This different words, relating to one part of speech, but having opposite meanings.
For example: truth - lie, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful, friend - enemy, heavy - light, sad - fun, love - hate.
Antonymsusually contrasted for any reason; day And night- by time, easy And heavy- by weight, Here And there- by position in space, bitter And sweet- to taste, etc.
A polysemantic word with different meanings can have different antonyms. So the antonym of the word easy in meaning " light in weight" is an adjective heavy, and in the meaning " easy to understand" - difficult .
Thus, if a word has multiple meanings, then each meaning can have its own antonym.
For example: a bad bucket is a whole bucket, a bad deed is a good deed.
Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.
For example:
Lies can be good or evil,
Compassionate or merciless,
Lies can be clever and clumsy,
Prudent and reckless,
Intoxicating and joyless.(F. Krivin)
The contrast of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, enhancing the emotionality of speech.
For example: The houses are new, but the prejudices are old.(A. Griboyedov) How few roads have been traveled, how many mistakes have been made.(S. Yesenin) That heart will not learn to love that is tired of hating. (N. Nekrasov)
Antonyms are widely used in fiction and journalistic literature as a visual and expressive means.
In one case, they constructively organize the text, in another, they contrast the characters of the heroes of the works, in the third, they act in a clarifying function.
For example, antonyms expressing coordination concepts ( outside - inside, right - left, first - then), serve to express spatial or temporal relationships in the text. These are, in particular, the exposition and ending of A.P.’s story. Chekhov " Man in a case»:
“We didn’t sleep. Ivan Ivanovich, a tall, thin old man with a long mustache, sat outside at the entrance and smoked a pipe; the moon illuminated him. Burkin was lying inside on the hay, and he was not visible in the darkness.” And further: “It was already midnight. To the right the whole village was visible, the long street stretched far, about five miles. Everything was immersed in a quiet, deep sleep; no movement, no sound, I can’t even believe that nature can be so quiet... To the left, from the edge of the village, a field began; it was visible far away, to the horizon, and throughout the entire width of this field, flooded with moonlight, there was also no movement, no sound.”
In A. Tvardovsky’s poem “ Vasily Terkin"antonyms with the meaning of location emphasize the scale and drama of the battle scenes:
Front left, front right
And in the February blizzard haze
A terrible battle is going on, bloody,
Mortal combat is not for glory,
For the sake of life on earth.
Antonyms with a temporal meaning highlight the sequence of events.
For example, I.S. Turgenev in the story " Mu Mu" writes about Gerasim: " He entered his closet, laid the rescued puppy on the bed, covered him with his heavy coat, ran first to the stable for straw, then to the kitchen for a cup of milk.».
Antonyms with a temporary meaning can also be used to characterize the living conditions of characters in works, to reveal their inner world. Let us at least recall the unusually expressive portrait of the lady from the same story: “ ... she rarely went out and lived out her life in solitude last years of his stingy and bored old age. Her day, joyless and stormy, has long passed; but her evening was blacker than night».
Antonyms, expressing the qualitative opposition of concepts, are used to contrast the characteristics of characters and their emotional experiences.
The heroine of Turgenev's novel " The day before"Elena Stakhova writes in her diary about her emotional experiences: " ...I am alone, all alone, with all my good, with all my evil. No one to lend a hand. Whoever comes to me is not wanted; and whoever I would like... is passing by».
With the help of contextual antonyms, Turgenev conveys her anxious mood on the eve of her declaration of love with Insarov: “ This day passed slowly for Elena; The long, long night dragged on even more slowly. Elena either sat on the bed, hugging her knees with her arms and resting her head on them, or went up to the window, pressed her hot forehead to the cold glass and thought, thought, and thought the same thoughts until exhaustion.».
IN refinement functions antonyms appear in the following excerpt from the poem by N.V. Gogol " Dead Souls »: « Another class of men were fat ones or people like Chichikov, that is, not so fat, but not thin either...»
Titles of works are often based on antonyms: “ War and Peace"L. Tolstoy, " Thin and Thick"A. Chekhov, " Living and dead" K. Simonova, " What is good and what is bad» V. Mayakovsky.
The phenomenon of antonymy is used to create a new concept by combining words with contrasting meanings: “ Living Dead», « Optimistic tragedy», « Bad good man " This stylistic device is called an oxymoron. Publicists are very fond of using it in the titles of articles and essays: “ Expensive cheapness», « Big troubles for the small fleet».
