Cold and hot, shallow and deep, useful and harmful, independent and dependent, summer and winter, love and hate, joy and sadness, take off and land, start and end, good and bad, serious and frivolous. What do you think these words are? Antonyms! We will present examples of such words, as well as the concept of “antonym” itself, in this article.
Antonyms: concept
So, in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language there is such a thing as “antonyms”. Examples of words with opposite meanings can be given endlessly. Sweet - bitter; cute - disgusting; rise - fall; vanity - peace. These words are called antonyms.
The examples of words given above prove that only words that are the same part of speech can be called antonyms. That is, the words “love” and “hate”, “always” and “often”, “lighten” and “dark” are not antonyms. Can the adjectives “low” and “happy” be called antonyms? No, because words can only be compared based on one characteristic. And in our case there are two of them. In addition, if antonyms denote some quality, then they must possess or not possess this quality in equal measure. Thus, “frost” and “warmth” are not complete antonyms, since frost is high degree cold, and heat is the average degree of temperature above zero.
Antonyms-nouns: example words
In Russian, antonyms-nouns are found quite often. It should be noted that nouns that have antonyms have a connotation of quality in their meaning.
For example: integrity - unprincipledness; minus plus; income - losses; output - input; ascent - descent; day Night; light - darkness; word - silence; dream - reality; dirt - cleanliness; captivity - freedom; progress - regression; success - failure; youth - old age; purchase - sale; beginning - ending.
Adjectives with opposite meanings
Among the adjectives you can find greatest number pairs of antonyms.
Examples of words: empty - full; daytime - nighttime; perky - sad, happy - unhappy; light heavy; simple - complex; cheap - expensive; paid - free; confident - uncertain; main - secondary; significant - trifling; real - virtual, native - alien; obstinate - flexible; excited - calm; smooth - rough; artificial - natural; beloved - unloved; raw - dry.
Adverbs
In this regard, adverbs are in no way inferior to adjectives. There are also many antonyms among them.
Examples of words: easy - difficult; cheap - expensive; immediately - gradually; stupid - smart; banal - original; long - not for long; enough is not enough; intelligible - indistinct; right - wrong, cold - hot.
Antonym verbs: examples of words in Russian
There are also verbs with opposite meanings in the Russian language.
For example: scold - praise; take - give; work - idle; to get sick - to get better; get better - lose weight; refuse - agree; to accustom - to wean; notice - ignore; lose - find; increase - decrease; earn - spend; bury - dig up; leave - return; say goodbye - say hello; turn - turn away; iron - wrinkle; take off - put on; dress - undress.
Thus, almost all parts of speech are rich in antonyms. They can be found even among prepositions: in - from, on - under, etc.
Exercises
To consolidate the material you have learned, it is useful to perform several exercises.
1. Read a poem by a famous children's poet and find all the antonyms in it:
Here's a chat for the guys:
When they are silent, they do not speak.
When they sit in one place,
They don't travel.
What is far is not close at all.
But high, not very low.
And how to arrive without leaving.
And eat a nut, since there are no nuts.
Nobody wants to lie standing.
Pouring from empty to empty.
Don't write on white chalk
And don’t call idleness business.
2. Insert antonyms instead of dots:
- ... feeds a person, but ... spoils him.
- ... ... doesn't understand.
- ...in body, yes...in deed.
- ...for food, yes...for work.
- ... saddled, but... galloped.
- Day to day there is strife: today... and tomorrow...
- Prepare the cart... and the sleigh...
- One brother... and the second...
- Today the sea... but yesterday it was completely...
- Alyosha has an easy character: he remembers... and forgets...
- You're always like this... why today...?
- The root of the teaching..., but the fruits...
Exercise #1: are silent - they speak; far close; high - low; come - leave; lie down - stand; idleness is business.
Exercise #2:
- Labor, laziness.
- Full, hungry.
- Small, big.
- Healthy, sickly.
- Early late.
- Warm, frosty.
