberia. Ed. I.N. Zakharova. Moscow, 2005.

NEP: a view from the outside. M.: Moscow worker. 1991

NEP: gains and losses. M: Science. 1994.

The inconsistency of the socio-economic development of Soviet society in the 20-30s // Questions of the history of the CPSU. 1991. No. 5.

Sekukshin V.I. Rejection: NEP and the command-administrative system. M.: Lenizdat, 1990.

Shishkin V.A. Power. Policy. Economy. Post-revolutionary Russia (1917-1928) St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 1997.

Topic 41. Industrialization in Siberia

Siberia in the plans of the first five-year plans. Main directions of industrial construction

Construction of mining and metallurgical giants

Construction of new mines and transport construction

Development of electric power and mechanical engineering

Creation of new industries - aviation and oil refining

Formation of the Gulag and its role in the economy of Siberia

Creation of a second military-industrial base as a result of the first industrial breakthrough in Siberia

Literature for preparation:

Naumov I.V. History of Siberia. Irkutsk: Irkutsk State Technical University Publishing House, 2008, 256 p.

Krasnoyarsk: five centuries of history. Part II. Krasnoyarsk: Platina group of companies, 2011, 256 p.

History of Siberia: In 5 volumes. Volume 4. Siberia during the construction of socialism. L.: Nauka, 1968.

Isupov V.A., Kuznetsov I.S. History of Siberia. Part III. Siberia: XX century. Novosibirsk: Infolio, 2010.

Karikh E.V. History of Siberia: XVII-XX centuries. Tutorial. Tomsk, 2009

West Siberian economic region. M., 1967.

Moskovsky A.S. Industrial development of Siberia during the construction of socialism. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985, 410 p.

Orlov B.P. Siberia: steps of industry. M., 1988.

Social sphere of Siberia: trends and problems of development. Novosibirsk, 1992.

Tarasov G.L. Territorial and economic problems of development and placement of productive forces in Eastern Siberia. M., 1970.

Pomus M.I. Western Siberia. Economic and geographical characteristics. M, 1956.

Topic 42. Collectivization and dispossession in Siberia

The economic situation of the Siberian peasantry under the NEP and its political position

The first attack on the Siberian peasantry. Classification of kulaks

The second stage of the liquidation of the kulaks as a class. Complete collectivization

Revolts of the Siberian peasantry

Mass deportation and creation of a system of special settlements

Results and results of collectivization in Siberia

Literature for preparation:

Naumov I.V. History of Siberia. Irkutsk: Irkutsk State Technical University Publishing House, 2008, 256 p.

Krasnoyarsk: five centuries of history. Part II. Krasnoyarsk: Platina group of companies, 2011, 256 p.

Gushchin N.Ya. Class struggle and the elimination of the kulaks as a class in the Siberian village (1926-1933). Novosibirsk, 1972, 289 p.

Gushchin N.Ya. Dispossession in Siberia (1028-1934). Methods. stages. Socio-economic and demographic consequences. Novosibirsk, 1996, 160 p.

Gushchin N.Ya. Siberian village on the way to socialism. Novosibirsk, 1973, 520 p.

Gushchin N.Ya., Ilyinykh V.A. Class struggle in a Siberian village (1920s - mid-1930s). Novosibirsk, 1978.

Krasilnikov V.P. Sickle and Moloch. Peasant exile in Western Siberia in the 1930s. M., 12009.

Papkov S.A. Stalin's terror in Siberia. 1928-1941. Novosibirsk, 1997.

Poznansky V.S. Social cataclysms in Siberia: famine and epidemics in the 20-30s. XX century Novosibirsk, 2007.

Tsubikova L.S. Dispossession in Eastern Siberia in the early 1930s. Novosibirsk, 2008.

Methodological development of an integrated history lesson in 11th grade. Topic: NEP

