If you are in a bad mood, you should not remain silent about it. Complaining about life turns out to be very useful. When we open up and say: “I’m so tired”, “Nothing is working out”, we intuitively use the advice of psychotherapist Frank Jones, author of the book “How to Manage Your Mood”: “You need to share your bad mood and not be shy and talk about it out loud.” Everyone. Even to your boss. As an example, the book describes the story of a patient who worked as a leading programmer in a large company. When the boss called him and said: “We are late with the project, we could lose a lot of money. Can’t we hurry up?”, the employee began to cry instead of answering. He admitted that he couldn’t do anything since his girlfriend left him. The boss said the project could wait and gave him an extra day off. It sounds unrealistic, but respect for emotions and personal experiences really occurs, although they say that before, about 30 years ago, everything was tougher. And today, it seems, psychologists and doctors are about to lobby for the law “On respectful attitude towards bad moods and emotional instability of citizens.”
Name the problem
“Say it in words!” - asks a teacher in an ordinary American school when a child, without knowing why, for no apparent reason, begins to cry or get angry. Usually it takes him a little time to understand that there is no reason or that it is, for example, like this: “I hate these green pants that my mother put on me.” After the secret is revealed and expressed, he immediately changes the negative mood to a positive one.
In the UK in last years As an experiment, 50 schools are conducting special lessons, during which teenagers learn how to properly express their emotions, manage their moods and make friends.
Evaluate your past
Bad mood is enough at any age. And, according to many experts, we have the same attitude in life that we were able to adopt from our parents. Psychologist Marcel Pic is sure that our mood is not so much our present as our past, with childhood problems, family priorities, grievances, and stereotypes. Some people are more accustomed and comfortable to be sad than to be happy, because... they just don’t know, haven’t seen how it’s done.
Singer Ashlee Simpson, the younger sister of star Jessica Simpson, once looked like a sad Pierrot with a long nose. Series plastic surgery turned her into a beauty, and her mood... still remained bad. Now Ashley “misses her old face”; she decided to undergo surgery only because she was tired of suffering and being in the shadow of her sister. She tried to solve the mood problem radically. It was not possible, she was unable to feel renewal and joy - this is how experts comment on her condition.
Only by changing their attitude towards their past can people change their mood. Only a few succeed. And the powerful and famous sometimes take it upon themselves to change the mood of millions. And they do this, which is why we love them. Popular comedian and show host Bill Cosby is trying to “cultivate” a new mood among the black population of America - focusing on opportunities, rather than on the humiliating slave past that gave many African-Americans a resentful expression.
Take sadness by the horns
Everything should be under control - many people try to achieve this. “I am a very organized person” is not a boastful thing, but a common description of oneself. Such people are usually successful in everything, and even if they are angry, sad or incredibly happy, it is for the benefit of themselves and those around them.
But let's look at the greats: for example, Abraham Lincoln was no stranger to melancholy. Contemporaries and comrades described that sometimes he sat for a long time with his head bowed low, but after a couple of hours he delivered a bright speech, which schoolchildren now have to learn by heart.
It is believed that melancholy and attempts to overcome it sometimes produce amazing results. “Make sadness work for you!” - say psychologists. And with the permission of Hollywood stars, they post an official list of people who are not just sad, but from time to time fall into depression and are not ashamed to talk about it. Who is not there: the beautiful Halle Berry, actors Harrison Ford and Jim Carrey, director Francis Coppola, publisher Larry Flynt... An endless list of people who not only cope with this condition, but know how to live with it, work, achieve results and even smile.
The founder of the Metro film company, Goldwyn Mayr, according to legend, was an uneducated man. But he subtly felt the mood of the audience and gave the viewer what he needed. After reading the play “Romeo and Juliet,” which was being prepared for film adaptation, the tycoon said:
— The story is not bad, but the ending is not good.
- But this is Shakespeare! - someone quietly objected.
- Well, tell your Shakespeare to rewrite it!
Personal opinion
Olga Prokofieva:
It's good if you are a woman to be given a few compliments in the morning. There is this recommendation to male managers: if you want to increase the productivity of the female team, then give all the women a compliment in the morning, this will immediately cheer them up! Compliments in the morning are a great way to lift your spirits! And treat yourself to something. If you like coffee, splurge and buy yourself the best and most delicious variety of this drink so that you can enjoy it. Life is too short to waste it being in a bad mood.
A person lives among people, and everyone who surrounds him relates to him in some way. Some people like him, but others can't stand him. What can be done to reduce hatred in the world? I. Ilyin devotes his reasoning to this problem.
There is no doubt that this problem is important to all of us and it is not easy to solve. The author examines the issue of relationships between people in a philosophical manner, comparing emotions with rays: a light ray means a high and good feeling, and a black one means antipathy and hatred. The writer also offers ways to solve the problem, seeing them in the fact that a person should not respond with evil to evil, hatred to hatred, he should try to show sympathy and understanding, treat the enemy as a spiritually sick person and strive to help him rather than cause harm unnecessary suffering.