The expressiveness of proverbs and sayings, popular words is also often determined by antonymy: "Learning is light and ignorance is darkness»; « Lays down softly - sleeps hard»; « Easy to see, hard to foresee"(J. Franklin).
Antonyms are constantly used in antithesis - a stylistic device that consists of a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, states.
For example:
I'm sad because you're having fun.(M. Lermontov)
Black evening. White snow. (A. Blok).
Both Death and Life are native abysses:
They are similar and equal
Strange and kind to each other,
One is reflected in the other.
One deepens the other,
Like a mirror and a man
They are united and separated
By my own will forever.
(D. Merezhkovsky)
Here, for example, is how V. Berestov uses the antonymy of the words good and evil in a poem with that title.
GOOD AND EVIL
Evil without good will not take a step
At least because
What always pretends to be good
He has to.
Good is perhaps more fortunate -
No need to pretend to be evil!
See also poems by M. Lermontov “ Sail" and A. Pushkin " You and me»: You are rich - I am very poor; you are a prose writer - I am a poet... or from M. Tsvetaeva: Don't love, rich, poor, don't love, scientist, stupid.
The role of antonyms in the text
Antonyms (including contextual ones) allow you to:
a) clarify the thought, make it brighter, more imaginative.
For example: Wealth and poverty, old age and youth, beauty and ugliness - this was what we were talking about(in the witch variety) they say in fairy tales.(M. I. Tsvetaeva);
b) give a more complete description of a phenomenon.
For example: He saw that the depth of her soul, previously open to him, was closed to him.(L.N. Tolstoy);
For example: As a result, a sharp polarization occurred: on the one hand, flood of glossy waste paper, on the other - a trickle of literature truly artistic. (From newspapers);
d) enhance the transmitted content.
For example: So, we throw it into the heat, now into the cold, now into the light, now into the darkness, lost in the universe, the ball is spinning.(I. Brodsky); That heart will not learn to love, Which is tired of hating.(N. A. Nekrasov)
Phraseology
Phraseology- one of the most striking and effective means of language. It is no coincidence that it is figuratively called “ pearl of Russian speech». « Phraseologisms are a storehouse of folk wisdom" The Russian language is very rich in phraseological units.
A phraseological unit, or phraseological turn, is a phrase or sentence that is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, performing the function of a separate lexeme (vocabulary unit).
For example:
- Anika the warrior – a bully who boasts of his strength but is usually defeated.
- And Vaska listens and eats –
This is what they say about someone who does not pay any attention to the words of others, continuing to commit unsightly acts. (Quote from I.A. Krylov’s fable).
- Bash on bash – this expression is used as a characteristic of an equivalent exchange of one thing for another.
- Time for business and time for fun–
There is a time for everything: business and fun.
The sources of phraseological units are different. Some of them arose on the basis of human observations of social and natural phenomena (a lot of snow - a lot of bread ), others are associated with mythology and real historical events (empty, as if Mamai had passed ), others came from fairy tales, riddles, literary works ( in the blink of an eye - from the Bible, horns and legs – there is absolutely nothing left, words from the song “ Once upon a time there lived a gray goat with my grandmother», stigma in fluff - this is what they say about someone who rejects accusations that are fair; from the fable by I.A. Krylov “ Fox and Marmot»).
In structure, phraseological units can be phrases ( sit in a galosh, without a king in your head ) or suggestions ( Grandma said in two when the cancer on the mountain whistles ).
Phraseologisms have great expressive capabilities.
The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:
1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, sword of Damocles, Achilles heel );
2) the attribution of many of them:
a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion
) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears
);
b) to category linguistic means with a positive emotional-expressive coloring ( treasure like the apple of your eye -ceremonial coloring,skillful fingers- approval coloring)
or with a negative emotional-expressive connotation ( without a king in my head
- disapproving coloring, small fry
- disdainful coloring, penny price- contemptuous coloring).
The role of phraseological units in the text
The use of phraseological units allows you to:
a) enhance the clarity and imagery of the text.
For example:
I fix my helplessly greedy gaze:
There is damp darkness all around.
Which way is Ariadne's thread
Did you drive me to the abyss?(V. Ya. Bryusov);
b) create the desired stylistic tone (solemnity, elevation or depression).
For example:
I've been everywhere: in the middle of nowhere.
Far away from our homeland(M. A. Dudin);
"Guard! They're robbing us! - screamed at the top of Ivanovskaya Claudia(V. M. Shukshin);
c) more clearly express the attitude towards what is being communicated, convey the author’s feelings and assessments.