Class, subject: 11, history.
Subject: NEP.
Target: creating conditions for students to assimilate and comprehend the most important aspects domestic policy Soviet country in the 1920s (including in the Kansk district of the Yenisei province), the formation educational competencies(educational-cognitive, communicative, reflective, etc.) on the topic “NEP”, expanding the literary horizons of students.
Tasks:
1. Educational: to form holistic ideas of students about the reasons for the transition to a new economic policy in 1921 in the Soviet state (including in the Kansk district of the Yenisei province), the essence and results of the NEP.
2. Developmental: develop the ability to review documentary and works of art in a specific temporal and spatial context; continue to develop skills in working with literary text; development of communicative and speech competencies of students.
3. Educational: to cultivate respect for the historical past of our country, to instill a love for the Russian poetic word.
Forms of work: frontal, group.
Literature:
o Vakhrin Yu. I. Ilansky. – Krasnoyarsk: Book. publishing house, 1989.-208 pp.;
o Grigoriev A. A. Krasnoyarsk region in the history of the Fatherland. Reader for high school students high school. Book two. October 1917-1940. – Krasnoyarsk book publishing house, 1996;
Equipment: PC, screen, instruction cards.
Basic concepts: NEP, tax in kind, cooperation.
Leading task: 2 students prepare a presentation in MS PowerPoint on the topic “NEP in the Yenisei province.”
Lesson structure
I. Organizational moment. Greeting students.
II. Formulating the topic and setting the learning goal.
III. Studying and mastering new material.
IV. Consolidation of the studied material.
V. Reflection.
- I am proud of this ancient land,
there are many unsolved mysteries in it!
Named Yenisei province
in your kingdom, Yenisei!

There, beyond the distances, the blue distances,
where the blue Yenisei flows,
our grandfathers glorified Russia
Your Yenisei land!
(N. Anishina)

-They asked me: Do you love
NEP? -
"I love. - I answered, - when he
not ridiculous."
(V. Mayakovsky)

- NEP was introduced seriously and for a long time,
but... not forever.
(V. Lenin)
During the classes
I. Organizational moment. Greeting students (1 min.)
A history teacher:
- We met not for the first time,
You don't have to hide from us
The shine of your smart eyes.
Let there be searches and doubts.
And, no matter how short the meeting time is,
Perhaps we will agree
And let's do a lesson together.
A history teacher:
- Guys, please close your eyes. Imagine that you and I are not in school in the 21st century, but in the past, or rather at the beginning of the 20th century in the Kansky district of the Yenisei province. Now imagine that I have a magical miracle umbrella in my hands. Mentally now, everyone, come to me, stand under the extraordinary miracle umbrella and stay under it until the end of the lesson, so that the blizzards of inattention and uncertainty, storms of monotony and boredom do not touch you. Now open your eyes. Hello. We are glad to welcome you to the history lesson.
II. Formulating the topic and setting a learning goal (3-4 min.).
A history teacher:
-Guys, you probably noticed the fact that the topic of the lesson is not written on the board, but there is an epigraph on the screen (slide 1). To determine the topic and purpose of the lesson, I suggest you read the epigraph of the lesson, because this is also a kind of hint.

