The twentieth century was a terrible event in our country, which claimed many lives, broke a huge number of destinies, forcing people who lived in those days to live in fear of cold and hunger.
When the war began, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was only 18 years old. In 1941, she successfully passed an interview to recruit volunteers for the partisan unit. About two thousand volunteers went with her for training.
In November 1941, two sabotage groups No. 9903, one of which included Zoya, were given a combat mission to destroy 10 villages that were located behind enemy lines in 7 days. There were many losses on our side, which served to merge the groups under the command of B. Krainov. On November 27, Zoya, together with fighter Vasily Klubkov, goes to the village of Petrishchevo. They boldly set fire to three residential buildings with stables and destroyed several enemy horses. Also at this time, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was able to damage the German communications center.
Krainov did not wait for them. Zoya herself decided to carry out the order to the end. On November 28, the girl set fire, then was captured by local resident S. Sviridov, who handed her over to the Nazis. They tortured Zoya for a long time, trying to get an answer from her about the other partisans. But she was adamant. The most terrible thing was that local residents also participated in her beating.
November 29, 1941 Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was led to the gallows. All the locals were brought to watch the girl’s execution. Before her death, the girl said a few words: “I am not afraid to die for my people! Fight! Do not be afraid!". Her body hung until the new year.
A terrible war will make the hearts of many generations tremble, everyone will remember the price of our Victory. We won thanks to those who were strong in spirit, who believed in victory until their last breath, who were ready to give their lives for the sake of the Motherland, the people, future generations, enduring pain and torment. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was so fearless and brave.
The feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya in detail, the truth
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. What does this name mean to us? Who is Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya?
A heroine who suffered martyrdom, or a fictitious image of communist propaganda?
On September 13, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya turned 18 years old. Working at a factory as a turner, she always dreamed of going to the front, defending Moscow, defending the Motherland.
An appeal was received in Moscow with a request to allocate at least a thousand boys and girls. The rule is that the farther from the front, the greater the desire to get there. Three thousand people came to the commission. In a matter of hours, squads of boys and girls ready for self-sacrifice are organized. Almost everyone was accepted, but there was one thing. A saboteur should not be too noticeable, especially not a beautiful girl. This is the main parameter for which Zoya did not fit. She was not accepted and sent home. Zoya did not leave and spent the night near the reception area. She seemed to be striving for death, and they took her, for which the unit commander greatly regretted and blamed himself.
On October 29, 1941, in a truck among young people like her, Zoya went to the front, rejoicing that she would finally be able to close Moscow. Zoya did not yet know that she had exactly a month to live. On October 29 she went to the front, and on November 29 she was executed.
The tasks for the group of young saboteurs included mining roads and bridges, setting fire to German headquarters and stables, which also served as a reference point for our aviation. Torch teams began to be created in the regiments, twenty to thirty people each from the most courageous fighters and commanders. Several thousand volunteer saboteurs, such as Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, were also transferred behind the front line.
The village of Petrishchevo was a special gathering place for German troops. In this village the Nazis stationed part of the radio reconnaissance unit. The approach to the village was mined, the detachment commander considered that the task was impossible to complete, and deployed the detachment, but not all the soldiers obeyed him. Three fighters, three fearless man Boris, Vasily and Zoya continued to break into the village and carried out operations to set houses and stables on fire.
What happened in this village? During the sabotage, having set fire to several houses, Boris did not wait. Zoya and Vasily and left the village. The fighters lost each other and Zoya decided to continue the operation herself and went there again on the evening of November 28. This time she was unable to achieve her goals, as she was spotted by a German sentry and captured. The Nazis, tired of constant sabotage and the actions of Russian partisans, began to torture the girl, trying to find out from her how many more of our soldiers were or were planning to get into the village. Zoya did not answer a single question from the Nazis; she was ready to die in complete silence. Zoya was devoted to her Motherland to the last!
On November 29, the fragile girl was hanged in front of the village residents. Last words Zoey was like this: -I am dying for my People! For your Country! For the truth!
- Switzerland - message report (grades 3, 7. The world around us. Geography)
Switzerland is an amazing country, famous for its abundance of endless lakes and villages. The country also has high alpine Alps (extending 200 kilometers), which have a lot of mountain roads
There are topics that are difficult to put on a par. It is impossible to imagine together such sublime feelings as love for parents, for life, for friends, and the bitterness of war. But Ya.Yu. Yakovlevich, was a writer
The pressing issues of the Soviet-Nazi confrontation are reflected in articles, documentaries and feature films, and thousands of books.
Second World War is rethought every year in a new way. A detailed analysis of such outstanding personalities and arbiters of human destinies during the war years as Hitler, Stalin, Zhukov can be gleaned from the books of M. Solonin, A. Suvorov, which are so replete with bookstores.
Meanwhile, ordinary people, whose feats should live on for centuries, are fading into the shadows.Let's remember Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.
Until recently, it seemed that the courage, boundless love for the Motherland, and fortitude of this fragile girl would always be for us the standard of true heroism. But ideals modern youth completely different, few people remember Zoya’s patriotism Kosmodemyanskaya, but it should.
