Vertebrate circulatory systems (difficult). The value of the arterial cone in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron The arterial cone is available in

OPEN ARTERIAL (BOTALOV) DUCT In the first phase of the disease, the symptoms depend on the signs of embryonic circulation preserved after the birth of the child. Further clinical manifestations depend on the width of the duct, the timing and nature of the restructuring

Calcification collagen mass in the area of ​​infundibular narrowing, found by us in a number of observations, can rightfully be considered dystrophic calcification, as long as the development of the so-called fibrinoid transformation is possible in this place connective tissue and warty endocarditis, as it was in one case (warty endocarditis and the deposition of lime salts in the collagen mass in the area of ​​infundibular narrowing).

At " valve»Narrowing of the arterial cone of the right ventricle, the fused semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery are built from bundles of collagen fibers, locally exposed to hyalinosis, and from a branched network of elastic fibers. Unlike rheumatic valvulitis, there are no signs of inflammation and vascular formation in the thickness of the sclerosed and hyalinized valves.

Produced histological study shows that the narrowed arterial cone of the right ventricle with congenital heart defects is a peculiarly arranged, rather complex anatomical formation, with an important function and with a number of compensatory devices (additional outflow tracts).
It seems important to discuss some details of the microscopic structure of the narrowed arterial cone of the right ventricle.

Fineston and Gishikter(Finestone a. Geschickter, 1949), Selye, Grasso, Gentille (Selye, Grasso a. Gentille, 1961) believe that a decrease in blood supply predisposes to calcification and in the case of a subsequent improvement in blood supply, ossification of the calcified area occurs. The point of view of these authors is applicable to explain the calcification and ossification of the collagen mass in the area of ​​infundibular narrowing of the arterial cone of the right ventricle. Our material does not confirm the opinion of Ribbert (Ribbert, 1924) that bone marrow appears in sclerotic foci first as a result of "colonization from blood", and then, under the influence of the "organizing" influence of these bone marrow cells, bone formation occurs.

The existence of a ramified elastic skeleton in the thickness of the collagen massif, which is the walls of the exit tract when it narrows, all the more attracts attention because in the heart there are only single elastic fibers between muscle bundles of the second and third order (N.F. Melnikov-Razvedenkov, 1899; E.I. Chaika , 1940). In order to understand the significance of the network of elastic fibers in the walls of the narrowed part of the arterial cone of the right ventricle, it is necessary to have an idea of ​​some of the mechanical properties of the fibrous structures of the connective tissue. Ressle and Yoshida (Rossle u. Ioshida, 1909) consider that stretching of connective tissue fibers is similar to stretching of rubber. V.V. Voronin (1941) believes that in the case of tissue stretching, the tortuosity of the connective tissue fibers in it is lost. In his opinion, "connective tissue fibers work against tension and, after removing the tensile force, are shortened to the same length or almost to it."

By this, the author is trying to emphasize the functional significance of the connective tissue fibers as well as their elasticity. IV Davydovsky (1952) indicates that the elasticity of connective tissue fibers is due to the presence of curls or "spare folds" in them, which can expand and contract, creating a maximum and minimum of fiber length. When using "spare folds" the limit of elasticity is reached, therefore, stretching of connective tissue fibers is not stretching of rubber, as Ressle and Yoshida (1909) think. A. V. Rusakov, a great connoisseur of the physiology and pathology of tissues of the internal environment, writes (1954) about the properties of fibrous connective tissue: “Collagen fibers serve to counteract stretching. They have tremendous strength, almost equal to that of steel wires of the same thickness. With great strength, they do not stretch, and this is their functional usefulness.

The extensibility of these structures is due to the presence of spare bends straightening under tension. Unlike collagen structures, elastic structures are easily stretched and contract again as soon as the stretching stops. They arise in the body where its tissues undergo periodic displacements. Easily stretched under the influence of mechanical forces, elastic fibers and membranes create tension, due to which the displaced structures return to their original position. The amount of elastic elements is the greater, the more intensively the body tissues are subjected to periodic displacements. An increase or decrease in the number of elastic fibers may indicate an increase and decrease in the periodic displacement of tissues in the areas of the body affected by the painful process. Due to their low mechanical strength, elastic elements cannot exist in the body outside the environment of more stable structures that protect them from overstretching.

A peculiar combination of an elastic frame with collagen surrounding the first, creates a tissue structure most adapted to changeable mechanical and chemical conditions the existence of such a fabric.

- Return to the section table of contents " "

Fish

The fish heart has 4 cavities connected in series: the venous sinus, the atrium, the ventricle, and the arterial cone / bulb.

