The technical language of an engineer. What is technical English? Follow English-speaking programmers on social networks

Today is programmer's day. On this occasion, there is a holiday in our office, balloons, fireworks (in fact, no: we work hard). But we couldn’t ignore such a day, so we prepared an article about technical English for IT specialists.

Why does a developer need English (this question made me laugh). The answer is obvious: English is needed to understand terminology, work with English-language interfaces, read technical documentation, study professional literature, conferences and webinars... And, of course, to be able to work abroad.

Developers already know a huge amount English words(just listen to ours: it’s as if they don’t speak Russian at all, but only “fix”, “debug”, “asap”). But using professional slang does not mean fully proficient in English. Therefore, we have collected resources in this article that will help you fully improve your English for work.

Contents of the article “English for Developers”:

We are looking for professional vocabulary:

Downloading skills:

English dictionary for programmers: sources of vocabulary

The vocabulary for developers is extensive. Those whom the average person might call an “IT person” include a dozen different specializations: frontend developers, backend developers, testers, web designers, product designers, and others (but all of them must be able to “fix a computer”).

We have collected sources where you can find both basic and highly specialized vocabulary.

1. English for IT specialists: textbooks

Textbooks are especially suitable for those who decide to learn the language on their own, as they offer ready-made program classes.

English for Information Technology– Suitable for entry level. Includes basic basic vocabulary.

Career path Software Engineering– a lexical guide for programmers that combines specialized vocabulary and work situations to develop communication skills. Topics: software development, testing, user interface, modeling, career options, etc.

Oxford English for Information Technology– another full-fledged course. Suitable for intermediate level. Includes a student workbook and an accompanying audio course.

Professional English in Use ICT– the course is suitable for intermediate level. The book is built from simple to complex, all units are divided into topics.

Check Your English Vocabulary for Computers and ITworkbook, designed to improve understanding of technical vocabulary. Includes crosswords, puzzles, etc.

2. English for it: online courses

On the Internet you can find sites with various online trainers for your technical English.

You can also find specialized vocabulary on the following websites:

The sites are in English, but ours will translate any word in two clicks.

4. Professional literature: blogs, magazines for IT specialists

Most effective method replenishment of vocabulary - “taking out” words from a living context. For example, read an article about a professional issue and write down new words from there. Such vocabulary will be better remembered, because it will be associated with a high-quality context.

Materials on Lingualeo: technical English for programmers

The Lingualeo library of materials contains more than 250 thousand authentic texts, videos, audio, etc. The main feature is that you can 1. click on an unfamiliar word ⇒ 2. see the translation ⇒ 3. add a word to study ⇒ 4. learn it using . And the context will always be with you.

We have a huge amount of materials on IT topics: collection, collection, etc.

Also, vocabulary and ideas can be drawn from and from special. And we have collected cool examples of Elevator pitch.

How to search for materials: enter any technical term in English and sort the materials by difficulty level and format (video, audio, book). Instructions at the link.

Magazines and blogs in English for developers

The principle of working with texts on other sites can be just as convenient: 1. install ⇒ 2. point at unfamiliar words ⇒ 3. and add them for study.

Where to look for texts:

  • news.ycombinator.com
  • blog.codinghorror.com
  • www.improgrammer.net
  • www.smashingmagazine.com
  • designm.ag
  • sdtimes.com
  • www.drdobbs.com
  • www.creativebloq.com

We work with other skills: listening, speaking practice

Full ownership foreign language includes 4 skills: reading (we have named many sites for it), listening, writing and speaking (that is, speaking). We will find additional resources for listening and speaking.

1. Listening: podcasts and videos

Some of the collections on Lingualeo that I mentioned above are collections with videos that will also help improve your listening skills. Now let's find some podcasts:

  • Herding Code - Technology podcasts with Scott Allen, Kevin Dente, Scott Kuhn and John Galloway.
  • Let's summarize: English for web designers and IT specialists

    • Like any specialist, developers need not only basic English, but also highly specialized ones. This mainly concerns special vocabulary.
    • Vocabulary can be found in professional dictionaries and materials in English. The second option is preferable: this way you will learn even the most difficult words more firmly.
    • Don’t forget other skills: listening (listen to podcasts, watch videos and TV series) and speaking (communicate with English-speaking colleagues on special forums and in in social networks).