The author expresses his opinion on this issue quite clearly: he is confident that hatred can only be overcome with kindness and understanding. Hatred is a wound of the spirit, a new wound will not help to heal it - only love is capable of this as something opposite to a hostile feeling. It seems to me that the author is right in many respects, except that I doubt that it is always possible to fight hatred in all cases. After all, there are situations when we are talking about something truly terrible: for example, terrorism. In these cases, hatred is not, to continue the author’s comparison, an accidental disease. It is deliberately induced in oneself so that ruthlessness towards victims appears. If we talk about ordinary relationships between people, then, of course, it is difficult to argue with the author on this issue.
To illustrate my opinion, I would like to cite the example of A.S. Pushkin’s novel “ Captain's daughter" The hero of this work, Pyotr Grinev, is in some strange and even inexplicable relationship with Pugachev, a murderer and robber. And the reason for this is simply that Petrusha treats the impostor humanly, without hatred and contempt, tries to convince him to repent, hopes for his salvation. And Pugachev’s temper is overcome by the kindness and sympathy of the young nobleman.
As an argument, I would also like to refer to the work of A. Kondratiev “Sashka”, main character who does not hate the captured fascist soldier, because he no longer perceives him as an enemy. He even takes pity on the German and thereby wins a moral victory both over him and over himself, rising to a deep understanding of the essence of humanity: a person must remain human even in war, without humiliating himself to brutal hatred.
Each of us must find the strength not to increase evil in the world by succumbing to hostility and contempt, but to counter these feelings with pity and understanding. This is what it means to be a kind person.
The material was prepared by Elena Valerievna Safonova, teacher of the highest qualification category, State Educational Institution SKOSHI No. 31, Moscow
Original text:
(1) Each person is a living, radiating personal center. (2) Every look, every word, every smile, every deed radiates a special energy of heat and light into the common spiritual ether of existence. (3) And even when a person, apparently not manifesting himself in anything, is simply nearby, we feel the rays he sends. (4) And, moreover, the stronger, the more definite and intense, the more significant and unique his spiritual personality.
(5) Receiving the first perception of someone else’s antipathy, we feel that the life rays we send are not accepted by the other person, are repelled or stubbornly not allowed into ourselves. (6) This is already unpleasant and painful. (7) This may cause us some confusion or even confusion. (8) A strange feeling of failure, or one’s own ineptitude, or even the irrelevance of one’s existence arises in the soul. (9) The will to communicate is suppressed, the rays do not want to be emitted, words cannot be found, the uplift of life ceases, the heart is ready to close. (10) Closed and uncommunicative people often evoke such a feeling in sociable and expansive people, even when antipathy is out of the question. (11) But antipathy, once it arises, intensifies to hostility, thickens into disgust and deepens to hatred.
(12) When I encounter real hatred towards me in life, a feeling of great unhappiness awakens in me, then grief and a feeling of my powerlessness.
(13) Following this, I experience a persistent desire to leave my hater at all costs, disappear from his sight, never meet him again and not know anything about him. (14) If this succeeds, then I quickly calm down, but then I soon notice that some kind of dejection and heaviness remain in my soul, for the black rays of his hatred still overtake me, penetrating to me through the common ethereal space. (15) Then I begin to involuntarily feel for his hating soul and see myself in its black rays as their object and victim. (16) A wound has formed in the spiritual ether of the world; it needs to be healed and healed. (17) My hater must forgive me and reconcile with me. (18) He must experience the joy that I live in this world, and give me the opportunity to rejoice in his existence. (19) For, according to the words of the great Orthodox sage Seraphim of Sarov, “man is a joy to man.”
(20) First of all, I need to find and establish whether it is not my fault that we are both now suffering: he, the hater, and I, the hated? (21) Maybe I accidentally touched some old, unhealed wound in his heart? (22) After that, I need to forgive him for his hatred. (23) I shouldn’t, I don’t dare respond to his black ray with the same black ray of contempt and rejection. (24) I should not shy away from meeting him; I have no right to escape. (25) From now on, I will meet the ray of his hatred with a white ray, clear, meek, kind, forgiving and seeking forgiveness.
(26) I must treat my hater the way a seriously ill person is treated, without exposing him to new, additional suffering. (27) I must send him understanding, forgiveness and love in my rays until he restores the thread that he broke leading to me. Hatred is healed by love and only love. (29) The ray of true love tames wild animals. (Z0) The radiation of love has a pacifying and disarming effect.
(31) The tension of anger dissipates: the evil instinct is lost, gives way and is drawn into an atmosphere of peace and harmony. (32) All these are not empty words: love conjures storms and pacifies the spiritual ether of the universe.
(33) And if one day this happens, his hatred will be transformed and the wound of the spiritual ether will be healed and healed. (34) Then we will both rejoice in the joy of deliverance and hear how high above us everything, rejoicing, celebrates up to the seventh heaven, for God’s fabric of love is one and integral throughout the entire Universe.
(According to I.A. Ilyin.)
Ilyin Ivan Aleksandrovich (1883-1954) - Russian philosopher, writer, publicist, author of the book “The Singing Heart. A book of quiet contemplations."