Biography
Zoya was born Kosmodemyanskaya September 8, 1923 in the Tambov region in a small village. Zoya's grandfather was a priest. During the Civil War he was drowned by the Bolsheviks. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the girl enrolled in a sabotage group, information about which was kept in the strictest confidence. That is why information about the last operation of the young Komsomol member is so contradictory.
Feat
Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya just turned 17 years old. Supreme Commander Order No. 428 called for depriving the enemy of warm shelter and burning houses in which the Germans were camped. Zoya, as part of a group of 20 people, was thrown behind enemy lines. The Germans were located in the area of the village of Petrishchevo. In the occupied territory, the fighters came across an enemy patrol. Someone was killed, someone showed cowardice and returned back.
Three people took on the task: Zoya, Vasily Klubkov and Boris Krainov. They reached the village and agreed to meet after the arson at an appointed place, which never took place. The Germans captured Vasily Klubkov, he chickened out and betrayed his comrades. After this, Zoya was also captured. Kosmodemyanskaya.
The young defender of the Motherland showed an unbending character, not revealing information about the name of the group or about the comrade who miraculously managed to escape. The Nazis subjected the girl to excruciating torture. They brutally beat her with sticks, burned her body with matches, and took her barefoot out into the cold. Not a word of mercy escaped her lips.
Dozens of people who witnessed Zoya’s death testified to her uttering the following dying words: “We are two hundred million. You can't outweigh everyone. You will be avenged for me!”Title of Hero Soviet Union was awarded to a woman for the first time. It was Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya, who during the terrible years of the war showed a true example of courage and fearlessness. Streets were named in her honor, and every schoolchild heard the girl’s legendary name on their lips.
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, A. Matrosov, N. Gastello, N. Onilova are true heroes who gave their lives for the Motherland, for the world, for our bright present.
Hero of the Soviet Union
Knight of the Order of Lenin
Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya was born on September 13, 1923 in the village of Osino-Gai, Gavrilovsky district, Tambov region, into a family of hereditary local priests.
Her grandfather, priest Pyotr Ioannovich Kosmodemyansky, was executed by the Bolsheviks for hiding counter-revolutionaries in the church. The Bolsheviks captured him on the night of August 27, 1918, and after severe torture they drowned him in a pond. Zoya's father Anatoly studied at the theological seminary, but did not graduate from it. He married a local teacher, Lyubov Churikova, and in 1929 the Kosmodemyansky family ended up in Siberia. According to some statements, they were exiled, but according to Zoya’s mother, Lyubov Kosmodemyanskaya, they fled from denunciation. For a year, the family lived in the village of Shitkino on the Yenisei, then managed to move to Moscow - perhaps thanks to the efforts of Lyubov Kosmodemyaskaya’s sister, who served in the People’s Commissariat for Education. In the children's book “The Tale of Zoya and Shura,” Lyubov Kosmodemyanskaya also reported that the move to Moscow occurred after a letter from sister Olga.
Zoya's father, Anatoly Kosmodemyansky, died in 1933 after intestinal surgery, and the children (Zoya and her younger brother Alexander) were left to be raised by their mother.
At school, Zoya studied well, was especially interested in history and literature, and dreamed of entering the Literary Institute. However, her relationships with her classmates did not always develop in the best way - in 1938 she was elected Komsomol group organizer, but then was not re-elected. According to Lyubov Kosmodemyanskaya, Zoya had been suffering from a nervous disease since 1939, when she moved from 8th to 9th grade... Her peers did not understand her. She didn’t like the fickleness of her friends: Zoya often sat alone, worried about it, saying that she was a lonely person and that she couldn’t find a friend.
In 1940, she suffered from acute meningitis, after which she underwent rehabilitation in the winter of 1941 at a sanatorium for nervous diseases in Sokolniki, where she became friends with the writer Arkady Gaidar, who was lying there. That same year she graduated from 9th grade high school No. 201, despite a large number of classes missed due to illness.
On October 31, 1941, Zoya, among 2,000 Komsomol volunteers, came to the gathering place at the Colosseum cinema and from there was taken to the sabotage school, becoming a fighter in the reconnaissance and sabotage unit, officially called the “partisan unit of the 9903 headquarters Western Front" After three days of training, Zoya as part of the group was transferred to the Volokolamsk area on November 4, where the group successfully dealt with the mining of the road.
On November 17, Stalin issued Order No. 0428, which ordered that “the German army be deprived of the opportunity to be stationed in villages and cities, drive the German invaders out of all populated areas into the cold fields, smoke them out of all rooms and warm shelters and force them to freeze in the open air,” with which the goal is “to destroy and burn to the ground all populated areas in the rear of German troops at a distance of 40-60 km in depth from the front line and 20-30 km to the right and left of the roads.”
To carry out this order, on November 18 (according to other sources, 20) the commanders of sabotage groups of unit No. 9903 P. S. Provorov (Zoya was included in his group) and B. S. Krainev were ordered to burn within 5-7 days 10 settlements, including the village of Petrishchevo (Ruzsky district, Moscow region). The group members each had 3 Molotov cocktails, a pistol (for Zoya it was a revolver), dry rations for 5 days and a bottle of vodka. Having gone out on a mission together, both groups (10 people each) came under fire near the village of Golovkovo (10 kilometers from Petrishchev) and suffered heavy losses and partially dissipated. Later, their remnants united under the command of Boris Krainev.