    Well, once again we congratulate those involved on the holiday! Now let's go. 🙂

According to research from UK recruitment agency CBSbutler, you could earn £54,000 in 2017. To do this, you had to work as an engineer in the oil and gas industry. It takes a lot of effort to see numbers like these in your bank account. One of them is to learn English and become a sought-after specialist in a foreign or Russian company.

Even if you have nothing to do with engineering, we recommend that you read the article. For example, the English names of screws and dowels will be useful to you if you assemble furniture according to instructions in English or buy exclusive materials on English-language sites.

Brief dictionary of technical terms

We tried to collect the terms that are most often found in the work of an engineer. Of course, we only covered the basic vocabulary. If you want to master English in a more narrow engineering field, you can do this on ours. Whether you are a design engineer or an electrical engineer, we will select the materials that will be useful specifically in your industry.

If you know basic terminology, scroll to the end of the article: we have collected 33 useful resources for you that will be useful for developing your listening and reading skills. Plus, our list of video blogs, podcasts, series, and courses will help make learning fun.

General terminology

First, let's look at the names of engineering industries and the names of some positions.

Word/PhraseTranslation
engineeringengineering
mechanical engineeringengineering mechanics, mechanical engineering, mechanical systems design
electrical engineeringelectromechanics, technical design of electrical circuits
civil engineeringdesign and construction of civil facilities
structural engineeringindustrial design / construction design
biomedical engineeringbiomedical engineering
chemical engineeringchemical engineering
software engineeringsoftware engineering
systems engineeringsystems engineering
an engineerengineer, designer
an engineering techniciantechnical engineer

Design

Let's move on to the basic set of words that are necessary for drawing up drawings and diagrams.

Word/PhraseTranslation
design informationproject information
a design solutiondesign and technical solution
an itempart, product, unit
sizesize
scalescale
CAD /kæd/ (computer-aided design)computer-aided design system
specificationsspecifications
technical requirementstechnical specifications, requirements
to overdesignoverdesign
Blueprints
a drawing (abbreviated as dwg)drawing, diagram
a blueprintblue (copy of drawing)
a detail drawingdetailed drawing
a general arrangement drawinggeneral layout drawing, general diagram
a preliminary drawingsketch, preliminary drawing
a working drawingrough diagram, working drawing
schematicsschematic drawing, plan
a drawing boardtablet, drawing board
to draw up a drawingdraw up a drawing

Measurements

The following lexical set will help you take measurements by correctly indicating the radius of the circle and the error in English.

Word/PhraseTranslation
a measurementmeasurement, calculation, system of measures
calculationscalculations, calculations
dimensions (abbreviated dims)dimensions
linear dimensionslinear dimensions
a directiondirection
a tape measuremeasuring tape
a theodolitegoniometer
an anglecorner
a degreedegree
a grademetric degree
diameterdiameter
a radius (plural: radii)radius
circumferenceperimeter, circumference
a constantconstant
a surfacesurface
a facefront surface
a circlecircle
a concentric circleconcentric circle
a curved linecrooked line
an extremityextreme point
a spandistance between objects
distancedistance
lengthlength
heightheight
widthwidth
thicknessthickness
areasquare
cross-sectional areacross-sectional area
surface areasurface area
massweight
weightweight
volumevolume
densitydensity
externalexternal
internalinterior
horizontalhorizontal
verticalvertical
flatflat
smoothsmooth, even
inclinedinclined, at an angle
to measureto measure
to increaseincrease
to decreasereduce
Accuracy of measurements
dimensional accuracyaccuracy of measurements
precisionaccuracy
a deviationdeviation
toleranceerror
a rounding errorrounding error
performance gapinequality in indicators
tight tolerance = close tolerancesmall permissible deviation
loose tolerancewide permissible error
negligibleinsignificant
imprecise/inaccurateinaccurate
permissibleacceptable
within tolerancewithin acceptable values
outside toleranceout of range
approximatelyapproximately
to varyvary
to round up or downround up or down
Location
locatinglocation
a centrelinecenter line, center line
an offsetbias
centre-to-centredistance between centers/axes
a reference pointreference point, starting point
a gridnet
a gridlinegrid line
a diagonaldiagonal
perpendicular toperpendicular to
to set outmark position
to locatelocate, place
to run parallel withbe parallel
to intersect atintersect at

Materials technology

Will help you work with wood, concrete or metals short dictionary on materials technology.