- In winter, in summer.
- Silent, talker.
- Stormy, quiet.
- Good evil.
- Cheerful, joyful.
- Bitter, sweet.
§ 129. Antonyms (from grsch. anti –"against" and oputa –"name") are usually defined as "words of opposite meaning", "words of opposite meaning", "words of opposite meaning to each other", "words of diametrically opposed conceptual meaning". At the same time, the semantic correlation of antonymous words is often emphasized: “Antonyms are words of different meanings that express opposite, but correlated concepts.” When defining the concept of antonyms, attention is sometimes paid to their belonging to the same part of speech (cf.: “ANTONYMS... are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings”).
Semantic relationships between words expressing opposite meanings, i.e. which are antonyms are called antonymic relations, antonymic opposition, or antonymy. "ANTONYMY is a type of semantic relations of lexical units that have opposite meanings ( Antonimov)..." The combination of words connected by antonymic relations is called antonymous pair(antonymous series), or antonymic opposition.
Antonymic relationships between words are possible provided that these words express a qualitative characteristic. Antonyms can be “words that have a qualitative attribute in their meaning and therefore can be opposed to each other as opposite in meaning.” A qualitative characteristic can be expressed by words that “denote phenomena that have qualitative, quantitative, temporal and spatial meanings.” Most often, a qualitative characteristic is expressed by adjectives, therefore antonymy is most common among adjectives, for example: white – black, close – distant, big – small, tall – low, long – short, dear – cheap, delicate – rough, early – late, strong – weak, old – young. Antonyms are less common among other parts of speech - nouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, for example: day - night, winter - summer, good – evil, beginning – end, south - north; lie down - get up, fall - rise, observe – violate; ahead – behind, quickly – slow, early – late; V – from, under – above. NS form antonymic pairs of words or individual lexical-semantic variants of words with specific meanings that lack evaluative semantics, for example, nouns meadow, forest, field, lake, road, house, table(at least in direct, nominative meanings), adjectives blue, purple, wooden, Verbs draw, examine and many others.
§ 130. Polysemantic words enter into antonymic relationships in their individual meanings (lexico-semantic variants), therefore they can form antonymic pairs with in different words; compare, for example: old(reaching old age) – young(not yet mature, not yet old) and old(long-used) – new(first created or made, appeared or arisen recently). Moreover, different polysemantic words can be in antonymic relationships not in all of their meanings, but only in one or several of them. For example, noun day forms an antonymic pair with the word night only in the first, nominative meaning: day(part of the day from sunrise to sunset, between morning and evening) – night(part of the day from sunset to sunrise, between evening and morning). Obviously, in such cases we can talk about partial antonyms, or partial antonymy. Sometimes antonymic bunks form such polysemantic words that are opposed to each other in all lexical meanings. Yes, but given explanatory dictionaries antonymous nouns north And south are opposed to each other in all three lexical meanings: north(1. One of the four cardinal points and a direction opposed to the south... 2. An area lying in this direction... 3. An area with a cold, harsh climate, cold regions) – south(1. One of the four cardinal points and a direction opposite to the north... 2. An area lying in this direction... 3. An area with a warm, hot climate, warm lands). Such words can be called, respectively, complete antonyms, and the relationship between them is complete antonymy. Naturally, all unambiguous words that form antonymic pairs are complete antonyms.
§ 131. Like synonyms, antonyms differ in structure, i.e. are divided into multi-rooted And same-rooted, sometimes called grammatical, or lexico-grammatical. In antonyms with different roots, the opposite meaning is expressed by root morphemes, which is especially pronounced in non-derivative antonymic words (see examples above). In cognate antonyms this function perform certain word-formation means. In Russian these are mainly prefixal morphemes (cf., for example: Friend – enemy, revolution – counter-revolution, expensive - inexpensive, beautiful - ugly, young – middle-aged, strong - powerless, finite - endless, aboveground - underground, bring – take out, close – open, assemble - disassemble). Sometimes (extremely rarely) word-forming suffixes or inflections are used as such means (cf.: house – house, hand - hand, husband - wife and some others).