On November 27 at 2 o'clock in the morning, Boris Krainev, Vasily Klubkov and Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya set fire to three houses of residents of Karelova, Solntsev and Smirnov in Petrishchevo, while 20 horses were killed by the Germans.
What is known about what happened next is that Krainev did not wait for Zoya and Klubkov at the agreed meeting place and left, safely returning to his people. Klubkov was captured by the Germans, and Zoya, having missed her comrades and being left alone, decided to return to Petrishchevo and continue the arson. However, both the Germans and local residents were already on guard, and the Germans created a guard of several Petrishchevsky men who were tasked with monitoring the appearance of arsonists.
With the onset of the evening of November 28, while trying to set fire to the barn of S. A. Sviridov (one of the “guards” appointed by the Germans), Zoya was noticed by the owner. The Germans who were quartered by him grabbed the girl at about 7 o'clock in the evening. Sviridov was awarded a bottle of vodka by the Germans for this and was subsequently sentenced by a Soviet court to death. During interrogation, Kosmodemyanskaya identified herself as Tanya and did not say anything definite. Having stripped her naked, she was flogged with belts, then the guard assigned to her for 4 hours led her barefoot, in only her underwear, along the street in the cold. Local residents Solina and Smirnova (a fire victim) also tried to join in the torture of Zoya, throwing a pot of slop at Zoya. Both Solina and Smirnova were subsequently sentenced to death.
At 10:30 the next morning, Zoya was taken out into the street, where a hanging noose had already been erected, and a sign with the inscription “Arsonist” was hung on her chest. When Zoya was led to the gallows, Smirnova hit her legs with a stick, shouting: “Who did you harm? She burned my house, but did nothing to the Germans...”
One of the witnesses describes the execution itself as follows: “They led her by the arms all the way to the gallows. She walked straight, with her head raised, silently, proudly. They brought him to the gallows. There were many Germans and civilians around the gallows. They brought her to the gallows, ordered her to expand the circle around the gallows and began to photograph her... She had a bag with bottles with her. She shouted: “Citizens! Don't stand there, don't look, but we need to help fight! This death of mine is my achievement.” After that, one officer swung his arms, and others shouted at her. Then she said: “Comrades, victory will be ours. German soldiers, before it’s too late, surrender.” The officer shouted angrily: “Rus!” “The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated,” she said all this at the moment when she was photographed... Then they framed the box. She stood on the box herself without any command. A German came up and began to put on the noose. At that time she shouted: “No matter how much you hang us, you won’t hang us all, there are 170 million of us. But our comrades will avenge you for me.” She said this with a noose around her neck. She wanted to say something else, but at that moment the box was removed from under her feet, and she hung. She grabbed the rope with her hand, but the German hit her hands. After that everyone dispersed."
The above footage of Zoe's execution was taken by one of the Wehrmacht soldiers, who was soon killed.
Zoya's body hung on the gallows for about a month, repeatedly being abused by those passing through the village German soldiers. On New Year's Day 1942, drunken Germans tore off the hanged clothes and Once again They violated the body, stabbing it with knives and cutting off its chest. The next day the Germans gave the order to remove the gallows and the body was buried local residents outside the village.
Subsequently, Zoya was reburied at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
Zoya’s fate became widely known from the article “Tanya” by Pyotr Lidov, published in the newspaper Pravda on January 27, 1942. The author accidentally heard about the execution of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya in Petrishchev from a witness - an elderly peasant who was shocked by the courage of the unknown girl: “They hanged her, and she spoke a speech. They hanged her, and she kept threatening them...” Lidov went to Petrishchevo, questioned the residents in detail and published an article based on their questions. It was claimed that the article was noted by Stalin, who allegedly said: “Here folk heroine“—and it was from this moment that the propaganda campaign around Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya began.
Her identity was soon established, as reported by Pravda in Lidov’s February 18 article “Who Was Tanya.” Even earlier, on February 16, a decree was signed to posthumously award her the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
During and after perestroika, in the wake of anti-communist propaganda, new information about Zoya appeared in the press. As a rule, it was based on rumors, not always accurate recollections of eyewitnesses, and in some cases, speculation - which was inevitable in a situation where documentary information contradicting the official “myth” continued to be kept secret or was just being declassified. M. M. Gorinov wrote about these publications that they “reflected some facts of the biography of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, which were hushed up in Soviet time, but were reflected as in a distorting mirror - in a monstrously distorted form.”
Some of these publications claimed that Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya suffered from schizophrenia, others that she arbitrarily set fire to houses in which there were no Germans, and was captured, beaten and handed over to the Germans by the Petrishchevites themselves. It was also suggested that in fact it was not Zoya who accomplished the feat, but another Komsomol saboteur, Lilya Azolina.