• The venous sinus (sinus venosus) is a simple enlargement of the vein into which blood is drawn.
• In sharks, ganoids, and lungfish, the arterial cone contains muscle tissue, several valves, and is able to contract.
• In teleost fish, the arterial cone is reduced (does not have muscle tissue and valves), therefore it is called the "arterial bulb".

The blood in the heart of fish is venous, from the bulb / cone it flows into the gills, there it becomes arterial, flows into the organs of the body, becomes venous, returns to the venous sinus.

Lungfish

In lungfish, a “pulmonary circulation” appears: from the last (fourth) branchial artery, blood flows through the pulmonary artery (LA) into the respiratory sac, where it is additionally enriched with oxygen and returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein (PV). left part of the atrium. Venous blood from the body flows, as it should, into the venous sinus. To limit the mixing of arterial blood from the "pulmonary circle" with venous blood from the body, there is an incomplete septum in the atrium and partly in the ventricle.

Thus, arterial blood in the ventricle is front venous, therefore enters the anterior branchial arteries, from which a straight road leads to the head. A smart fish brain receives blood that has passed through the gas exchange organs three times in a row! Bathed in oxygen, rascal.

Amphibians

The circulatory system of tadpoles is similar to that of teleost fish.

In an adult amphibian, the atrium is divided by a septum into left and right, in total, 5 chambers are obtained:

• venous sinus (sinus venosus), in which, like in lungfish, blood flows from the body
• left atrium (left atrium), into which, like in lungfish, blood flows from the lung
• right atrium (right atrium)
• ventricle
• arterial cone (conus arteriosus).

1) Arterial blood from the lungs enters the left atrium of amphibians, and the right atrium receives venous blood from the organs and arterial blood from the skin, thus, mixed blood is obtained in the right atrium of frogs.

2) As can be seen in the figure, the mouth of the arterial cone is displaced towards the right atrium, so blood from the right atrium enters there first, and from the left - to the last.

3) Inside the arterial cone there is a spiral valve that distributes three portions of blood:

• the first portion of blood (from the right atrium, the most venous of all) goes into the pulmocutaneous artery, oxygenated
• the second portion of blood (a mixture of mixed blood from the right atrium and arterial blood from the left atrium) goes to the organs of the body through the systemic artery
• the third portion of blood (from the left atrium, the most arterial of all) goes into the carotid artery to the brain.

4) In lower amphibians (tailed and legless) amphibians

• the septum between the atria is incomplete, so the mixing of arterial and mixed blood is stronger;
• the skin is supplied with blood not from the cutaneous-pulmonary arteries (where the most venous blood is possible), but from the dorsal aorta (where the blood is medium) - this is not very profitable.

5) When the frog sits under water, venous blood flows from the lungs into the left atrium, which, in theory, should go to the head. There is an optimistic version that at the same time the heart begins to work in a different mode (the ratio of the phases of the pulsation of the ventricle and the arterial cone changes), complete mixing of blood occurs, due to which not completely venous blood from the lungs enters the head, but mixed blood consisting of venous blood of the left atrium and mixed right. There is another (pessimistic) version, according to which the brain of an underwater frog receives the most venous blood and becomes dull.

Reptiles

In reptiles, a pulmonary artery ("to the lung") and two aortic arches emerge from the ventricle partially divided by a septum. The division of blood between these three vessels occurs in the same way as in lungfish and frogs:

• most arterial blood (from the lungs) enters the right aortic arch. To make it easier for children to learn, the right aortic arch starts from the leftmost part of the ventricle, and it is called the "right arch" because it has gone around the heart on right, it is included in the dorsal artery (how it looks like - you can see in the next and next figure). The carotid arteries depart from the right arch - the most arterial blood enters the head;
• mixed blood enters the left aortic arch, which bends around the heart on the left and connects to the right aortic arch - a spinal artery is obtained that carries blood to the organs;
• the most venous blood (from the organs of the body) enters the pulmonary arteries.

Crocodiles

The heart of crocodiles is four-chambered, but they still have blood mixing - through a special foramen of Panizza between the left and right aortic arches.

It is believed, however, that normal mixing does not occur: due to the higher pressure in the left ventricle, blood from there flows not only into the right aortic arch (Right aorta), but also through the panic orifice - into the left aortic arch (Left aorta), thus, the organs of the crocodile receive almost entirely arterial blood.