For example: The threat of destruction of natural resources hangs over humanity like the sword of Damocles.(From newspapers)
The expressiveness of phraseological units can be enhanced as a result of their transformations (expansion, reduction, replacement of words) and transformation from general linguistic ones into individual author’s ones.
For example: He wanted it quickly jump out into people- he got confused, stumbled and was forced resign (I. S. Turgenev);
Beautiful night. Not a cloud in the sky, but the moon shines throughout Ivanovskaya. (A.P. Chekhov)
A special group of phraseological units consists of aphorisms(in translation from Greek - definition) - winged words, sayings from literary sources, expressing with extreme brevity any significant, deep thought in an original, memorable form.
For example: And the casket simply opened; There is no beast stronger than a cat; I didn’t even notice the elephant; And Vaska listens and eats (I. A. Krylov);
Happy hours are not observed; Who are the judges? Bah! All the faces are familiar; Blessed is he who believes; The times of Ochakovsky and the conquest of Crimea (A. S. Griboyedov);
Love for all ages; There is no return to dreams and years; Oh, you are heavy, Monomakh’s hat; From the ship to the ball; What does the coming day have in store for me (A.S. Pushkin), etc.
By their essence, aphorisms include proverbs and sayings that contain centuries-old folk wisdom.
Attention! Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms and phraseological units as means of expressiveness are widely used in all styles of speech, except for official business.
performed
Verchenova Evgenia (7th “B” grade),
supervisor
Khabarovsk
Gymnasium No. 1
Introduction........................................................ .................................... 3
A fool may ask more questions in an hour than a wise man can answer in seven years.
Fool can ask more questions in an hour than sage can answer in seven years.
One fool may ask more than 10 smart answer.
One fool may ask more than ten clever men can answer.
An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening
One hour in the morning worth two hours evenings.
Morning evenings wiser.
Morning is wiser than evening.
Keep your mouth shut and your ears open.
Keep your mouth shut closed, and ears open.
Keep your ears open wider, and the mouth narrower.
Keep your ears wider and your mouth narrower.
A small leak will sink a great ship.
From small leaks will sink big ship.
From small sparks, yeah big fire.
A big fire from a little spark.
A living dog is better than a dead lion
Live dog is better dead lion
Alive the dog is better dead lion
A living dog is better than a dead lion
As a result of comparing the variants of English and Russian proverbs, we come to the conclusion that not only in our language there are antonyms in proverbs and sayings, but also in the English language.
Here are a few more proverbs with antonyms: Small lie behind yourself big leads. Incorrect Friend- dangerous enemy. Who more he knows less sleeping Znayka runs along the path, and Dunno lies on the stove. Speaks right, and looks left. Talk to others slightly less, and by yourself more. Is ill- get treatment, and healthy- be careful. IN stranger monastery with his They don’t follow the rules. Keep your ears open wider, mouth narrower. Friendly- not heavy, but apart at least give it up. Alive the dog is better dead about the lion. Behind big you'll chase and small will not see. If you want it for yourself of good, don't do it to anyone evil. Who a lot of threatens few harms. Less say yes more do it. Soft spreads, yes hard sleep. Do not believe strangers speeches, but believe his eyes One fool may ask more than ten smart answer. From small sparks, yeah big fire. Morning evening wiser. For a bad habit and smart a fool called. Native side - mother, someone else's – stepmother. Spring red with flowers, and autumn sheaves. Foe assents, and Friend argues.
All these proverbs teach something. Some teach goodness, some teach people not to lie, to live happily. But almost everyone is taught to talk less and do more. These proverbs have lived for many centuries because of their brevity, because they are very well remembered. Brightness, expressiveness and brevity are achieved through antonyms and contrasts. A person very clearly sees a thing or phenomenon against the background of which he differs. All Russian proverbs reflect life and human relationships.
Contrast enhances the emotionality of speech. The houses are new, but the prejudices are old (Griboyedov). I'm sad because you're having fun (Lermontov). How few roads have been traveled, how many mistakes have been made (Yesenin). I believe: the time will come - the Spirit of good will overcome the power of meanness and malice (Pasternak).
