Buffering and osmosis. Salts in living organisms are in a dissolved state in the form of ions - positively charged cations and negatively charged anions. The concentration of cations and anions in the cell and in its environment is not the same. The cell contains quite a lot of potassium and very little sodium. In the extracellular environment, for example in blood plasma, in sea water, on the contrary, there is a lot of sodium and little potassium. Cell irritability depends on the ratio of concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ ions. The difference in ion concentrations on different sides of the membrane ensures the active transfer of substances across the membrane. In the tissues of multicellular animals, Ca2+ is part of intercellular substance, ensuring the cohesion of cells and their ordered arrangement. The osmotic pressure in the cell and its buffer properties. Buffering is the ability of a cell to maintain the slightly alkaline reaction of its contents at a constant level. There are two buffer systems: 1) phosphate buffer system - phosphoric acid anions maintain the pH of the intracellular environment at 6.9 2) bicarbonate buffer system - carbonic acid anions maintain the pH of the extracellular environment at 7.4. Let us consider the equations of reactions occurring in buffer solutions. If the concentration of H+ in the cell increases, then the hydrogen cation joins the carbonate anion: + H+ H. When the concentration of hydroxide anions increases, their binding occurs: H + OH- + H2O. This way the carbonate anion can maintain a constant environment. Osmotic refers to phenomena occurring in a system consisting of two solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane. IN plant cell The role of semipermeable films is performed by the boundary layers of the cytoplasm: plasmalemma and tonoplast. Plasmalemma - outer membrane cytoplasm adjacent to the cell membrane. Tonoplast is the inner membrane of the cytoplasm surrounding the vacuole. Vacuoles are cavities in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap - an aqueous solution of carbohydrates, organic acids, salts, low molecular weight proteins, and pigments. The concentration of substances in cell sap and in the external environment (soil, water bodies) are usually not the same. If the intracellular concentration of substances is higher than in the external environment, water from the environment will enter the cell, more precisely into the vacuole, at a faster rate than in the opposite direction. With increasing volume cell sap, due to the entry of water into the cell, its pressure on the cytoplasm, tightly adjacent to the membrane, increases. When a cell is completely saturated with water, it has its maximum volume. The state of internal tension of a cell, caused by a high water content and the developing pressure of the cell contents on its membrane, is called turgor. Turgor ensures that organs maintain their shape (for example, leaves, non-lignified stems) and position in space, as well as their resistance to the action of mechanical factors. Loss of water is associated with a decrease in turgor and wilting. If the cell is in a hypertonic solution, the concentration of which is greater than the concentration of the cell sap, then the rate of diffusion of water from the cell sap will exceed the rate of diffusion of water into the cell from the surrounding solution. Due to the release of water from the cell, the volume of cell sap is reduced and turgor decreases. Volume reduction cell vacuole accompanied by separation of the cytoplasm from the membrane - plasmolysis occurs. During plasmolysis, the shape of the plasmolyzed protoplast changes. Initially, the protoplast lags behind the cell wall only in certain places, most often in the corners. Plasmolysis of this form is called angular. Then the protoplast continues to lag behind the cell walls, maintaining connection with them in certain places; the surface of the protoplast between these points has a concave shape. At this stage, plasmolysis is called concave. Gradually, the protoplast breaks away from the cell walls over the entire surface and takes on a rounded shape. This type of plasmolysis is called convex plasmolysis. If a plasmolyzed cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the concentration of which is less than the concentration of cell sap, water from the surrounding solution will enter the vacuole. As a result of an increase in the volume of the vacuole, the pressure of the cell sap on the cytoplasm will increase, which begins to approach the cell walls until it assumes its original position - deplasmolysis occurs. Task No. 3 After reading the proposed text, answer the following questions. 1) determination of buffering 2) the concentration of which anions determine the buffering properties of the cell 3) the role of buffering in the cell 4) the equation of reactions occurring in a bicarbonate buffer system (on a magnetic board) 5) determination of osmosis (give examples) 6) determination of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis slides
Buffering and osmosis.Salts in living organisms are in a dissolved state in the form of ions - positively charged cations and negatively charged anions.
The concentration of cations and anions in the cell and in its environment is not the same. The cell contains quite a lot of potassium and very little sodium. In the extracellular environment, for example in blood plasma, in sea water, on the contrary, there is a lot of sodium and little potassium. Cell irritability depends on the ratio of concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ ions. The difference in ion concentrations on different sides of the membrane ensures the active transfer of substances across the membrane.
In the tissues of multicellular animals, Ca 2+ is part of the intercellular substance, which ensures the cohesion of cells and their ordered arrangement. The osmotic pressure in the cell and its buffering properties depend on the salt concentration.
Buffer is the ability of a cell to maintain the slightly alkaline reaction of its contents at a constant level.