Word/PhraseTranslation
an elementelement
a compoundcompound
chemical compositionchemical composition
constituentscomponents
a chemical reactionchemical reaction
a mixturemixture
an alloyadmixture
a coefficientcoefficient
non-metals (carbon, silicon)non-metals (coal, silicon)
metals (iron, copper):
  • ferrous metals
  • non-ferrous metals
metals (iron, copper):
  • metals containing iron
  • non-iron metals
a precious metala precious metal
raw materials:
  • powder, fine particles
  • a pellet
  • a fiber
raw materials:
  • powder, fine particles
  • granule
  • fiber
steel:
  • carbon steel
  • alloy steel
  • stainless steel
  • tool steel
  • high-speed steel
steel:
  • carbon steel
  • alloy steel
  • stainless steel
  • tool steel
  • high speed steel
a composite materialcomposite material
a reinforcing materialreinforcing material
a matrixbinder, solution
carbon fibercarbon fiber
fiberglassfiberglass
moltenmolten, liquid
to disintegratedivide into parts
to flowflow
to covercover
to meltmelt
to rustrust
Polymers
a natural polymernatural polymer
a synthetic polymersynthetic polymer
thermoplastics:
  • acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
  • polycarbonate
  • polyvinylchloride (PVC)
thermoplastics:
  • acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic)
  • polycarbonate
  • polyvinyl chloride
thermosetting plastics = thermosets:
  • epoxy resin
  • polyimide
thermosets:
  • epoxy resin (rubber)
  • polyimide
an elastomerelastomer
rubberrubber
latexrubber
Minerals and ceramic materials
a mineralmineral
ceramicsceramics
oreore mineral
an abrasive materialabrasive
clayclay
a kilnkiln
glass:
  • float glass
  • safety glass
  • toughened glass = tempered glass
  • laminated glass
glass:
  • sheet glass
  • shatterproof safety glass
  • tempered high strength glass
  • laminated safety glass
organicorganic
inorganicinorganic
to annealharden, burn
Concrete
concreteconcrete
cementcement
sandsand
gravelgravel
fine aggregatefine aggregate
coarse aggregatecoarse aggregate
concrete mix designselection of concrete mixture composition
batchingdosing
an additiveadditive
a retarderretarder (concrete)
reinforced concretereinforced concrete
reinforcing barsfittings
formwork = shutteringformwork
to cast concretelay concrete mixture
Wood
wood:
  • hardwood
  • softwood
wood:
  • hardwood
  • softwood
solid wood:
  • grain
  • knots /nɒts/
solid wood:
  • bitches
engineered wood:
  • a particle board = chipboard and medium-density fiberboard (MDF)
  • a oriented strand board (OSB)
  • a glue-laminated section (abbreviated glulam)
composite wood material:
  • medium density fiberboard (MDF/Fibreboard)
  • oriented strand board (OSB)
  • laminated veneer lumber
plywoodplywood
timber = lumberlumber
a sawmillsawmill
resintree resin
stress-gradedgraded by strength
to sawto nag
Properties of materials
material propertiesproperties of materials
thermal propertiesthermal properties
a thermal insulatorthermal insulation material
a coefficient of thermal expansioncoefficient of thermal expansion
a coefficient of linear expansioncoefficient of linear thermal expansion
tensile strengthtensile strength
compressive strengthcompressive strength
deformationdeformation
elongationstretching
extensionextension
hardeninghardening
corrosioncorrosion
resistanceresistance
elasticityelasticity, firmness
ductilityelasticity, pliability
plasticityplastic
hardness:
  • scratch hardness
  • indentation hardness
strength:
  • scratch resistance hardness
  • indentometric hardness, indentation hardness
durabilityservice life, wear resistance
fatiguewear
fracture toughnessfracture resistance
thermal conductivitythermal conductivity
stiffhard, inelastic
brittlefragile, fragile
malleablemalleable
ductileviscous
to conductpass, pass
to fracturecrack, burst
to resist wearbe resistant to wear

Manufacturing and assembly

Making and assembling appliances and furniture from parts is a task not only for a talented engineer, but also for anyone who has started a renovation with their own hands.