BAD MOOD
(1) I wish I knew where it comes from! (2) If only it were possible to drive him away sooner. (3) But it is like the weather: no one knows where, when, why... (4) Unlike the weather, there are not even predictors for our changing mood. (5) You just need to submit.
(6) No, under no circumstances! (7) There can be no question of submission!
(8)Bad mood must listen to us!
(9) A bad mood is not what I am, not what happens in the depths of my soul, it only means how I feel about it, and then what I make other people feel. (10) The last two circumstances are in our power: we control them, and they must submit. (11) Anyone who has not yet understood this should learn to understand it as soon as possible, because this relates to the basics of self-control.
(12) A bad mood arises from internal discord, the main knot of which remains in the subconscious and is not easy to untangle. (13) This discord or, as doctors who treat the soul say, this “conflict” did not arise suddenly; Most likely, it has persisted since childhood and may suddenly revive or become slightly aggravated. (14) Perhaps I will get rid of him; however, it is also possible that I will carry it with me until my death. (15) Yes, I will carry it within me and endure it, I will come to terms with its existence, I will be forced to put it at the service of the cause, in a word - I will cope with it creatively. (16) Heavenly God, this is not the reason for a “bad mood”!
(17) There is hardly a person in the world who has not had to deal with mental conflict. (18) Everyone has their own, and everyone would like to get rid of it. (19) Is this why everyone has the right to be in a bad mood? (20) Should everyone, for this reason, become gloomy, walk around with angry faces, or even shout at each other?
(21) Internal discord should be taken seriously, completely seriously. (22) It belongs to what I am. (23) It denotes one of my internal life tasks. (24) It can escalate, create mental stagnation, and cause a bad mood. (25) This bad mood remains unclear and impenetrable to me; it enters my conscious life and my general well-being as an inexplicable fact. (26) I feel depressed, helpless, sad. (27) Because of this, I get irritated, and I give vent to this irritation in the form of a “bad mood” in society. (28) This is what it really looks like. (29) But it cannot be like this in the future.
(30) It is clear that behind the bad mood there is a conflict. (31) This conflict must be seen as a kind of creative charge and treated accordingly. (32) It’s good that this charge exists; After all, you can’t fire from an unloaded gun. (33) It’s not at all scary that you haven’t yet managed to subjugate this charge: it means there is a task and it needs to be solved. (34) Mental stagnation is unpleasant. (35) But trouble is just a shell new strength and new life. (36) Crack a nut and you will get a sweet kernel. (37) There is no reason for a bad mood! (38) However, there is a bad mood. (39) Bear it calmly and confidently! (40) You already see right through him. (41) Look, conflict is a promise, and soon you are already a winner.
(42) You are not helpless at all. (43) You have gained courage, and depression has disappeared. (44) The bad mood dissipated.
(45) Or not yet? (46) So you understand his creative and intimate nature and you will be careful not to make the secret property of society.
(47) It’s your own business how you feel about your internal conflict, about this anticipated charge of new strength. (48) If you do not know how to establish yourself as a winner within yourself, if you are so ungrateful that, when faced with the main task of your life, you see only “difficulties” and “troubles” and become “gloomy,” then at least do not expose your cowardice! (49) A strong character rejoices in difficulties and smiles at troubles. (50) The more difficult the test, the more joyful the victory. (51) If you have not yet found these strengths in yourself, nevertheless be sure that you will find them. (52) If you can’t be alone, seek help, but most importantly, pray: a sincere prayer will always be heard. (53) But just don’t reveal your transitory weakness in front of strangers!
(54) It is indecent to blurt out secrets; and a bad mood does this. (55) How childish it is to cry in pain; and a bad mood is a crybaby. (56) How criminal it is to infect others with your disease; and bad mood is contagious.
(57) Don’t you know how calmly and sweetly someone superior to you can smile? (58) This smile is unbearable for a bad mood.
(According to I. Ilyin)
Show full text
Every person has self improvement. Committing errors, we are working to correct them and try not to stop there. What contributes to a person’s self-education? I.A. Ilyin suggests thinking about this problem.
The author addresses a topical moral problem. The Russian philosopher is confident that “the more difficult the test, the more joyful the victory.” After all, those who can survive difficult situations and overcome themselves and their fear achieve the most serious results. People should hide their bad mood from others so as not to appear weak; this is self-education. “It is indecent to blurt out secrets, and a bad mood does this,” writes Ilyin, arguing that in a bad mood people can do rash acts, the consequences of which are quite unpleasant for others.
The author believes that you need to be able to manage your mood and smile at difficulties in order to become better and stronger. People should learn to face challenges with joy, which only strengthen character and help strengthen their abilities. Only work on oneself forms a strong personality.
One cannot but agree with the opinion of the famous publicist. Indeed, the role of self-education in a person’s life is enormous. Only the desire to become better forces a person to analyze his mistakes and correct them. The main thing is to move forward and achieve your goals.
This problem is reflected in the pages of Russian literature. Let us remember Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”. In the work
Criteria
- 1 of 1 K1 Formulation of source text problems
- 3 of 3 K2
The text by Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin raises the problem of a person’s attitude to a bad mood.
The author based his story on reflections on the influence of a bad mood on others and himself. He says that a bad mood arises from a person’s discord and that a person should hide it from others so as not to infect them with it.
