Sound-letter analysis of the word enemy. Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

Here we will look at only the most basic aspects of phonetics - those that you may be required to know in the exam.

As you know, each letter in the Russian language has a corresponding sound by default. But in practice, some letters can denote more than one sound, and the same sound can be denoted by two different letters. We all know that the letter “o” sounds differently in the accent
syllable and in an unstressed one - this is why we can make a mistake in the word where it is located
in an unstressed position; consonants can be deafened and voiced.

When we pronounce vowel sounds, the voice passes freely through our larynx and mouth without encountering any obstacles. When pronouncing consonants, we use our tongue, palate, and lips to put some barriers in the way of air, which creates some noise. And if vowel sounds are always pronounced in such a way that we strain the ligaments, then when pronouncing some consonants, the ligaments are not used at all - in fact, it is not a voice that sounds, only noise is heard. Such consonants are called voiceless, and the rest, which are pronounced using the voice, are called voiced.

The letters “ь” and “ъ” do not represent individual sounds.

Let's start with the processes occurring with consonant letters and their corresponding sounds.
Consonant sounds, when pronounced with a minimum amount of noise, are called sonorant. These sounds are [l], [m], [n], [p] and [th] (the latter sound is often also designated as [j]). All sonorant sounds are voiced.

Voiced sounds, in the pronunciation of which noises are used, are [b], [c], [g], [d], [g], [z]. Paired with them are the unvoiced sounds [p], [f], [k], [t], [sh] and [s], respectively.

The language also has a number of unpaired voiceless sounds. These are [h], [sch], [x] and [ts].

sonorant, unpaired			unpaired
[l]	[b]	[ P]	[h]
[m]	[ V]	[f]	[ sch]
[n]	[ G]	[ To]	[ts]
[th] or [j]	[d]	[ T]	[ X]
[R]	[ and]	[w]
	[z]	[ With]

Most sounds can also have a soft pair - for example, the sound represented by the letter "n" sounds different in words horse And con. But the sounds [ch], [sch] and [th] are always soft, and [zh], [sh] and [ts] are always hard. The remaining consonant sounds described above have a soft pair. A soft sound in transcription is indicated by an apostrophe - for example, the word horse will be written as [con"].

As already mentioned, the sounds [ch], [sch], [th] are always soft, and [zh], [sh], [ts] are always hard. Other sounds can be softened if the corresponding letter is followed by a soft sign (horse, coat- [con"], [pal"to]), another soft consonant (mouth- [pas "t"]) or vowel [i], [ё], [yu], [e], [i] (shooting range, day- [t "ir", [d "en"]).
If a soft sign comes after a consonant that is always hard or always voiceless, it does not affect its hardness or softness, respectively, but serves as an indicator of the grammatical form - for example, a verb in the second person (can you hear) or female and third declension of a noun (rye).

When we pronounce a word in which a vowel sound follows a voiced consonant (fur coat), we add voice when we pronounce a vowel sound, so the sonority of the preceding consonant is not lost. But if this vowel is not present after a voiced consonant (as in the word oak), then the voice does not seem to have time to “turn on”, so the last consonant sound, if it has a paired voiceless sound, is deafened (oak, enemy- [dup], [lie]). Deafening also occurs if a consonant is followed by a voiceless consonant. (oaks- [dupk "i]).

It can also happen reverse process- voicing of consonants. This happens when after a paired sound, denoted by a voiceless consonant, there is a voiced consonant (collection- [collection]). However, sonorant sounds and the sound [в] do not affect the deafness of the preceding consonant (take off your- [s"n"at"], [svoj]).

Some combinations of consonants can produce less than one sound. So, for example, the letters “ts” and “ds” in a row, if they are followed by another consonant, give the sound [ts] - as in the words set aside or suggest. There are many letter combinations that can give the sound [sch] - “sch”, “zhch”, “zdch” and others, as in the words count, man, crawler and so on.

The letter “g” in Russian is often read as “v” - for example, in the pronouns “his”, “that”, “this” and other words and their derivatives (“today”), as well as in the endings of adjectives and participles - for example , in the genitive case (red, coming).

Doubled consonants give a sound slightly different from what is indicated by an undoubled consonant, but in colloquial speech the difference between these sounds is not too great, so with simple transcription it is written in the same way as a single sound would be written, and in any case a doubled consonant a letter does not produce two sounds.

Some words in Russian also have unpronounceable consonants - as in the words “sun”, “late”, “feeling”. In such words, the unpronounceable consonant, which naturally, also does not produce an independent sound.