Some newspapers wrote that she was suspected of schizophrenia, based on the article “Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya: Heroine or Symbol?” in the newspaper “Arguments and Facts” (1991, No. 43). The authors of the article - the leading doctor of the Scientific and Methodological Center for Child Psychiatry A. Melnikova, S. Yuryeva and N. Kasmelson - wrote: “Before the war in 1938-39, a 14-year-old girl named Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was repeatedly examined at the Leading Scientific and Methodological Center Center for Child Psychiatry and was an inpatient in the children's department of the hospital named after. Kashchenko. She was suspected of schizophrenia. Immediately after the war, two people came to the archives of our hospital and took out Kosmodemyanskaya’s medical history.”
No other evidence or documentary evidence of suspicions of schizophrenia was mentioned in the articles, although the memoirs of her mother and classmates did talk about a “nervous illness” that struck her in grades 8-9 (as a result of the aforementioned conflict with classmates), for which she was examined. In subsequent publications, newspapers citing Argumenty i Fakty often omitted the word “suspected.”
IN last years there was a version that Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was betrayed by her squadmate (and Komsomol organizer) Vasily Klubkov. It was based on materials from the Klubkov case, declassified and published in the Izvestia newspaper in 2000. Klubkov, who reported to his unit at the beginning of 1942, stated that he was captured by the Germans, escaped, was captured again, escaped again and managed to get to his own. However, during interrogations at SMERSH, he changed his testimony and stated that he was captured along with Zoya and betrayed her. Klubkov was shot “for treason to the Motherland” on April 16, 1942. His testimony contradicted the testimony of witnesses - village residents, and was also contradictory.
Researcher M. M. Gorinov assumed that the SMERSHists forced Klubkov to incriminate himself either for career reasons (in order to receive his share of dividends from the unfolding propaganda campaign around Zoya), or for propaganda reasons (to “justify” Zoya’s capture, which was unworthy, according to the ideology of that time , Soviet fighter). However, the version of betrayal was never put into propaganda circulation.
Text prepared by Andrey Goncharov
ANOTHER LOOK
"The Truth about Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya"
The story of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya's feat since wartime is essentially textbook. As they say, this has been written and rewritten. However, in the press, and in Lately and on the Internet, no, no, and some “revelation” of a modern historian will appear: Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was not a defender of the Fatherland, but an arsonist who destroyed villages near Moscow, dooming the local population to death in severe frosts. Therefore, they say, the residents of Petrishchevo themselves seized her and handed her over to the occupation authorities. And when the girl was brought to execution, the peasants allegedly even cursed her.
"Secret" mission
A lie rarely arises out of nowhere, it nutrient medium- all sorts of “secrets” and omissions in official interpretations of events. Some circumstances of Zoya’s feat were classified, and because of this, somewhat distorted from the very beginning. Until recently, the official versions did not even clearly define who she was or what exactly she did in Petrishchevo. Zoya was called either a Moscow Komsomol member who went behind enemy lines to take revenge, or a partisan reconnaissance woman captured in Petrishchevo while carrying out a combat mission.
Not long ago I met front-line intelligence veteran Alexandra Potapovna Fedulina, who knew Zoya well. The old intelligence officer said:
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was not a partisan at all.
She was a Red Army soldier in a sabotage brigade led by the legendary Arthur Karlovich Sprogis. In June 1941 he formed a special military unit No. 9903 for carrying out sabotage operations behind enemy lines. Its core consisted of volunteers from Komsomol organizations in Moscow and the Moscow region, and the command staff was recruited from students of the Frunze Military Academy. During the Battle of Moscow, 50 combat groups and detachments were trained in this military unit of the intelligence department of the Western Front. In total, from September 1941 to February 1942, they made 89 penetrations behind enemy lines, destroyed 3,500 German soldiers and officers, eliminated 36 traitors, blew up 13 fuel tanks and 14 tanks. In October 1941, we studied in the same group with Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya at the brigade reconnaissance school. Then together we went behind enemy lines on special missions. In November 1941, I was wounded, and when I returned from the hospital, I learned the tragic news about martyrdom Zoe.
Why is it that Zoya was a fighter in the active army? for a long time was it kept silent? - I asked Fedulina.
Because the documents that determined the field of activity, in particular, of the Sprogis brigade, were classified.
Later, I had the opportunity to familiarize myself with the recently declassified order of the Supreme Command Headquarters No. 0428 dated November 17, 1941, signed by Stalin. I quote: It is necessary to “deprive the German army of the opportunity to be located in villages and cities, drive the German invaders out of all populated areas into the cold fields, smoke them out of all rooms and warm shelters and force them to freeze in the open air. Destroy and burn to the ground all populated areas in the rear of German troops at a distance of 40-60 km in depth from the front line and 20-30 km to the right and left of the roads. To destroy populated areas within the specified radius, immediately deploy aviation, make extensive use of artillery and mortar fire, reconnaissance teams, skiers and sabotage groups equipped with Molotov cocktails, grenades and demolition devices. In the event of a forced withdrawal of our units... take the Soviet population with us and be sure to destroy all populated areas without exception, so that the enemy cannot use them.”
This is the task that the soldiers of the Sprogis brigade, including Red Army soldier Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, performed in the Moscow region. Probably, after the war, the leaders of the country and the Armed Forces did not want to exaggerate the information that soldiers of the active army were burning villages near Moscow, so the above-mentioned order from Headquarters and other documents of this kind were not declassified for a long time.