3. Antonyms as a means of expressive speech
Antonyms are very often used in artistic speech to emphasize the contrast between concepts. Many Russian proverbs and sayings are based on the opposition of antonyms: “Don’t be brave in the stove, and don’t be a coward in the field”; “The well-fed does not understand the hungry”; " Good word build a house, an evil word will destroy the house”; “The sweetest thing is the tongue, the most bitter is the tongue”; “Much has been said, but little has been done”; “Knowledge elevates a person, but ignorance humiliates”; “Teaching decorates in happiness, and consoles in misfortune.”
In titles works of art: “Thick and Thin” (story), “Far and Close” (book of memories), “What is good and what is bad?” (poem), “The Living and the Dead” (novel).
Many titles of the work are built on the principle of antithesis: “War and Peace” by L. Tolstoy, antonymy is used in the titles of newspaper and magazine articles: “Good and Evil Chemistry”, “Retro and Modern are Nearby”, “Tragic and Merry Farewell”, etc.
2. high – low
3. silent - talkative
4. diligent – lazy
6. loud - quiet
7. younger - older
8. reluctantly – willingly
9. Mama's boy
10. greenhouse plant – pass (through) the fire
11. water and copper pipes
Bibliography:
1. “English and Russian proverbs and sayings in illustrations.” Moscow "Enlightenment" 1993
2. “Lexical semantics. Synonymous means of language" 1974 Internet.
3. “Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. Edited by. 2nd ed.” 1984 Internet.
4. “Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. Difficult words» 1999 Internet.
5. “Antonymy in the Russian language (semantic analysis of opposites in vocabulary)” 1973 Internet.
7. “Russian speech 5th grade. Speech development." Moscow, Bustard 2001
8. Russian language grades 5-9. Theory". “Bustard”, Moscow 2002
9. “Stylistics of the Russian language”, Moscow “Iris Press”, 2002
10. “Modern Russian language. Vocabulary" 1977 Internet.
eleven. " encyclopedic Dictionary young philologist." Moscow "Pedagogy", 1984
12. Encyclopedia for children Avanta-plus, “Linguistics, Russian language.” Moscow "Publishing center "Avanta-plus", 1999
In the Russian language, a very large place is given to antonyms. But, in order to correctly and competently be able to choose an antonym, a necessary condition is knowledge about this concept. So what is it? In our native Russian language, such a term usually means words that, as a rule, belong to the same part of speech, are completely different from each other in spelling and pronunciation, but the main feature is that they carry the opposite meaning.
The role of antonyms in the text
It should be noted that antonyms have very great expressive features, and help make speech more vivid, beautiful and understandable. Using these means of expression it is possible to:
- make your own or the speaker’s thought (text) more expressive;
- describe or characterize in detail any event, hero or character;
- reveal the contents of something in more detail.
It is believed that antonyms in the Russian language serve as a means of creating an antithesis. The latter term refers to rhetorical opposition.
Examples
It is worth noting that in the Russian language it is customary to distinguish between words with different roots, that is, words that have different roots, and single-root antonyms - when the same root or prefix is used. Let's look at the examples in more detail.
An evil person - a good person (opposite meaning), a big pocket - a small pocket, a wide road - a narrow road, soft bread - hard bread, a lot of work - little work, running - standing, a sweet dish - a bitter dish, a person working - a person resting, people come - people go, pleasant - unpleasant, invest - lay out. Most often, of course, such pairs are found in literary works, with the goal of most clearly and expressively revealing the theme and meaning of a certain text.
As you know, the word heavy refers to such a part of speech as an adjective. It’s easy to determine, you just need to ask the question: which one? The antonym for this word, accordingly, will be the word easy.
Antonyms occupy a special place in the system of expressive lexical means. Antonyms(Greek anti “against”, onyma “name”) are different words that belong to the same part of speech, but have opposite meanings: Friend--enemy, heavy - light, sad - fun, love - hate. Not all words have antonyms. If a word is ambiguous, then each meaning can have its own antonym: a bad bucket is a whole bucket, a bad deed is a good deed. The contrast of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, enhancing the emotionality of speech: At homenew , and prejudicesold . (A. Griboyedov). That heart won't learnbe in love who is tiredhate . (N. Nekrasov)
Antonyms are constantly used in antithesis- a stylistic device that consists in a sharp contrast of concepts, positions, states.
ANDDeath , AndLife --native abysses:
They are similar and equal
Each otheralien Andkindly ,
One is reflected in the other.
One deepens the other,
Like a mirror and a man
Theirconnects, divides
By my own will forever.