§ 132. As noted above, polysemantic antonymous words are usually contrasted with each other in separate lexical meanings, in separate lexical-semantic variants. According to the definition of L. A. Novikov, “the lexical-semantic variant of a word acts as an elementary unit of antonymy, opposition.” Among the lexico-semantic variants of the same polysemantic word there may be variants with opposite semantics, i.e. being in antonymous relationships with each other, for example: priceless -“very valuable, above any price” and (obsolete) “worthless, of little value”; definite– “firmly established” and “some, this or that”; blow out– “by blowing, extinguish, for example, a candle” and “to light, to put into action (about a blast furnace)”; listen– “perceive by ear, listen” and (colloquial) “not perceive by ear, not hear, miss”; probably (probably) – “true, exact, undoubtedly” and “apparently, probably, in all likelihood”; obviously– has the same meanings. This phenomenon is called intraword antonymy, or enantiosemy(from Greek enantios– “opposite” and sema- "sign"). Intraword antonymy (enantiosemy) can be defined as the semantic opposition of lexical-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. According to L. A. Novikov’s definition, this is “the opposite of meanings within the same word..., which finds external expression in the context, in the nature of the syntactic and lexical connections of the word (in its different, opposite meanings) with other words...”. Lexical-semantic variants of a polysemantic word that are in antonymic relationships are called enantiosemes, or antonyms-enantiosemes. They can also be called intraword antonyms.
§ 133. Antonymous words, the opposite meanings of which are fixed in the vocabulary of the language, are called usual, or linguistic, general linguistic. These include all words with opposite meanings, which are recorded in standard dictionaries (their detailed characteristics are given above). Usual antonyms are contrasted with occasional antonyms, which are usually called speech, less often - contextual, contextual-speech, situational, authorial, individual, individual-stylistic. Occasional (speech) antonyms are words that in themselves, out of context, are not antonyms, but in speech, in a certain context, acquire the opposite meanings characteristic of antonyms. Some examples: “Salary [of the secretary of the head of the institution] secretarial, and the clothes foreign"(from TV show); "Table for clean trays" and "Table for used trays" (from inscriptions in canteens). Speech antonyms are used especially often in fiction in order to achieve artistic expression(cf.: “The yellow tallow candle smoked equally in both palace Petersburg nobleman, and in hut village sexton" (L. Leonov. Road to the Ocean); "The youngest of the sisters, Tonya, beaming with happiness, with her long legs has not yet young woman and no longer girl... ran out of the house to meet them" (A. Fadeev. Young Guard); "He furiously wanted exist, And we wanted live and we will live" (A. Surkov. Reckoning).
In literary texts, words that are common synonyms are often used as speech antonyms, which serves as one of the means of creating an artistic effect. Consider, for example, the use of synonymous words fisherman And fisherman in opposite meanings in the following dialogue from K. Fedin’s novel “An Extraordinary Summer”: “[Dorogomilov] - ... You can earn money ... by fishing. [Anochka] - Then you will fisherman, but not fisherman." Other examples: “And Uli had big, dark brown eyes - not eyes, A eyes, with long eyelashes, black mysterious pupils..." (A. Fadeev. Young Guard); "...Grandfathers lived without doctors, they healed their wounds themselves. What are my wounds? So, wounds.."(B. Gorbatov. Unconquered); "Not you saw A saw captain of an American corvette..." (I. A. Goncharov. Frigate "Pallada"); "Oblomov... heard and not I heard when the old woman's dry cough was heard... saw and not I saw how the hostess and Akulina went to the market..." (I. A. Goncharov. Oblomov).