Let's give an example from the novel by A.
S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Lensky, who persuaded Onegin to go to Tatyana’s name day, becomes a victim of Evgeny’s bad mood, who, having found himself in a hated environment of guest neighbors, takes revenge on his friend by courting Olga, which leads to a duel and Lensky’s death.
You can also give an example from M. Yu. Lermontov’s novel “A Hero of Our Time.” In it, Pechorin and Grushnitsky did not forgive each other’s insults; they both tried to respond to anger with anger, which led to a duel. If they had shown at least a little understanding, the tragic consequences could have been avoided.
Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that if each of us fights hatred, at least within ourselves, then the world will become a little kinder.
Updated: 2017-05-30
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Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.
1) You need to learn to perceive daily work as meaningless work in the name of a holiday.
2) A person must transform himself in order to overcome the boredom of everyday life.
3) Only he deserves the joy of the holiday who does not think about everyday life.
4) A person who has found the high meaning of his work will find the joy of life.
5) You can’t constantly blame life for being boring and devoid of joy.
Explanation.
Matching statements
2. A person must transform himself in order to overcome the boredom of everyday life. Confirmed offers 20-34
4. A person who finds the high meaning of his work will find the joy of life. Confirmed sentences 40-41
5. You can't always blame life for being boring and devoid of joy.Confirmed sentences 7-8.
Statements
1. We must learn to perceive daily work as meaningless work in the name of a holiday. contradicts the entire text.
3. Only he deserves the joy of the holiday who does not think about everyday life. You need to think about everyday life, you need to try to love them. (18) Only he deserves the joy of the holiday who loves his everyday life.
Answer: 245
Answer: 245
Relevance: 2016-2017
Difficulty: normal
Codifier section: Semantic and compositional integrity of the text.
Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
3) Sentences 30-32 contain narration.
5) Proposition 27 contains a conclusion from sentence 26.
Explanation.
1) Proposition 10 indicates a possible consequence of what is said in sentence 9.
2) Proposition 16 indicates the reason for what is said in sentence 14.
3) Sentences 30-32 contain narration. Wrong, this reasoning.
4) Propositions 40-43 contain reasoning.
5) Proposition 27 contains a conclusion from sentence 26. Incorrect. It clarifies thought 26.
Answer: 124
Answer: 124
Relevance: 2016-2017
Difficulty: normal
Codifier section: Functional and semantic types of speech
From sentence 42, write down the word in figurative meaning.
Explanation.
(42) And takeoff in your life is guaranteed.
The word "takeoff" has a figurative meaning.
Answer: takeoff
Answer: takeoff
Relevance: 2016-2017
Difficulty: normal
Codifier section: Lexical meaning of the word
Nazar Marinichenko 28.08.2016 19:20
Why did I answer takeoff, but it gave me an error?
Tatiana Statsenko
Probably because you wrote the word with an E.
Chemist Unified State Examination 03.03.2017 21:40
Do you need to write down a word in a figurative meaning? Rise - Fall (Wrong?)
Tatyana Yudina
Take off correctly. Why the “fall” is unclear.
Indicate the method of forming the word MEANINGLESS (sentence 27).
Explanation.
The adverb “senseless” is formed from the adjective “senseless” using the suffix -O-. Consequently, the method of word formation is suffixal.
Answer: suffix
Among sentences 12-19, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).
Sentence 19 is connected to the previous one using the demonstrative pronoun THIS; the whole sentence 18 is replaced by the pronoun.
In sentence 12, “So” is an introductory word, not a conjunction.
Sentences 17 and 18 contain the word that and that, but they do not connect with sentences 16 and 17.
Answer: 19
Answer: 19
Relevance: Current academic year
Difficulty: normal
Codifier section: Means of communication of sentences in the text
Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text
MEANS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT
Several sentences connected into a whole by theme and main idea are called text (from the Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).
Obviously, all sentences separated by a period are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of a text, and not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also those separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be contrasted with the content of another; the contents of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence may reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third - the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of connection between sentences.
The task could be worded like this:
Among sentences 11-18, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, adverb and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)
Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.
Remember that the previous one is ONE ABOVE. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the required sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. There may be 1 or more answers. Point for successfully completing the task - 1.
Let's move on to the theoretical part.
Most often we use this model of text construction: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called a chain link. (We will talk about parallel communication below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into text using simple rules. Here's the gist: in two neighboring offers we are talking about the same subject.
All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into a text, they can be used several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let us dwell in detail on each of the types.
23.1. Communication using lexical means.
1. Words from one thematic group.
Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical concepts.
Example words: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward
Water was clean and transparent. Waves They ran ashore slowly and silently.
2. Generic words.
Generic words are words connected by the relation genus - species: genus is a broader concept, species is a narrower one.
Example words: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport and so on.
Example sentences: It was still growing under the window birch. I have so many memories associated with this tree...
Field daisies are becoming rare. But this is unpretentious flower.
3 Lexical repetition
Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.
