The MKAD is a major highway bordering the Russian capital. For a long time it was the administrative border of Moscow. What is the general and when was this road built? You can find out about this by reading our article.
MKAD - what is it?
It is difficult to find a Muscovite who does not know what the abbreviation MKAD means. However, for guests of the capital and Russia this word may well be unfamiliar. So what is the Moscow Ring Road?
This word is deciphered as follows: Moscow ring highway. Similar ring roads are typical for many large cities around the world. Their main purpose is to reduce the traffic load on the central part of the city.
The ring road circles the whole of Moscow. It is interesting that for quite a long time the Moscow Ring Road coincided with the administrative border of the city. However, in the 80s of the last century, the capital began to include residential areas that were located outside its borders. And today the road remains the border of the city, perhaps symbolically.
What is it total length MKAD - Moscow ring road? This will be discussed further.
The length of the Moscow Moscow Ring Road and other characteristics of the highway
A road that completely surrounds one of the largest metropolises on the planet, of course, must have a colossal length. What is the length of the MKAD - the ring road of the Russian capital? Let's try to answer this question.
According to sources, the total length of the Moscow Ring Road is 109 kilometers. To be more precise, this figure is 108.9 km. True, there is one nuance in the exact definition of this parameter. The fact is that the length of the outer circle of the ring road will be slightly greater than the length of its inner circle. Thus, the length of the Moscow Ring Road will be different on different lanes of the highway.
In each direction the Moscow Ring Road has 5 lanes. The maximum speed that can be reached on this highway is 100 km/h. As of 2011, the Moscow Ring Road is capable of handling up to 9,000 thousand vehicles per hour. However, this is not enough for a large metropolis. That is why city authorities recently planned a large-scale reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road. In particular, highway backups will be built, all transport interchanges will be modernized, and new transport hubs will be built.
The ring road is on average 17.3 kilometers away from the geographic center of Moscow.
History of the construction of the Moscow Ring Road
The process of designing a highway around the capital of the USSR began in the late 30s. However, plans for its construction were thwarted by the Great Patriotic War. Therefore, work began only in 1956, and six years later traffic along the roundabout was officially launched.
During construction, two bridges were also built - Spassky in 1962 and Besedinsky in 1960. In the early 90s, a large-scale modernization of the ring highway was carried out.
MKAD: he or she? How to speak correctly?
Another interesting point regarding the Moscow Ring Road relates to the field of philology. Many people don’t know how to correctly say: is the Moscow Ring Road a he or a she?
From point of view logical thinking, since this is a road (she), then the abbreviation should be feminine. However, in society and even in the press, MKAD is very often used in the masculine gender. How do you still need to speak correctly?
In official speech, it is still necessary to use the feminine abbreviation. For example: “The Moscow Ring Road will be reconstructed next year.” At the same time, in informal speech it is quite acceptable to use this word in the masculine gender.
MKAD and public transport
In the 90s, during the major reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road, it was planned that the entire ring road would be covered by bus service. However, this did not happen. Today there are about 50 bus routes pass through different sections of the Moscow Ring Road. At the same time, certain segments of the city's ring public transport are not served at all.
Conclusion
The Moscow Ring Road is one of the largest and most modern highways in Russia. The length of the Moscow Ring Road is almost 109 kilometers, and its width occupies ten road lanes. Despite this, the road does not fully cope with the traffic load in the capital. And traffic jams have long become a common and daily occurrence for the Moscow Ring Road.
It is not clear what is considered the birthday of the Moscow Circle. On November 22, 1960, traffic opened on the first section of the legendary Moscow Ring Road - from Yaroslavl to Simferopol highway. But the ring road became a ring road only in 1962.
The design of the ring road began before the war - in 1937, in 1939 it was tied to the area, and in 1940 Soyuzdorproekt completed the design assignment for the construction of the Moscow Ring Road. But the war came, and in July 1941 the State Defense Committee decided to build a road according to a simplified design - in just one month! In a short time, 30 km of new roads were completed and about a hundred kilometers were reconstructed. Then there was an urgent need for this - it was necessary to transfer troops and military equipment for the defense of Moscow and counter-offensive.