Word/PhraseTranslation
manufacturingproduction, manufacturing
machiningmachining, machining
computer aided design (CAD) / computer aided manufacturing (CAM)computer-aided design system/computer-aided manufacturing system
a workpiecepart, blank
a blankworkpiece
blankingblank cutting
drillingdrilling, drilling
grindinggrinding, sharpening
punchingperforation
cutting:
  • flame-cutting
  • guillotining
  • plasma cutting
  • laser cutting
cutting:
  • flame cutting
  • guillotine cutting
  • plasma cutting
  • laser cutting
tools for cutting:
  • a machine tool
  • a circular saw
  • a band saw
  • a power hacksaw
  • a milling machine
  • a lathe
  • a waterjet
  • a cutting disk
  • an abrasive wheel
cutting tools:
  • metal cutting machine
  • a circular saw
  • band-saw
  • hacksaw
  • milling machine
  • lathe
  • water jet cutting machine
  • circular knife
  • grinding wheel, grinding wheel
swarf = chipsmetal shavings, sawdust
assemblyassembly
a jointconnection, joint
an edgeedge
a ridgeedge
a rebategutter, groove
a helical groovescrew groove, spiral groove
a threadscrew thread
a tongue-and-groove jointcleat"
a cavity = voidcavity, depression
a through holethrough hole
a blind holeblind hole
chamferedbeveled
pointedpointed, pointed
proud = raisedconvex
recessedrecessed, flush mounted
toothedserrated
flush withflush with, flush with
to slot intosecure in groove
to screw intoscrew in
to tapernarrow, cone
to machineto machine, to machine
to rotate = to spinrotate
Fasteners
a boltbolt
a nut (here)screw
a washer:
  • a flat washer = a plain washer
  • a spring washer
washer:
  • flat washer
  • spring washer
a screw:
  • a slot head screw
  • a crosshead screw
  • a machine screw
  • a grub screw = a set screw
screw, screw:
  • slotted screw
  • Phillips head screw
  • small mounting screw
  • set screw, safety screw
a self-tapping screwself-tapping screw, self-tapping screw
a screw anchordowel
a rivet:
  • a solid rivet
  • a blind rivet = a pop rivet
rivet:
  • solid rivet
  • blind rivet, single-sided rivet
tools for fastening:
  • a spanner = a wrench
  • a hex key
  • a torque wrench
  • a screwdriver
  • pliers
  • a rivet gun
fastening tools:
  • wrench
  • hex wrench
  • torque wrench
  • screwdriver
  • pliers
  • hand tool for setting rivets, riveter
to tighten (here)screw tight, tighten
to loosenloosen
to work looseto become unsteady
to screw inscrew in, screw in
Permanent connections
welding:
  • resistance welding
  • spot welding
  • seam welding
  • ultrasonic welding
  • shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) = arc welding = stick welding
  • gas welding
welding:
  • contact electric welding
  • spot welding
  • seam welding
  • ultrasonic welding
  • metal arc welding
  • gas welding
brazingrefractory soldering
solderingsoft soldering
adhesiveadhesive
a solventsolvent
to weldweld, brew
to fusealloy
to evaporateevaporate, evaporate

Energy and temperature

Forms of energy, temperature measurement - in the following selection of terms.

Word/PhraseTranslation
Energy
energy:
  • kinetic energy
  • thermal energy
  • electrical energy
  • sound energy
  • light energy
  • chemical energy
  • nuclear energy
energy:
  • kinetic energy
  • thermal energy, thermal energy
  • electricity
  • sound energy, acoustic energy
  • light energy
  • chemical energy
  • atomic energy, nuclear energy
energy efficiencycoefficient of performance (efficiency)
energy sourceenergy source
waste energywasted energy
a joulejoule
a wattwatt
wattagepower in watts
Temperature
temperaturetemperature
heatwarm
vaporsteam
degrees Celsiusdegrees Celsius
heat capacityheat capacity
heat transferheat exchange, heat transfer
a heating systemheating system
a convectorRadiator
endothermicendothermic
exothermicexothermic

Water supply

The next section covers piping and fluid handling.

Word/PhraseTranslation
liquidliquid
water supplywater supply
pipeworkpipeline network
a mainmain pipe
a drainsewer pipe, drainage pipe
sewerssewerage
a hosehose
a pumppump, pump
a turbineturbine
a valvevalve
pressurepressure
a pressure gaugepressure measuring device, manometer
pressure differentialpressure drop
fluid dynamicsdynamics of liquids and gases, fluid dynamics
to flowflow

Mechanisms

Let's move on to engines, motors and gears.