Students name the topic and purpose of the lesson, write the topic in a notebook (slide 2).
III. Studying and mastering new material (15 min.).
A history teacher:
- 1921. Russian communist party The Bolsheviks had been in power for 4 years. The ruling elite faced the problem of forming such directions of the country’s internal policy that would contribute to the restoration National economy and the subsequent transition to socialism.
In the Kansky district of the Yenisei province, as well as throughout the entire Land of Soviets, there is not enough bread in this difficult time.
The teacher reads an excerpt from L. Leontiev’s poem “Four Years”:
- Where is there, it would seem, to sing about October?
Aim for the sky
With a thin arrow,
Tremble in the hot rays of the sun!
Bread, bread -
No?
So you can’t flaunt a ringing poem.
You'll be like a bear snoring in the corner.
I would suck a paw...
Yes paw...
Oh…
What kind of food!..
A history teacher:
- In March 1921, at the X Congress of the RCP (b), a government policy was approved, called the new economic policy. In order to find out what this course was and what were its reasons and results, I suggest turning to the screen.
Presentation of the material “NEP in the Yenisei province” (advanced task).
Student 1:
- In 1822, the Yenisei province was established by royal decree. As an independent administrative unit, it existed until 1925. By this time, the map of the Yenisei province already included such settlements as Turukhansk, Yeniseisk, Minusinsk, Kansk.
With the formation of the Yenisei province as an independent administrative-territorial unit, the Ilan volost became part of the Kansky district (slide 3).
Student 2:
- 1855 - settlers from the Vyatka province arrived on the river. Floodplain and began to establish the settlement of Kochergino;
1859 – 60 families live in the settlement (Voronchikhins, Buyskikhs, Golopupenkos, etc.);
1881 - the settlement began to be called Aleksandrovka on the occasion of the assassination of Alexander II;
1882 - Alexander Nevsky parish was opened, separated from the Monastic Church, located 30 miles from the village;
1930 - the settlement began to be called Yuzhno-Alexandrovka, because northern Alexandrovka existed not far from Kansk (slide 4).
Student 1:
- By 1919, private trade was prohibited in the Soviet country, more than a million cases of typhus were registered in Siberia and Ukraine, and forced surplus appropriation was carried out everywhere - mandatory delivery to the state by the peasants of all surplus grain and other products. Frequently, grain delivery rates were greater than the peasants' reserves. A significant part of the food collected by the food detachments rotted due to the incompetence of some Bolsheviks and confusion in transport. Since almost the entire harvest was taken away, the peasants had no incentive to work, this became one of the reasons for the ruin of agriculture by 1921. Workers and peasants were starving, incidents of banditry became more frequent (slide 5).
Student 2:
- In order to restore the economy and transition to socialism, a new economic policy. Introducing new course, Lenin emphasized its political significance: without support from the peasantry, who made up the vast majority of the population, it was impossible to successfully govern the country, therefore, surplus appropriation was replaced by a tax in kind, and peasants could already sell surplus products on the market. The monetary reform carried out in 1922-24. turned the ruble into a convertible currency.
... Trumpet the famine into the ears of Europe!
Those who have little, too, share!
Peasants,
dig arable trenches!
Shoot him with tax bags!
Drive with verse!
Press the play!
Forward healing platoons of doctors!
Squash him with a smoke screen!
Attack, factories!
Keep up, factories!
And if
You don’t listen to the cry of the hungry, -
foreign hunger and thirst are foreign to you,
He
Tomorrow
will come to our lands
and stand here
behind everyone's back!
(V. Mayakovsky, 1921, slide 6-7).
Student 1:
- In 1922, the state lent seeds to the peasants of the Ilan volost (Dalai, Yuzhno-Alexandrovka, Stepanovo, etc.) to increase crops.
Despite the existing disagreements between wealthy peasants and farm laborers, in 1923 peasant cooperation made it possible for villagers to purchase about 9 thousand centners of bread, which contributed to a reduction in prices for manufactured goods.
In 1924, V.I. Lenin died, and by 1929 the new economic policy was curtailed (slide 8).
A history teacher:
- People told jokes about cooperation, about disagreements between kulaks and farm laborers, and sang ditties:
- So that you don’t get skinned
NEP nation,
Guys, stay the course.
For cooperation.

He lives well
Who is registered as poor -
Bread is served on the stove,
Like a lazy cat.

Excellent helmsman needed
For big ship…
Lenin is no longer with us, -
The genius Stalin is at the helm.

IV. Consolidation of the studied material (20 min.)
A history teacher:
- In 1925, the Kansky district was abolished, its territory became part of the Kansky district of the Siberian Territory.
The NEP in the Ilan volost of the Kansky district, as well as in the country as a whole, had its own problems, contradictions, and results. To identify them, I suggest you work in groups and complete the instructions on the cards.
A) Work in groups.
Instruction card. Group No. 1
Exercise
Using reference materials and knowledge gained in history and literature lessons, identify the reasons for the dissatisfaction of the population of the Ilan volost with the NEP, as well as the contradictions and problems that the Ilan residents experienced during the period of the NEP. Present your answer in the form of a mini-project (booklet, collage).
Reference:
*from the book by A. A. Grigoriev “Krasnoyarsk Territory in the History of the Fatherland. October 1917-1940". – Krasnoyarsk book. publishing house, 1996:
Summary of the management department for the Yenisei province September 20 - October 20, 1921
“Due to the strong development of petty banditry, the province has been declared under martial law. Cancellation is not recommended.
Due to non-delivery of rations to workers, strikes are taking place in some districts.
Gubnarozraz academic year not prepared... Schools are not equipped, student registration has not been carried out..."
*from the book “Ilansky” by Yu. Vakhrin. – Krasnoyarsk: Book. publishing house, 1989:
“...when paying the unified agricultural tax in the winter of 1924-1925, the Ilansky village council redistributed about three thousand out of 12.5 thousand rubles of the total amount of compulsory taxation among the wealthy part of the peasantry, completely exempting all farms that did not have draft animals from paying the tax...
Taking advantage of the aggravation of the international situation around the young Soviet state, the kulaks began to say out loud that war would soon begin, because they needed to hold back the bread - there would be famine...
“And then the whole country was malnourished, and lacked sleep, and dressed poorly... The necessary material resources could only be obtained through the most severe savings.”