§ 134. Such phenomena as antithesis and oxymoron (oxymoron) are closely related to antonymy. Antithesis(from Greek antithesis- “opposition”) is defined as a figure of speech, an expression, a stylistic figure, built on a sharp opposition of antonymous words. Sometimes this phenomenon is also called “contrast”. Antithesis is used “to enhance the expressiveness of speech by sharply contrasting concepts, thoughts, and images.” Examples: "Learning - light, ignorance - dark"(proverb); "Days And nights"(title of the story by K. Simonov); " Alive And dead"(novel by K. Simonov). Oxymoron(from Greek oxymoron– lit. "witty-stupid") is a combination of words with antonymous meanings that express "logically incompatible concepts, sharply contradictory in meaning and mutually exclusive of each other." Some examples: ringing silence, eloquent silence, pessimistic optimism, diachronic synchrony (linguistic term), "Living Dead"(the title of the play by L. N. Tolstoy), " Optimistic tragedy"(title of the play by V. Vishnevsky).
A child’s vocabulary is well indicated by his knowledge of synonyms and antonyms. Children, as a rule, do not do well with both of them. But there is nothing complicated about this. There is such a children's game of antonyms - "Opposites". One names the word, the second selects its antonym. This game enjoys great attention among children's and even adult entertainers, and it is a frequent entertainment at holiday parties. So you can play antonyms with your child, and he will remember these words and show off his knowledge not only at the holiday, but also in his future essays.
To begin with, antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Dictionaries of antonyms are huge, sometimes even an adult does not know the meaning of some words in them, let alone the meaning of the opposite... On this page we have collected for you only simple antonyms for in simple words, level primary school, subject to memorization by students in grades 1, 2, 3, 4.
Brief dictionary of antonyms:
neat - sloppy
antonym - synonym
White black
turn pale - turn red, darken
shine - flicker, dim
close - distant
rich man - poor man
big small
fast - slow
century - moment
true - wrong
cheerful - sad, sad, boring
windy - windless
old - new
Turn on, turn off
inside Outside
question answer
east - west, west(sea)
sunrise - sunset
enter - exit
high Low
extinguish - light up
smooth - rough
vowel - consonant
deep - shallow
speak - remain silent
hungry - full
town - village, village
bitter - sweet
hot Cold
heat - cool
dirt - cleanliness
dirty - clean
do - mess around
day Night
dialogue - monologue
good evil
friend - enemy
hefty - frail
go - stop
heat - cold
hard - soft
reserved - sociable
healthy - sick
green - mature, ripe
winter summer
sincere - hypocritical
truth - delusion, deception
source - mouth
strong - fragile
sour - sweet
lazy person - hard worker
superfluous - necessary
dexterous - clumsy
go to bed - get up
love - hate
freeze - warm up
peace - war, quarrel
a lot - a little
mighty - weak
wet - dry
wise - stupid
soft - hard
hope - despair
deliberate - accidental
unperturbed - unbalanced
simple - sophisticated
new - old
abundant - scanty
defend - attack
educated - ignorant
to upset - to console
sharp - dull
brave - cowardly, cowardly
frank - secretive
open close
obvious - doubtful
plus - minus
victory - defeat
hang - remove
useful - harmful
put - take
benefit - harm
help - hinder
true False
truthful - deceitful
picky - unpretentious
pleasant - repulsive
empty - full
fluffy - smooth
joy - sadness, sadness
difference - similarity
quick - slow
decisive - unsure
timid - brave
Motherland, fatherland - foreign land
light - darkness, darkness
dawn - dusk
north - south, south (sea)
laugh - cry
save - destroy
sleep - stay awake
start - finish
full - hungry
hard - soft
dark - light
cramped - spacious
thick - thin
thin - thick
work - rest
difficult - easy
to grieve - to rejoice
assure - dissuade
gloomy - friendly
moving away - getting closer
narrow - wide
intentional - accidental
stubborn - flexible
success - failure
sympathetic - indifferent
negligent - conscientious
brave - cowardly
frequent - rare
honest - mean
wide narrow
generous - stingy
bright - dim
furious - meek
clear - cloudy, stormy