The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. The repetition of one or another member of a sentence is the main feature of a chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden there was a forest. The forest was deaf and neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next; in sentences Physics is a science. Science must use the dialectical method- “model predicate - subject”; in the example The boat moored to the shore. The shore was strewn with small pebbles- model “circumstance - subject” and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word shore It has different shapes. Lexical repetition in Unified State Examination tasks will be considered the repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader.
In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:
Aral disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.
Whole sea!
The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.
Let's look at examples. We are not yet taking additional means of communication into account; we are looking only at lexical repetition.
(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It was scary, very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he it was scary.
(15) As a teacher, I had the opportunity to meet young people yearning for a clear and precise answer to the question about higher values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.
note: different forms of words refer to a different type of connection. For more information about the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.
4 Similar words
Cognates are words with the same root and common meaning.
Example words: Homeland, be born, birth, generation; tear, break, burst
Example sentences: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. The story of my birth unremarkable.
Although I understood that a relationship was necessary break, but couldn't do it myself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.
5 Synonyms
Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are close in meaning.
Example words: be bored, frown, be sad; fun, joy, jubilation
Example sentences: In parting she said that will miss you. I knew that too I'll be sad from our walks and conversations.
Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... Jubilation there seemed to be no boundaries: Lina answered, finally answered!
It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for connections only using synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are also used. So, in example 1 there is a conjunction Same , this connection will be discussed below.
6 Contextual synonyms
Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning only in a given context, since they relate to the same object (feature, action).
Example words: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty
Example sentences: Kitty has been living with us for quite some time. My husband took it off poor fellow from the tree where he climbed to escape the dogs.
I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to remain silent, despite all efforts on my part to get her to talk.
These words are even more difficult to find in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are also used, which makes the search easier.
7 Antonyms
Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings.
Example words: laughter, tears; hot Cold
Example sentences: I pretended that I liked this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears They choked me, and I quickly left the room.
Her words were hot and burned. Eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...
8 Contextual antonyms
Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings only in a given context.
Example words: mouse - lion; home - work green - ripe
Example sentences: On work this man was gray with the mouse. At home woke up in it a lion.
Ripe The berries can be safely used to make jam. And here green It’s better not to put them in, they are usually bitter and can spoil the taste.
We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: this is one and the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means can serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a connecting link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. More theoretical material You will learn about lexical means from the reference rule for task 24.
23.2. Communication using morphological means
Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.
1. Pronoun
A pronoun connection is a connection in which ONE word or SEVERAL words from the previous sentence are replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is and what categories of meaning there are.
What you need to know:
Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), denote persons, indicate objects, characteristics of objects, the number of objects, without naming them specifically.
Based on their meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:
1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);
2) returnable (self);
3) possessive (my, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessives also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work),their (merit).
4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so much);
5) definitive(himself, most, all, everyone, each, other);
6) relative (who, what, which, which, which, how many, whose);
7) interrogative (who? what? which? whose? which? how many? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);
8) negative (nobody, nothing, nobody);
9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, anyone, anyone, someone).
Do not forget that pronouns change by case, therefore, “you”, “me”, “about us”, “about them”, “no one”, “everyone” are forms of pronouns.
As a rule, the task indicates WHAT category the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if in the specified period there are no other pronouns that act as LINKING elements. You need to clearly understand that NOT EVERY pronoun that appears in the text is a connecting link.
Let's look at the examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are related; 2 and 3.
1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went in and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some strangers, different, not mine....
There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I And her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If it's a pronoun I, what it is replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun? her? Word " school" from the first sentence. We conclude: connection using a personal pronoun her.
There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. The second is connected only by a pronoun They(=floors from the second sentence). Rest do not correlate in any way with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the third with the pronoun They.
What is the practical importance of understanding this method of communication? The fact is that pronouns can and should be used instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but not abuse, since the abundance of words “he”, “his”, “their” sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.
2. Adverb
Communication using adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.
To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is and what categories of meaning there are.
Adverbs are unchangeable words that denote an action and refer to a verb.
Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:
Time and space: below, on the left, next to, at the beginning, long ago and the like.
Example sentences: We got to work. At the beginning it was hard: I couldn’t work as a team, I had no ideas. After got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.
We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around There were only the treetops of us. Near The clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are connected to 1 using the indicated adverbs.
Demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.
Example sentences: Last summer I was on holiday in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there It was almost impossible to make a call, let alone surf the Internet. The adverb “from there” replaces the whole phrase.
Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb “so” summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.
It is possible to use other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn’t have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not fold; however, I didn’t suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.
3. Union
Communication using conjunctions is the most common type of connection, thanks to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the conjunction.
Communication using coordinating conjunctions: but, and, and, but, also, or, however and others. The assignment may or may not indicate the type of union. Therefore, the material on alliances should be repeated.
More details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.
Example sentences: By the end of the day off we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication using the adversative conjunction “but”.
It's always been like this... Or that's how it seemed to me...Connection using the disjunctive conjunction “or”.
We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one conjunction is involved in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.
Communication using subordinating conjunctions: because, so. A very atypical case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences as part of a complex. In our opinion, with such a connection there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.
Example sentences: I was in complete despair... For I didn’t know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The conjunction for has the meaning because, because, indicates the reason for the hero’s condition.