Of course, this order reveals a very painful and controversial page of the Moscow Battle. But the truth of war can be much more cruel than our current understanding of it. It is unknown how the bloodiest battle of World War II would have ended if the Nazis had been given full opportunity to rest in flooded village huts and fatten up on collective farm grub. In addition, many fighters of the Sprogis brigade tried to blow up and set fire only to those huts where the fascists were quartered and headquarters were located. It is also impossible not to emphasize that when there is a life-or-death struggle, at least two truths are manifested in people’s actions: one is philistine (to survive at any cost), the other is heroic (readiness to self-sacrifice for the sake of Victory). It is the collision of these two truths, both in 1941 and today, that occurs around Zoya’s feat.
What happened in Petrishchevo
On the night of November 21-22, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya crossed the front line as part of a special sabotage and reconnaissance group of 10 people. Already in the occupied territory, the fighters in the depths of the forest ran into an enemy patrol. Someone died, someone, showing cowardice, turned back, and only three - group commander Boris Krainov, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya and Komsomol organizer of the reconnaissance school Vasily Klubkov continued moving along the previously determined route. On the night of November 27-28, they reached the village of Petrishchevo, where, in addition to other military installations of the Nazis, they were to destroy a field radio and radio-technical reconnaissance point carefully disguised as a stable.
The eldest, Boris Krainov, assigned roles: Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya penetrates into the southern part of the village and destroys houses where the Germans live with Molotov cocktails, Boris Krainov himself - in the central part, where the headquarters is located, and Vasily Klubkov - in the northern part. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya successfully completed a combat mission - she destroyed two houses and an enemy car with KS bottles. However, when returning back to the forest, when she was already far from the site of sabotage, she was noticed by the local elder Sviridov. He called the fascists. And Zoya was arrested. The grateful occupiers poured a glass of vodka for Sviridov, as local residents told about this after the liberation of Petrishchevo.
Zoya was tortured for a long time and brutally, but she did not give out any information about the brigade or where her comrades should wait.
However, the Nazis soon captured Vasily Klubkov. He showed cowardice and told everything he knew. Boris Krainov miraculously managed to escape into the forest.
Traitors
Subsequently, fascist intelligence officers recruited Klubkov and sent him back to the Sprogis brigade with a “legend” about his escape from captivity. But he was quickly exposed. During interrogation, Klubkov spoke about Zoya’s feat.
“Clarify the circumstances under which you were captured?
Approaching the house I had identified, I broke the bottle with “KS” and threw it, but it did not catch fire. At this time, I saw two German sentries not far from me and, showing cowardice, ran away into the forest, located 300 meters from the village. As soon as I ran into the forest, two German soldiers pounced on me, took away my revolver with cartridges, bags with five bottles of “KS” and a bag with food supplies, among which was also a liter of vodka.
What evidence did you give to the German army officer?
As soon as I was handed over to the officer, I showed cowardice and said that only three of us had come, naming the names of Krainov and Kosmodemyanskaya. The officer gave it to German some kind of order to the German soldiers, they quickly left the house and a few minutes later they brought Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. I don’t know whether they detained Krainov.
Were you present during the interrogation of Kosmodemyanskaya?
Yes, I was present. The officer asked her how she set the village on fire. She replied that she did not set the village on fire. After this, the officer began beating Zoya and demanded testimony, but she categorically refused to give one. In her presence, I showed the officer that it was indeed Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya, who arrived with me in the village to carry out acts of sabotage, and that she set fire to the southern outskirts of the village. Kosmodemyanskaya did not answer the officer’s questions after that. Seeing that Zoya was silent, several officers stripped her naked and severely beat her with rubber truncheons for 2-3 hours, extracting her testimony. Kosmodemyanskaya told the officers: “Kill me, I won’t tell you anything.” After which she was taken away, and I never saw her again.”
From the interrogation protocol of A.V. Smirnova dated May 12, 1942: “The next day after the fire, I was at my burned house, citizen Solina came up to me and said: “Come on, I’ll show you who burned you.” After these words she said, we headed together to the Kulikov house, where the headquarters had been transferred. Entering the house, we saw Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who was under the guard of German soldiers. Solina and I began to scold her, in addition to scolding, I swung my mitten at Kosmodemyanskaya twice, and Solina hit her with her hand. Further, Valentina Kulik did not allow us to mock the partisan, who kicked us out of her house. During the execution of Kosmodemyanskaya, when the Germans brought her to the gallows, I took a wooden stick, approached the girl and, in front of everyone present, hit her on the legs. It was at that moment when the partisan was standing under the gallows; I don’t remember what I said.”
Execution
From the testimony of V. A. Kulik, a resident of the village of Petrishchevo: “They hung a sign on her chest, on which was written in Russian and German: “Arsonist.” They led her by the arms all the way to the gallows, because due to torture she could no longer walk on her own. There were many Germans and civilians around the gallows. They brought her to the gallows and began to photograph her.
She shouted: “Citizens! Don't stand there, don't look, but we need to help the army fight! My death for my Motherland is my achievement in life.” Then she said: “Comrades, victory will be ours. German soldiers, before it’s too late, surrender. The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated." She said all this while she was being photographed.