Initially, the road did not have an asphalt surface - poured concrete was used. From August 1960 to early 1984, the MKAD right-of-way served as the administrative border of the city of Moscow.
Autumn 1941 - on the initiative of G.K. Zhukov, a decision was made on the urgent construction of a roundabout of Moscow in a simplified version. To speed up the work, sections of existing highways were connected into a ring, overpasses were built at the intersection with highways and railways, floating bridges were built across water barriers. This route became one of the main defense belts of the capital and contributed to the successful conduct of the counter-offensive operation and the defeat of the Nazis near Moscow
It was built by the Tsentrdorstroy trust, headed by Honored Builder of the RSFSR A. M. Sitsky. The hero of socialist labor, V. A. Barabanov, was appointed the first head of construction of the Moscow Ring Road. Quite in the spirit of those years, the construction project was declared a Komsomol strike. Builders came here from all over USSR: from Belarus, Ukraine, especially from Mordovia. At first they had to live in tents, however, by the summer of 1957, everyone was placed in a specially built village.
Construction of the road (not counting pre-war and wartime) began at the end of 1956 near the Yaroslavl highway. The first section was opened to traffic in 1960, traffic along the entire ring - in 1962
In the summer, during the holidays, student teams from the country's road universities worked on leveling and strengthening the slopes of the Moscow Ring Road. Every year up to 10 thousand students came here. Among them were: Alexander Lagutin, the future Deputy Minister of Transport of Russia, Eduard Podolinsky, the future head of the department of the Ministry of Transport of Russia, Leonid Chugaev, the future responsible employee of the Ministry of Road Transport of the RSFSR, and others. Personnel specialists worked with the students: M. Bartenev, A. Bakhmet, A. Korneeva, Grigory Tartakovsky, who later became responsible employees of the Ministry of Road Transport of the RSFSR. Former construction worker Viktor Shifrin is now the editor-in-chief of the newspaper "Russian Road Worker". Young specialists who then worked as masters later became prominent leaders: N. Radchenko, V. Khromets, F. Salomatin and others.
1960s photography
The work proceeded very quickly, and in 1960, cars started moving along the first stage of the road - the eastern section of the highway between the Yaroslavl and Simferopol highways. Two years later, the 109-kilometer ring closed.At that time, the Moscow Ring Road became the best highway in the country. In addition to two lanes for traffic in each direction, 46 pedestrian crossings, special exits and “pockets” for parking, and motels were built on the Moscow Ring Road. By the beginning of the 70s, the road, originally designed to handle 36 thousand cars per day, no longer met the requirements for a highway. In 1974-1977, the section between Entuziastov Highway and Volgogradsky Prospekt was reconstructed. The roadway was widened to three lanes in each direction, and additional pedestrian crossings were built.
However, over the years the number of cars grew, but the track remained the same. In the end, it earned the unflattering name “death road” from motorists. The cause of driver dissatisfaction was the increased accident rate, extreme wear and tear of the road surface, and lack of lighting. And most importantly, it was simply too narrow.
On the Moscow Ring Road
MKAD near Profsoyuznaya street
There were three-dimensional maps at the stops.
photo taken in 1970
MKAD, north 1972
Traffic police patrol helicopter over the Moscow Ring Road
MKAD in winter 1972
Place somewhere between Mozhaika and Rublyovka
Intersection with Rublyovka
Ground crossing on the Moscow Ring Road
1991. It is not surprising that on such a road cars were constantly colliding head-on and mercilessly hitting pedestrians. Every year, more than two hundred people died on the Moscow Ring Road and more than a thousand were injured. For this she received the nickname “death road”.
Several times the authorities tried to begin a major reconstruction of the route, but after calculating the cost of the project, they abandoned this idea.
Money was found only in 1994. The Moscow Ring Road had to regain its status better road countries.
The general contractor of the work was the Transstroy corporation. The main contractor was Tsentrdorstroy. A year later, SU-802, led by general director, honorary builder of Russia Oleg Khomenko. Two construction companies met each other halfway: Tsentrdorstroy moved along the northern wing, SU-802 along the southern wing. Later they were joined by the ADS company.
The quality of work and adherence to technology were carefully monitored by the project developers - Moskomarkhitektura, Transstroy Corporation, Soyuzdorproekt and, of course, the main customer Organizator LLC, a representative of the Moscow government.