I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t go to college, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The conjunction “so” has the meaning of consequence.
4. Particles
Particle Communication always accompanies other types of communication.
Particles after all, and only, here, there, only, even, same add additional shades to the proposal.
Example sentences: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and at the same time difficult - to love....
Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only Grandma muttered quietly: she always read prayers before going to bed, asking the heavenly forces for a better life for us.
After my husband left, my soul became empty and my house deserted. Even the cat, who usually rushed like a meteor around the apartment, just yawns sleepily and keeps trying to climb into my arms. Here whose arms would I lean on...Please note that connecting particles come at the beginning of the sentence.
5. Word forms
Communication using word form is that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different
- if this noun - number and case
- If adjective - gender, number and case
- If pronoun - gender, number and case depending on the category
- If verb in person (gender), number, tense
Verbs and participles, verbs and gerunds are considered different words.
Example sentences: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise I felt uneasy.
I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me together, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.
note: the assignment may say “word forms”, and then it is ONE word in different forms;
“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.
There is a particular difficulty in the difference between word forms and lexical repetition.
Information for teachers.
Consider as an example the most difficult task real Unified State Exam 2016. Here is the full fragment published on the FIPI website in “ Guidelines for teachers (2016)"
Difficulties for examinees in completing task 23 were caused by cases where the task condition required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.
Here is the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of the versions of the Unified State Exam 2016:
“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one using lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer."
Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.
- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, eccentric!
(8) Maybe that’s why Berg wasn’t good at landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.
(11) One day Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.
(13) August was hot and windless. (14) Yartsev lived far from a deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was driven to the lake by the forester’s son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take oil paints with him.
Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "He"(Yartsev).
Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": prepositional case form, controlled by a verb, and non-prepositional form, controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning of object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the word forms in question does not carry a stylistic load.
Proposition 17 is related to sentence 16 by word forms (“on the lake - to the lake”; "Berga - Berg").
Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by personal pronoun "he"(Berg).
The correct answer in task 23 of this option is 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) using lexical repetition (the word “he”).
It should be noted that there is no consensus among the authors of various manuals, What is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. Authors of books published by " National education", "Exam", "Legion" (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasilyev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which words in various forms would be considered lexical repetition.
At the same time, very complex cases in which words in different cases have the same form are treated differently in the manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees this as a form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on materials from a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time it undoubtedly has the same stylistic task that I.P. writes about. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution to this issue, we will outline the position of RESHUEGE and give recommendations.
1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same thing linguistic phenomenon, as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words, in the same forms.
2. There will be no matching forms in the tasks on RESHUEGE: if the linguist specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then school graduates cannot do it.
3. If you come across tasks with similar difficulties during the exam, we look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs may have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.
23.3 Syntactic means.
Introductory words
Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies and complements any other connection, adding shades of meaning characteristic of introductory words.
Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.
He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. On the one side, the company needed such individuals, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone or anything, if something was, as he said, below his level.
Let us give examples of the definition of means of communication in a short text.
(1) We met Masha several months ago. (2) My parents had not seen her yet, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me somewhat.
Let's determine how the sentences in this text are connected.
Sentence 2 is connected to sentence 1 using a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in sentence 1.
Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she her: “she” is a nominative case form, “her” is a genitive case form.
In addition, sentence 3 also has other means of communication: it is a conjunction Same, introductory word it seemed, series of synonymous constructions didn't insist on getting to know each other And didn't try to get closer.
Valentina Rodina 29.03.2015 20:28
Isn’t the pronoun “that” in sentence 18 demonstrative?
Tatyana Yudina
Is. But it doesn't connect 17 with 18.
Anna Milyutina 01.03.2017 07:58
Nothing like that, 18 is connected with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun. In sentence 17 there is a form of the pronoun “that” - “that”. So the connection is direct
Tatyana Yudina
“That” in 17 and “that” in 18 are connections using the form of words, and not a replacement of a noun with a pronoun. Your assumption is wrong.
Read an excerpt from the review. It discusses language features text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
“The philosopher Ivan Ilyin encourages the reader to think together. This is facilitated by a syntactic device such as (A)_____ (for example, sentences 19-20). The solemn sound of the text is given by (B)_____ (“Fatherland”, “convict”, “sacred”, “frees”). At the same time, the author uses the technique (B)_____ (sentences 2-4, 28-29) - and the lexical means of expressiveness - (D)_____ (“look into the eyes”, “things are bad”), characteristic of colloquial speech.”
List of terms:
1) epithets
2) metaphors
3) metonymy
4) phraseological units
5) book vocabulary
6) lexical repetition
7) exclamatory sentences
8) parcellation
9) question-and-answer form of presentation
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G |
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Let's fill in the blanks.
“The philosopher Ivan Ilyin encourages the reader to think together. This is facilitated by a syntactic device such as (for example, sentences 19-20). Gives a solemn sound to the text book vocabulary(“Fatherland”, “convict”, “sacred”, “frees”). At the same time, the author uses the technique parcellation(sentences 2-4, 28-29) - and lexical means of expression - phraseological units(“look into the eyes”, “things are bad”), characteristic of colloquial speech.”