Word/PhraseTranslation
an engine:
  • a petrol engine
  • a diesel engine
  • a jet engine
engine:
  • Gas engine
  • diesel engine
  • jet engine
an internal combustion engineinternal combustion engine
an electric motorelectric motor
thrustreactive driving force, traction
a fuel injectorfuel injector
transmissiontransmission, transmission
a gear = a gear wheel:
  • a spur gear
  • a helical gear
  • a bevel gear
  • a crown gear
  • a worm gear
gear, cogwheel:
  • spur gear
  • helical gear
  • bevel gear
  • ring gear
  • worm gear
a gear traingear block, gear transmission
a chainchain
chain drivechain transmission, chain drive
a wire ropecable
a crankshaftcrankshaft, crankshaft
a flywheelflywheel
reciprocating motionreciprocating motion
rotary motionrotational movement
to interlockconnect, mesh
to mesh togetherto get involved, to get involved

Electricity

Assemble an electrical circuit and measure the frequency alternating current will help last section our short technical dictionary.

Word/PhraseTranslation
current:
  • direct current (DC)
  • alternating current (AC)
current:
  • D.C.
  • alternating current
voltagevoltage
resistanceresistance
an ampereampere
an electric chargeelectric charge
a charge carriercharge carrier, current carrier
an electromotive force (EMF)electromotive force (EMF)
a voltvolt
an ohmohm
a devicedevice
an appliancedevice
an electrical insulatorelectrical insulator
installationinstallation
power ratingrated power, maximum permissible power
electric shockhit electric shock, electric shock
technical failuretechnical failure, malfunction
Power supply
electrical supplypower supply, electrical supply
mains electricitygrid electricity
a power gridelectrical network, energy network
frequencyfrequency
a hertz (Hz)hertz
AC generationAC generation
field coilelectromagnetic coil, inductor coil
electromagnetic inductionelectromagnetic induction
a power stationpower station
a power line = a transmission linepower line
a generatorgenerator
a rechargeable batteryrechargeable battery, battery
to chargecharge
Electrical circuit
an electric circuitelectrical circuit
a parallel circuitparallel circuit
a series circuitseries circuit
a conductorconductor
a semiconductorsemiconductor
a switchboardswitchboard
switchgeardistribution equipment
a power socketpower socket
an electric wireelectrical wire, electrical wire
a strandstranded wire
extra-high voltage (EHV)ultra high voltage
to earthground
to switch oninclude
to switch offturn off

Useful Resources

The time has come for those same 33 resources that they promised to provide earlier.

Friends, do you remember on our website we talked about the levels of learning English? You have become familiar with the initial, basic, advanced and other levels. Each level requires its own, special knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, speech patterns, and lexical constructions of the English language.

Today we will talk about the fact that there is another level of knowledge of the English language - this is the technical level. It stands alone, apart from the other stages of learning English. It has its own characteristics and its own requirements. So-called technical English is the language of various professions and specialties. Learning and knowledge of English at this level is necessary for engineers, programmers, motorists, designers, people involved in equipment, spare parts, machinery and many others.

It follows that technical English is a fairly broad and comprehensive category of language that covers many types of activities, maintenance and many professions. We will talk about all this today.

The technical level of English is used in many areas of activity, namely:

  • IT sphere or programming: web development of all specializations, computer assembly and repair
  • engineering field: means of communication and related mechanisms
  • automotive industry: fuels and lubricants, spare parts, cars
  • design organizations: creation of design organizations
  • army and Navy: weapons, aircraft, etc.
  • equipment: commercial, construction and medical
  • video and television equipment, mobile phones and cameras
  • trade and marketing

This is far from full list activities, which includes the technical level of the English language. A person who says that he speaks English at a technical level must indicate the scope of his professional application. Because knowing all the technical English in all types of activities is beyond the power of even the English themselves!

Why do you need a technical level?

Help you learn technical terms in English teaching aids series “Professional English” - Technical English(Oxford University Press). The program of this course includes extensive use of modern practical material - articles from professional journals, Internet resources, audio and video materials, role playing games aimed at modeling and practicing professional situations.

But you can learn some basic terms and basic terms of the professional field that interests you on your own. Special technical texts, articles in magazines and newspapers in English, documentaries and educational programs in English of a technical and professional nature will help you. This way, you can learn the most basic technical terms and learn the rest as you go along.