1992 CHPP-22. The separation section on the Moscow Ring Road was built in 1993-1994, and in 1995 they began to expand the roadway (southern and southwestern sectors).
The end of reconstruction. Many legends and scandals are associated with the reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road. There is a version that Luzhkov stole 10 centimeters from each roadside and earned millions. No less funny story about the pillars - when they were repairing the Moscow Ring Road, when awarding contracts, they had to re-measure it. And it turned out that the kilometer poles stood as they should - the largest distance between the kilometer poles turned out to be 1800m, and the smallest - 700m. Despite the absurdity of the situation, they decided to keep the location of the pillars - the police and road services are accustomed to their location and know where everything is, and if they receive a message “there is an accident at such and such a kilometer”, they know where to go.
Moscow Ring Road now.
On December 30, 2008, the Balashikha Court of the Moscow Region dismissed the criminal case of theft during the construction of the Moscow Ring Road (MKAD). The reason for such an “inglorious end” of one of the most scandalous cases modern Russia- the statute of limitations for this investigation has expired. The case was written off to the archives. Let us remind you that, according to the Investigative Committee under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, during the construction of the Moscow Ring Road, more than 250 billion rubles were stolen and transferred abroad.
sources
http://sprintinfo.ru
http://pokazuha.ru
MKAD
Moscow ring road
auto, Moscow
Dictionary: S. Fadeev. Dictionary of abbreviations of the modern Russian language. - St. Petersburg: Politekhnika, 1997. - 527 p.
MKAD
Minsk ring road
auto, Minsk
Source: http://www.afn.by/news/view.asp?id=10130
Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations. Academician 2015.
See what "MKAD" is in other dictionaries:
MKAD- MKAD: Minsk ring road Moscow ring road List of meanings of a word or phrase with links ... Wikipedia
MKAD- cm … Moscow (encyclopedia)
MKAD- The intersection of the Moscow Ring Road, the Warsaw and Simferopol highways, a highway in Moscow, a ring road that initially (now mainly) passes along the administrative border... ... Wikipedia
æmkad- z.b.p... Spelling dictionary of the Ossetian language
MKAD- Moscow ring road... Dictionary of Russian abbreviations
MKAD (Minsk)- M9 Minsk ring road... Wikipedia
Moscow Ring Road (MKAD)- MKAD unites into unified system all radial automobile entrances to Moscow and city main streets, being the second closed road after the Garden Ring. In the draft General Plan for the Development of Moscow in 1971, the Moscow Ring Road was considered as... Official terminology
Moscow Ring Road (MKAD)- Moscow ring road. Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) Built in 1956, opened to traffic along its entire length (109 km) in 1962. Facilities and transport interchanges made it possible to create a highway with continuous... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)
Spassky Bridge (MKAD)- This term has other meanings, see Spassky Bridge. Spassky Bridge Internal Spassky Bridge Coordinates ... Wikipedia
Moscow Ring Road- (MKAD) ... Spelling dictionary of the Russian language
Books
- Armored train. Book 1. Fire Raid, Ruslan Melnikov. The failed experiment led to dire consequences. Monstrous creatures have penetrated from another world, they are capturing more and more new habitats, destroying all living things on their way. Expanding... Buy for 180 RUR
- All cities of Russia. Issue 1. Atlas of roads. Streets of Moscow, .. The most reliable atlas of Moscow roads. The maps in the atlas are updated every issue. We are monitoring changes in the traffic situation in the city. This issue highlights streets outside the Third Transport Ring where...
Abbreviations have become a part of our speech since Soviet times. Some of them are known to everyone, some have a meaning known only to a narrow professional circle. Do you know the decoding of the Moscow Ring Road? Let's talk more about this.
Transcript of the Moscow Ring Road
What does this phrase mean? The abbreviation MKAD can be deciphered as follows:
- Moscow Ring Road.
- Minsk ring road.
In our country, the first meaning is more popular.
How to use an abbreviation?
We figured out the decoding of the Moscow Ring Road. But how to use this abbreviation in speech? Is it he, she, it? Moscow (Minsk) - phenomenon female. But does this transfer to letter combinations?