(D. Merezhkovsky)
Phenomenon antonymy used to create a new concept by combining words of contrasting meaning: “Living Corpse”, “Optimistic Tragedy”, “Bad Good Man”. This stylistic device is called oxymoron. Publicists love to use it in the titles of articles and essays: “Expensive Cheapness”, “Big Troubles of the Small Fleet”. Antonymy manifests itself primarily in qualitative adjectives and adverbs, as well as in nouns and verbs that correlate with adjectives: poor - rich, poor - rich, poverty - rich, become poor--get rich. Not all words enter into antonymic relationships. Nouns with specific meanings do not have antonyms (house, notebook, heart, tree), numerals (five, ten), most pronouns (I, you, he, myself, someone), names and surnames of people, geographical names (Ivan, Masha, Sidorov, Crimea) etc. The same word (if it is ambiguous) can have several antonyms.
Antonyms are distinguished by structure single-rooted and multi-rooted. Cognates are created by adding prefixes to the word: inhale - exhale, inside - from within, armament - disarmament, pre-war - post-war, arrival - departure.
Multi-rooted- these are antonyms with different roots: day - night, love - hate, joy - grief, talk - be silent, early - late, young - old.
They actually differ linguistic antonyms and speech, contextual, individual author's. Actually linguistic antonyms are contrasted by meaning in the lexical system itself, out of context: big - small, fast - slow, say hello - say goodbye. These are stable pairs that are constantly found in antonymic dictionaries. Speech antonyms, contextual, individually authored, do not have opposite meanings outside of context. For example, the word sheep in its literal meaning, without context, it has no opposite meaning, no antonym. But in the proverb " Don’t consider your enemy a sheep, consider him a wolf.” this word becomes an antonym to the word wolf.
Antonyms are a bright means of expressiveness of speech. Therefore, they are often used in works fiction to express antithesis. Antithesis(Greek antithesis “opposition”) - a turn of speech in which, to enhance expressiveness, opposing concepts, thoughts, character traits are sharply contrasted characters, For example:
We recognized each other in the crowd.
Agreed Andlet's go our separate ways again.
Was withoutjoy Love --
Parting will be withoutsadness ;
I swearfirst day of creation.
I swear by itlast during the day.
I swearshame crimes.
And eternal truthtriumph.
I swearfalls bitter flour.
Victory a short dream.
I sweardate with you
And again threateningseparation ... (M. Lermontov)
The comparison of antonymic meanings is based on oxymoron(Greek oxymoron “witty-stupid”) - combinations of words expressing logically incompatible, mutually exclusive concepts. Their components are combined according to the method of subordination: infamy, sweet tears, brave coward, cheerful fatigue. As you can see, an oxymoron usually consists of an adjective and a noun. Oxymorons can express:
1) Feelings, mood of a person (hateful love, calm anxiety). You gave happy suffering. (E. Yevtushenko);
2) Qualities, properties, will, activity, human behavior: (timid daredevil, business slacker, ebullient lazybones);
3) Age characteristics (young old man, adult children);
4) Taste, color qualities, name of substances (bitter honey, pale blush, black snow);
5) Social status, relationships between people (beggar millionaire, friendly enemy, new old acquaintances);
6) Phenomena and states of nature, periods of time and space (ringing silence, bright night, short long life, eternal moment, close distance);
7) Size, magnitude, marital status (little giant, big guy, unmarried widow, married bachelor);
8) Temperature properties (hot Snow);
9) Action and state (talk silently, cry sweetly, hurry slowly): 26
In Lermontov's works there are different types of antithesis constructions: from simple ones (contrasting a pair of antonyms) to complex, detailed antitheses. The means of structural opposition can be adversative conjunctions (a, but), and intonation, or only intonation.
Death Andimmortality,
Life Anddeath
Both the virgin and the heart are nothing.
Breake down it seemed difficult to us
Butmeet It would be more difficult!
Their fateconnected ,
Awill separate - one grave.
MyFriends yesterday's-- enemies ,
Enemies -- myFriends ,
But may the good Lord forgive me my sin,
I despise them...
(M. Lermontov)
A contrasting perception of the world is characteristic of A. Akhmatova’s poetic soul, who perceives the world as an alternation of joyful and sad. This defines a special kind of psychologism in the depiction of a person’s inner world.
HowWhite stone in the depths of the well,
One memory lies within me.
I cannot and do not want to fight:
It --fun and it-- suffering .
(A. Akhmatova)
Semantic contrasts that enhance the imagery of the text are especially characteristic of poetic works, which are distinguished by a special concentration of thoughts and emotions, expressed in an extremely laconic form.