Instruction card. Group No. 2
Exercise
*Using reference materials, knowledge gained in history and literature lessons, determine the results of the NEP in the Soviet country (including in the Yenisei province). Present your answer in the form of a mini-project (booklet, collage).
For reference: from the book by A. A. Grigoriev “Krasnoyarsk Territory in the History of the Fatherland. October 1917-1940". – Krasnoyarsk book. publishing house, 1996:
“By the end of the recovery period, gross agricultural output exceeded the pre-war level, which was largely facilitated by the market mechanisms of the NEP...
The struggle over the choice of paths and methods of socialist construction that flared up in the second half of the 20s in the highest echelons of power ended in the personal victory of Stalin and his supporters. The problem of the huge capital investments required to create heavy industry is solved by Stalin and his circle primarily at the expense of the peasants, pumping funds from agriculture to the development of industry. Hence the abandonment of the principles of NEP and the turn to emergency measures in agrarian policy, the natural continuation of which was complete collectivization and the policy of dispossession of peasant farms.”
Performances from groups.
B) Frontal survey.
A history teacher:
- Now let's turn to the epigraph again. Why, in your opinion, did V. Mayakovsky write in one of his works about NEP: “They asked me: Are you NEP?” - "I love. - I answered, - when he
not ridiculous."? (Students' answers).
- American philosopher George Santayana wrote: “Whoever forgets the lessons of history is doomed to repeat them.” What meaning do you think the writer of the twentieth century put into these words? (students' answers).
V. Reflection (5 min.).
Discussion with students not only about “what they learned new,” but also about what they liked (or not) and what they would like to do again.
A history teacher:
- I know this very accurately,
Who seeks will always find!
And you are the best historians
The country will name it someday.

First question. Siberia. An economically underdeveloped region with small semi-handicraft industry and extremely low population density. The working class was scattered over a vast territory, numbering up to 325 thousand workers, including 100 thousand people working in the mining industry, and up to 85 thousand people working on the railway. The majority of the population (over 9 million people) are peasants. The most important feature of Siberian agriculture was the absence of landownership. Kulaks made up 15-20% of all peasant farms. There were many privileged Cossack farms in Siberia. The influence of the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks on the peasant and petty-bourgeois strata of the city was significant. The Bolsheviks created the All-Siberian Bureau of the RSDLP (b), which in October united about 12 thousand party members. There were up to 250 thousand soldiers in Siberia who played an active role in the struggle to establish Soviet power. By October, the Bolsheviks were followed by the Soviets of Barnaul, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tobolsk, Tomsk and other cities. On October 16-24 (October 29-November 6), 1917, the 1st Congress of the Soviets of Siberia (delegates from 69 Soviets) took place in Irkutsk. The Bolsheviks, in a bloc with the Left Social Revolutionaries, had a decisive influence on the congress and the nature of its resolution. The Congress demanded the transfer of all power to the Soviets. A governing body was formed - Centrosibir, headed by the Bolsheviks Ya. E. Bogorad, B. Z. Shumyatsky (chairman), N. I. Yakovlev and others.

The Siberian Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks formed a bloc with the Cadets. The reaction used the slogan of regional autonomy for Siberia (see Siberian regionalists), which practically meant the separation of Siberia from revolutionary Russia.

One of the first Siberian cities in which Soviet power was established was Krasnoyarsk; On October 27 (November 9), a military headquarters was created here under the leadership of S. G. Lazo. On October 28 (November 10) and on the night of October 29 (November 11), the Red Guards and revolutionary soldiers occupied the most important points of the city and displaced the administration. Power completely transferred to the Krasnoyarsk Council. By the end of December 1917, Soviet power was established throughout the Yenisei province. The anti-Soviet rebellion organized by the Cossack ataman Sotnikov in January 1918 was suppressed.