Experts note that previously MKAD was exclusively a feminine abbreviation. However, at present there is a “drift” of the letter combination towards masculine. Linguists advise the following:
- In formal speech, use in the feminine gender. For example: “The Moscow Ring Road was extremely congested on a summer Sunday evening.”
- In colloquial speech, it is more appropriate to use the abbreviation in the masculine gender. For example: “The Moscow Ring Road appeared in the distance.”
Capital Ring Road
MKAD is a ring Moscow federal highway. In the period 1960-1984. coincided with the administrative border of the capital. Hence the popular phrase “There is no life beyond the Moscow Ring Road” - an irony for Muscovites who do not know about life in the provinces, in the rest of Russia. Today, the borders of the actively developing metropolis are far beyond the boundaries of this famous highway and only in some places partially coincide with it.
The main function of the MKAD in Moscow is to relieve congestion on the city's central roads. The need to build such a highway arose in the mid-50s of the last century. It was commissioned in 1962. The total length of the highway is 109 km, with five-lane traffic (in each direction). The permitted speed on the Moscow Ring Road is 100 km/h. The throughput is estimated at 9 thousand cars every hour.
To date, two reconstructions of the road have been carried out - in the 1990s and 2010s. Today there are new plans to modernize the route:
- Construction of backups near large shopping complexes.
- Creation of acceleration and braking lanes in certain areas.
- Construction of "cloverleaf" type interchanges.
“Kilometer Zero” (the starting point) is located at the fork with the Entuziastov Highway. The countdown is clockwise. The route is used not only by personal and cargo transport, but also by public transport. Buses move along different parts of it. These are both city (serviced by Mosgortrans) and Moscow region, intercity flights.
We presented the Moscow Ring Road diagram in the photo. Let us also characterize the road in numbers:
- Total width - 10 stripes.
- Length - 108.9 km.
- The width of each strip is from 3.5 to 3.75 m.
- The average distance of the route from the center of Moscow is 17.5 km.
The Moscow Ring Road in Russia is considered one of the most modern and comfortable highways. But although it has the maximum capacity in the region, unfortunately, it has not been able to cope with the flow of traffic for a long time. One of the most painful characteristics of the highway is traffic jams. Their reasons are different:
- Lack of parking ramps for emergency vehicles.
- Low capacity of exits from the ring road.
- Frequent traffic closures due to government motorcades.
- The proximity of large shopping centers to the Moscow Ring Road - they attract many visitors to the highway, which additionally load the route.
- Ineffective interchanges - "clovers".
- Using the ring road as an interdistrict road, etc.
Minsk Automobile Ring
Another transcript of the MKAD - Minsk Ring Road. Or the M9 highway. This is a route that, like the Moscow one, is oriented towards the administrative border of the capital. Its total length is about 56 km.
The construction of the Belarusian road took place in 1956-1963. Initially, it was classified as category 3 highways - with a total width of 7.5 m, it had one lane in each direction.
The road also went through two reconstructions - in 1980 and 2002. After the last change, the track became first-class. It was expanded to width. There is a 6-lane traffic system. The speed is limited to 90 km/h. The capacity of the Minsk auto ring is estimated at 85 thousand transport units per day.
MKAD is the Moscow and Minsk ring roads. In official speech, the abbreviation is used in the feminine gender; in colloquial speech, the masculine gender is also allowed.
The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) is a motorway in Moscow, a traffic-lightless ring road, from the early 1960s until 1984 it coincided with the administrative border of the city.
Since the 1980s, Moscow began to include areas outside the Moscow Ring Road, and currently the administrative border of the city runs only partially along the ring road. On the section from Abramtsevo to Yaroslavskoe highway, the MKAD highway runs in national park"Elk Island"
The MKAD has been under construction since 1956. The first (eastern) section of the MKAD, 48 km long from Yaroslavskoye to Simferopolskoye highway, was opened to traffic on November 22, 1960. The entire length was opened to traffic on November 5, 1962. Reconstructed in 1995-1998. In 2011, Moscow authorities announced the preparation of another complete reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road. It is planned to redo transport interchanges, build backups of the Moscow Ring Road (including on the site of above-ground power lines), and build transport hubs near the ring road.