Then they set up the box. She, without any command, having gained strength from somewhere, stood on the box herself. A German came up and began to put on the noose. At that time she shouted: “No matter how much you hang us, you won’t hang us all, there are 170 million of us! But our comrades will avenge you for me.” She said this with a noose around her neck. She wanted to say something else, but at that moment the box was removed from under her feet, and she hung. She instinctively grabbed the rope with her hand, but the German hit her on the hand. After that everyone dispersed."
The girl’s body hung in the center of Petrishchevo for a whole month. Only on January 1, 1942, the Germans allowed residents to bury Zoya.
To each his own
On a January night in 1942, during the battle for Mozhaisk, several journalists found themselves in a village hut that had survived the fire in the Pushkino region. Pravda correspondent Pyotr Lidov talked with an elderly peasant who said that the occupation overtook him in the village of Petrishchevo, where he saw the execution of a Muscovite girl: “They hung her, and she spoke a speech. They hanged her, and she kept threatening them...”
The old man’s story shocked Lidov, and that same night he left for Petrishchevo. The correspondent did not calm down until he spoke with all the residents of the village and found out all the details of the death of our Russian Joan of Arc - that’s what he called the executed partisan, as he believed. Soon he returned to Petrishchevo along with Pravda photojournalist Sergei Strunnikov. They opened the grave, took a photo, and showed it to the partisans.
One of the partisans of the Vereisky detachment recognized the executed girl, whom he had met in the forest on the eve of the tragedy that took place in Petrishchevo. She called herself Tanya. The heroine was included in Lidov’s article under this name. And only later it was discovered that this was a pseudonym that Zoya used for conspiracy purposes.
The real name of the woman executed in Petrishchevo in early February 1942 was established by a commission of the Moscow City Committee of the Komsomol. The act dated February 4 stated:
"1. Citizens of the village of Petrishchevo (last names follow) identified from photographs presented by the intelligence department of the headquarters of the Western Front that the hanged person was Komsomol member Z. A. Kosmodemyanskaya.
2. The commission excavated the grave where Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya was buried. An examination of the corpse... once again confirmed that the hanged person was Comrade. Kosmodemyanskaya Z. A.”
On February 5, 1942, the commission of the Moscow City Committee of the Komsomol prepared a note to the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks with a proposal to nominate Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya for awarding the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously). And already on February 16, 1942, the corresponding Decree of the Presidium was issued Supreme Council THE USSR. As a result, Red Army soldier Z. A. Kosmodemyanskaya became the first female holder of the Golden Star of the Hero in the Great Patriotic War.
Headman Sviridov, traitor Klubkov, fascist accomplices Solina and Smirnova were sentenced to capital punishment.
chtoby-pomnili.com
Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya Anatolyevna, the truth about whose feat still haunts those who like to debunk Soviet heroes, born on September 13, 1923 in the Tambov region, p. Aspen Guys. The girl’s parents were teachers, and her father’s ancestors were representatives of the clergy.
In 1929, the Kosmodemyansky family was forced to move to Siberia. According to the recollections of Zoya's mother, they did this to escape denunciation, since her husband opposed collectivization.
A year later, they managed to move to live in Moscow, thanks to a relative who served in the People's Commissariat for Education.
At school, Zoya was a good student; she loved literature, history, and wanted to enter the Literary Institute. But as Wikipedia writes, the romantically exalted girl, who reacted sharply to any injustice, suffered from nervous breakdowns, which were complicated by the meningitis she suffered in 1940. Despite a debilitating illness and many missed classes, Zoya found the strength to catch up with her classmates and finish her studies at school.
When did the Great Patriotic War, a girl among 2,000 young Komsomol members came to the Colosseum cinema as a volunteer, ready to go to the front. From there she was sent to a sabotage school, where after a short course of training she became a reconnaissance saboteur. Soon she was sent on her first mission - mining a road in the Volokolamsk area.
Meanwhile, on November 17, 1941, an order was issued from the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command on the obligation of sabotage groups to deprive the Nazis of any opportunity to settle for the winter in occupied villages, for which it was necessary to burn and destroy to the ground all populated areas behind enemy lines (an excerpt of the document is given on Wikipedia).
It was to carry out this order that on November 18 or 20 the commanders of the sabotage detachments, B.S. Krainov and P.S. Provorov (Zoya Anatolyevna was part of Provorov’s group) were supposed to burn ten within a week settlements, among which was the village of Petrishchevo in the Vereisky (now Ruzaevsky) district. While carrying out the mission, both groups came under fire, and those who survived united under the command of B. Krainov.
On November 27, the survivors Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Boris Krainov and Vasily Klubkov managed to set fire to three residential buildings in the village of Petrishchevo.
The truth (!?) about the feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
While carrying out the task, V. Klubkov was captured, B. Krainov, not knowing anything about this, waited for all three of them at the appointed place, but did not wait and returned to the detachment. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya also did not find her comrades and therefore decided to return to the village to destroy at least one more house with the Nazis. Captured Klubkov later, during interrogation by the Soviet military, confessed that he had betrayed Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya to the Nazis out of fear and cowardice. But, according to some historians, pressure was put on him so that the truth about the feat of the cosmos was untainted by her supposed bad qualities scout who allowed himself to be captured.