Sometimes he falls in love passionately
In yourelegant sadness .
(M. Lermontov)
Lermontov’s “elegant sadness” shows all the variety of feelings and emotions conveyed in one capacious, laconic epithet “elegant” (multicolor, range of feelings).
Oh howpainfully by youhappy I!
(A. Pushkin)
Here we feel the contrast conveyed by the words “painfully happy”, which means the limit of emotions that are difficult to accept as happiness. The author is haunted by love, constant thoughts about it prevent him from feeling comfortable, working, creating (love is like a disease).
Thank you for the pleasures
For sadness, forsweet torments . (S. Pushkin)
(from the Greek anti - against, ónyma - name) - these are words with the opposite meaning when used in pairs. Those words enter into antonymic relationships which reveal from opposite sides correlated concepts associated with one circle of objects and phenomena. Words form antonymous pairs based on their lexical meaning. The same word, if it is polysemantic, can have several antonyms.
occur within all parts of speech, but the words of the antonymous pair must belong to the same part of speech.
The following do not enter into antonymic relationships:
– nouns with a specific meaning (house, book, school), proper names;
– numerals, most pronouns;
– words denoting gender (man and woman, son and daughter);
– words with different stylistic connotations;
- words with increasing or diminutive accents (hand - hands, house - house).
In their structure, antonyms are not homogeneous. Among them are:
– single-root antonyms: happiness - misfortune, open - close;
– antonyms with different roots: black - white, good - bad.
The phenomenon of antonymy is closely related to the polysemy of a word. Each meaning of a word can have its own antonyms. Yes, word fresh will have different antonymic pairs in different meanings: fresh wind - sultry wind, fresh bread - stale bread, fresh shirt - dirty shirt.
Antonymic relationships can also arise between different meanings of the same word. For example, to review means “to get acquainted with something, check, quickly examining, looking through, reading” and “to skip, not to notice, to miss.” The combination of opposite meanings in one word is called enantiosemy.
Depending on the distinctive features that words with opposite meanings have, two types of antonyms can be distinguished general language(or simply linguistic) And contextual speech(copyright or individual).
General language antonyms are regularly reproduced in speech and enshrined in the vocabulary (day - night, poor - rich).
Contextual speech antonyms- these are words that enter into antonymic relationships only in a certain context: Sing better with a goldfinch than with a nightingale.
The use of antonyms makes speech more vivid and expressive. Antonyms are used in colloquial and artistic speech, in many proverbs and sayings, in the titles of many literary works.
One of the stylistic figures is built on the sharp opposition of antonym words - antithesis(contrast) – characterization by comparing two opposing phenomena or signs: Long live the sun, may the darkness hide! (A.S. Pushkin). Writers often construct titles of works using this technique: “War and Peace” (L.N. Tolstoy), “Fathers and Sons” (I.S. Turgenev), “Fat and Thin” (A.P. Chekhov), etc. .
Another stylistic device that is based on a comparison of antonymic meanings is oxymoron, or oxymoron(Gr. oxymoron - lit. witty-stupid) - a figure of speech that combines logically incompatible concepts: a living corpse, dead souls, ringing silence.
Antonym dictionaries will help you find an antonym for a word.Antonym dictionaries – linguistic reference dictionaries, in which a description of antonyms is given. For example, in dictionary L.A. Vvedenskaya An interpretation of more than 1000 antonymic pairs is given (their synonymous correspondences are also taken into account), and contexts of use are given. A in the dictionary N.P. Kolesnikova Antonyms and paronyms are recorded. The book contains approximately 3,000 paronyms and more than 1,300 pairs of antonyms. There are no illustrations of the use of antonyms in the dictionary.
In addition to antonym dictionaries general type, there are also private dictionaries that record polar relations in some narrow areas of vocabulary. This includes, for example, dictionaries of antonyms-phraseological units, dictionaries of antonyms-dialecticisms, etc.
Let us once again pay attention to the most common examples of antonyms: good evil; good bad; friend - enemy; day Night; heat - cold; peace - war, quarrel; true False; success - failure; benefit - harm; rich - poor; difficult - easy; generous - stingy; thick – thin; hard – soft; brave - cowardly; White black; fast – slow; high Low; bitter - sweet; hot Cold; wet – dry; full - hungry; new - old; big small; laugh - cry; speak - remain silent; love - hate.
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