There are two buffer systems:
1) phosphate buffer system - phosphoric acid anions maintain the pH of the intracellular environment at 6.9
2) bicarbonate buffer system - carbonic acid anions maintain the pH of the extracellular environment at a level of 7.4.
Let us consider the equations of reactions occurring in buffer solutions.
If the cell concentration increases H+ , then the hydrogen cation joins the carbonate anion:
As the concentration of hydroxide anions increases, their binding occurs:
H + OH – + H 2 O.
This way the carbonate anion can maintain a constant environment.
Osmotic call the phenomena occurring in a system consisting of two solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane. In a plant cell, the role of semi-permeable films is performed by the boundary layers of the cytoplasm: plasmalemma and tonoplast.
Plasmalemma is the outer membrane of the cytoplasm adjacent to the cell membrane. Tonoplast is the inner membrane of the cytoplasm surrounding the vacuole. Vacuoles are cavities in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap - aqueous solution carbohydrates, organic acids, salts, low molecular weight proteins, pigments.
The concentration of substances in cell sap and in the external environment (soil, water bodies) are usually not the same. If the intracellular concentration of substances is higher than in the external environment, water from the environment will enter the cell, more precisely into the vacuole, at a faster rate than in the opposite direction. With an increase in the volume of cell sap, due to the entry of water into the cell, its pressure on the cytoplasm, which fits tightly to the membrane, increases. When a cell is completely saturated with water, it has its maximum volume. The state of internal tension of a cell, caused by a high water content and the developing pressure of the cell contents on its membrane, is called turgor. Turgor ensures that organs maintain their shape (for example, leaves, non-lignified stems) and position in space, as well as their resistance to the action of mechanical factors. Loss of water is associated with a decrease in turgor and wilting.
If the cell is in a hypertonic solution, the concentration of which is greater than the concentration of the cell sap, then the rate of diffusion of water from the cell sap will exceed the rate of diffusion of water into the cell from the surrounding solution. Due to the release of water from the cell, the volume of cell sap is reduced and turgor decreases. A decrease in the volume of the cell vacuole is accompanied by the separation of the cytoplasm from the membrane - occurs plasmolysis.
During plasmolysis, the shape of the plasmolyzed protoplast changes. Initially, the protoplast lags behind the cell wall only in certain places, most often in the corners. Plasmolysis of this form is called angular
Then the protoplast continues to lag behind the cell walls, maintaining contact with them in certain places; the surface of the protoplast between these points has a concave shape. At this stage, plasmolysis is called concave. Gradually, the protoplast breaks away from the cell walls over the entire surface and takes on a rounded shape. This type of plasmolysis is called convex plasmolysis.
If a plasmolyzed cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the concentration of which is less than the concentration of cell sap, water from the surrounding solution will enter the vacuole. As a result of an increase in the volume of the vacuole, the pressure of the cell sap on the cytoplasm will increase, which begins to approach the cell walls until it takes its original position - it will happen deplasmolysis
Task No. 3
After reading the given text, answer the following questions.
1) determination of buffer capacity
2) the concentration of which anions determines the buffering properties of the cell?
3) the role of buffering in the cell
4) equation of reactions occurring in a bicarbonate buffer system (on a magnetic board)
5) definition of osmosis (give examples)
6) determination of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis slides
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Buffers are chemical substances, such as phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, selenium, zinc which help the fluid resist changes in its acidic properties when other chemicals are added that usually cause a change in these properties. Buffers are essential for living cells. This is because buffers maintain the correct pH of the liquid.
What is pH
This is an indicator of how acidic the liquid is. For example, lemon juice has a low pH of 2 to 3 and is very acidic - just like the juice in your stomach that digests food. Because acidic liquids can destroy proteins and cells are filled with proteins, cells need to have buffers inside and outside to protect their protein properties.
- The opposite of a chemical that is an acid is a chemical that is a base, and both can exist in a liquid. An acid releases a hydrogen ion into the liquid, and a base pushes the hydrogen ion out. The more free-floating hydrogen ions present in a liquid, the more acidic the liquid becomes.
- Buffers are chemicals that can easily release or absorb hydrogen ions in a liquid, meaning they can resist changes in pH by controlling the amount of free hydrogen ions. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH value of 0 to 7 is considered acidic, while a pH value of 7 to 14 is considered basic. PH 7, in the middle, is neutral and represents pure water.
- The danger of changing the pH inside a cell is that the pH dramatically affects the structure of proteins.
A cell is made up of different types of proteins, and each protein only works when it has the correct three-dimensional shape. The shape of the protein is held in place by attractive forces within the protein, as are many mini magnets here and there that connect to hold the entire protein in place. So if the inside of the cell becomes too acidic or too basic, then the proteins begin to lose their shape and no longer work. The cell becomes like a factory without workers and without repairmen. Therefore, buffers inside the cell prevent this.