Be that as it may, the Germans already knew that saboteurs were operating in the village, so she was quickly discovered and captured. The entire further truth about the partisan’s feat was told by eyewitnesses of this event - local residents who were struck by the courage and fortitude of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who did not submit to the enemy even after cruel torture.
During interrogation, she called herself Tanya and refused to provide any information or name other names. To force her to speak, the Nazis stripped Zoya naked and beat her with rubber sticks. Then they took her naked and barefoot through the cold, where the girl was subjected to bullying by local women, whose houses she set on fire.
The next morning, she was taken outside to the gallows erected for execution. The table “House Arsonist” was placed on her chest. According to the testimony of local residents, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya behaved proudly and with dignity, until the last moment she called on people to fight the Nazis, and offered the Germans themselves to surrender. The enraged executioners knocked the stool out from under the unconquered woman’s feet, not allowing her to finish her fiery speech.
The body of Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya hung on the gallows for about a month, subjected to repeated abuse by the Nazis; in the end, she was buried by the residents of Petrishchevo.
In May 1942, the ashes of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya were transferred with military honors from Petrishchevo to Moscow to the Novodevichy cemetery. In 1954, a monument in the form of a half-length sculpture on a cylindrical pedestal was erected at her grave. Zoya was depicted as a partisan with intensely strong-willed facial features. Her relatives found an amazing portrait resemblance of the monument to Zoya. In the second half of the 80s, this monument was replaced by another, more pathetic one. In this image, she stands with her head thrown back and her arm to the side. Her entire figure symbolizes pain and suffering.
As reported on Wikipedia, for the first time the whole truth about feat and the fate of Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya found out Pyotr Lidov, who published a story about her in the newspaper Pravda (1942), entitled “Tanya”. Lidov compiled his description of those events based on collected eyewitness accounts of what happened. So the identity of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was established, and her body was exhumed and identified.
On February 16, 1942, she, the first woman from the Second World War, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and her image forever became the standard of courage, perseverance and loyalty to their ideals of Soviet youth during the war.
Even at the height of the war, in 1943, Vasily Dekhterev staged the opera “Tanya”. And in 1944, the film studio “Soyuzdetflm” released the film “Zoya” directed by Leo Arnstam, which shows the life and feat of the heroine. The film features music by Dmitry Shestakovich. These works were intended to use her example to inspire the younger generation to new exploits.
Of the entire Soviet pantheon of Komsomol heroes, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya became the most famous. After the war, streets throughout the country and beyond were named after Zoya, museums were opened, and monuments were erected. The first of them appeared in Kyiv in 1945. In total, more than 50 monuments and busts were erected to Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya in the Soviet Union. Also, there are at least two dozen works of art, dedicated to the feat of Kosmodemyanskaya. In addition, many objects were named after her, both in the Soviet Union and abroad - schools, pioneer camps, ships, trains and others. The tank regiment of the National Army bore her name. people's army GDR.
Biographies and exploits of Heroes of the Soviet Union and holders of Soviet orders:
September 13 marks the 90th anniversary of the birth of Soviet partisan Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, the first woman awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union. Read more about her immortal feat.
She was only 18 years old when the Great Patriotic War began. From the first days she firmly decides to become a volunteer. So she will end up in a partisan sabotage and reconnaissance detachment. The Nazis were already in the Moscow region, and in the fall of 1941, Stalin issued an order that ordered “to expel the German invaders from all populated areas, smoke them out of all premises and warm shelters and force them to freeze in the open air, destroy and burn to the ground all populated areas behind German lines.” troops at a distance of 40-60 km in depth from the front edge and 20-30 km to the right and left of the roads.”
Commanders of sabotage groups of unit No. 9903 P.S. Provorov, whose group included Zoya, and B.S. Krainov received the task of burning 10 settlements within 5-7 days, including the village of Petrishchevo. Having gone out on a combat mission together, both groups came under fire near the village of Golovkovo, located 10 km from Petrishchev. Of the 20 partisans, only a few people remained, who united under the command of Boris Krainov.
On November 27 at 2 a.m., Boris Krainov, Vasily Klubkov and Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya set fire to three houses in Petrishchevo. The Germans lost 20 horses in the fire. Krainov was waiting for Klubkov and Zoya at the appointed place. The comrades missed each other. Klubkov was captured by the Germans. Zoya, left alone, decided to set fire to several more fascist dwellings in the village. But the enemies were already on the alert, they gathered local residents and, under pain of execution, ordered them to carefully guard their homes. On November 28, while trying to set fire to Sviridov’s barn, she was captured by the owner, who handed the girl over to the Germans. During the interrogation, Zoya, hiding her real name, called herself Tanya and did not say anything. The Nazis brutally tortured her: they stripped her naked, flogged her with belts, and drove her out into the cold naked and barefoot for a long time. Local residents Solina and Smirnova, who lost their homes as a result of arson, also tried to join in the torture of Kosmodemyanskaya. They doused Zoya with slop. But no matter how much the monsters mocked the girl, no matter what atrocities they used, she did not say anything to them.