Answer: 9584.
Answer: 9584
Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression
ANALYSIS OF MEANS OF EXPRESSION.
The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing correspondence between the gaps indicated by letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write matches only in the order in which the letters appear in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put “0” in place of this number. You can get from 1 to 4 points for the task.
When completing task 26, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with the omissions, etc. It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; secondly, figures of speech (some of them are called syntactic).
26.1 TROPIC WORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A FIGUREABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSIVENESS. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.
Note: The assignment usually states that these are TRAILS.
In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.
1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks an essential feature for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. An epithet differs from a simple definition artistic expression and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.
Epithets include all “colorful” definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:
sad orphaned land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I.A. Bunin).
Epithets can also be expressed:
-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative characteristic of the subject: winter sorceress; mother is the damp earth; The poet is a lyre, and not just the nanny of his soul(M. Gorky);
-adverbs, acting as circumstances: In the wild north stands alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tensely stretched in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);
-participles: waves rush thundering and sparkling;
-pronouns, expressing the superlative degree of a particular state of the human soul:
After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, still which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);
-participles and participial phrases: Nightingales in vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of... greyhound writers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in their language except the words not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
2. Comparison is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binary: it names both compared objects (phenomena, characteristics, actions).
The villages are burning, they have no protection.
The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,
And the glow like an eternal meteor,
Playing in the clouds frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
Comparisons are expressed in various ways:
Instrumental case form of nouns:
Nightingale vagrant Youth flew by,
Wave in bad weather Joy fades away (A.V. Koltsov)
Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);
Comparative phrases with conjunctions like, as if, as if, etc.:
Like a predatory beast, to the humble abode
The winner breaks in with bayonets... (M. Yu. Lermontov);
Using the words similar, similar, this is:
On the eyes of a cautious cat
Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);
Using comparative clauses:
Golden leaves swirled
In the pinkish water of the pond,
Like a light flock of butterflies
Flies breathlessly towards a star. (S. A. Yesenin)
3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason. Unlike a comparison, which contains both what is being compared and what is being compared with, a metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness in the use of the word. A metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.
All metaphors are divided into two groups:
1) general language(“erased”): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, moving mountains, strings of the soul, love has faded;
2) artistic(individual author’s, poetic):
And the stars fade diamond thrill
IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);
Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);
AND blue, bottomless eyes
They bloom on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)
Metaphor happens not just single: it can develop in the text, forming entire chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, a complete artistic image.
4. Personification- this is a type of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:
Rolling through the sleepy valleys, the sleepy mists lay down, And only the sound of a horse's tramp is lost in the distance. The autumn day has faded, turning pale, with the fragrant leaves curled up, and the half-withered flowers are enjoying dreamless sleep.. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
5. Metonymy(translated from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of connection:
Between action and the instrument of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed to swords and fires(A.S. Pushkin);
Between an object and the material from which the object is made: ... or on silver, I ate on gold(A. S. Griboyedov);
Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls... (Yu. K. Olesha)
6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) - this a type of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. Most often, transfer occurs:
From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not come... (A.S. Pushkin);
From part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)
7. Periphrase, or periphrasis(translated from Greek - a descriptive expression) is a phrase that is used instead of any word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse
A. S. Pushkin - “Peter’s Creation”, “Beauty and Wonder of the Full Countries”, “The City of Petrov”; A. A. Blok in the poems of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.
8.Hyperbole(translated from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N.V. Gogol)
And at that very moment there were couriers, couriers, couriers on the streets... can you imagine, thirty five thousands only couriers! (N.V. Gogol).
9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)
And walking importantly, in decorous calm, the horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in large boots, in a short sheepskin coat, in large mittens... and from the nails myself!(N.A. Nekrasov)
10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Why, smart one, are you delirious, head?(I. A. Krylov)
26.2 “NON-SPECIAL” LEXICAL VISUATIVE AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF LANGUAGE
Note: In assignments it is sometimes indicated that this is a lexical device. Typically, in a review of task 24, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as a single word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these are the products most often needed find in task 22!
11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but identical or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.
Synonyms can be contextual.
12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lie, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive capabilities.
Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.
Lies happen good or evil,
Compassionate or merciless,
Lies happen dexterous and awkward,
Prudent and reckless,
Intoxicating and joyless.
13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression
Phraseologisms (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in ready-made form, in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their constituent components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, bone of contention), have great expressive capabilities. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:
1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, sword of Damocles, Achilles heel);
2) the classification of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to category linguistic means with a positive emotional-expressive coloring ( to store like the apple of your eye - trade.) or with a negative emotional-expressive coloring (without the king in the head - disapproved, small fry - disdained, worthless - despised.).