When the crocodile dives, the blood flow through its lungs decreases, the pressure in the right ventricle increases, and the flow of blood through the panicia opening stops: blood flows from the right ventricle along the left aortic arch of the underwater crocodile. I don’t know what the point is: all the blood in the circulatory system at this moment is venous, what should be redistributed where? In any case, the head of an underwater crocodile receives blood from the right aortic arch - when the lungs are inactive, it is completely venous. (Something tells me that the pessimistic version is also true for underwater frogs.)

Birds and mammals

The circulatory systems of animals and birds in school textbooks are set out very close to the truth (all other vertebrates, as we have seen, were not so lucky with this). The only trifle that is not supposed to be said at school is that in mammals (C) only the left aortic arch is preserved, and in birds (B) only the right one (under the letter A is depicted the circulatory system of reptiles, in which both arches are developed) - there is nothing more interesting in the circulatory system, neither in chickens nor in humans. Unless the fruits ...

Fruit

Arterial blood received by the fetus from the mother comes from the placenta through the umbilical vein. Part of this blood enters the liver portal system, part bypasses the liver, both of these portions eventually flow into the inferior vena cava (interior vena cava), where they mix with venous blood flowing from the fetal organs. Once in the right atrium (RA), this blood is once again diluted with venous blood from the superior vena cava (superior vena cava), thus, in the right atrium, the blood is hopelessly mixed. At the same time, a little venous blood from non-functioning lungs enters the fetal left atrium - just like a crocodile sitting under water. What are we going to do, colleagues?

The good old incomplete septum comes to the rescue, over which the authors of school textbooks on zoology laugh so loudly - the human fetus has an oval opening (Foramen ovale) right in the septum between the left and right atria, through which mixed blood from the right atrium enters the left atrium. In addition, there is a Botallus duct (Dictus arteriosus), through which mixed blood from the right ventricle enters the aortic arch. Thus, mixed blood flows through the aorta of the fetus to all its organs. And to the brain too! And you and I pestered frogs and crocodiles !! And you yourself.

Testiki

1. Cartilaginous fish lacks:
a) swim bladder;
b) a spiral valve;
c) arterial cone;
d) chord.

2. The mammalian circulatory system includes:
a) two aortic arches, which then merge into the dorsal aorta;
b) only the right aortic arch
c) only the left aortic arch
d) only the abdominal aorta, and the aortic arches are absent.

3. As part of the circulatory system, birds have:
A) two aortic arches, which then merge into the dorsal aorta;
B) only the right aortic arch;
C) only the left aortic arch;
D) only the abdominal aorta, and the aortic arches are absent.

4. The arterial cone is present in
A) cyclostomes;
B) cartilaginous fish;
B) cartilaginous fish;
D) bony ganoid fish;
E) bony fish.

5. Classes of vertebrates in which blood flows directly from the respiratory system to the tissues of the body, without first passing through the heart (select all correct options):
A) Bony fish;
B) adult amphibians;
C) Reptiles;
D) Birds;
E) Mammals.

6. The heart of a turtle in its structure:
A) three-chambered with an incomplete septum in the ventricle;
B) three-chambered;
B) four-chamber;
D) four-chambered with an opening in the septum between the ventricles.

7. The number of circles of blood circulation in frogs:
A) one in tadpoles, two in adult frogs;
B) one in adult frogs, the tadpoles have no blood circulation;
C) two in tadpoles, three in adult frogs;
D) two in tadpoles and in adult frogs.

8. In order for the carbon dioxide molecule that has passed into the bloodstream from the tissues of your left foot, environment through the nose, it must pass through all the listed structures of your body with the exception of:
A) the right atrium;
B) pulmonary vein;
C) the alveoli of the lungs;
D) pulmonary artery.

9. Two circles of blood circulation have (select all correct options):
A) cartilaginous fish;
B) ray-finned fish;
C) lung-breathing fish;
D) amphibians;
E) reptiles.

10. The four-chambered heart has:
A) lizards;
B) turtles;
C) crocodiles;
D) birds;
E) mammals.

11. Before you schematic drawing hearts of mammals. Oxygenated blood enters the heart through the vessels:

A) 1;
B) 2;
AT 3;
D) 10.

12. The figure shows arterial arches:
A) lungfish;
B) a tailless amphibian;
C) a tailed amphibian;
D) a reptile.

The arterial cone (conus arteriosus, PNA, BNA, JNA) is the part of the ventricles of the heart that passes into the aorta (in the left ventricle) and into the pulmonary trunk (in the right ventricle).

Comprehensive Medical Dictionary. 2000 .

See what the "arterial cone" is in other dictionaries:

The heart, the arterial cone is in the upper h ... Wikipedia

- (conus arteriosus) the pulsating muscular part of the heart, from which the A. system originates. It is especially developed and contains several rows of valves in selachia, ganoids, and two-breathing fish, while in other fish A. the cone is reduced and is part of ... ...