On October 28 (November 10), the Omsk Council, at the proposal of the Bolsheviks, decided to take power into its own hands. But the counter-revolution created the “Union for the Salvation of the Fatherland, Freedom and Order,” which launched an armed rebellion on November 1 (14), suppressed by the Red Guard. The Council published an appeal in which it announced that on November 30 (December 13) power in Omsk and its suburbs passed into the hands of the Presidium of the Council. At the beginning of December, the 3rd Regional Congress of Soviets of Western Siberia met in Omsk, which proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power throughout Western Siberia. In January 1918, the 4th West Siberian Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies joined this decision. The Novonikolaevsky Council (Novonikolaevsk - now Novosibirsk), under the influence of the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, opposed Soviet power. Only after the re-election of the Council, which the Bolsheviks insisted on, did its new composition announce the seizure of power. The Tomsk Council proclaimed the seizure of power on December 6 (19), and on December 11 (24) it created a provincial executive committee. The counter-revolutionary Siberian Regional Duma that existed in the city was dispersed on the night of January 26 (February 8), 1918. In December, Soviet power was established in Barnaul, Biysk, and by February 1918 almost throughout Altai.

At the beginning of December 1917, the Irkutsk Soviet became Bolshevik. On December 8 (21), counter-revolutionaries rebelled here. For 9 days there were battles in the city, the rebellion was suppressed, and on December 19-22, 1917 (January 1-4, 1918) Soviet power was established. At the beginning of February 1918, the 3rd Congress of Soviets of Eastern Siberia was held in Irkutsk, which proclaimed Soviet power. In mid-February, the 2nd Congress of the Soviets of Siberia (chaired by B.Z. Shumyatsky) took place in Irkutsk, which summed up the results of the struggle for Soviet power in Siberia and elected a new composition of Central Siberia.

The Red Guards and revolutionary soldiers of Western Siberia assisted in establishing Soviet power in Transbaikalia and in overcoming the resistance of the gangs of the Cossack ataman G. M. Semenov. In February, Soviet power was proclaimed in Chita, Verkhneudinsk, and then throughout Transbaikalia.

However, the complexity of the socio-political situation in the country in the period from February to October 1917, and Russia’s continuing participation in the World War contributed to the radicalization of the political sentiments of the population, including on religious issues. Increasingly, demands were made for the separation of church from state and school from church, ensuring true equality of religions, nationalization of church and monastic property, and the liberation of believers and parishes from the tutelage of the church.

The Bolsheviks and other far-left socialist parties that came to power in late 1917 and early 1918 carried out radical reforms in this area. They separated the church from the state and the school from the church, and confiscated monastery and church lands. The first practical steps of the Soviet government in this direction in the Yenisei province were taken at the same time. But their further implementation was interrupted by the outbreak of the civil war. Only with the restoration of the previous political regime in the region in 1920 were they continued. October 1917 allowed the Krasnoyarsk Council to concentrate all power in the Yenisei province in its hands. But the Cossacks, although they did not dare to take military action against the Bolsheviks, at the general meeting of the division and the Military Board, held on October 30, 1917, adopted a resolution proposed by Sotnikov recognizing the power of the Yenisei Provincial Committee of the United public organizations, who stood for its subsequent transfer to the Constituent Assembly12. This verbal support was not enough: on November 10 the committee was liquidated by the Bolsheviks. Trying to implement the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of November 10, 1917 “On the destruction of classes and civil ranks,” the Yenisei Provincial Executive Committee on December 18 of the same year decided to demobilize the Cossacks and dissolve military bodies and disarmament of officers. Due to the deterioration of relations with the Cossacks, the provincial executive committee created a revolutionary headquarters, called for military assistance from Tomsk, detained soldiers returning from vacation, organized security for the city and stopped paying salaries to Cossack officers.