At 10:30 the next morning, Kosmodemyanskaya, with the sign “Arsonist” on her chest, was taken out into the street, where a gallows was hastily erected. When Zoya was being led to execution, fire victim Smirnova hit her on the legs with a stick, shouting: “Who did you harm? She burned my house, but did nothing to the Germans..."But Zoya did not lower her head, she walked proudly, with dignity. Near the gallows, where there were many Germans and villagers, they began to photograph her. At that moment she shouted: “Citizens! Don't stand there, don't look, but we need to help fight! This death of mine is my achievement. Comrades, victory will be ours. German soldiers, before it’s too late, surrender. The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated!” Then they set up the box. She stood on the box herself without any command. A German came up and began to put on the noose. At this time she shouted: “No matter how much you hang us, you won’t hang us all, there are 170 million of us. But our comrades will avenge you for me.” . She was not allowed to say anything more, the box was knocked out from under her feet.
Kosmodemyanskaya’s body hung on the gallows for about a month, repeatedly being abused by German soldiers passing through the village. On New Year's Day 1942, drunken Germans tore off the hanged woman's clothes and once again violated the body, stabbing it with knives and cutting off her chest. The next day, the Germans gave the order to remove the gallows, and the body was buried by local residents outside the village.
The fate of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya became widely known from the article “Tanya” by Pyotr Lidov, published in Pravda on January 27, 1942. The correspondent accidentally heard about the execution in Petrishchevo from a witness - an elderly peasant who was shocked by the courage of the unknown girl: “They hung her, and she spoke. They hanged her, and she kept threatening them..." . Lidov went to Petrishchevo, questioned the residents in detail and wrote an article based on their testimony. Her identity was soon established, and on February 18 Lidov wrote a continuation in the same Pravda, “Who Was Tanya.” And on February 16, 1942, a decree was signed awarding her the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.
The villagers who helped the Germans capture the partisan, as well as comrade Klubkov, who betrayed Zoya to the Nazis, were subsequently shot.
Kosmodemyanskaya’s feat is immortalized in works of literature and art. You can read about him in Margarita Aliger’s poem “Zoe”. In the midst of the war, the poet’s lines called on the Russian people to take revenge on the hated enemy:
Relatives, comrades, neighbors,
everyone who was tested by the war,
if everyone took a step towards victory,
as if she were approaching us!
There is no way back!
Rise up like a thunderstorm.
No matter what you do, you are in a fight.
Zoya’s mother Lyubov Timofeevna Kosmodemyanskaya, who lost not only her daughter, but also her son in the damned war, wrote the autobiographical story “Zoya and Shura.” From the writer Vyacheslav Kovalevsky you can find the story “Don’t be afraid of death!”, which describes Zoya’s partisan activities, children’s poetess A.L. Barto dedicated two poems to her: “To the Partisan Zoya”, “At the Monument to Zoya”. Thus, many generations Soviet people were brought up by her example, her ardent love for the Motherland and hatred of the enemy.
The image of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is depicted in many Soviet films.
In 1944, director Leo Arnstam made the film Zoya.
And in 1946, Alexander Zarkhi and Joseph Kheifits in the film “In the Name of Life” showed part of the play about Kosmodemyanskaya. The fourth film “Partisans” is dedicated to her. War behind enemy lines" in the "Great Patriotic War" series. In 1985, director Yuri Ozerov highlighted the theme of Zoya’s feat in the film “Battle for Moscow.”
There are museums of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya throughout Russia and even in Germany.
- at the site of the feat and execution of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya in Petrishchevo;
— in the village of Osino-Gai, Tambov region, Gavrilovsky district
- School No. 201 in Moscow, School No. 381 in St. Petersburg, located on Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya Street, and in the school in Zoya Borshchevka’s native village ( Tambov Region);
— Germany, city of Ederitz, Halle district — museum named after Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.
Monuments to Zoya were installed on the Minsk highway, near the village of Petrishchevo, in the Donetsk and Rostov regions, in Tambov, in the Moscow metro, at the Partizanskaya station, in St. Petersburg, Kharkov, Saratov, Kiev, Bryansk, Volgograd, Izhevsk, Zheleznogorsk, Barnaul and other cities of vast Russia, where her memory is sacredly revered.
Monument to Zoya in PetrishchevoAt the Partizanskaya station in the Moscow metroAbout Kosmodemyanskaya they composed the songs “Song about the partisan Tanya” (words by M. Kremer, music by V. Zhelobinsky), “Song about Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya” (words by P. Gradov, music by Y. Milyutin), about her feat V. Dekhterev wrote the opera “Tanya ”, and N. Makarova composed the orchestral suite and opera “Zoya”, the musical and dramatic poem “Zoya” by V. Yurovsky, the ballet “Tatyana” by A. Crane are famous.
Her feat is also captured in painting. “Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya” is the name of the Kukryniksy’s painting; Dmitry Mochalsky also has a painting with the same name. The execution of Zoya - on the canvas by K.N. Shchekotov “Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya before the execution” and in the painting by G. Inger “The Execution of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya”.
Painting by KukryniksyPainting by D. MochalskyPainting by G. IngerPainting by K. ShchekotovAll these paintings captured the most tragic and heroic moments of the partisan’s life.
The ashes of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya were reburied at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.