The part of the heart in fish (other than teleosts) and amphibians, lying immediately in front of the ventricle. Int. A. surfaces to. in several rows there are semilunar valves; they can merge with each other, forming (in lung-breathing fish ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The antero-superior section of the right ventricle of the heart, which continues into the pulmonary trunk. Source: Medical Dictionary … Medical terms

ARTERIAL CONE- (conus arteriosus) anterior-superior section of the right ventricle of the heart, which continues into the pulmonary trunk ... Explanatory Dictionary of Medicine

A HEART- A HEART. Contents: I. Comparative Anatomy ........... 162 II. Anatomy and Histology ........... 167 III. Comparative physiology .......... 183 IV. Physiology ................... 188 V. Pathophysiology ................ 207 VІ. Physiology, pat. ... ... Great medical encyclopedia

Contents: The composition of the class. Body shape. Cutaneous integuments. Glow organs. Musculature. Skeleton. Nervous system... Sense organs. Digestive organs. Respiratory organs and intestinal adnexa. Circulatory system. Genitourinary system. Development … Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Contents: The composition of the class. Body shape. Cutaneous integuments. Glow organs. Musculature. Skeleton. Nervous system. Sense organs. Digestive organs. Respiratory organs and intestinal adnexa. Circulatory system. Genitourinary system. Development.… … Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

A heart- (cor) is the main element of the cardiovascular system, which provides blood flow in the vessels, and is a hollow muscular organ of a conical shape, located behind the sternum on the tendon center of the diaphragm, between the right and left ... ... Human Anatomy Atlas

I Heart The heart (Latin cor, Greek cardia) is a hollow fibro-muscular organ that, functioning as a pump, ensures the movement of blood in the circulatory system. Anatomy The heart is located in the anterior mediastinum (Mediastinum) in the Pericardium between ... ... Medical encyclopedia

ARTERIAL CONE

(conus arteriosus) - the pulsating muscular part of the heart, from which the A. system originates. It is especially developed and contains several rows of valves in selachia, ganoids, and two-breathing fish, while in other fish A. the cone is reduced and is part of the wall of the ventricle, and only the anterior row of valves is retained. A. cone is distinguishable in the heart of amphibians in the form of a tubular section, divided by a longitudinal septum, but it is indistinguishable in higher vertebrates or Amniota.

Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. 2012

See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is the ARTERIAL CONE in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• ARTERIAL CONE in Medical terms:
  (conus arteriosus, pna, bna, jna) part of the ventricles of the heart, passing into the aorta (in the left ventricle) and into the pulmonary trunk (in the right ...
• ARTERIAL CONE
  cone, part of the heart in fish (except teleost) and amphibians, lying immediately in front of the ventricle. Int. surface of A. to. ...
• ARTERIAL CONE
  (conus arteriosus) - the pulsating muscular part of the heart, from which the A. system originates. It is especially developed and contains several rows ...
• CONE in the Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons:
  PROTECTIVE - a cone-shaped device on the lance, serves to protect ...
• CONE in Medical terms:
  1) (Conus) in zoology - a genus of poisonous mollusks of the family. real snails inhabiting Ch. arr. in tropical seas; K.'s bite causes ...
• CONE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Latin conus from Greek konos) (in elementary geometry), a geometric body formed by the rotation of a right-angled triangle about one of its legs (Fig.); ...
• CONE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (lat. conus, from the Greek. konos) (mathematics), 1) K., or a conical surface, is the geometrical place of straight lines (generators) of space, connecting all points ...
• CONE in Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (straight circular) - a geometric body formed by the rotation of a right-angled triangle about one of the legs. The hypotenuse is called the generatrix; fixed leg - high; ...
• CONE
  [Latin conus, from Greek] a geometric body bounded by a conical surface and a plane intersecting it along a closed curve; straight, circular cone - ...
• ARTERIAL in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  adjective from the word arteri; arterial pressure - blood pressure in ...
• CONE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  a, m. 1. Geometric body formed by the rotation of a right-angled triangle around one of the cathetes. Conical - shaped like a cone. || Cf. CYLINDER. ...
• CONE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -а, m. 1. Geometric body formed by the rotation of a right-angled triangle around one of its legs. 2. An object of this form. waste heap. II ...
• CONE
  ONUS GROWTH (growth point, apex), the top of the shoot and the root of the district, consisting of cells will form. tissues (meristems); provides the formation of primary tissues ...
• CONE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ONUS REMOVAL, a form of relief formed by the accumulation of clastic rocks (pebbles, gravel, sand), carried out by the forge. rivers to the foothills. plain or more ...
• CONE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ЌONUS (Latin conus, from the Greek k? Nos) (in elementary geometry), geom. a body formed by the rotation of a rectangle. triangle near one of its legs ...
• CONE
  ko nous, ko nusa, ko nusa, ko nous, ko nus, ko nous, ko nus, ko nus, ko nus, ko nus, ko nus, ...
• CONE in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
  ko "nus, cone", ko "nusa, cone" v, ko "nus, cone" m, ko "nus, cone", ko "nusom, cone" mi, ko "nusa, ...
• ARTERIAL in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
  arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, artery arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, arterial, ...
• CONE in the Anagram dictionary.
• CONE in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
  Geometric ...
• CONE in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  (Latin conus (gr. konos) is a geometric body bounded by a conical surface and a plane intersecting it along a closed curve; straight circular ...
• CONE in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
  [lat. conus is a geometric body bounded by a conical surface and a plane intersecting it along a closed curve; straight circular to. - a cone formed by ...
• CONE in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
  gornithos, zander, mollusc, proluvium, spherocone, body, ...
• CONE
  m. 1) A geometric body formed by the rotation of a right-angled triangle around one of its legs (in mathematics). 2) That which resembles in shape ...
• ARTERIAL in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova:
  adj. 1) Corresponding by value. with n .: artery (1) associated with it. 2) Inherent to the artery (1), characteristic of ...
• CONE in the Dictionary of the Russian language Lopatin:
  konus, ...
• ARTERIAL in the Dictionary of the Russian language Lopatin.
• CONE in the Complete Russian Spelling Dictionary:
  cone, ...
• ARTERIAL in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language.
• CONE in the Spelling Dictionary:
  konus, ...
• ARTERIAL in the Spelling Dictionary.
• CONE in the Ozhegov Russian Language Dictionary:
  a geometric body formed by the rotation of a right-angled triangle around one of its legs, a cone, an object of this shape K. ...
• CONE in Dahl's Dictionary:
  husband. body in the form of a sugar loaf, a round wedge: a regular cone is formed by turning a right-angled triangle around one of the short sides, ...
• CONE in the Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
  (lat. conus, from the Greek. konos) (in elementary geometry), a geometric body formed by the rotation of a right-angled triangle about one of its legs (fig.); ...
• CONE
  cone, m. (Greek konos). 1. Geometric body created by rotating a right-angled triangle around one of the legs (mat.). || Any physical body, ...
• ARTERIAL in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Ushakov:
  arterial, arterial (anat.). Adj. to the artery. Arterial ...
• CONE
  cone m. 1) A geometric body formed by the rotation of a right-angled triangle around one of its legs (in mathematics). 2) That the form ...
• ARTERIAL in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
  arterial adj. 1) Corresponding by value. with n .: artery (1) associated with it. 2) Inherent to the artery (1), characteristic of ...
• CONE
  m. 1. A geometric body formed by the rotation of a right-angled triangle around one of its legs (in mathematics). 2. That which resembles in shape ...
• ARTERIAL in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  adj. 1.rel. with noun artery 1. associated with it 2. Inherent artery [artery 1.], characteristic of ...
• CONE
  m. 1. A geometric body formed by the rotation of a right-angled triangle around one of its legs (in mathematics). 2. That ...
• ARTERIAL in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  adj. 1.rel. with noun artery 1. associated with it 2. Inherent artery [artery 1.], characteristic of ...
• ARTERIAL OPEN PROTECT in the Medical Dictionary:
  
• ARTERIAL OPEN PROTECT in the Medical Dictionary:
  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a vessel through which, after birth, pathological communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery is preserved. Subsequently, gradually ...
• ARTERIAL Stem, GENERAL in Medical terms:
  (truncus arteriosus communis; syn. arterial trunk true) developmental anomaly: a common vessel (instead of the aorta and pulmonary trunk), which receives blood ...
• ARTERIAL TRUNK TRUE in Medical terms:
  see Arterial trunk common ...
• ARTERIAL POLYGON in Medical terms:
  see the Arterial circle of the large brain ...
• ARTERIAL CIRCLE OF THE BRAIN in Medical terms:
  (circulus arteriosus cerebri, pna, jna; circulus arteriosus, bna; syn: arterial polygon, circle of Willis, polygon of Willis) vascular ring formed by internal sleepy, ...
• RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME OF NEWBORNS in the Medical Dictionary:
  Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) is a severe pathological condition that occurs more often in premature infants, with the leading syndrome of acute respiratory failure. Causes. ...