Second question Transition to a new economic policy

The Tenth Party Congress, held in March 1921, approved the work developed by V.I. Lenin's new economic policy. The transition to NEP strengthened the alliance of the working class with the peasantry on a new economic basis. The introduction of a food tax instead of surplus appropriation increased the interest of peasants in the development of agriculture. A crushing blow was dealt to the plans and tactics of the enemies of the Soviet system. For the Yenisei province this was of particular importance. The peculiarity of the alignment of class forces in the countryside at the beginning of the New Economic Policy was that the kulaks here represented a more significant force than in the European part of the country. Thus, in the fall of 1921, kulak farms accounted for about 15 percent, and in Central Russia - 4-5 percent of farms. In addition, the middle peasants of the province were much more prosperous: they had large areas of crops, a lot of livestock, agricultural implements and stocks of marketable grain. In general, the Siberian peasantry was, in the words of V.I. Lenin, the most well-fed, strong. At the plenum of the provincial party committee held in early April 1921, it was decided to widely disseminate all the resolutions of the Tenth Party Congress and carry out explanatory work among the masses. With the transition to NEP, party, Soviet and economic organizations took energetic measures to provide assistance to poor farms and families who suffered from Kolchak’s forces. This assistance was provided by the state. In addition, collective mutual assistance was organized locally. For those in need, timber was harvested, new houses were built, seed loans and cash loans were issued. The most affected volosts were provided with seeds and agricultural implements. All this made it possible to carry out the spring sowing of 1921 in an organized manner, with great political and labor enthusiasm. The national economy, although slowly but steadily, was on the rise. The political activity of the working class and the working peasantry has increased. This found its expression primarily in the successful fight against kulak banditry. By the beginning of 1923, all its centers in the province were destroyed. An equally important indicator of the increased political activity of workers and the first economic successes along the paths of the new economic policy was the assistance of the Yenisei province to the famine-stricken people of the Volga region in 1921 - 1922. The population donated 257 pounds of silver items, a lot of jewelry, gold and silver coins, 50 thousand pounds of bread, about three million rubles of money, a lot of clothes and shoes to the starving people. The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee noted the “civic valor and dedication of the Siberian peasantry” and declared gratitude for the successful implementation of the tax in kind and active assistance to the starving.

Industrial restoration. Council of National Economy

In the first years of NEP, small enterprises predominated in the industry of the province. The largest were the Krasnoyarsk locomotive repair plant, the Abakan ironworks, the Yulia and Ulen copper smelters in the Minusinsk district, the Znamensky glass plant and some others. In 1921, the Olkhovsky gold mine began operating in the province, and a caustic soda plant was launched in Krasnoyarsk. In total, in 1921, the provincial Council of National Economy (it was again created after the defeat of the Kolchak regime) was under the jurisdiction of 336 enterprises. Of these, 124 are mechanized, and 46 are purely handicraft. In addition, 46 handicraft artels were created. With the transition to NEP, an organizational restructuring of the management of the national economy was carried out. In the Economic Council, the following departments were launched: production, fuel and forestry, handicraft industry, administrative and instructional, financial, supply and accounting and statistical. In addition, a technical council was created consisting of representatives of science and highly qualified specialists. He was studying natural resources province, conducting technical analyzes and various studies on the development of new branches of industrial production. The Economic Council played an important role in restoring the national economy of the province. In 1922, 194 of the largest industrial enterprises remained under the jurisdiction of the Economic Council, which were transferred to economic accounting. The rest, due to the unprofitability and small number of workers employed in them, were temporarily leased to private individuals. The transition of enterprises to cost accounting made it possible to exercise more effective control over their work and achieve the fulfillment of production tasks. Already in 1922, many enterprises of the Economic Council successfully fulfilled the plan. In the leather industry, labor productivity tripled compared to the previous year. However, a number of industries - especially coal and forestry - operated at a loss. This was explained by the severe consequences of economic devastation, deterioration of equipment, and lack of working capital. Summing up the results of the first year of the new economic policy at the XI Party Congress, V.I. Lenin emphasized that the retreat was over and put forward the task of preparing an attack on private capital. Speaking at the plenum of the Moscow Council in November 1922, Lenin expressed his firm belief that within a few years “from NEP Russia there will be socialist Russia.” During these years, the first forms of socialist competition arose in the Yenisei province for the early fulfillment of production plans and assignments, more economical use of raw materials, materials, and funds. The initiators were communists and Komsomol members. In the difficult days of 1921, when many enterprises in Krasnoyarsk could have stopped due to lack of fuel, Komsomol members of the city and district quickly built a horse-drawn railway from the Korkinsky coal mines to Krasnoyarsk with a length of 12 kilometers. Komsomol members of the province showed true heroism during construction railway Achinsk-Abakan. They set an example in their work, held clean-up days to dismantle secondary railway lines and dead ends. The Achinsk-Abakan highway was put into operation in 1925. At the initiative of Komsomol members, the “Week of Assistance to the Red Fleet” was held in the province with great enthusiasm in the spring of 1923. For active participation in patronage work, the Komsomol of the province received the challenge Red Banner of the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM. In the Yenisei province, as well as throughout the country, industry was quickly restored. Output per worker in 1923 increased by 40 percent compared to 1921. Product output in coal, forestry, leather and other industries increased. Rail and water transport have significantly improved. Based on the merger of small enterprises with old, worn-out equipment, unified industrial plants were created that had more significant working capital. In Krasnoyarsk in 1923, a shoe production was opened, on the basis of which the Spartak shoe factory was later created. In 1924, the coal industry fulfilled the plan by 100 percent, gold production increased by 132 percent. Workers at railway workshops achieved a reduction in the cost of repairing a steam locomotive of the Z series by 1,053 rubles compared to the pre-war price. Production discipline at enterprises has been strengthened. With the restoration of industry and the growth of labor productivity, the financial situation of workers improved and real wages increased. Only in the second half of 1924, the real wages of workers and employees in the province increased by 10 percent. The development of the national economy along the paths of the new economic policy inevitably led to some revival and growth of capitalist elements. This manifested itself mainly in trade. At the end of 1922, the private sector accounted for 41 percent of the province's total trade turnover, including about 70 percent in retail trade. In subsequent years, the Soviet government carried out a significant reduction in prices for industrial goods and primarily for consumer goods. At the same time, the network of state and cooperative trade was expanding. On this basis, there was a steady displacement of private capital from trade. The completion of the monetary reform in 1924 and the introduction of hard currency also improved the financial situation of workers.