This, of course, does not exhaust the list of processes occurring at the level of transition from sound to letter. Note that the voiceless consonant sound “x” in some Russian words has a paired voiced sound, similar to the Ukrainian fricative “g” - for example, it is often pronounced in the word “gods”; There are many words of foreign language origin, where after the sound “ch” comes a voiced one and its voicing occurs, which is why a sound similar to English sound transmitted by letters j, g; There are situations when a sound akin to what is found in English appears, for example, at the end of words in -ing. But these are rather unusual situations, so we will not dwell on them in detail.

Now about vowels. There are ten vowels in the Russian language. This a, o, i, u, s, e, e, e, yu, i. Let's first see how they behave in a stressed syllable.

There can be six main sounds in a stressed syllable: these are [u], [i] and [s], which are always conveyed by the corresponding letters, as well as [a], which can be conveyed by the letters “a” and “ya”, [o] ( the letters “o” and “e”), and [e] (“e” and “e”). The letters “i”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “e” also soften the previous consonant sound, as mentioned above. And if the letters “yu”, “e”, “e” and “ya” come at the beginning of a word, after another vowel letter or after the letters “b” or “b”, then they break up into the sounds , , and accordingly (yula - , sews- [shjot], I give- [daju], needles- [xvoja].

In unstressed syllables, vowels sound less clear than in stressed ones. Because of this, spelling patterns arise in words with unstressed vowels. Thus, the letters “a” and “o”, as well as the letters “i”, “e” and “i” begin to sound in a similar way in unstressed syllables. For example, the words “mila” (“this girl is sweet to me”) and “mela” (“she swept the floor”) are pronounced the same (more precisely, almost the same). Or compare the words “pairs” (“the driver separates the pairs”) and “pores” (“for the time being”). This process is called reduction. The vowels “u”, “i”, “s” are not subject to reduction. Vowels in unstressed syllables are transcribed differently, so we will not describe these systems. A simplified transcription method implies that “a” and “o” in all unstressed syllables are written simply as [a], and “e”, “i” and “ya” as [i], although this is not very accurate.

Many exam assignments Phonetics tests come down to identifying a word that has more or fewer sounds than letters. When performing such tasks, remember that the letters “ь” and “ъ” do not make an independent sound. See if any combination of consonants produces the sound “ts” or “sch”. Look to see if the word contains double or unpronounceable consonants - in these cases, the letter will also not produce an independent sound. Look at what sounds the vowels “e”, “e”, “yu” and “ya” make and remember that at the beginning of a word, after a vowel or after a soft or hard sign they convey two sounds, not one. Based on all this, count how many sounds there are in a word.

Some tasks ask in which word all the consonants are voiced or voiceless. In this case, we are interested in the processes of deafening and voicing. Look in which of the words suggested to you these processes occur. Remember that consonants are deafened at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants, and are voiced only before voiced consonants, but not before sonorants ([p], [m], [n], [l], [j]) and not before [v ]. Also, do not forget that unpronounceable consonants do not give an independent sound, so the corresponding letter can be ignored when considering, and double consonants give one sound.

Phonetic analysis of a word in school includes a transcription of the word (according to an exact or simplified system) and a description of each sound according to its main features. For vowels it is indicated whether it is stressed or unstressed, and for consonants - hardness/softness, dullness/voice and pairing/unpairing for each of these characteristics.

Here are examples of phonetic parsing of words using a simplified system:

1) lumberjack[l`isar`up] - 3 syllables;

[l`] - consonant, soft paired, sonorant (voiced unpaired);

[i] - vowel, unstressed;

[s] - consonant, hard pair, voiceless pair;

[a] - vowel, unstressed;

[r] - consonant, solid pair, sonorant (voiced unpaired);

[`у] - vowel, stressed;

7 sounds, 7 letters;

2) climb[padj`om] - 2 syllables;

[p] - consonant, hard pair, voiceless pair;

[a] - vowel, unstressed;

[d] - consonant, hard pair, voiced pair;

[`o] - vowel, stressed;

[m] - consonant, hard pair, sonorant (voiced unpaired);

6 letters, 6 sounds.

accurate (DETAILED) PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION. PHONETIC POSITIONAL ALTERNATING VOWELS AND CONSONANTS

Transcription of spoken speech can be performed with varying degrees of accuracy.