The entire length of the MKAD does not have single-level intersections with other transport routes; traffic is carried out in five lanes in each direction. The capacity (as of 2011) is 9 thousand cars per hour, the permitted speed is 100 kilometers/hour. At the intersection with the North-East Expressway, together with the head section, at the end of 2014, the first five-level transport interchange in Russia, Businovskaya, was opened.
Story
The construction of the MKAD route that exists now began at the end of 1956 near the Yaroslavl highway. The same director of Soyuzdorproekt, Alexander Kubasov, was appointed head of the MKAD construction directorate. The first section, 48 km long, from the Yaroslavl to Simferopol highways, was opened to traffic on November 22, 1960. Traffic along the entire ring was opened on November 5, 1962. The ring consisted of 2 carriageways (two lanes in each direction) 7 meters wide, separated by a 4-meter “green” strip (with high curbs and grass cover). The edge of the road was lined with corrugated concrete slabs: their diagonal ribs of variable height were supposed to signal drivers about the start of the drive to the side of the road. Two bridges were built across the Moscow River on the route:
- Besedinsky Bridge, 1960, engineer. R. M. Galperin, architect. G. I. Korneev (in the area of Kapotnya and the village of Besedy)
- Spassky Bridge, 1962, engineer. V. D. Vasiliev, architect. K. P. Savelyev (in the area of Strogin and the village of Spas).
Initially, the Moscow Ring Road was designed with a minimum radius of 2000 m, with the exception of two turns of 1500 m at 70 km and 1000 m at 68 km. Maximum longitudinal slope- 40 ppm. In total, there were 7 bridges and 54 overpasses on the ring. There was no dividing fence, lighting or off-street pedestrian crossings. The road had 33 two-level interchanges with roads leaving Moscow, and in the early 1980s. at the intersection with the Simferopol highway, a three-level one was built; The road did not have an asphalt concrete surface; poured concrete was used. From August 1960 to early 1984, the MKAD right-of-way served as the administrative boundary of the city of Moscow; during that period, the concept of “Greater Moscow” was widely used (to distinguish it from the city within previous boundaries).
Trunk characteristics
- The width of the Moscow Ring Road is 10 lanes, five in each direction (two leftmost lanes 3.5 m wide and three lanes 3.75 m wide,
- the shoulder on the right is from 2 to 3 meters wide); total length- 108.9 km.
- The average distance from the city center is 17.35 km.
- Construction was carried out in accordance with National Technical University 128-55 according to the parameters of the first technical category: width of the roadbed - 24 m; lane width - 3.5; number of traffic lanes - 4; width of the dividing strip - 4 m; width of curbs - 3 m each; clearance of bridges and overpasses - 21 m; the height clearance under the overpasses is 4.5 m.
In the General Plan for the Development of Moscow and the Moscow Region until 2010, a new classification was adopted for the Moscow Ring Road - the main arterial street of the 1st class, designed to carry mixed flows, traffic movement - continuous, permitted speed - 100 km/h (estimated - 150), pedestrian movement - at different levels.
In February 2014, a digital system for marking exits from the Moscow Ring Road was adopted. Exits in the direction of the center of Moscow are indicated by even numbers, and in the direction of the Moscow region - by odd numbers.
Despite the fact that the Moscow Ring Road is one of the most modern roads and has the highest capacity in the region, it has not been able to cope with the flow of vehicles for a long time. So-called “traffic jams” are a daily occurrence on the Moscow Ring Road. The causes of traffic jams are:
- insufficient capacity of exits from the Moscow Ring Road, including due to the initial use of “clovers” at interchanges. On them, the entrance is located before the exit, on the same transitional express lane;
- lack of special parking spaces for emergency vehicles;
lack of sufficient connections between neighboring areas, as a result of which the road is used as an inter-district road (especially during rush hours); - in winter - slipping of trucks at exits/entrances from/to the Moscow Ring Road and on inclines on the road itself;
- the unfortunate location of various hypermarkets and shopping centers along the Moscow Ring Road, which attracts even more cars from the center of Moscow and the region to the ring road and further overloads the route;
- frequent blocking of the general traffic flow along the Moscow Ring Road due to the passage of government motorcades along main highways (for example, Leninsky Prospekt, Rublevskoye Highway, Kashirskoye Highway)