Agricultural restoration

Along the paths of the new economic policy, the restoration of agriculture also proceeded at a rapid pace. Replacing the surplus appropriation system with a tax in kind made it possible for peasants to sell surplus agricultural products and buy machinery and agricultural implements from the state. The middle peasant strata of the village were replenished at the expense of economically growing poor peasant farms. The middle peasant became the central figure in the village. From 1922 to 1924, the number of poor peasant farms (without sowing and with sowing up to 2 dessiatines) decreased from 48.5 to 36.6 percent, and the number of middle peasant farms (with sowing from 2 to 8 dessiatines) increased from 47 .6 to 57.4 percent. By the end of 1925, the province's agriculture, in terms of its main indicators, was not only completely restored, but even exceeded the best indicators of the pre-war period. The sown area amounted to 775,580 dessiatines, and the gross grain harvest was 59.1 million poods, of which marketable surplus was 22.9 million poods. At the same time, this was not a simple restoration of agriculture on the old, pre-revolutionary basis. There was a gradual accumulation of elements of socialist reconstruction of agriculture. Material and technical assistance from the state to the working peasantry continuously increased, and production forms of cooperation developed. The main forms of production cooperation at that time were machine partnerships and the first agricultural communes, which arose shortly after the end of the Civil War. Land reclamation partnerships were created in Khakassia. At the beginning of 1921, there were 41 communes in the province. Some of them operated until the early 30s, later switching to the charter of an agricultural artel. The advantage of collective farms in the province was also demonstrated by the first state farms. In 1921, large and profitable state farms were Uchumsky in the Uzhur volost, Batenevsky in Novoselovsky and Altaisky in Khakassia. Created on the basis of the former economies of Alekseev and Chetverikov, they specialized in merino sheep breeding and had high economic indicators. In 1923, at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow, the Uchumsky state farm received the fourth prize. Having overcome great economic difficulties, machine and reclamation partnerships, state farms and agricultural communes by the end of the restoration period became socialist strongholds in the countryside. The rise of agriculture under the new economic policy led to a general improvement in the financial situation of the peasantry. However, the class struggle in the village did not subside. Taking advantage of the small number of village communist cells, kulaks made their way to the leadership of village councils and boards of cooperative partnerships. They sabotaged the implementation of the food plan and then the unified agricultural tax. In 1924-1925, cases of murder of rural activists became more frequent. In such a situation, the mass political and organizational work of party organizations in the countryside acquired particular importance. By intensifying the activities of rural Soviets, rural communists created a wide non-party activist group around the cells, attracted the poor and middle peasants to participate in the work of the Soviets, cooperation and other mass organizations. Schools, people's houses, and reading rooms played a major role in eliminating illiteracy and developing cultural work in the countryside. One of the important means of strengthening proletarian influence on the peasantry was the patronage of the workers over the countryside. It took place under the slogan “Facing the Village” and was expressed first in political and cultural, and then in production assistance to the village. The initiators of this work were in April 1923 four cells of communists in the first district of Krasnoyarsk. Workers' patronage brought great revival to the political and cultural life villages.

Slide 2

• Siberian crisis of the 20s
• Reasons for the NEP
• NEP program
• Features of the NEP in Siberia
• Nepmen in Siberia
• Change in management
• Results of the NEP in Siberia