The simplified system that we discussed above takes into account only the most basic processes in the area of ​​vowel sounds. Only the qualitative reduction of vowels [o] and [e] is reflected. Unstressed [o] is always designated as [a], and unstressed [e] - as [i] or [s]. Quantitative reduction and qualitative-quantitative reduction different degrees not taken into account.

In order to convey the sound of speech in transcription more accurately, it is necessary to take into account the degree of vowel reduction. The reduction of vowels can be qualitative-quantitative - in the case when the vowel is not just shortened, but changes qualitatively, that is, it differs in its very quality from its stressed version, or purely quantitative - when the vowel is only shortened. The vowels [o], [e], [a] are subject to qualitative and quantitative reduction. Quantitative - [and], [s], [y].

So, we know that vowel phonemes are represented by their basic variant only under stress. In an unstressed position, the sound of vowels changes according to a regular pattern: the reduction (that is, shortening) of vowels depends on the position of the vowel relative to the place of stress.

There are strong positions (stressed) and weak ones: I weak position is I pre-stressed (that is, it is a vowel in the syllable preceding the stressed one) and the absolute beginning of the word (only for words starting with a vowel, for example, apricot), II weak position is any post-stressed position and pre-stressed positions that are more than one syllable away from the stress point (except for the absolute beginning of the word).

Each phoneme is always represented in the same position by the same variant. In addition to the place relative to the stressed syllable, the choice of variant of the vowel phoneme is also determined by the hardness - softness of the preceding consonant, and for the phoneme<о>The condition of being after a sibilant consonant is also important.

The table shows regular positional alternations of vowel sounds in the Russian language and the signs by which they are conveyed in transcription.

When accurately transcribing, the following signs are encountered, which we do not find in the simplified transcription: /\ (the sound corresponding to the unstressed [a] and [o] in the first weak position - short [a]
with a hint [o]), $\textrm(i)^\textrm(e)$ (sound corresponding to [e], [a], [o] after soft consonants
in the first weak position - [i] with a shade [e]), $\textrm(ы)^\textrm(е)$, ъ ([ы] with a shade [е] - a sound corresponding uh, oh in the first weak position after hard consonants), b, $\check(\textrm(s))$, $\check(\textrm(s))$, $\check(\textrm(у))$ ([u] , [ы], [у] short - sounds corresponding to unstressed [i], [ы], [у].

Strong position (under stress)	I weak position (I syllable before the stressed and the absolute beginning of the word)	II weak position (all others)
A(s[a]d, p[`a]t)	/\ after a hard consonant, sdy, $\textrm(и)^\textrm(е)$ after a soft consonant p[$\textrm(и)^\textrm(е)$]ti	ъ after a hard one (s[b]argument), b after a soft one (p[b]tachok)
O(d[o]m, l[`o]d, sh[o]lk)	/\ after a hard consonant (dma), $\textrm(s)^\textrm(e)$ after a hard hissing consonant (w[$\textrm(s)^\textrm(e)$ ]lka), $\textrm( i)^\textrm(e)$ after a soft consonant (l[$\textrm(i)^\textrm(e)$]doc)	ъ after hard consonants (d[a]movoy, sh[a]lkopryad), ь after soft consonants (l[b]dorub)
uh(six, forest)	$\textrm(ы)^\textrm(е)$ after hard consonants (ш[$\textrm(ы)^\textrm(е)$]stay), $\textrm(и)^\textrm(е)$ after soft consonant (l[$\textrm(i)^\textrm(e)$]snoy)	ъ after hard consonants (sh[ъ]stipaly), ь after soft consonants (l[b]sostep)
And(feast)	And short (p[$\check(\textrm(s))$]horn)	And short (p[$\check(\textrm(s))$]horn)
s(dampness)	s short (with[$\check(\textrm(s))$ ]roy)	s short (with [$\check(\textrm(s))$]rotty)
at(miracle)	at short (h[$\check(\textrm(y))$]gum)	at short (h[$\check(\textrm(y))$]desa)

Let us give examples of phonetic analysis of words using a detailed transcription system.

1) lumberjack[l`ls/\r`up] - 3 syllables;

[l`] - consonant, soft paired, sonorant (voiced unpaired);

[b] - vowel, unstressed, II degree of reduction;

[With] -

- vowel, unstressed, I degree of reduction;

[R] - consonant, solid pair, sonorant (voiced unpaired);

[`у] - vowel, stressed;

[P] - consonant, hard pair, voiceless pair;

7 letters, 7 sounds;

2) announce- 3 syllables;

Vowel, unstressed, I degree of reduction*;

[b`] - consonant, soft pair, voiced pair;

[j] - consonant, soft unpaired, sonorant (voiced unpaired);

[$\textrm(i)^\textrm(e)$] - vowel, unstressed, I degree of reduction;

[v`] - consonant, soft pair, voiced pair;

[`i] - vowel, stressed;

[t`] - consonant, soft pair, voiceless pair;

7 sounds, 8 letters.