It is important to understand that technical level of English is not ordinary language proficiency. This is a completely special terminology that you need for your type of activity. So if your English level is good enough, that's great. But once you become a little more proficient in technical English for your profession, you will immediately feel like a real professional in the language.

It's never too late to master English at a technical level, so you can start right now! Good luck to you, friends!

And what do you eat it with? The term "technical English" can be a relative one, which means it can be used in various fields of activity, such as IT, where knowledge of web development prevails, engineering, where they deal with mechanisms and communications, or the navy, where people manage everything that shoots and moves. That is why at the initial stage it is important to clearly indicate English in what area of ​​activity you are interested in. It is interesting that even the British themselves do not know all the terms associated with technical English, just as we cannot know those highly specialized words and expressions that are used in aviation, shipbuilding and the automotive industry.

It is important to note that technical English is, first of all, a special vocabulary that, combined with grammar, allows you to communicate and correspond with people who move in the same professional circle with you. It is necessary to clearly understand that, associating yourself with technical English, you must know every term, every expression that will help give the most accurate instructions and unambiguously interpret any task.

In order to do it as quickly as possible, you must have knowledge of grammar and spelling. It is very important to understand that the same term can have many meanings, and their translation can be radically different. That is why you must master not only English synonyms and variants, but also remember their Russian equivalents.

To master the intricacies of professional English, you need to thoroughly work with specialized literature that is aimed at translating technical texts. In addition, pay attention to the numerous dictionaries and tutorials designed specifically for those who work with technical English. These may be the following collections:

Read English scientific texts. Course for beginners.

English-Russian explanatory scientific and technical dictionary in system analysis, programming, electronics and electric drives. Volume 1

English-Russian Dictionary computer terms

Technical dictionary (English-Russian, Russian-English). X-polyglossum. Publisher: IDDK-2006. Recommended for technical professionals.

English textbook for technical universities and universities Orlovskaya I.V., Samsonova L.S., Skubrieva A.I. (For students of technical universities and universities of mechanical and instrument engineering).

The textbooks listed above will help you master technical English on your own. However, in order to achieve your goal as quickly as possible and come to an understanding of what real technical English is, a specialist in this field can come to your aid. The easiest option is to find good ones, where they will help you master all the intricacies of the technical field, and you can work independently at home, practicing the acquired knowledge.

Remember that everyone who is associated with the technical field simply must be aware of the fact that even Technical English is always updated with new words and expressions, and you simply have no right not to know them, because sometimes not only correct work can depend on you mechanisms, but also people's lives.

English language for engineers. Polyakova T.Yu., Sinyavskaya E.V. and etc.

7th ed. - M.: 2007 - 463 p. 6th ed. - M.: 2004 - 463 p.

The textbook is written in accordance with the foreign language program for non-linguistic universities. The purpose of the textbook is to teach various types of reading specialized literature, the knowledge of which is necessary for a future engineer, as well as to develop speaking, listening and writing skills. Effective practical language acquisition is ensured by a system of communicative exercises and role-playing games that stimulate students' interest and creative activity. The textbook is published with an audio supplement (2 audio cassettes), all materials of which are read by native speakers. Recommended for providing a basic course in technical universities. Can be used by persons with technical education who wish to independently improve their English language skills.

Format: pdf (7th ed. - M.: 2007 - 463 pp.)

Size: 14 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

Format: pdf (6th ed. - M.: 2004 - 463 pp.)

Size: 48 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

Audio:

Format: mp3/zip

Size: 99 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

CONTENTS
For students from the authors 3
For teachers from the authors 5
Part I. ENGLISH IN PRACTICE
Unit 1. Value of Education 16
Unit 2. Live and Learn 43
Unit 3. City Traffic 68
Unit 4. Scientists 91
Unit 5. Inventors and Their Inventions 117
Unit 6. Modern Cities 142
Unit 7. Architecture 167
Unit 8. Traveling by Car 190
Unit 9. Water Transport 213
Unit 10. Air Transport 238
Unit 11. Construction Materials and Structures 261
Unit 12. PC means a Personal Computer 285
Unit 13. A Few Concepts of Market Economy 309
Part II. ENGLISH IN ACTION
1. TV Competition of Inventors 328
2. Applying for a Job 332
3. Conference 341
Part III. STUDENTS" MATERIAL
Alphabet 348
Letters and Sounds 348
Core of school vocabulary (Basic School Vocabulary) 350
Basic Grammar Terminology 355