14. Stylistically colored vocabulary
To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:
1) emotional-expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:
a) words with a positive emotional-expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Slavonicisms): inspiration, future, fatherland, aspirations, hidden, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, enchantment, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, brave; endearments: sunshine, darling, daughter
b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: speculation, bickering, nonsense; dismissive: upstart, hustler; contemptuous: dunce, crammer, scribbling; abusive/
2) functionally and stylistically colored vocabulary, including:
a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks
b) colloquial (everyday): dad, boy, braggart, healthy
15. Vocabulary limited use
To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:
Dialectal vocabulary (words that are used by residents of a particular area: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);
Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic connotation: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or beyond literary norm:beggar, drunkard, cracker, trash talker);
Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);
Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of youth slang: party, frills, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; criminal jargon: bro, raspberry);
The vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they denote: boyar, oprichnina, horse-drawn horse; archaisms are outdated words naming objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: forehead - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).
26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC DEVICES based on special combinations of words that go beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and figurativeness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.
Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format indicating these means: they are called syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expressiveness, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.
16.Rhetorical question is a figure that contains a statement in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer; it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, and to attract the reader’s attention to a particular phenomenon:
Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, with youth who has comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);
17.Rhetorical exclamation is a figure that contains a statement in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings in a message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:
That was on the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! oh sunshine! O fresh spirit of birch. (A.K. Tolstoy);
Alas! The proud country bowed to the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
18.Rhetorical appeal- this is a stylistic figure consisting of an emphasized appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but rather to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathosity of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:
My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like the soul, is uncontrollable and eternal (A.S. Pushkin);
Oh, deep night! Oh, cold autumn! Mute! (K. D. Balmont)
19.Repetition (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to attract special attention to them.
Types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and pickup.
Anaphora(translated from Greek - ascent, rise), or unity of beginning, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:
Lazy the hazy noon breathes,
Lazy the river is rolling.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
Clouds are melting lazily (F.I. Tyutchev);
Epiphora(translated from Greek - addition, final sentence of a period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:
Although man is not eternal,
That which is eternal - humanely.
What is a day or an age?
Before what is infinite?
Although man is not eternal,
That which is eternal - humanely(A. A. Fet);
They got a loaf of light bread - joy!
Today the film is good in the club - joy!
A two-volume edition of Paustovsky was brought to the bookstore. joy!(A.I. Solzhenitsyn)
Pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:
He fell down on the cold snow,
On the cold snow, like a pine tree,
Like a pine tree in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);
20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking next to) - identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, poetic lines, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:
I look at the future with fear,
I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);
I was a ringing string for you,
I was your blooming spring,
But you didn't want flowers
And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)
Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country is for business, but business is for the country (from the newspaper).
21. Inversion(translated from Greek - rearrangement, inversion) is a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), giving the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:
The agreed definition comes after the word being defined: I’m sitting behind bars in dungeon dank(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there were no swells running through this sea; the stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);
Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns come before the word to which they relate: Hours of monotonous battle(monotonous clock strike);
22.Parcellation(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonational and semantic units - phrases. At the point where the sentence is divided, a period, exclamation and question marks, and an ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Scary. Long. Ratnym. The rifle regiment was defeated. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why isn't anyone outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important areas of society! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); The state needs to remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)
23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on deliberate omission, or, conversely, deliberate repetition of conjunctions. In the first case, when omitting conjunctions, speech becomes condensed, compact, and dynamic. The actions and events depicted here quickly, instantly unfold, replacing each other:
Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts.
Drumming, clicks, grinding.
The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning,
And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)
When multi-union speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and repeated conjunctions highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:
But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson
They grow in me while I grow... (P.G. Antokolsky)
24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of topic and intonational division into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) occurs with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a significant pause separating it, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:
If I wanted to limit my life to the home circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a husband, / If I were captivated by the family picture for even a single moment, then it’s true that I wouldn’t look for another bride besides you. (A.S. Pushkin)
25.Antithesis or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) is a turn in which opposing concepts, positions, images are sharply contrasted. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general linguistic and contextual:
You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet(A.S. Pushkin);
Yesterday I looked into your eyes,
And now everything is looking sideways,
Yesterday I was sitting before the birds,
All larks these days are crows!
I'm stupid and you're smart
Alive, but I'm dumbfounded.
O cry of women of all times:
“My dear, what have I done to you?” (M. I. Tsvetaeva)
26.Gradation(in translation from Latin - gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting of sequential arrangement words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of the attribute. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and impact of the text:
I called you, but you didn’t look back, I shed tears, but you didn’t condescend(A. A. Blok);
Glowed, burned, shone huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)
Descending gradation is used less frequently and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:
He brought mortal resin
Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A.S. Pushkin)
27.Oxymoron(translated from Greek - witty-stupid) is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, usually contradicting each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence and so on.); it turns out new meaning, and the speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);
Eat joyful melancholy in the red of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);
But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
28. Allegory– allegory, transmission of an abstract concept through a concrete image: Foxes and wolves must win(cunning, malice, greed).
29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the emotion of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was unspoken: But I wanted... Perhaps you...
In addition to the above syntactic means of expressiveness, the tests also contain the following:
-exclamation sentences;
- dialogue, hidden dialogue;
-question-and-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;
-rows of homogeneous members;
-citation;
-introductory words and constructions
-Incomplete sentences– sentences in which any member is missing that is necessary for completeness of structure and meaning. Missing sentence members can be restored and contextualized.
Including ellipsis, that is, omission of the predicate.
These concepts are covered in the school syntax course. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.