*Note. In a word announce the first vowel is the I degree of reduction, and not the II (despite the fact that it is in the second pre-stressed syllable), since this is the absolute beginning of the word.

Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of a text is conveyed or a conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, the word can use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “Yu” in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic analysis?

We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• Christmas tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, you can correctly designate and distinguish the letter entry (spelling) and sound definition letters (phonemes).

• The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
• percussive [´] - accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic, phonetic and word analysis with online examples, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists' transcriptions of phonetic characteristics differ in accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?

The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:

• You write necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
• Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, using intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorant, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic analysis of a word

Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. In this example there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does it vary? total number sounds and letters, both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:

• [b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
• or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these phoneme classes.

The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be taken by percussion sound and syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, is represented by only a few foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a"] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: zamok - zamok and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya do "ma].
• New houses [no "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
• witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].

Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change its phonetic characteristics depending on its position:

• primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consisting of only one vowel);
• on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.

Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• naked syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].

(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)

• vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
• e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables when sound analysis belong to the reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is beyond curriculum): learn [uch’i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [nad’e´zhda]. During letter analysis, the reduction of the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often mean two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
  • - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
  • - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
  • - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels“E” and “I” designate two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of the word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. When changing capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter "I" after soft sign“b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of online sound-letter analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: Vowel “O” after a soft sign “b” is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillot tina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

• sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts. Then they represent phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online analysis by sounds: yellow [zho´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'itse´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she'rshen'], parachute [parashu't];
• The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
  • e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
  • I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [table´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet they are designated by 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language there are consonants:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
  • [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
  • [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
  • [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
  • [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
  • [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
  • [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
  • [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
  • [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
  • [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
  • [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
  • sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
  • [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
• The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, n o l.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, life.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others) vocal cords they don’t strain, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - gap (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Tip: If you're just starting to practice spelling words phonetically, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is voiceless.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can represent a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ого”, “-го” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [в]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much]. When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′kh'k'ii], soft [m'a′kh' k'ii].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
• the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
• [ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
• The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd']in, stipe[n'd']iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
• the letters “N”, “K”, “P” during phonetic analysis of the composition can be softened before soft sounds[ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], substitute ik [sm'e'n'sh'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va'r'sch'ina], borscht [bo'r'sch'];
• often the sounds [з], [с], [р], [н] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e′nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the exception words when the consonant [p] before soft dental and labial ones, as well as before [ch’], [sch’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness/softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

• Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zh elta], take pity [zh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
• The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed by letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
• The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the following word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
• During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].

Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation

• sch → [sch':]: happiness [sch': a´s't'ye], sandstone [p'ish': a´n'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
• zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
• shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
• stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
• zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
• ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
• thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
• tch → [ch’:]: report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
• dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
• ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
• zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: s′y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs] , for nothing [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
• chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
  • “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, will do, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
• “D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], free [b'izvazm' e′know];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
  • zdts → [ss]: under the bridles [fall uss s´];
  • ndc → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
• “L” - in combinations:
  • sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
• “B” - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch's'tva], sensuality [ch'us'tv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary standards orthoepies are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

[ˈenɪmɪ]

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noun

1. enemy (enemy, adversary, foe)

Plural number: enemies.

adjective

1. hostile (hostile, hostile)

Phrases

common enemy
common enemy

dangerous enemy
dangerous opponent

new enemy
new enemy

enemies of Russia
enemies of Russia

enemy territory
enemy territory

enemy resistance
hostile resistance

enemy agents
enemy agents

Offers

The enemy launched an attack on us.
The enemy attacked us.

The enemy attack ceased at dawn.
The enemy attack ended at dawn.

The enemy kept up their attack all day.
The enemy attacked all day.

The enemy occupied the fort.
The enemy occupied the fort.

The enemy is eavesdropping!
The enemy is listening!

The enemy approaches the town.
The enemy is approaching the city.

They abandoned the hill to enemy forces.
They left the heights to the enemy forces.

The enemy has come to our country.
The enemy has come to our country.

The enemy is approaching rapidly.
The enemy is quickly approaching.

An enemy of an enemy is not necessarily an ally.
An enemy's enemy is not necessarily an ally.

The best is often the enemy of the good.
Best the enemy of the good.

We gave the enemy a drubbing.
We gave the enemy a beating.

Our army attacked the enemy during the night.
Our army attacked the enemy under cover of darkness.

The enemy of "good" is "better".
Best the enemy of the good.

Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth.
Uniformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth.

The enemy must be defeated.
The enemy must be defeated.

The enemy attacked the town.
The enemy attacked the city.

Tom is a personal enemy of mine.
Tom is my personal enemy.

Two of the enemy ships have been destroyed.
Two enemy ships were destroyed.

The enemy attacked from behind.
The enemy attacked from behind.

For me, alcohol is the worst enemy of women and children.
In my opinion, alcohol is the worst enemy of women and children.

The enemy destroyed many of our ships.
The enemy destroyed many of our ships.

The enemy of my enemy is my friend.
The enemy of my enemy is my friend.

My enemy"s enemy is my friend.
The enemy of my enemy is my friend.

Take out the enemy from as far away as possible.
Eliminate the enemy from as far away as possible.

They pursued the enemy as far as the river.
They pursued the enemy all the way to the river.

The enemy suffered many casualties.
The enemy suffered heavy losses.

The enemy has demanded our surrender.
The enemy demanded that we surrender.

1 ) Transcription of the word “enemy”: [lie].

LETTER/ [SOUND]				SOUND CHARACTERISTICS
V	-	[V]	-	acc., hard (boys) , ringing (boys). Deaf people do not voice before sonorants (see V.N. Musatov, p. 73).A paired sound in terms of hardness/softness is always hard before a hard sound.
R	-	[R]	-	acc., hard (boys) , ringing (unpaired), sonorant. The sound [r] is an unpaired voiced sound, so it is pronounced the same way as it is written.Before letters A, O, at, uh, s syllables paired in terms of hardness and softness are always pronounced firmly.
A	-	[A]	-	vowel, percussion; see below § 15.
G	-	[To]	-	acc., hard (boys) , deaf. (boys). At the end of the word, the voiced pair is deafened (see § 80).At the end of the word, all consonants, except unpaired soft ones ([ch❜], [ш❜], [й❜]), are pronounced firmly.

4 letters, 4 sound

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PRONUNCIATION RULES 1

§ 15

§ 15. Letter A denotes the stressed vowel [a] in the following positions: a) at the beginning of a word: act, á rka, á ly; b) after vowels: zahat, poahat; c) after hard consonants: there, dam, myself, din, you, poppy, tank, marriage, step, toad, prank, pity; d) after soft hissing [h] and [sch]: hour, head, swing, mercy.

§ 80

§ 80. In place of the voiced consonants at the end of the word, the corresponding voiceless consonants are pronounced. Thus, in place of the letters b, c, d, d, g, z, the consonants [p], [f], [k], [t], [sh], [s] are pronounced, for example:

in place b: [slap], [dup], [grop], [clup], [group], [goloup❜], [dup❜], [drap❜ ];

in place in; [nraf], [zalif], [ulof], [praf], [slof], [karof], [recogniz f], [became f], [pladof]; [krof❜], [l❜ ubo f❜], [brof❜], [asta f❜], [prigato f❜ ];

in place of g: [s❜ nek], [pirok], [boot k], [vdruk], [kruk], [pluk], [shak], [pamo k], [pradro k], [l❜ ok ], [slok]; [nok], [duk] (genus plural from leg, arc);

in place d: [narot], [sat], [sklat], [hot], [sut], [bret], [l❜ from]; [barot], [here], [bet] (genus plural from beard, water, trouble); [met❜ ] (copper), [lé b t❜ ] (swan), [ló sht❜ ] (horse), [s❜ at❜ ] (sit);

in place w: [nosh], [mush], [chish], [strish], [garash]; [lush], [stush] (genus plural from puddle, cold); [rosh] (rye), [losh] (lie), [drosh] (trembling), [naresh] (cut), [namash] (smear);

in place з: [grus], [navo s], [maro s], [voice], [vles] (climbed), [down]; [braid], [ros], [los] (genus plural from goat, rose, vine); [forest❜ ] (climb), [gr❜ ac❜ ] (dirt), [grown❜ ] (apart).

1 Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S.N. Borunova, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; Ed. R.I. Avanesova. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. lang., 1988. - 704 pp.